Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Hi! I'm David! I'm willing to disclose positions and/or cites before the round if you're willing to disclose as well. I will try to disclose on the wiki after I break a new position. You can contact me on Facebook as David Yi, through email as dsyi12400@gmail.com, or on my phone at 502-681-7591. Feel free to ask anything!

Tournament: 2016 Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: Alex Laufer
The negative’s discussion on the black/white binary is an ontological limit to the deliberation of other racial paradigms.

Perea 97
Juan F. Perea, Cone, Wagner, Nugent, Johnson, Hazouri and Roth Professor of Law at the University of Florida Levin College of Law, “The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The Normal Science of American Racial Thought,” California Law Review, Volume 85, Issue 5, Article 3, October 1997. DY
Paradigms of race shape our understanding of...
AND
...box are often not seen at all."29

And, exclusive focus on the black/white binary recreates anti-black divisions by allowing whiteness to claim that racism occurs for all groups.

Hutchinson 04
Darren Lenard Hutchinson, Teaches Constitutional Law, Remedies, Race and the Law, and Civil Rights Seminar at the University of Florida Levin College of Law, B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, J.D. from Yale Law School, “Critical Race Histories: In and Out,” American University Law Review, Volume 53, Issue 6, Article 1, 2004. DY
Ultimately, however, The exclusive deployment of a...
AND
...racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs.

The alternative is to create multi-racial coalitions against white supremacy. This allows more groups to join in and fight against whiteness–if the black body is the most oppressed group, then they obviously wouldn’t be in the best position to fight whiteness alone.

Alcoff 03
Linda Martín Alcoff, Philosopher at the City University of New York, Specializes in Epistemology, Feminism, Race Theory and Existentialism, “Latino/As, Asian Americans, and the Black-White Binary,” The Journal of Ethics, Vol. 7, No. 1, Race, Racism, and Reparations, pp. 5-27, 2003. DY
I would add to these arguments the...
AND
...in which alliances and differences can occur).

Tournament: 42nd University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Langley JM | Judge: Benjamin Koh
A-Interpretation: The negative must not read a plan inclusive counterplan.

B-Violation: The negative is running a counterplan that lifts restrictions on the constitutionally protected speech.

C-Standards:

First, time skew. PICs moot the 6 minute AC giving neg a 13 to 7 advantage. Also, PICs force me to read new offense, which creates time skew for the 1AR.

Second, ground. I can’t access free speech advantage if neg can just PIC out of it in the NC. 

Third, predictable limits. There’s no limit on what they can PIC out of. I have to prep answers to every minor alteration because I don’t know which one they’ll go for.

Fourth, clash. PICs kill clash because they refocus the debate on minor details of the plan that have nothing to do with AC offense. Clash outweighs other education standards because it’s the only form unique to debate. You can get topic education by staying home and doing research.

D-Voters:

First, fairness is a voter since it’s a gateway issue to deciding the better debater.

Second, education is a voter since it’s the end-goal of debate; substance doesn’t matter unless there’s an educational value to discussing it.

Third, I’ll go for rejecting the argument is sufficient (A), The 1AR was skewed: I can’t redo it after the 2NR shifts. (B), Reject the arg means neg still has a chance at winning. (C), Reject-the-arg theory allows substance which is net beneficial.

Fourth, prefer competing interps because reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention.

Tournament: 42nd University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cypress Woods YW | Judge: James Min
Advocacy:

In the past two decades, restrictive speech codes have become widespread on campuses.

Burleigh 16
Nina Burleigh, Newsweek's National Politics Correspondent, Award-winning Journalist, Studies American Politics and the Arab Spring, “THE BATTLE AGAINST ‘HATE SPEECH’ ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES GIVES RISE TO A GENERATION THAT HATES SPEECH,” Newsweek, May 26, 2016. DY
Graduates of the Class of 2016 are...
AND
...the civil rights of minorities and women. 

Thus, the advocacy: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. I reserve the right to clarify, so no theory violations until they check in CX since we could’ve had an educational debate.

Aff gets RVIs on I meets and counter-interps because (A), 1AR time skew means I can’t cover theory and still have a fair shot on substance. (B), No risk theory gives neg a free source of no risk offense, which allows them to moot the 1AC.

Aff gets reasonability on T because good is good enough. If I don't make it hard for them to win, don't vote on T. I’ll defend neg’s definition of the topic as long as it doesn’t affect 1AC offense.

