Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Evanston GH | Judge: Carlson

Counterplan text: We call for the entirety of the affirmative sans their use of ableistic rhetoric. Net benefits:

The use of blindness discourse is problematic – it perpetuates ableism and the idea that blindness implies moral inferiority. Treiman 11:

Treiman 11 Shelley Tremain (University of Toronto, Social Justice Education). “Ableist language and philosophical associations.” 2011, http://www.newappsblog.com/2011/07/ableist-language-and-philosophical-associations.html 

Over the last couple of decades, … inflicting harm in this way. 

“Blind” implies being incapable of planning, being unable to comprehend information and regularly misunderstanding the motives of others. Kali 10:

Brilliant Mind Broken Body: Living with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, “I am not your Metaphor,” October 17, 2010, http://brilliantmindbrokenbody.wordpress.com/2010/10/17/i-am-not-your-metaphor/

Blind - I bet you can’t … issues that have NOTHING to do with sight!

Your role is an educator whose job is to challenge dominant ableist mindsets, endorsing our methodology causes a spillover into our everyday lives. Beckett 13:

Beckett 13’- Angharad Anti-oppressive pedagogy and¶ disability: possibilities and challenges, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds

Serious and systemic disability discrimination …‘foot in both camps’ i.e.¶ ‘oppressed’ and ‘privileged’.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Evanston GH | Judge: Carlson

The 1AC’s utopian imagination in which structures of oppression don’t exist anymore is oppressive – that kind of abstraction distracts us from actual solutions. Curry 14:

Curry, Dr. Tommy J. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, and a Ray A. Rothrock Fellow at Texas AandM University; first Black JV National Debate champion (for UMKC) and was half of the first all Black CEDA team to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Debate Tournament “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century.” 

Despite the pronouncement of debate … among our ideological tendencies and politics.

Vote neg to rupture the whiteness of the utopia of the affirmative. Curry 13:

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013

Anti-ethics; the call to … melaninated bodies and nigger-souls, is totalizing.

Tournament: toc | Round: 1 | Opponent: lexington rw | Judge: hunt

Endless moral circularizing is immoral – the only productive strategy is to analyze instance of oppression from an anti-ethical standpoint. Curry 14:

Dr. Tommy J, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, and a Ray A. Rothrock Fellow at Texas AandM University; first Black JV National Debate champion (for UMKC) and was half of the first all Black CEDA team to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Debate Tournament. “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century.” 2014. SA-IB

Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real world consequences of dialogue, thinking, and (personal) politics when addressing issues of racism, sexism, economic disparity, global conflicts, and death, many of the discussions concerning these ongoing challenges to humanity are fixed to a paradigm which sees the adjudication of material disparities and sociological realities as the conquest of one ideal theory over the other. In “Ideal Theory as Ideology,” Charles Mills outlines the problem contemporary theoretical-performance styles in policy debate and value-weighing in Lincoln-Douglass are confronted with in their attempts to get at the concrete problems in our societies. At the outset, Mills concedes that “ideal theory applies to moral theory as a whole (at least to normative ethics as against metaethics); since ethics deals by definition with normative/prescriptive/evaluative issues, it is set against factual/descriptive issues.”  At the most general level, the conceptual chasm between what emerges as actual problems in the world (e.g.: racism, sexism, poverty, disease, etc.) and how we frame such problems theoretically—the assumptions and shared ideologies we depend upon for our problems to be heard and accepted as a worthy “problem” by an audience—is the most obvious call for an anti-ethical paradigm, since such a paradigm insists on the actual as the basis of what can be considered normatively. Mills, however, describes this chasm as a problem of an ideal-as-descriptive model which argues that for any actual-empirical-observable social phenomenon (P), an ideal of (P) is necessarily a representation of that phenomenon. In the idealization of a social phenomenon (P), one “necessarily has to abstract away from certain features” of (P) that is observed before abstraction occurs. This gap between what is actual (in the world), and what is represented by theories and politics of debaters proposed in rounds threatens any real discussions about the concrete nature of oppression and the racist economic structures which necessitate tangible policies and reorienting changes in our value orientations. As Mills states: “What distinguishes ideal theory is the reliance on idealization to the exclusion, or at least marginalization, of the actual,” so what we are seeking to resolve on the basis of “thought” is in fact incomplete, incorrect, or ultimately irrelevant to the actual problems which our “theories” seek to address. Our attempts to situate social disparity cannot simply appeal to the ontologization of social phenomenon—meaning we cannot suggest that the various complexities of social problems (which are constantly emerging and undisclosed beyond the effects we observe) are totalizable by any one set of theories within an ideological frame be it our most cherished notions of Afro-pessimism, feminism, Marxism, or the like. At best, theoretical endorsements make us aware of sets of actions to address ever developing problems in our empirical world, but even this awareness does not command us to only do X, but rather do X and the other ideas which compliment the material conditions addressed by the action X. As a whole, debate (policy and LD) neglects the need to do X in order to remedy our cast-away-ness among our ideological tendencies and politics.’

