Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stuyvesant KL | Judge: Christian Quiroz

AC – Environmental Racism

1AC

~2:00~ Part 1 is the Role of the Ballot

Assume all cards bracketed for grammar and gendered language.

Identities have a normative structure – every identity is governed by rules or norms. For example, to be a writer, one must meet the necessary conditions by writing. For something to serve as a reason to act, it must appeal to one’s identity. Identities are the product of social relations with others, so sufficient reasons must be found in relation to others.

Butler 1 ~Judith Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself New York: Fordham UP, 2005. Print.~

In all the talk about the social construction of the subject, we have perhaps
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I am both subjected to that norm and the agency of its use.

And, Recognizing the other requires recognizing that their otherness is undecideable. There is no way of apprehending how we might be changed through a relationship with the other. Due to the unknowable alterity of others, we expose ourselves to the very thing that could eradicate or violate us. There is no way to control it – attempts eliminate the other by eliminating their otherness. Constant exposure to otherness which could destroy us is the precariousness of life – precariousness reveals our exposure and dependence on others.

Butler 2 ~Judith Butler, "Frames of War." London: Verso, 2009. Print.~

To say that a life is injurable, for instance, or that it can
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have are precisely those that disrupt any established notion of the "we."

Grievability is required for apprehending precariousness and sustaining the conditions that make life possible.

Butler 3 ~Judith Butler, "Frames of War." London: Verso, 2009. Print.~

Over and against an existential concept of finitude that singularizes our relation to death and
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living being as living, exposed to non-life from the start.

Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the advocacy that best renders ungrievable lives grievable.

Implications:

1. Humans are initiated into certain norms that render lives ungrievable. Because norms are social, they can be interrogated and replaced with better ones—this interrogation is ethically necessary.

2. Practices that remove grief become norms through historical wrongs such as racism and patriarchy. The only way to rectify ungrievability stemming from historical racism is to carry out rectificatory justice.

Mills 14 ~Charles W. Mills, "White Time: The chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory" Du Bois Review. 2014.~ 

"Would it be in the least surprising, then, if the version
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created by human~s~ beings whose moral equality is reciprocally recognized.

Rendering ungrievable lives grievable requires rectification of historical wrongs.

~3:00~ Part 2 is Ungrievability

The Department of Energy website and its brochures state that "no one in the United States has died or been injured as a result of operations at a commercial nuclear power plant." (Richards 13)

The Native American lives lost to nuclear power have never been acknowledged, let alone grieved.

Richards 13 ~Linda Richards, "On Poisoned Ground." The Chemical Heritage Foundation, Spring 2013. https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/magazine/on-poisoned-ground  Richards was the Chemical Heritage Foundation’s  2010–2011 Doan Fellow. She is researching nuclear and environmental justice history for a PhD at Oregon State University.~

Nuclear-industry spokespersons, U.S. government agencies, and nuclear scientists
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. Mine waste was dumped in piles where children played until the 1990s. 

The government targets the Navajo Nation for uranium mines.

LaDuke 9 ~Winona LaDuke, "Uranium Mining, Native Resistance, and the Greener Path." Orion Magazine, February 07, 2009. https://orionmagazine.org/article/uranium-mining-native-resistance-and-the-greener-path/  Winona LaDuke is an American activist, environmentalist, economist, and writer, known for her work on tribal land claims and preservation, as well as sustainable development. A Native American with Ojibwe ancestry, she is the executive director of both White Earth Land Recovery Project and helped found the Indigenous Women’s Network in 1985.~

Over one thousand uranium mines gouged the earth in the Dine Bikeyah, the land
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communities, many of which suffer astronomical rates of cancer and birth defects.

This was not an isolated incident – Native American communities are targeted as sites for all nuclear activity, since the risks are high.

Chatterjee 97 ~Pratap Chatterjee. "Indigenous Groups Try to Ward Off Nuclear Waste." Inter-Press Service News Agency. May 20 1997. http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/05/us-environment-indigenous-groups-try-to-ward-off-nuclear-waste/ ~

California governor Pete Wilson, deciding that the federal government was not serious about plans
AND
," says Darelynn Lehto, the vice president of the Prairie Island Mdewankanton.

Exploitation by the nuclear industry occurs around the world.

Rÿser et al. 16 ~Rudolph C. Rÿser, Yvonne Sherwood and Janna Lafferty, Intercontinental Cry (IC) Magazine via Truth Out. "The Indigenous World Under a Nuclear Cloud." 27 March 2016. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/35381-the-indigenous-world-under-a-nuclear-cloud~~

Millions of indigenous peoples living in Fourth World territories around the world have been and
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to Fourth World ~indigenous~ peoples rarely noticed by the public eye.

~:20~ Australia has largest uranium reserves. Legislation protecting the aboriginal populations has been altered in favor of the mining industry.

