Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Ought only implies obligation, since there are multiple sources of normativity.
Dowd, Joseph (Graduate Student of Philosophy at the University of California, Irvine). "Hoc aliquid: What makes an ought a moral ought?" 06 May 2011
"Therefore we try ... else being equal"

The language in Tinker v. Des Moines clarifies that “protected speech” loses its protection when circumstances arise that subject it to restriction.
Kemerer, Frank. “Free speech and privacy dimensions of student misuse of their own electronic communication devices in elementary and secondary schools.” School of Law and School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, March 2012.
"This study was ... and school personnel"

Only their own internal evaluation of what the cede as epistemically true can do anything.
Nobis, Nathan M. "Truth in Ethics and Epistemology: A Defense of Normative Realism." University of Rochester, 2004. Web. 5 Apr. 2017.
"In this work ... evaluationism of non-factualism"

No impact turns
"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.
"In recent years ... and start teaching"

Outweigh.
Harnish, Robert. "Internalism and externalism in speech act theory." Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 5.1 (2009): 9-31.
"Internalism and Externalism ... Moods and Performances"

Linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism determines a key sphere of languages’ functionality.
Whorf, B.L. "Linguistic Society of America." Language and Thought | Linguistic Society of America. Linguistic Society of America, 2012. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.
"No one would ... Gumperz and Levinson"

Further, silencing of some language excludes the capacity of some individuals to form an identity and seek truths themselves.
(Rodney G.S. Carter, the Archivist of the St. Joseph Region of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph, based in Kingston, Ontario. He received an Honours B.A. in Art History from Queen’s University in 2002 and a Masters of Information Studies, Archival Stream, from the University of Toronto in 2005. His Masters thesis was entitled “Other Archives: The Archival Value of Photographs of Anonymous People.” He was a member of the ACA Membership Committee’s sub-committee on the formation of student chapters in 2002–2003 and has been recently named the Chair of the ACA Religious Archives Special Interest Section., 2006, “Of Things Said and Unsaid: Power, Archival Silences, and Power in Silence” Archivia)
"Resume ce texte ... their own silence"

Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Evidence from physics shows that the past is determined from the present—even if the past has merit the present comes first. Lanza:

"In 2002 scientists...the science experiments."
Lanza, Robert. "Does the Past Exist Yet? Evidence Suggests Your Past Isn't Set in Stone." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 15 Sept. 2014.

Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Only through the state can truth and thus, agency be actualized
(Angelica Nuzzo, Graduate Center and Brooklyn College, CUNY, anuzzo@gc.cuny.edu) 2013. “The Social Dimension of Dialectical Truth: Hegel’s Idea of Objective Spirit.” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 2 (8): 10-25. NP 4/2/16.
"In a recent ... 2012 chapters 2-3"

Mutual recognition of the spirit of others within a social order is necessary to reconcile conflicting conceptions of the self to form an identity.
Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge University Press. 1990. NP 3/31/16.
"Hegel holds that ... realm of nature"

If I were to close a door, I would not know if it had made a noise unless others reacted as well.
Frederick Neuhouser: Introduction to Foundations of Natural Right by Johann Fichte. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
"The character of ... from his essay"

Actualization of individuals can only occur by placing them within society – the person alone is an incomplete picture of the subject
Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge University Press. 1990. NP 3/29/16.
"Hegel holds that ... realm of nature"

I contend that unrestricted public expression of unfiltered opinion is prereq to the establishment of an ethical community.
(Daniel Griffin, PhD in Philosophy at University of Guelph MA in Philosophy from Georgia State University, no date, “Can Hegel aid our understanding of freedom of expression”, academia.edu) http://www.academia.edu/24661342/Can_Hegel_aid_our_understanding_of_freedom_of_expression
"Discussions of human ... declaration human rights"

Aff solves best.
(Adam Lamparello, B.A from University of Southern California. J.D. in law from Ohio State University College of Law. Master of Laws, Concentration in Criminal and Constitutional Law from NYU of Law. Currently assistant professor of Law at Loyola University, 09-02-16, “Promoting Inclusion Through Exclusion: Higher Education’s Assault on the First Amendment” University of Pennsylvania Law) http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=jcl_online
"Free speech and ... pursuit of knowledge"

Destroying identity construction in the community.
(Rodney G.S. Carter, the Archivist of the St. Joseph Region of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph, based in Kingston, Ontario. He received an Honours B.A. in Art History from Queen’s University in 2002 and a Masters of Information Studies, Archival Stream, from the University of Toronto in 2005. His Masters thesis was entitled “Other Archives: The Archival Value of Photographs of Anonymous People.” He was a member of the ACA Membership Committee’s sub-committee on the formation of student chapters in 2002–2003 and has been recently named the Chair of the ACA Religious Archives Special Interest Section., 2006, “Of Things Said and Unsaid: Power, Archival Silences, and Power in Silence” Archivia) http://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/viewFile/12541/13687
"Resume ce texte ... their own silence"

Tournament: ALL Jan-Feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
The language in Tinker v. Des Moines clarifies that “protected speech” loses its protection when circumstances arise that subject it to restriction.
Kemerer, Frank. “Free speech and privacy dimensions of student misuse of their own electronic communication devices in elementary and secondary schools.” School of Law and School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, March 2012.
"This study was ... and school personnel"

Actions are either steps toward an end or random motions.
Millgram, Elijah, "Practical Reason and the Structure of Actions", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2012/entries/practical-reason-action/.
"A wave of ... modes of argument"

The ends of particular action classes are determined by the practices within which those practices take place.
Schapiro, Tamar (Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University). “Three Conceptions of Action in Moral Theory.” Nous 35.1 (2001): 93-117.
"Philosophers have long ... I call action"

A state is a creature of its constitution, and it is literally impossible for a state to act outside the constraints of its constituting documents because when state agents do so they are not, by law, acting as the state.
Clark, David and Tugrul Ansay. Introduction to the Law of the United States. Kluwer Law International, 2002.
"The United States ... U.N. Charter art."

The U.S. Constitution is nearly unique in the degree and duration of universal acceptance among those under its jurisdiction.
Rosenn, Keith. “The success of constitutionalism in the United States and its failure in Latin America: an explanation.” University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, Fall 1990.
"Constitutionalism is the ... authoritarianism is resolved"

Since ethical obligation is a judgment of choice, adjudicating as unethical the failure to make a choice one is incapable of making renders ethical judgment meaningless.
Streumer, Bart (Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Reading, UK). "Reasons and Impossibility." Philosophical Studies 136 (2007): p. 351-384
"Many philosophers claim ......"

Agents of the U.S. government are literally incapable of enacting enduring policies in violation of settled constitutional law because the structure of the legislative and judicial branches prevents it.
Foundation for Individual Rights in Educaiton (FIRE). “Freedom of expression at public universities.” State of the Law: Speech Codes. Copyright 2016. Web. https://www.thefire.org/in-court/state-of-the-law-speech-codes/
"That the first ... ideas on campus"

Constitutional jurisprudence implicitly recognizes that public college and university employees are agents of the state.
Ross, Kathleen and Philip Faccenda. “Constitutional and statutory regulation of private colleges and universities.” Valparaiso University Law Review, vol. 9, number 3, 1975.
"In March of ... by the authors"

The Supreme Court has ruled explicitly that this is the case.
Buchter, Jonathan. “Contract law and the student-university relationship.” Indiana Law Journal, vol. 48, issue. 2, article 5, Winter 1973.
"The relationship between ... intended to do"