Tournament: - | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
Phone: (516)-413-4734
Facebook: Aramen Noodless
Email: moghaddassi.aram@gmail.com

Tournament: Princeton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hill DY | Judge: Chetan Hertzig
Interpretation: Debaters may defend at most 1 conditional advocacy.

Tournament: - | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
Interpretation: Debaters may only read positions that are disclosed before the debate on their NDCA wiki page under their own name with full citations, tags, and first three/last three words.

Interpretation: Debaters must disclose previously run constructive positions – all cases, off cases and theory arguments – at least 30 minutes before the round on the NDCA wiki or when asked. This means providing proper citations for all evidence including first three and last three words and tags as well as advocacy, standard, and interpretation texts.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pembroke Pines WW | Judge: Sean Fahey
Interpretation: Debaters may not insert analytics into evidence without explicitly delineating when their analytic ends and when the card text begins. This can be done by reinserting the tag or say they add.

Tournament: Princeton | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harrison RP | Judge: Jake Nebel, Dani Reyes, Kathy Wang
Interpretation: If the neg reads a prefiat voting issue, it must have a delineated alt text.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: WDM Valley BG | Judge: Travis Fife
A Interp: If debaters read a theory or T interp, they must have a carded solvency advocate

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harrison LC | Judge: Ben Houlgin
The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated policy of the aff world; the neg must defend a post-fiat policy option. 

1. Particularity is the best standard
   Price 98 (RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
   One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
   AND
   violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

2. Using the policy to fight oppression is not saying the state is good, but rather is a heuristic to understanding the problem.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
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position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 

The standard is minimizing structural violence.

1. Structural violence causes oppression against particular groups to be invisible. Revealing it forces us to reevaluate our perceptions.  This means minimizing structural violence precludes all ethical evaluation.  
   Winter and Leighton ‘07 (Deborah Du Nann Winter and Dana C. Leighton, professors of psychology, STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century, Ohio State University, 2007 (http://academic.marion.ohio-state.edu/dchristie/Peace20Psychology20Book_files/Section20II20-20Structural20Violence20(Winter202620Leighton).pdf)
   Direct violence is horrific, but its brutality usually gets our attention: we notice
   AND
   thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity.  

2. Debate should deal with real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression
Curry ’14, (Dr. Tommy J. Curry, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014,)
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Mass incarceration and overcriminalization is a failed experiment and the move to deinstitutionalize people with mental illnesses only moved them from institutions to the prison industrial complex.
Vallas 16, Rebecca. “Disabled Behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People with Disabilities in America’s Jails and Prisons” Center for American Progress. July 2016 https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/18000151/2CriminalJusticeDisability-report.pdf SHSAM
America’s four-decade-long experiment with mass incarceration and overcriminalization is widely recognized
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reports that fully 1 in 5 prison inmates have a serious mental illness.

Mass incarceration of people with disabilities creates structural barriers to accessing medical treatment and employment and lack of training for police officers means higher rates of police related killings.
Vallas 16, Rebecca. “Disabled Behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People with Disabilities in America’s Jails and Prisons” Center for American Progress. July 2016 https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/18000151/2CriminalJusticeDisability-report.pdf SHSAM
Mass incarceration of people with disabilities is unjust, unethical, and cruel. But
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services, making them incapable of meeting the needs of participants with disabilities.

Lack of accommodations in the nation’s courts denies people with disabilities access to necessary accommodations and a fair trial which only leads to wrongful arrests and convictions.
Vallas 16, Rebecca. “Disabled Behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People with Disabilities in America’s Jails and Prisons” Center for American Progress. July 2016 https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/18000151/2CriminalJusticeDisability-report.pdf SHSAM
The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability and mandates that
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apparently due to lack of comfort or experience representing clients with disabilities.52

Plan: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity by making the Americans with Disabilities Act applicable to arrest situations.
Auner 16, Thomas. “For The Protection of Society’s Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests.” Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10 SHSAM
Excessive force claims stemming from the Fourth Amendment and section 1983 of the Civil Rights
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incentivize proper police training and provide uniform federal protections for the mentally ill.

