Tournament: Yale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Unionville RS | Judge: Daniel Shatzkin
Renewable Shift

U.S. carbon emissions are getting lower and are on track to meet environmental goals

McMahon 6/23 ~Jeff McMahon, contributor at Forbes, "U.S. On Track To Achieve 2030 Emissions Goals In 2016," Forbes Magazine, June 23, 2016,http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2016/06/23/u-s-on-track-to-achieve-2030-emissions-goals-in-2016/~~23fa3d9fa42c8e~~ JW
A dramatic slump in coal production has pushed U.S. carbon emissions so
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," Cohan said, "if the Clean Power Plan is not implemented."

Closing nuclear plants forces increased fossil fuel use

Roston 15 ~Eric Roston, writer for Bloomberg, "Why Nuclear Power Is All but Dead in the U.S." Bloomberg News, April 15, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-15/soon-it-may-be-easier-to-build-a-nuclear-plant-in-iran-than-in-the-u-s-~~ JW
*ellipsis from original text
Say what? The U.S. achieved fission before anybody else. It
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to figure out nuclear if that envelope is to mean anything to us."

High probability risk of extinction from climate change

Meyer 4/29 ~Robinson Meyer, associate editor at The Atlantic, where he covers technology, "Human Extinction Isn’t That Unlikely," The Atlantic, April 29, 2016,http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/04/a-human-extinction-isnt-that-unlikely/480444/~~ JW
Nuclear war. Climate change. Pandemics that kill tens of millions. These are
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climate scientists agree that the same phenomenon would follow any major nuclear exchange.)

Tournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Acton Boxborough JW | Judge: Christian Tarsney

Fusion CP

TEXT: Countries ought to prohibit the production of power from nuclear fission but allow the production of power from nuclear fusion.
GARY 16
~Stuart, "Fusion vs fission: clean, green nuclear energy technologies explained." ABC Science. 7 Feb 2016. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-08/clean-nuclear-energy-are-we-there-yet/6777180~~
These existing plants all rely on nuclear fission — a chain reaction where uranium atoms
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using two different approaches to achieve this: tokamak reactors and laser fusion.

Fusion is efficient with minimal waste or risk.
SCHARPING 16
~Nathaniel, "Germany’s Nuclear Fusion Experiment Begins With Success." Discover Magazine. February 3, 2016. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2016/02/03/germanys-nuclear-fusion-experiment-marks-initial-success/~~23.V9t2gZMrJPM~~
Fusion has been a long-sought-after energy source because it is the
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energy output exceeds input, and the fusion reaction becomes self-sustaining.
Accidents won’t happen.
FOCUS FUSION SOCIETY 06
~Admin, "Fusion is Not Fission," The Focus Fusion Society. May 13 2006. http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/article/its_not_fission~~
The Focus Fusion Alternative: What many people don’t know is that there is an
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like fission reactors. Simply turn off the power and the fusion stops.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Acton Boxborough JW | Judge: Christian Tarsney

Fusion DA

Nuclear fusion research using high-powered lasers is promising – fusion is a possible power source within the next decade.

GARY 16
~Stuart, "Fusion vs fission: clean, green nuclear energy technologies explained." ABC Science. 7 Feb 2016. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-08/clean-nuclear-energy-are-we-there-yet/6777180~~

While tokamaks and stellarators use magnets to confine plasmas, another body of research is
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"Nuclear fusion power could be a reality in 10 to 15 years."

Banning the production of nuclear power will stop fusion research.

They defend a prohibition on both fission and fusion – production of nuclear power by fission will be stopped. Implications:
Scientists will not be allowed to continue producing nuclear power via fusion in laboratories, since it will be prohibited.
There won’t be a reason to pursue fusion research if use of it is prohibited, deterring any future advancements – motivation will be gone.
~If they defend a prohibition in FRANCE, CHINA, INDIA, JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, RUSSIA, EU or UNITED STATES. They defend _ which is part of a unique international coalition to produce useable fusion power with the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor in France.