Advantage 1 is Endowments:

Limitations on free speech are causing backlash from alumni–that causes declines in donations to alma maters.

Brownfeld 16
Allan C. Brownfeld, B.A. from the College of William and Mary, J.D. from the Marshall-Wythe School of Law of the College of William and Mary, and M.A. from the University of Maryland, Written for The Houston Press, The Washington Evening Star, The Richmond Times Dispatch, and The Cincinnati Enquirer, Appeared in Roll Call, Capitol Hill, The Yale Review, The Texas Quarterly, Orbis, Modern Age, The Michigan Quarterly, The Commonweal and The Christian Century, Previously a Member of the U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Assistant to the Research Director of the House Republican Conference, Consultant to the U.S. Congress and to the Vice President, “Campus political correctness spurs Alumni to tighten purse strings,” Communities Digital News, August 23, 2016. DY
As part of a growing backlash against...
AND
...if such an effort were to succeed.

And, endowments ensure quality research and innovation in universities–that ensures U.S. economic competitiveness and leadership.

Leigh 14
Steven R. Leigh, Dean of Arts and Science at University of Colorado, Boulder, B.A. from Northwestern University, M.A. from the University of Tennessee, and Ph.D. from Northwestern University, “Endowments and the future of higher education,” College of Arts and Science University of Colorado Boulder, March 4, 2014. DY
These broad trends point directly to the...
AND
...enduringly preserve its viability and vitality.

And, economic competitiveness and technological innovation prevent great power war–that means extinction.

Baru 09
Sanjaya Baru, Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, “Year of the power shift?,” Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2, pp. 163-168, March 2009.
The management of the economy, and of...
AND
...power – the classic ‘guns vs butter’ dilemma.

And, the technological gap is closing–China and Russia’s developments are threatening U.S. hegemony.

Webber 15
Susan Webber, Principal of Aurora Advisors, Author of ECONned, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1979-1981 M.B.A. Concentrated in Finance and General Management, Baker Scholar, Loeb Fellow, Harvard College, 1975-1979 A.B. Concentrated in History and Literature, “The 6 Reasons China and Russia Are Catching Up to the U.S. Military,” Washington, October 28, 2015. DY
China and Russia are still behind the...
AND
...that the U.S. is no longer invincible.

Advantage 2 is Racism:

There is no evidence that speech codes reduce bigotry–they only serve to punish black students–empirics prove.

Friedersdorf 15
Conor Friedersdorf, American Journalist, Staff Writer at The Atlantic, Focuses on Politics and National Affairs, Founding Editor of The Best of Journalism, New York University, Pomona College, “The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights,” December 10, 2015. DY
More than 20 years ago, Henry Louis...
AND
...speech by or on behalf of blacks.”

And, empirics prove hate speech laws can’t be enforced–they get targeted against minorities.

Ash 16
Timothy Garton Ash, Isaiah Berlin Professorial Fellow at St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Prize-winning Author, “Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World,” Yale University Press, May 24, 2016.
Moreover, so much depends on the context...
AND
...will be undermined by their arbitrary application.

And, laws against hate speech cause racist views to go underground—that makes resistance less effective.

Baker 08
C. Edwin Baker, The Nicholas F. Gallicchio Professor of Law and Communication at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, Leading Scholar of Constitutional Law, Communications Law, and Free Speech, Stanford University, Yale University, “Hate Speech,” University of Pennsylvania Law School, Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series, March 10, 2008.
Second is a closely related point. By...
AND
...meaningful rhetorical, strategic, political and legal responses.

Framework:

Non-utilitarian intuitions are scope insensitive–util is key to avoiding cognitive biases.

Yudkowsky 08
Eliezer Yudkowsky, Co-Founder of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, American Artificial Intelligence Researcher, American Writer and Blogger, “The ‘Intuitions’ Behind ‘Utilitarianism,’” LessWrong, January 28, 2008. DY
I see the project of morality as...
AND
...many utilitarians, and many things left undone.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

Prefer the standard because util is the only moral framework accessible to policy-makers.

Goodin 90
Robert Goodin, Professor of Government, University of Essex, Australian National Defense University, “THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE,” p. 141-2, 1990.
My larger argument turns on the proposition...
AND
...all – to choose general rules or conduct.