There is discrepancy now and passing the plan is key to uniform application of the ADA.
Auner 16, Thomas. “For The Protection of Society’s Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests.” Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10 SHSAM
The circuit courts are split as to whether the ADA applies to arrest situations.
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waiting over two hours for the situation to diffuse— ere reasonable.96

The aff not only means more training for officers in the context of ADA cases, it encourages the creation of new disability-rights laws that apply in all situations.
Brodin 05, Rachel. “Remedying a Particularized Form of Discrimination: Why Disabled Plaintiffs Can and Should Bring Claims of Police Misconduct Under the Americans with Disabilites Act.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 2005. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296andcontext=penn_law_ review. SHSAM
Claims that police departments and local governments have failed to appropriately train officers are prime
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standards for such policies and practices in the context of Section 1983 claims. 

The aff means better education for officers which means better compliance with the ADA and more safety for people with mental illnesses.
Auner 16, Thomas. “For The Protection of Society’s Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests.” Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10 SHSAM
When courts deem the ADA applicable to specific situations, public and private entities typically
AND
officers receive basic training on how best to handle the mentally ill.117 

Debaters have a moral duty to shine on a light on mental health issues so as to not become complicit in their continuity.
Hendrickson '13, Ed (Former Meadows debater, former Apple Valley LD coach, and LD institute instructor). "Depression and an Invisible Community", VBriefly, 9/30/13, vbriefly.com/2013/09/30/20139depression-and-an-invisible-community/
It’s common debate parlance to say that a tournament is depressing. We joke that
AND
needed the most. When it’s quiet is when it’s important to listen.  

Ableism serves as a template for other forms of structural violence – means we must reject any instance of it.
Siebers 9 Tobin Siebers (Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism @ University of Michigan), “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, 10/28/9, Lecture, http://disabilities.temple.edu/media/ds/lecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.doc
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
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after the incident, does not surpass the hurdle of municipal immunity.77

Tournament: Apple Valley RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cambridge Ringe OS | Judge: Chetan Hertzig, Daniel Lumpee
Same offense, new plan text

Plan: The Supreme Court of the United States should limit qualified immunity by adopting the Ninth Circuit’s decision on Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act’s applicability to arrest situations in Sheehan v. City and County of San Francisco as a legal precedent for all circuits on the next available test case.
Auner 16 Thomas J. "For the Protection of Society's Most Vulnerable, the ADA Should Apply to Arrests." Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 49.1 (2016): 335.
Excessive force claims stemming from the Fourth Amendment and section 1983 of the Civil Rights
AND
incentivize proper police training and provide uniform federal protections for the mentally ill.

They continue
The Ninth Circuit’s approach to the ADA’s applicability to arrest situations in Sheehan should be a model for all circuits. Holding the ADA applicable to arrest situations furthers the ADA’s objectives and forces law enforcement agencies to implement improved training programs. Training programs implemented by police departments in order to comply with the ADA will likely lead to increased safety among those with mental illnesses. Thus, the Supreme Court has a duty to ensure that a mentally ill person living within in the Fifth Circuit is subject to the same federal protections as a mentally ill person living within the Ninth Circuit. In addition to making the federal law uniform, it is the right thing to do for the mentally ill.

Tournament: Princeton | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harrison RP | Judge: Jake Nebel, Dani Reyes, Kathy Wang
Argumentation necessitates reasons within universal conclusions – all reasons must be acceptable to all agents
Bohman and Rehg 7 James Bohman and William Rehg (professors of philosophy at St. Louis University) “Jurgen Habermas” May 17th 2007, substantially revised August 4th 2014 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/habermas/#HabDisThe
What is the “performative attitude” that is to be reconstructed in such a
AND
the former, in terms of idealized consensus. More on that below.

Actions causally contain the freedom to pursue a given end.
Engstrom Stephen (Professor of Ethics at UPitt) “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge” http://www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsem/engstrom_vortrag.pdf
Kant holds that to set something as one’s end is to represent it in practical
AND
representation of an end there must correspond two components in the end itself.