DIXIT 15
~Aabha, "The Energy of the Future: The Status of Nuclear Fusion Research and the Role of the IAEA." International Atomic Energy Agency. 15 September 2015 https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/the-energy-of-the-future-the-status-of-nuclear-fusion-research-and-the-role-of-the-iaea~~

Scientists are becoming increasingly excited about the prospects that within the foreseeable future a reactor
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challenges in modern science and technology can be successfully overcome through international cooperation.~

Nuclear fusion capabilities determine humanity’s ability to survive long-term.

KOURBAS 14
~Michael, "Can Nuclear Fusion Save the Planet?" Triple Pundit: People, Planet, Profit.
Thursday, Nov 13th, 2014, http://www.triplepundit.com/2014/11/can-nuclear-fusion-save-planet/~~
Our ability to transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy will likely determine
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), and the resulting reaction releases neutrons and an unbelievable amount of energy.

Fusion will power the earth for thirty million years without risk, including accidents, warming, or lack of resources.
KHATCHADOURIAN 14
~Raffi, "A Star in a Bottle: An audacious plan to create a new energy source could save the planet from catastrophe. But time is running out." The New Yorker, March 3 2014. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/03/a-star-in-a-bottle~~
No one knows Iter’s true cost, which may be incalculable, but estimates have
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to humanity’s will. Iter, in Latin, means "the way."

Tournament: Yale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Unionville RS | Judge: Daniel Shatzkin

Security K

Discussions of representations are a prerequisite to argumentation.

CRAWFORD 02 
~Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at Boston University, "Argument and Change in World Politics", p. 19-21~
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
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entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. 

Additionally, prefer prefiat impacts that examine the underlying representations of our advocacies because fiat is illusory. There is no magic wand that passes legislation when you sign the ballot but your ballot can have a real impact on how we think about the world.

~0:20~ Portraying Iran as an irrational or violent actor pushes the securitization agenda

MURRAY 14
~Marie, "The Threat of Security:Securitization and Orientalist Discourse in United States Foreign Policy Towards Iran" Lebanese American University(2014). Web. 11.Sep. 2016 ~

The securitization of Iranian weapons programs also placed the US in the  position of a
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attack that, if aimed at the US, would be vastly  devastating.

~0:30~ The apocalyptic security rhetoric associated with nuclear weapons furthers the perpetual threat of destruction and justifies unending, state-sanctioned violence.

COVIELLO 01
~Peter Coviello , Assistant Professor English – Bowdoin, 2001, (Queer Frontiers, ed. Boone, author’s italics), Apocalypse From Now On, 2000~
Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively post nuclear is
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or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

Security discourse creates threats that are not real or objective through false representations. That creates exclusionary violence and war that they try to prevent.

GRONDIN 04
~David, Masters in Political Science 26 Ph.D. Candidate – University of Ottawa, "(Re)Writing the ’National Security State,’ Center for United States Studies~
Approaches that deconstruct theoretical practices in order to disclose what is hidden in the use
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danger through foreign policy that the state’s very conditions of existence are generated18. 

Nuclear terrorism is premised on fear and used to justify strategic war and the national security state

GRONDIN 04, 
~David "(Re)Writing the "National Security State :How and Why Realists (Re)Built the(ir) Cold War" The Raoul Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies (2004). Web. 11. Sep. 2016.~
Coupling fears of Soviet ambitions, of a repeat of Pearl Harbor, and of
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security state and will certainly cause increased centralization and intrusiveness of the  US government

The alternative is to reject the aff with its security logic, allowing for real political thought. Only by accepting insecurity as inevitable can we reject the discourse and move beyond security politics.

NEOCLEOUS 08
~Mark Neocleous, 08, "Critique of Security", Brunel University in the Department of Government~
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
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it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’ 

2NR Cards

Empirics do not exist independently of our understandings of reality – our theories bias even the data we collect.

VASQUEZ 95
~Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University (John A., 1995, "International Relations Theory Today," pg. 226)~
The first area where some post-empiricists believe science has not been reconstructed is
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because, in international relations the most frequent finding is the null finding. 

Realism is false

A. History

TWOMEY 03
~Christopher P, Professor of Political Science @ Boston College, Issues 26 Studies, 39.2 June, p. 253~
Offensive realism argues that "the system encourages states to look for opportunities to maximize
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weigh heavily given the uncertainties that remain in the validity of the theory.