Role of the Ballot:

State action is inevitable–deliberation on policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.

Coverstone 05
Alan Coverstone, Masters in Communication from Wake Forest, Longtime Debate Coach, Montgomery Bell Academy, “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact,” National Communication Association Annual Conference, November 15, 2005. DY
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes...
AND
...voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Extinction First U/V:

Everyday risk evaluation means magnitude multiplied by probability–existential threat operates on a higher level of impact calculus.

Rees 08
Sir Martin J. Rees, Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, Astronomer Royal and Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and Leicester University, Director of the Institute of Astronomy, Research Professor at Cambridge, “‘Global Catastrophic Risks,’ Edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Cirkovic,” Published by Oxford University Press, pp. x-xi, 2008. DY
These concerns are not remotely futuristic - we...
AND
...special attention from scientists, policy-makers and ethicists.

And, we have an obligation to ensure the survival of future generations—that’s key to basic fairness and giving our lives meaning–that means reversibility and timeframe.

Cerruti 14
Furio Cerruti, Professor of Political Philosophy Emeritus at the University of Florence, Adjunct Professor at the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Visiting Professor at Harvard University, The Universit´e de Paris 8, The Humboldt Universit ¨at zu Berlin, The London School of Economics, and Political Science, China Foreign Affairs University, Beijing, and Stanford University in Florence, “Humankind’s First Fundamental Right: Survival,” Constellations International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory, 2014. DY
I have explained elsewhere9 why survival rather...
AND
...in a wider transgenerational covenant of solidarity.

Tournament: 2016 Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kent Denver SL | Judge: Jane Brennan
Advocacy:

Police misconduct is increasing now–this is the new “war on citizens.”

Global Research News 15
Global Research News, The Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), Independent Research and Media Organization based in Montreal, Registered Non-profit Organization in Quebec, Canada, Book Publisher, Supporter of Humanitarian Projects, Think Tank on Economic and Geopolitical Issues, “Increasing Police Brutality: Americans Killed by Cops Now Outnumber Americans Killed in Iraq War,” Global Research, October 28, 2015. DY
The increase in police brutality in this country...
AND
...“epidemic of police brutality” sweeping the nation. 

Thus, the advocacy: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers. I reserve the right to clarify, so no theory violations until they check in CX since we could’ve had an educational debate.

Aff gets RVIs on I meets and counter-interps because (A), 1AR time skew means I can’t cover theory and still have a fair shot on substance. (B), No risk theory gives neg a free source of no risk offense, which allows them to moot the 1AC. 

Aff gets reasonability on T because good is good enough. If I don't make it hard for them to win, don't vote on T. I’ll defend neg’s definition of the topic as long as it doesn’t affect 1AC offense.

Misconduct Advantage:

Rolling back qualified immunity holds police officers accountable–that solves misconduct. 

Wright 15
Sam Wright, Public Interest Lawyer, Focuses on Nonprofits and Government, Brooklyn Law School, “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity,” Breaking Media Inc., Above the Law, November 3, 2015. DY
As usual, I’ve not buried the lede:...
AND
...we should push to make it happen.

Scenario 1 is Soft Power:

U.S. soft power is declining now—the only question is whether it’ll rebound soon.

Lehmann 16
Jean-Pierre Lehmann, Contributor at Forbes, Professor of International Political Economy at IMD, Funding Director of The Evian Group at IMD, University of Oxford, Georgetown University, “The Collapse Of US Soft Power - Global Impacts,” Forbes, April 28, 2016. DY
Recent events and developments – from the 2003...
AND
...said: horror vacui – nature abhors a vacuum!

And, the continued lack of accountability for police misconduct hurts U.S. soft power.

Lam 16
Andrew Lam, Editor at New America Media in San Francisco, Previously a Writer at the Huffington Post, Author of "Birds of Paradise Lost," "East Eats West: Writing in Two Hemispheres," "Perfume Dreams: Reflections on the Vietnamese Diaspora,” Graduate from the University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco State University, “Police brutality undermines Uncle Sam's image abroad,” ShanghaiDaily, July 14, 2016. DY
Soft power is undermined. Abroad, the lack...
AND
...with its racism head on, change won't come.

And, soft power is necessary for transnational cooperation–that solves climate change.

