Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Only internal motivations have the conceptual capacity to motivate action, which is a prerequisite for moral considerations.
Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving ethics from action: a nietzschean version of constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 83:3, pp. 620-660, November 2011.
While externalism captures…decidedly odd property.

Thus, morality is a system of reasons we can all accept—mutual justifiability is the only way to solve the subjectivity of abstract moral theories.
Scanlon, Thomas. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2000. Print.
Contractualism can also … in certain contexts.
Moral principles are adopted only if they can be justified on the basis of agent specific reasonable rejection.
Nagel, Thomas. "One-to-One’." London Review of Books 4 (1999).
The nerve of Scanlon’s … of any individual.
Contractualism forms the basis for a moral community. If the purpose of moral norms is to facilitate life and communal interactions in a society, then a contractualist account of reasons comes first.
Scanlon, Thomas. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2000. Print.
According to contractualism, … these principles require.

Contractual obligations are agent relative—reasonable rejection of principles can only come between two rational agents. This means we evaluate every moral consideration on a 1-1 ratio, not whether the aggregate of everyone following the principle would have a positive net effect. James:
James, Aaron. "Contractualism's (not so) slippery slope." Legal Theory 18.03 (2012): 263-292.
According to contractualism, …reasonably object to the imposition.  

Thus the standard is consistency with the agent relative principle of reasonable rejection. 

Students cannot accept restrictions relative to the college because the basis of public universities and colleges is the constitution, which the protection of speech. Buchter:
Buchter, Jonathan. “Contract law and the student-university relationship.” Indiana Law Journal, vol. 48, issue. 2, article 5, Winter 1973.
This theoretical mixture …these constitutional rights.

Metaethical actualism means no fiat for counteradvocacies. Jackson and Pargetter:
Frank Jackson and Robert Pargetter, “Oughts, Options, and Actualism”, Philosophical Review, 1986
There are four considerations … referred to at the beginning.”

And, contracts will always be made based on subjective emotions because that contributes to agent relative rejection.
Spranca, Mark, Elisa Minsk, and Jonathan Baron. "Omission and commission in judgment and choice." Journal of experimental social psychology 27.1 (1991): 76-105.
Subjects read scenarios …ignorant of the effects of not acting.

Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Equality is necessary to include all voices in moral deliberation and avoid unjustly imposing values on others. This is the central message of egalitarian social movements. Anderson:
 “There must be… their claim heard”
Anderson, Elizabeth Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy, University of Michigan. “What is the Point of Equality?” Ethics 109.2 (1999).

The standard is consistency with basic capability equality. Only this provides the true value of equality – not concerned with goods or happiness, but what people can do. Sen:
“It is arguable… basic capability equality”
 Sen, Amartya Professor of Economics and Philosophy, Harvard University. “Equality of What?” Tanner Lectures on Human Values (1979).

A focus on capabilities allows the maintenance of intuitions about fundamental human rights without requiring people to fulfill them. It creates consensus among conceptions of the good. Nussbaum:
Nussbaum, Martha Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Chicago. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Feminist Economics 9 (2003): 33-59.

Only it allows dialogue between the oppressed, philosophers, and policymakers on equal comprehensible terms. Glass 
“Can liberalism provide... proper discussion possible”
Glass, Arthur Professor of Law, University of New South Wales. “A Review of Postcolonial Liberalism by Duncan Iverson.” Australian Humanities Review 30 (2003).

The capabilities approach best captures the value of rights – rights are not valuable as abstract rules, but are only fulfilled when people have the ability to exercise them. For example, someone who cannot walk lacks the full value of the freedom of movement without extra resources. Nussbaum 2
“Regarding fundamental rights... right to someone.”
Nussbaum, Martha Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Chicago. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Feminist Economics 9 (2003): 33-59. Bracketed for Grammar

Capabilities can be interpreted in different ways in different societies – that is the point of pluralism. Nussbaum 3
“I also insist… the two nations.”
Nussbaum, Martha Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Chicago. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Feminist Economics 9 (2003): 33-59. Bracketed for Grammar

No agent has greater epistemic access to moral truths because morals aren’t verifiable with empirical fact. Markovitz
“Relatedly, internalism about… some of us are”
 Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. Oxford University Press, 2014.

Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Moral obligations arise from individuals’ internal consideration of right conduct. Bedke:
“If John Doe… motivation to X”
Bedke, M.S.  Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009.

Judgments based on external considerations are not moral judgments because they arise from considerations other than right and wrong. Bedke 2:
“Consider a distant… judgments in Amoralsville”
Bedke, M.S.  Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009.

Further, the very idea of externalist moral considerations assumes a background understanding that morality is internal. Bedke 3:
“My own judgment… is not out”
Bedke, M.S.  Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009.

Also, externalist moral conceptions collapse into desire rather than moral consideration. Roojen:
“Second, whether the..;. what is right”
Van Roojen, Mark. “Humean and anti-Humean internalism about moral judgements.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 65, no. 1, July 2002, pp. 26-49.

Further, internal moral reasoning is idiosyncratic to individuals. This is true because moral reasoning cannot produce objectively verifiable outcomes for all moral reasoners. Coburn:
“If criteria encapsulate… such a process”
Coburn, Robert C. Quals “A defense of ethical noncognitivism.” Philosophical Studies, vol. 62, no. 1, April 1991, pp. 67-80.

And, objective or universalist conceptions of morality devolve to totalitarianism. Rawls:
“A continuing adherence… to remain so”
Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Thus, the criterion is consistency with internal moral standards. 

Externalist thought is embedded within the nature of restrictions in relation to speech acts.
Harnish:
“Summarizing, internalists hold… offered mixed analyses.”
Harnish, Robert. "Internalism and externalism in speech act theory." Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 5.1 (2009): 9-31.

Restrictions establish conditions of which speech is acceptable which is externalist by virtue as it requires an externalist declaration of which speech applies. ACLU:
“Because the ultimate… we'll be next”
"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

presume aff because there is an 11 side bias towards the neg
Henson, Clifford and Paul Dorasil. “Judging bias in competitive academic debate: the effects of region, side, and sex.” Contemporary Economic Policy, July 4, 2013

Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
To question the binding nature of moral obligations implicitly concedes the significance of inclusion in normative conclusions because all objections would be made in the context of shared rules. Apel:
“It is mistaken… a communication community.”
Apel, Karl-Otto. Reprinted in Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics by Jürgen 

Inclusion of all agents in the construction of truth is an ontological prerequisite to morality. Haste:
“Communitarian thinkers start… and historical context”
Haste, Helen. "Communitarianism and the social construction of morality." Journal of Moral Education 25.1 (1996): 47-55.

No agent has greater epistemic access to moral truths because morals aren’t verifiable with empirical fact. Markovitz:
“Relatedly, internalism about… of us are).”
Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. Oxford University Press, 2014.

Thus the standard is consistency with the maxim of including individuals in the construction of moral truths.

Additionally, only the analysis of intent of an action includes all perceptions into the construction of truths. Tannenbaum:
“When it comes… had occurred unintentionally.”
Tannenbaum, Melanie. ""But I Didn't Mean It!" Why It's so Hard to Prioritize Impacts over Intents." Scientific American Global RSS. N.p., 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 08 Sept. 2015.

Speech codes entrench a massive divide within society and push society to manifest into one in which nobody is included in the manifestation of truth— historically proven. Haiman:
“Placing limitations on… increased its circulation.”
Haiman, Franklyn. “The Remedy is More Speech.” The American Prospect. Summer 1991.

And, even when speech codes do target those with oppressive ideology, they are coopted and used as a tool of exclusion. Cammaerts
“However, in a… causes of it.”
Bart Cammaerts ‘9, London School of Economics and Political Science, England, 11-2009, "Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces," International Journal of Cultural Studies

Further, the neg embraces an overall maxim in which individuals are excluded from moral projects- means only the affirmative has a risk of epistemic validity. Greenawalt:
“Mill says that… to be tolerated.”
Greenawalt, Kent. "Free speech justifications." Columbia Law Review 89.1 (1989): 119-155.
"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

Restrictions establish conditions of which speech is acceptable which is exclusionary by virtue as it requires a declaration by one agent of which speech applies. ACLU:
“Because the ultimate… we'll be next”
"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.