Agents cannot reject their own ability to be free.
Kant Immanuel “The Metaphysics of Morals” Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy, 2nd Edition Mary J. Gregor, Roger J. Sullivan, Cambridge University Press 1996, 1797
A human being cannot renounce their his personality as long as he is
AND
one’s hair in order to sell it is not altogether free from blame.

Respect for freedom requires we enter into a political system that can distribute property.
Korsgaard 8 Christine “Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution” The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology Oxford University Press http://www.klindeman.com/uploads/3/8/2/2/38221431/korsgaard_-_taking_the_law_into_our_own_hands.pdf
Kant also believes that there is a sense in which we have rights in the
AND
property only in a civil society. (MPJ 6:256) 

Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative

It’s impossible for an agent to denounce their own freedom
Ng 15 Karen Ng (Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University) “From the Critique of Reason to the Critique of Ideology: On the Relation between Life and Consciousness from Hegel to Critical Theory” 2015
In order to determine exactly how the relation between life and consciousness can be methodologically
AND
encompassing, that there is simply no place for the critic to stand.

Our framework is grounded in reality, attempts to abstract from reason are incoherent.
Ng 15 Karen Ng (Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University) “From the Critique of Reason to the Critique of Ideology: On the Relation between Life and Consciousness from Hegel to Critical Theory” 2015
Now if one wants to reject this characterization, we are led into a second
AND
theory that ideology critique was meant to overcome in the first place.17

Offense

I contend that QI is a violation of tort law and equal freedom.

Tort law is key to equal freedom.
Ripstein 4 Arthur “Tort, The Division of Responsibility and the Law of Tort” Fordham Law Review Vol. 72 Issue 5 Article 21
This brings us back to the law of tort. Almost anything I do will
AND
to your ability to set and pursue your own conception of the good.

In any legal system of rights, plaintiffs must be allowed to sue defendants.
Weinrib 02 Ernest J. Weinrib “Corrective Justice in a Nutshell” The University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 2002), pp. 349-356 http://www.jstor.org/stable/825933
In sophisticated systems of private law, the overarching justificatory categories expressive of correlativity are
AND
the same as the reasons that justify the existence of the defendant's duty.

QI kills this accountability – two warrants: 

1 Qualified immunity protects officers from civil suits.
Chen 15 Alan K. Chen is the William M. Beaney Memorial Research Chair and professor of law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law, where he teaches courses in constitutional law, federal courts, and public interest law. An experienced civil rights litigator and former ACLU staff attorney, Professor Chen continues to do pro bono work in constitutional rights cases. “Qualified Immunity Liming Access to Justice and Impeding Development of the Law” Human Rights Magazine Home  2015 (Vol. 41)  Vol. 41, No. 1 - Lurking in the Shadows: the Supreme Court's Quiet Attack on Civil Rights http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/2015~-~-vol~-~-41-/vol~-~-41~-~-no~-~-1~-~~-~-lurking-in-the-shadows~-~-the-supreme-court-s-qui/qualified-immunity-limiting-access-to-justice-and-impeding-devel.html
Savana sued the school personnel who conducted the search under 42 U.S.
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law.” Safford, 557 U.S. at 378–79.

2 Qualified immunity makes police accountability impossible.
Chemerinsky 14 Erwin (dean of the School of Law at the University of California, Irvine, is the author of the forthcoming book “The Case Against the Supreme Court.”) “How the Supreme Court Protects Bad Cops” The New York Times August 26th 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/opinion/how-the-supreme-court-protects-bad-cops.html
When there is not absolute immunity, police officers are still protected by “qualified
AND
how many more riots will it take before the Supreme Court changes course?

Even if there are specific cases in which qualified immunity creates just outcomes, the state must first ensure that there are just procedures.
Korsgaard 8 Christine “Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution” The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology Oxford University Press http://www.klindeman.com/uploads/3/8/2/2/38221431/korsgaard_-_taking_the_law_into_our_own_hands.pdf
This reading, however, does not sit well with the obviously Platonic character of
AND
, and, normatively speaking, we must stand by their actual results.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 3 | Opponent: WDM Valley EM | Judge: Phoebe Kuo
The standard is minimizing structural violence.