Nye 04
Joseph Samuel Nye, Jr. Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard, Previous Dean of Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, “Soft Power and American Foreign Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 119, Issue 2, pg. 255, Summer 2004. DY
Because of its leading edge in the...
AND
...the foreign policy tasks that we face.

And, soft power and climate change are real–the Paris Agreement proves that U.S. soft power was integral in leading climate initiatives–every five years is crucial. 

Jacquet and Jamieson 16
Jennifer Jacquet, Environmental Studies Professor at New York University, and Dale Jamieson, Professor of Environmental Studies and Philosophy at New York University, “Soft but significant power in the Paris Agreement,” NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, Volume 6, July 2016. DY
The Paris Agreement ultimately rests more on...
AND
...objectives of the Paris Agreement a reality.

And, climate change causes extinction–it turns war, econ, and disease–it’s a conflict amplifier.

Sharp and Kennedy 14
Robert Sharp, Associate Professor, The UAE National Defense College Associate Dean for Academic Programs and College Quality Assurance Advisor, Previously served as Assistant Professor of Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) in the U.S. National Defense University (NDU), Washington D.C. and then as Associate Professor at the Near East South Asia (NESA) Center for Strategic Studies, National Defense University, and Edward Kennedy, Renewable Energy and Climate Change Specialist, Worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on Carbon Policy and Markets, “Climate Change and Implications for National Security,” International Policy Digest, August 22, 2014. DY
Our planet is 4.5 billion years old....
AND
...the intelligence community and to focus policy. 

Scenario 2 is Racism:

The police kill more black people than any other race–they’re never held accountable.

Wong 15
Kathleen Wong, Branded Content Writer at Mic, New York University, “10 Police Brutality Statistics That Are Absolutely Shocking,” News.Mic, December 9, 2015. DY
"We live in a time and space...
AND
...1,000 by the end of the year. 

And, no indemnification–civil lawsuits makes systemic reform through departmental demands and public outcry.

Geller and Toch 96
William A. Geller, Research Attorney, American Bar Foundation; J.D., Former Director of The Chicago Law Enforcement Study Group, and Hans Toch, Professor of Psychology in the School of Criminal Justice at the University of Albany, Fellow of the American Psychology Association and the American Society of Criminology, “Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force,” Yale University Press, 1996. DY
By contrast, The civil law, because of...
AND
...harm is not likely to be repeated. 

Framework:

Revisionary intuitionism is true and concludes util. All ethical theories are derived from intuition, but non-utilitarian intuitions are scope insensitive, making them cognitively biased.

Yudkowsky 08
Eliezer Yudkowsky, Co-Founder of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, American Artificial Intelligence Researcher, American Writer and Blogger, “The ‘Intuitions’ Behind ‘Utilitarianism,’” LessWrong, January 28, 2008. DY
I see the project of morality as...
AND
...many utilitarians, and many things left undone.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

Prefer the standard because util is the only moral framework accessible to policy-makers.

Goodin 90
Robert Goodin, Professor of Government, University of Essex, Australian National Defense University, “THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE,” p. 141-2, 1990.
My larger argument turns on the proposition...
AND
...all – to choose general rules or conduct.

Role of the Ballot:

State action is inevitable–deliberation on policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.

Coverstone 05
Alan Coverstone, Masters in Communication from Wake Forest, Longtime Debate Coach, Montgomery Bell Academy, “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact,” National Communication Association Annual Conference, November 15, 2005. DY
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes...
AND
...voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Extinction First U/V:

Everyday risk evaluation means magnitude times probability–means existential threat operates on a higher level of impact calculus.

Rees 08
Sir Martin J. Rees, Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, Astronomer Royal and Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and Leicester University, Director of the Institute of Astronomy, Research Professor at Cambridge, “‘Global Catastrophic Risks,’ Edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Cirkovic,” Published by Oxford University Press, pp. x-xi, 2008. DY
These concerns are not remotely futuristic - we...
AND
...special attention from scientists, policy-makers and ethicists.

And, we have an obligation to ensure the survival of future generations—that’s key to basic fairness and giving our lives meaning.

Cerruti 14
Furio Cerruti, Professor of Political Philosophy Emeritus at the University of Florence, Adjunct Professor at the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Visiting Professor at Harvard University, The Universit´e de Paris 8, The Humboldt Universit ¨at zu Berlin, The London School of Economics, and Political Science, China Foreign Affairs University, Beijing, and Stanford University in Florence, “Humankind’s First Fundamental Right: Survival,” Constellations International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory, 2014. DY
I have explained elsewhere9 why survival rather...
AND
...in a wider transgenerational covenant of solidarity. 