Green 14 ~Jim Green, August 8, 2014. "THE NUCLEAR WAR AGAINST AUSTRALIA’S ABORIGINAL PEOPLE." Intercontinental Cry (IC) Magazine – A Publication of the Center for World Indigenous Studies. https://intercontinentalcry.org/nuclear-war-australias-aboriginal-people-25148/ ~

Muckaty Traditional Owners have won a significant battle for country and culture, but the
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of these arrangements, and the government did not consult further than that."
 That disgraceful performance illustrates a broader pattern. Aboriginal land rights and heritage protections
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with the Aboriginal-led Australian Nuclear Free Alliance playing a leading role.

I affirm that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. I reserve the right to clarify in CX on scope and implementation issues to deter silly bidirectional theory.

Rozman explains the aff advocacy. ~"Should or Should Not Nuclear Power Energy Be Banned Globally?" Izzati Rozman, Critical Analysis Report.~

Nuclear power should be banned globally not because of the availability of extensive reasons that
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the innocent lives at stake should be banned globally (Maclellan, 2014).

Prohibition must be worldwide to ensure solvency.

Rÿser et al. 16 ~Rudolph C. Rÿser, Yvonne Sherwood and Janna Lafferty, Intercontinental Cry (IC) Magazine via Truth Out. "The Indigenous World Under a Nuclear Cloud." 27 March 2016. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/35381-the-indigenous-world-under-a-nuclear-cloud~~

The Yakama Nation and her neighboring nations (Spokane, Confederated Tribes of the Colville
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unanticipated emissions and leaks remains the method for disposing of the deadly materials.

Nuclear power production must be banned worldwide, or else patterns of exploitation will continue – the industry will move to regions of other indigenous populations to escape regulation, and concentrate damages there, exacerbating the problem. Prohibition must be complete to alter the corporate norms that refuse to grieve for indigenous lives.

Prohibiting nuclear power will render lives grievable by ensuring historical exploitation is stopped and recognizing the effect of nuclear power on indigenous populations.

Underview

Presume aff

Drop the arg

Neg only gets one theory shell

T with education doesn’t make sense

Storytelling is key to environmental justice movements.

Dickinson 12
~ Elizabeth Dickinson, “Addressing Environmental Racism Through Storytelling: Toward an Environmental Justice Narrative Framework.” 9 February 2012. ~
One primary reason
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 and cultural protectionism.

Dine storytelling explains the evil of nuclear power

LaDuke
~ Winona LaDuke, “Uranium Mining, Native Resistance, and the Greener Path.” Orion Magazine, February 07, 2009. https://orionmagazine.org/article/uranium-mining-native-resistance-and-the-greener-path/  Winona LaDuke is an American activist, environmentalist, economist, and writer, known for her work on tribal land claims and preservation, as well as sustainable development. A Native American with Ojibwe ancestry, she is the executive director of both White Earth Land Recovery Project and helped found the Indigenous Women’s Network in 1985.  ~
In a Dine
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 The evil came.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lake Highland JN | Judge: Danny Li

Part 1: Status Quo

The Department of Energy website and its brochures state that "no one in the United States has died or been injured as a result of operations at a commercial nuclear power plant." (RICHARDS 13)

The Native American lives lost to nuclear power have never been acknowledged, let alone grieved. 

RICHARDS 2 ~Linda Richards, "On Poisoned Ground." The Chemical Heritage Foundation, Spring 2013. https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/magazine/on-poisoned-ground  Richards was the Chemical Heritage Foundation’s  2010–2011 Doan Fellow. She is researching nuclear and environmental justice history for a PhD at Oregon State University.~

Nuclear-industry spokespersons, U.S. government agencies, and nuclear scientists
AND
. Mine waste was dumped in piles where children played until the 1990s. 

The Navajo Nation has been the target of environmental racism for decades. This is the pain has never been recognized; still hurts today.
LADUKE 09 ~Winona LaDuke, "Uranium Mining, Native Resistance, and the Greener Path." Orion Magazine, February 07, 2009. https://orionmagazine.org/article/uranium-mining-native-resistance-and-the-greener-path/  Winona LaDuke is an American activist, environmentalist, economist, and writer, known for her work on tribal land claims and preservation, as well as sustainable development. A Native American with Ojibwe ancestry, she is the executive director of both White Earth Land Recovery Project and helped found the Indigenous Women’s Network in 1985.~
Over one thousand uranium mines gouged the earth in the Dine Bikeyah, the land
AND
communities, many of which suffer astronomical rates of cancer and birth defects.

This was not an isolated incident. Radioactive waste, power plants, and uranium mines are dangerous – that’s why they’re put on Native American lands.

CHATTERJEE 97 ~Pratap Chatterjee. "Indigenous Groups Try to Ward Off Nuclear Waste." Inter-Press Service News Agency. May 20 1997. http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/05/us-environment-indigenous-groups-try-to-ward-off-nuclear-waste/ ~

California governor Pete Wilson, deciding that the federal government was not serious about plans
AND
," says Darelynn Lehto, the vice president of the Prairie Island Mdewankanton.