Structural violence causes oppression against particular groups to be invisible. Minimizing structural violence precludes all ethical evaluation.  
Winter and Leighton ‘07 (Deborah Du Nann Winter and Dana C. Leighton, professors of psychology,) “STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century”, Ohio State University, 2007
Direct violence is horrific, but its brutality usually gets our attention: we notice
AND
thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity.  

2) Any truth claim is epistemically suspect—there is always a higher order obligation in rejecting oppression so excluded voices can be incorporated into our epistemologies.
Clifford and Burke ‘08 (Derek and Beverley), “Anti-Oppressive Ethics and Values in Social Work”, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/1403905568.pdf
Our view of the nature of ethics admits the possibility of giving reasons, drawing
AND
other’, in the sense of one who is socially and culturally different. 

3) Evaluating issues of oppression comes before evaluations of abstract ethics.
Matsuda ‘89 Mari, Associate Professor of Law @ the University of Hawaii, “When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method”, 11 Women's Rts. L. Rep. 7 1989
The multiple consciousness I urge lawyers to attain is not a random ability to see
AND
for these writers as they enter into mainstream debates about law and theory.

4) Debate should deal with real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression
Curry ’14, (Dr. Tommy J. Curry), “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Thus, I affirm resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. I affirm the resolution as general principle but am willing to specify a mechanism if asked in CX so long as I don’t have to abandon.

The risk of nuclear production has been outsourced to marginalized communities and has become a symbol of systemic state domination.
Chen 11, Michelle (Michelle Chen is Colorlines' Global Justice columnist. She is a regular contributor on labor issues at In These Times, as well as a member of the magazine's Board of Editors.) March 23, 2011 “The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy” Colorlines http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy SHSAM Bracketed for grammar and efficiency
At every point in the nuclear production chain, the industry has sloughed a disproportionate
AND
to "effectively an 'up yours' response to the citizens of our country":

Proximity to a nuclear plant marks bodies as risky and thus make them face disadvantages throughout society.
Cousins et al. 1, Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf SHSAM
One of the goals of the preceding section was to complicate the notion of “
AND
recognize the vulnerabilities of disadvantaged groups and to minimize their exposure to harm.

Nuclear power companies are able to control and manipulate local populations due to the systemic silencing of minoritarian voices by governmental organizations.
Dixon 12, Bruce A. January 25th “Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff” The Grio http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/ SHSAM
“The NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) just approved construction permits for two new
AND
will not benefit Georgia residents, because it will be sold to Florida.

Law has been structured so that indigenous communities are targeted as dumping grounds for nuclear waste.
Endres 09 1, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM
Before attending to the rhetorical nature of nuclear colonialism, it is important to emphasize
AND
people living near tailing piles at a high risk for lung cancer.10

The discursive implications of our policies outweigh the material implications they have – its what shapes the structures that create the material violence.
Endres 09 2, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM Bracketed for efficiency
Although the material implications of nuclear colonialism are undeniable, but it is
AND
and rhetorical strategies that invoke the interrelated discursive systems of colonialism and nuclearism.

Using the policy to fight oppression is not saying the state is good, but rather is a heuristic to understanding the problem.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 

The aff represents a symbolic shift away from traditional utilitarian policies that attempt to solely base politics on a cost benefit analysis.
Cousins et al. 2, Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf SHSAM
While greater safety standards are necessary, simply creating more safety legislation does not solve
AND
benefit those most at risk without necessarily creating additional costs for the government.

Nuclearism operates via rhetorical exclusion within policy making – the aff’s prohibition is a form of nuclear critism which could break down our tradition of colonialism
Endres 09 3, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM Bracketed for efficiency
Considering the use of American Indian resources and lands in support of the nuclear production
AND
actions those in power deem necessary to control challenges to its legitimacy.’’48

Tournament: Byram Hills RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science GM | Judge: Joshua Wurzman, Sarah Crucilla
The standard is minimizing structural violence.

