Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Clovis North RG | Judge: Caton Lu

Util AC

1AC

Part A: Framework

I affirm.

I value morality.

Governments can only justify legitimate policies to the public through a utilitarian framework. Thus, prefer util since its the most educational for this round as it best simulates policymaking.

Woller 97 ~Gary Woller (BYU Professor). "An Overview by Gary Woller." A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics. June 1997. pp. 10.~
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
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. Good intentions, lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient.

No act-omission distinction: states always face a choice when enacting public policy

Sunstein 5~Cass Sunstein, Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor of Jurisprudence, The University of Chicago Law School, Department of Political Science and the College, "Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs," P. 17, Chicago Working Paper Series, 3-22-2015~
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
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a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.

Ethical uncertainty means we prioritize existential risks.

Bostrom 13 ~Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy @ University of Oxford, "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority," Global Policy Vol. 4 Issue 1, February 2013~ JW
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
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of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 

Thus the standard is maximizing lives

Advocacy: Countries will ban nuclear weapons with the normal means of phase out.

Time for Change~"Nuclear Power Phase-out Pros and Cons." Time For Change. Time for Change, n.d.~MK
Nuclear phase-out means the discontinuation of usage of nuclear power for electrical energy production. 

====Phase out is effective====
GET 15~"Germany's Decision to Phase out Nuclear Power Is Fundamentally Sensible from an Economic Perspective." Energy Transition. GET, 14 Aug. 2015.~MK
Germany has made a formal commitment to phase out the use of nuclear power by
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reduction ofprimary energy consumption and 25 per cent reduction of gross electricity consumption).

Normal means entails phase out, shifting to climate friendly energy, and alleviating negative economic effects of removing nuclear power

CCNE 13 ~Citizens' Commission on Nuclear Energy, Organization Aiming at Fundamental Reform of Nuclear Energy Policy, "Our path to a nuclear-free Japan: an interim report Executive Summary," October 2013~ JW
3.2 Review of nuclear liability regime The current compensation scheme for nuclear damage
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plants. Existing bilateral nuclear agreements and safety standards require fundamental reviews. 

Part B: Advantages

Advantage 1: Nuclear power plants harm the environment

Production and mining of nuclear energy sources harms the environment

Wise 05~"3 Nuclear Power and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." World International Service on Energy. Wise International, 02 Jan. 2005.~MK
However, in various stages of the nuclear process (e.g. mining
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therefore nuclear power indirectly generates a relatively high amount of greenhouse gas emissions.

Radioactive waste is a huge problem, and harms the environment

Wise 05~"3 Nuclear Power and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." World International Service on Energy. Wise International, 02 Jan. 2005.~MK
There are still huge amounts of waste created during the nuclear process. In fact
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contaminants such as arsenic, and chemical reagents used during the milling process.

Advantage 2: Nuclear power costs too much and has economic consequences

====Nuclear power costs much====
PSR 16~"Dirty, Dangerous And Expensive: The Truth About Nuclear Power". 2016.Psr.Org. Accessed August 8 2016. http://www.psr.org/chapters/washington/resources/nuclear-power-factsheet.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/~~****
In 1954, then Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission Lewis Strauss promised that the
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are an average 36 years old, requiring expensive and more frequent repairs.

====Advantage 3: Nuclear power results in many accidents.====

Probability of high impact accident now unacceptable

Verbruggen 08 ~Aviel Verbruggen, Full professor at the University of Antwerp, Energy and Environmental Economist, "Renewable and nuclear power: A common future?" Energy Policy 36, 2008, 4036–4047~
As in the case of climate change, there is evidence about the convex growth
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of money to convince the public and politicians to change their mind and balloting

====There have been a total of 33 nuclear power plant accidents====
Rogers 11~Rogers, Simon. "Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Listed and Ranked since 1952." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 2011.~
The explosions and nuclear fuel rods melting at Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant, following
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repeatedly weakened its rules to allow plants to skirt potentially costly safety standards.

Advantage 4: Nuclear Energy leads to Proliferation

Countries will use production of nuclear power as a cover up

NEIS 6 ~Nuclear Energy Information Service, Aug. 7, http://www.neis.org/literature/Brochures/weapcon.htm~~****
If one were to imagine for a moment that commercial nuclear power no longer existed
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error" and that the materials were "stuck in the piping."1 

Nuclear power enables proliferation

====Carr and Fernandes 8~False Promises, Jessie Carr and Dulce Fernandes, adapted by the staff of Nuclear information and resource center, http://www.nirs.org/falsepromises.pdf~~====****

There is an inextricable link between nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The technology for
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India, Israel, Syria, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.225

Part C: Impacts

Proliferation causes nuclear war

Sokolski 9~Henry, Executive Director – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, "Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd", Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html~~
Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders are also likely to emerge in the next
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, would ever want.   None of this, however, is inevitable. 

Proliferation risks extinction; cooperation solves the impact even if can't prevent proliferation itself

Dyer, 04~worked as a freelance journalist, columnist, broadcaster and lecturer on international affairs for more than 20 years, but he was originally trained as an historian. Born in Newfoundland, he received degrees from Canadian, American and British universities, finishing with a Ph.D. in Military and Middle Eastern History from the University of London. ~Gwynne, "The end of war," Toronto Star, 12/30, l/n~
War is deeply embedded in our history and our culture, probably since before we
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solve the problem of war within the context of the existing state system.

Proliferation causes nuclear war through intention, miscalc, or accidents

Evans and Kawaguchi 9 ~Gareth, Chancellor of the Australian National University, an Honorary Professorial Fellow at the University of Melbourne and President Emeritus of the Brussels-based International Crisis Group, and Yoriko Kawaguchi, Member of the House of Councillors for the Liberal Democratic Party since 2005. She was Special Adviser to the Prime Minister of Japan, "Eliminating Nuclear Threats," International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, http://www.icnnd.org/reference/reports/ent/part-ii-3.html~~
3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nuclear
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nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.