Exploitation by the nuclear industry occurs around the world.

RŸSER ET AL. 16 ~Rudolph C. Rÿser, Yvonne Sherwood and Janna Lafferty, Intercontinental Cry (IC) Magazine via Truth Out. "The Indigenous World Under a Nuclear Cloud." 27 March 2016. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/35381-the-indigenous-world-under-a-nuclear-cloud~~

Millions of indigenous peoples living in Fourth World territories around the world have been and
AND
to Fourth World ~indigenous~ peoples rarely noticed by the public eye.

Australia has largest uranium reserves. Legislation protecting the aboriginal populations has been altered in favor of the mining industry. Green ,
Muckaty Traditional Owners have won a significant battle for country and culture, but the
AND
of these arrangements, and the government did not consult further than that."
 That disgraceful performance illustrates a broader pattern. Aboriginal land rights and heritage protections
AND
with the Aboriginal-led Australian Nuclear Free Alliance playing a leading role.

Part 2: Framing

My advocacy is grief for the indigenous lives lost and harmed by nuclear power production.  Affirm to grieve those killed and irrevocably damaged by the production of nuclear power. Grief for these specific individuals brings them into our frame of reference and creates an ethical reorientation.

Lloyd 08 Moya (pf Loughborough Univ, feminist author) "Towards a cultural politics of
vulnerability Precarious lives and ungrievable deaths" Judith Butler’s Precarious Politics. 2008
Mourning and politics Precarious Life, published in 2004, contains a series of essays
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to the idea of ek-stasis that she deploys throughout her work.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that challenges educational spaces through exposure to previously un-grievable bodies.

VLIEGHE 10
Joris (laboratory for education and society, PhD education,) "Judith Butler and the Public Dimension of the Body: Education, Critique and Corporeal Vulnerability" Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2010
This point of view is today no longer tenable. As Adorno, one of
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a different conception of politics’ (Butler, 2004b, p. 21).

Undergoing the radical exposure that triggers grief awakens accountability for the other, forming communities for resistance

Vlieghe 10 Joris (laboratory for education and society, PhD education,) "Judith Butler and the Public Dimension of the Body: Education, Critique and Corporeal Vulnerability" Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2010
We just have to undergo these expropriating events. In this experience of self-
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which as a result causes no actual change whatever in the existing regime.

Traditional education mandates one "truth" as the only "truth." Debate provides a unique tool to question authority and the very nature of our existence.

Warner and Bruschke 3 (Ede, University of Loiusville, John, CSU Fullerton, "GONE ON DEBATING:" COMPETITIVE ACADEMIC DEBATE AS A TOOL OF EMPOWERMENT FOR URBAN AMERICA) LHS
These arguments are theoretical; they cannot speak as powerfully as the voices of those
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and the National Debate Tournament (Hill, 1997; Stepp, 1997) 

The grieving of the aff breaks through that regulatory exclusion of radical proceduralism by acknowledging the cultural context and making mourning accessible to the public, reworked and revised for each community.

McIvor 12, David W. (PhD from Duke University, research associate @ The Kettering Foundation) "Bringing Ourselves to Grief: Judith Butler and the Politics of Mourning" Political Theory. 2 May 2012. http://ptx.sagepub.com/content/40/4/409
Here the theorist of the mourning subject has to engage in a conversation with a
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politics of mourning to its location within the precarious life of the polity.

And Role-Playing reduces debaters to spectators, eviscerating their agency as the competitive nature of debate creates a sense of detachment. The debate public takes on characteristics of a lab, barred from the external world.

Mitchell 98 (Gordon R., Associate Professor of Communication and Director of the William Pitt Debating Union at the University of Pittsburgh. "Pedagogical possibilities for argumentative agency in academic debate". Argumentation and Advocacy, Volume 35, Issue 2. Fall 1998.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6699/is_2_35/ai_n28720712/) LHS\
As two prominent teachers of argumentation point out, "Many scholars and educators term
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in the drama of political life" (1991, p. 8) 

Grief is a key first step to solve – in spaces of failure and violence, grief does justice to the ungrieved and contains the potential for resistant political strategies in the real world.

Allred 2006 ~Kevin Allred, Resisting Legibility on the Borders: Opposition to the Violent Intersections of Race, Nationality, and Sexuality, from Human Architecture: Journal of the sociology of Self Knowledge, Volume 4, Issue 3, a special issues on Anzaldua pages 205-215 AMB~
It should be noted that it is imperative we resist speaking for Barajas and I
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that contains the implication of holding on to rather than of letting go.

And debate rules posit an ’ideal speech’ which necessarily excludes other forms of discourse.

Kulynych, 97, Winthrop U Prof of Polysci (Jessica, "Performing Politics: Foucault, Habermas, and Postmodern Participation, Polity, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Winter, 1997), 315-346, accessed Jstor) LHS
Certainly, one might suggest that the above cases are really just failures of speech
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not address the cultural context that makes some statements convincing and others not.