Structural violence causes oppression against particular groups to be invisible. Minimizing structural violence precludes all ethical evaluation.  
Winter and Leighton ‘07 (Deborah Du Nann Winter and Dana C. Leighton, professors of psychology,) “STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century”, Ohio State University, 2007
Direct violence is horrific, but its brutality usually gets our attention: we notice
AND
thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity.  

2) Any truth claim is epistemically suspect—there is always a higher order obligation in rejecting oppression so excluded voices can be incorporated into our epistemologies.
Clifford and Burke ‘08 (Derek and Beverley), “Anti-Oppressive Ethics and Values in Social Work”, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/1403905568.pdf
Our view of the nature of ethics admits the possibility of giving reasons, drawing
AND
other’, in the sense of one who is socially and culturally different. 

3) Evaluating issues of oppression comes before evaluations of abstract ethics.
Matsuda ‘89 Mari, Associate Professor of Law @ the University of Hawaii, “When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method”, 11 Women's Rts. L. Rep. 7 1989
The multiple consciousness I urge lawyers to attain is not a random ability to see
AND
for these writers as they enter into mainstream debates about law and theory.

4) Debate should deal with real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression
Curry ’14, (Dr. Tommy J. Curry), “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Plan Text: The United States federal government ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

The risk of nuclear production has been outsourced to marginalized communities and has become a symbol of systemic state domination.
Chen 11, Michelle (Michelle Chen is Colorlines' Global Justice columnist. She is a regular contributor on labor issues at In These Times, as well as a member of the magazine's Board of Editors.) March 23, 2011 “The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy” Colorlines http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy SHSAM Bracketed for grammar and efficiency
At every point in the nuclear production chain, the industry has sloughed a disproportionate
AND
to "effectively an 'up yours' response to the citizens of our country":

Proximity to a nuclear plant marks bodies as risky and thus make them face disadvantages throughout society.
Cousins et al., Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf SHSAM
One of the goals of the preceding section was to complicate the notion of “
AND
recognize the vulnerabilities of disadvantaged groups and to minimize their exposure to harm.

Nuclear power companies are able to control and manipulate local populations due to the systemic silencing of minoritarian voices by governmental organizations.
Dixon 12, Bruce A. January 25th “Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff” The Grio http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/ SHSAM
“The NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) just approved construction permits for two new
AND
will not benefit Georgia residents, because it will be sold to Florida.

US law has been structured so that indigenous communities are targeted as dumping grounds for nuclear waste.
Endres 09, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM
Before attending to the rhetorical nature of nuclear colonialism, it is important to emphasize
AND
people living near tailing piles at a high risk for lung cancer.10

Racialized and militarized policies are linked to environmental injustice – fighting one means we fight the other as well.
Pellow 12, David Naguib, (Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota) February 2012, “Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice,” http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White_Paper_Climate_Disruption_final.pdf SHSAM
Leaders from Indigenous and various global South communities have also drawn connections between climate disruption
AND
disruptive activities. Hydro-electric power is just one of many examples.

The discursive implications of our policies outweigh the material implications they have – its what shapes the structures that create the material violence.
Endres 09, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM Bracketed for efficiency
Although the material implications of nuclear colonialism are undeniable, but it is
AND
and rhetorical strategies that invoke the interrelated discursive systems of colonialism and nuclearism.

Using the policy to fight oppression is not saying the state is good, but rather is a heuristic to understanding the problem.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 

The aff represents a symbolic shift away from traditional utilitarian policies that attempt to solely base politics on a cost benefit analysis.
Cousins et al., Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf SHSAM
While greater safety standards are necessary, simply creating more safety legislation does not solve
AND
benefit those most at risk without necessarily creating additional costs for the government.