And, extinction destroys any chance at having a future of freedom–that’s the internal link to all moral value.

Jonas 96
Hans Jonas, German Philosopher, Previously the Alvin Johnson Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York City, “Mortality and Morality: A Search for Good After Auschwitz,” pp. 111-112, 1996. DY
With this look ahead at an ethics...
AND
...the end of our essay on ontology.

Tournament: 2016 Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: Alex Laufer
Advocacy:

Police misconduct is increasing now–this is the new “war on citizens.”

Global Research News 15
Global Research News, The Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), Independent Research and Media Organization based in Montreal, Registered Non-profit Organization in Quebec, Canada, Book Publisher, Supporter of Humanitarian Projects, Think Tank on Economic and Geopolitical Issues, “Increasing Police Brutality: Americans Killed by Cops Now Outnumber Americans Killed in Iraq War,” Global Research, October 28, 2015. DY
The increase in police brutality in this country...
AND
...“epidemic of police brutality” sweeping the nation. 

Thus, the advocacy: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers. I reserve the right to clarify, so no theory violations until they check in CX since we could’ve had an educational debate.

Aff gets RVIs on I meets and counter-interps because (A), 1AR time skew means I can’t cover theory and still have a fair shot on substance. (B), No risk theory gives neg a free source of no risk offense, which allows them to moot the 1AC. 

Aff gets reasonability on T because good is good enough. If I don't make it hard for them to win, don't vote on T. I’ll defend neg’s definition of the topic as long as it doesn’t affect 1AC offense.

Misconduct Advantage:

Rolling back qualified immunity holds police officers accountable–that solves misconduct. 

Wright 15
Sam Wright, Public Interest Lawyer, Focuses on Nonprofits and Government, Brooklyn Law School, “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity,” Breaking Media Inc., Above the Law, November 3, 2015. DY
As usual, I’ve not buried the lede:...
AND
...we should push to make it happen.

Scenario 1 is Soft Power:

U.S. soft power is declining now—the only question is whether it’ll rebound soon.

Lehmann 16
Jean-Pierre Lehmann, Contributor at Forbes, Professor of International Political Economy at IMD, Funding Director of The Evian Group at IMD, University of Oxford, Georgetown University, “The Collapse Of US Soft Power - Global Impacts,” Forbes, April 28, 2016. DY
Recent events and developments – from the 2003...
AND
...said: horror vacui – nature abhors a vacuum!

And, the continued lack of accountability for police misconduct hurts U.S. soft power.

Lam 16
Andrew Lam, Editor at New America Media in San Francisco, Previously a Writer at the Huffington Post, Author of "Birds of Paradise Lost," "East Eats West: Writing in Two Hemispheres," "Perfume Dreams: Reflections on the Vietnamese Diaspora,” Graduate from the University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco State University, “Police brutality undermines Uncle Sam's image abroad,” ShanghaiDaily, July 14, 2016. DY
Soft power is undermined. Abroad, the lack...
AND
...with its racism head on, change won't come.

And, soft power is necessary for transnational cooperation–that solves climate change.

Nye 04
Joseph Samuel Nye, Jr. Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard, Previous Dean of Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, “Soft Power and American Foreign Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 119, Issue 2, pg. 255, Summer 2004. DY
Because of its leading edge in the...
AND
...the foreign policy tasks that we face.

And, soft power and climate change are real–the Paris Agreement proves that U.S. soft power was integral in leading climate initiatives–every five years is crucial. 

Jacquet and Jamieson 16
Jennifer Jacquet, Environmental Studies Professor at New York University, and Dale Jamieson, Professor of Environmental Studies and Philosophy at New York University, “Soft but significant power in the Paris Agreement,” NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, Volume 6, July 2016. DY
The Paris Agreement ultimately rests more on...
AND
...objectives of the Paris Agreement a reality.

And, climate change causes extinction–it turns war, econ, and disease–it’s a conflict amplifier.

Sharp and Kennedy 14
Robert Sharp, Associate Professor, The UAE National Defense College Associate Dean for Academic Programs and College Quality Assurance Advisor, Previously served as Assistant Professor of Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) in the U.S. National Defense University (NDU), Washington D.C. and then as Associate Professor at the Near East South Asia (NESA) Center for Strategic Studies, National Defense University, and Edward Kennedy, Renewable Energy and Climate Change Specialist, Worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on Carbon Policy and Markets, “Climate Change and Implications for National Security,” International Policy Digest, August 22, 2014. DY
Our planet is 4.5 billion years old....
AND
...the intelligence community and to focus policy. 

Scenario 2 is Racism:

The police kill more black people than any other race–they’re never held accountable.

Wong 15
Kathleen Wong, Branded Content Writer at Mic, New York University, “10 Police Brutality Statistics That Are Absolutely Shocking,” News.Mic, December 9, 2015. DY
"We live in a time and space...
AND
...1,000 by the end of the year. 

And, qualified immunity let’s police officers get away with racially biased judgment–repercussions are necessary.

Carrié 15
Shawn Carrié, International Reporting Fellow at ICFJ, International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), VICE Media, LLC, Medium.com, International Rescue Committee, The Daily Dot, Zoomin.TV, The New School University, New York University, “Why do police officers keep killing unarmed black men?,” The Daily Dot, March 12, 2015. DY
Scientific research even shows that Biased judgments...
AND
...for their actions may actually save lives.

And, the costs of lawsuits affect police conduct–they increase defense insurance, cause stigma, and result in discipline.

Rosen 05
Michael M. Rosen, Attorney in San Diego at Fish and Richardson PC, University of San Diego School of Law, “A Qualified Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases, With Some Suggestions for its Improvement,” Golden Gate University Law Review, Volume 35, Issue 2, Article 2, January 2005. DY
Of course, this entire edifice hangs on...
AND
...of the moment, whether reasonably or not.59

Framework:

Revisionary intuitionism is true and concludes util. All ethical theories are derived from intuition, but non-utilitarian intuitions are scope insensitive, making them cognitively biased.

Yudkowsky 08
Eliezer Yudkowsky, Co-Founder of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, American Artificial Intelligence Researcher, American Writer and Blogger, “The ‘Intuitions’ Behind ‘Utilitarianism,’” LessWrong, January 28, 2008. DY
I see the project of morality as...
AND
...many utilitarians, and many things left undone.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

Prefer the standard because util is the only moral framework accessible to policy-makers.

Goodin 90
Robert Goodin, Professor of Government, University of Essex, Australian National Defense University, “THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE,” p. 141-2, 1990.
My larger argument turns on the proposition...
AND
...all – to choose general rules or conduct.

Role of the Ballot:

State action is inevitable–deliberation on policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.

Coverstone 05
Alan Coverstone, Masters in Communication from Wake Forest, Longtime Debate Coach, Montgomery Bell Academy, “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact,” National Communication Association Annual Conference, November 15, 2005. DY
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes...
AND
...voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Extinction First U/V:

Everyday risk evaluation means magnitude times probability–means existential threat operates on a higher level of impact calculus.

Rees 08
Sir Martin J. Rees, Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, Astronomer Royal and Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and Leicester University, Director of the Institute of Astronomy, Research Professor at Cambridge, “‘Global Catastrophic Risks,’ Edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Cirkovic,” Published by Oxford University Press, pp. x-xi, 2008. DY
These concerns are not remotely futuristic - we...
AND
...special attention from scientists, policy-makers and ethicists.

And, we have an obligation to ensure the survival of future generations—that’s key to basic fairness and giving our lives meaning.

Cerruti 14
Furio Cerruti, Professor of Political Philosophy Emeritus at the University of Florence, Adjunct Professor at the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Visiting Professor at Harvard University, The Universit´e de Paris 8, The Humboldt Universit ¨at zu Berlin, The London School of Economics, and Political Science, China Foreign Affairs University, Beijing, and Stanford University in Florence, “Humankind’s First Fundamental Right: Survival,” Constellations International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory, 2014. DY
I have explained elsewhere9 why survival rather...
AND
...in a wider transgenerational covenant of solidarity. 

And, extinction destroys any chance at having a future of freedom–that’s the internal link to all moral value.

Jonas 96
Hans Jonas, German Philosopher, Previously the Alvin Johnson Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York City, “Mortality and Morality: A Search for Good After Auschwitz,” pp. 111-112, 1996. DY
With this look ahead at an ethics...
AND
...the end of our essay on ontology.