Nuclearism operates via rhetorical exclusion within policy making – the aff’s prohibition is a form of nuclear critism which could break down our tradition of colonialism
Endres 09, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM Bracketed for efficiency
Considering the use of American Indian resources and lands in support of the nuclear production
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actions those in power deem necessary to control challenges to its legitimacy.’’48

Tournament: Byram Hills RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Success Academy SC | Judge: Russ Riccardi, Sam Azbel
The standard is minimizing structural violence.

Structural violence causes oppression against particular groups to be invisible. Minimizing structural violence precludes all ethical evaluation.  
Winter and Leighton ‘07 (Deborah Du Nann Winter and Dana C. Leighton, professors of psychology,) “STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century”, Ohio State University, 2007
Direct violence is horrific, but its brutality usually gets our attention: we notice
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thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity.  

2) Any truth claim is epistemically suspect—there is always a higher order obligation in rejecting oppression so excluded voices can be incorporated into our epistemologies.
Clifford and Burke ‘08 (Derek and Beverley), “Anti-Oppressive Ethics and Values in Social Work”, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/1403905568.pdf
Our view of the nature of ethics admits the possibility of giving reasons, drawing
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other’, in the sense of one who is socially and culturally different. 

3) Evaluating issues of oppression comes before evaluations of abstract ethics.
Matsuda ‘89 Mari, Associate Professor of Law @ the University of Hawaii, “When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method”, 11 Women's Rts. L. Rep. 7 1989
The multiple consciousness I urge lawyers to attain is not a random ability to see
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for these writers as they enter into mainstream debates about law and theory.

Plan Text: The United States federal government ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. Willing to specify in CX. 

The risk of nuclear production has been outsourced to marginalized communities and has become a symbol of systemic state domination.
Chen 11, Michelle (Michelle Chen is Colorlines' Global Justice columnist. She is a regular contributor on labor issues at In These Times, as well as a member of the magazine's Board of Editors.) March 23, 2011 “The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy” Colorlines http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy SHSAM Bracketed for grammar and efficiency
At every point in the nuclear production chain, the industry has sloughed a disproportionate
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to "effectively an 'up yours' response to the citizens of our country":

Proximity to a nuclear plant marks bodies as risky and thus make them face disadvantages throughout society.
Cousins et al., Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf SHSAM
One of the goals of the preceding section was to complicate the notion of “
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recognize the vulnerabilities of disadvantaged groups and to minimize their exposure to harm.

Nuclear power companies are able to control and manipulate local populations due to the systemic silencing of minoritarian voices by governmental organizations.
Dixon 12, Bruce A. January 25th “Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff” The Grio http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/ SHSAM
“The NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) just approved construction permits for two new
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will not benefit Georgia residents, because it will be sold to Florida.

US law has been structured so that indigenous communities are targeted as dumping grounds for nuclear waste.
Endres 09, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM
Before attending to the rhetorical nature of nuclear colonialism, it is important to emphasize
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people living near tailing piles at a high risk for lung cancer.10

The discursive implications of our policies outweigh the material implications they have – its what shapes the structures that create the material violence.
Endres 09, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM Bracketed for efficiency
Although the material implications of nuclear colonialism are undeniable, but it is
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and rhetorical strategies that invoke the interrelated discursive systems of colonialism and nuclearism.

Using the policy to fight oppression is not saying the state is good, but rather is a heuristic to understanding the problem.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
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position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 

Nuclearism operates via rhetorical exclusion within policy making – the aff’s prohibition is a form of nuclear critism which could break down our tradition of colonialism
Endres 09, Danielle (Associate Professor, Communication, University of Utah Director, Communication Institute, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Environmental Humanities Grad, University of Utah Affiliated Faculty, Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah Assistant Professor, Communication, University of Utah) March 1, 2009 “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies SHSAM Bracketed for efficiency
Considering the use of American Indian resources and lands in support of the nuclear production
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actions those in power deem necessary to control challenges to its legitimacy.’’48

The aff represents a symbolic shift away from traditional utilitarian policies that attempt to solely base politics on a cost benefit analysis.
Cousins et al., Elicia, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf SHSAM
While greater safety standards are necessary, simply creating more safety legislation does not solve
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benefit those most at risk without necessarily creating additional costs for the government.