Their position ignores identity, yet speaks for all from a view from nowhere – this ignores the way people are raced. Yancy 05:

George, associate professor of philosophy. “Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy. 2005.

I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source of knowledge connected to my "raced" body. Hence, I write from a place of lived embodied experience, a site of exposure. In philosophy, the only thing that we are taught to "expose" is a weak argument, a fallacy, or someone's "inferior" reasoning power. The embodied self is bracketed and deemed irrelevant to theory, superfluous and cumbersome in one's search for truth. It is best, or so we are told, to reason from nowhere. Hence, the white philosopher/author presumes to speak for all of "us" without the slightest mention of their his or her "raced" identity. Self-consciously writing as a white male philosopher, Crispin Sartwell observes:¶ Left to my own devices, I disappear as an author. That is the "whiteness" of my authorship. This whiteness of authorship is, for us, a form of authority; to speak (apparently) from nowhere, for everyone, is empowering, though one wields power here only by becoming lost to oneself. But such an authorship and authority is also pleasurable: it yields the pleasure of self-forgetting or apparent transcendence of the mundane and the particular, and the pleasure of power expressed in the "comprehension" of a range of materials. 1998, 6) To theorize the Black body one must "turn to the Black body as the radix for interpreting racial experience" (Johnson 1993, 600).1 It is important to note that this particular strategy also functions as a lens through which to theorize and critique whiteness; for the Black body's "racial" experience is fundamentally linked to the oppressive modalities of the "raced" white body. However, there is no denying that my own "racial" experiences or the social performances of whiteness can become objects of critical reflection. In this paper, my objective is to describe and theorize situations where the Black body's subjectivity, its lived reality, is reduced to instantiations of the white imaginary, resulting in what I refer to as "the phenomenological return of the Black body."2 These instantiations are embedded within and evolve out of the complex social and historical interstices of whites' efforts at self-construction through complex acts of erasure vis-à-vis Black people. These acts of self-construction, however, are myths/ideological constructions predicated upon maintaining white power. As James Snead has noted, "Mythification is the replacement of history with a surrogate ideology of white elevation or Black demotion along a scale of human value" (Snead 1994, 4). How I understand and theorize the body relates to the fact that the body—in this case, the Black body—is capable of undergoing a sociohistorical process of "phenomenological return" vis-à-vis white embodiment. The body's meaning—whether phenotypically white or black—its ontology, its modalities of aesthetic performance, its comportment, its "raciated" reproduction, is in constant contestation. The hermeneutics of the body, how it is understood, how it is "seen," its "truth," is partly the result of a profound historical, ideological construction. "The body" is positioned by historical practices and discourses. The body is codified as this or that in terms of meanings that are sanctioned, scripted, and constituted through processes of negotiation that are embedded within and serve various ideological interests that are grounded within further power-laden social processes. The historical plasticity of the body, the fact that it is a site of contested meanings, speaks to the historicity of its "being" as lived and meant within the interstices of social semiotics. Hence: a) the body is less of a thing/being than a shifting/changing historical meaning that is subject to cultural configuration/reconfiguration. The point here is to interrogate the "Black body" as a "fixed and material truth" that preexists "its relations with the world and with others"3 ; b) the body's meaning is fundamentally symbolic (McDowell 2001, 301), and its meaning is congealed through symbolic repetition and iteration that emits certain signs and presupposes certain norms; and, c) the body is a battlefield, one that is fought over again and again across particular historical moments and within particular social spaces. "In other words, the concept of the body provides only the illusion of self-evidence, facticity, 'thereness' for something End Page 216 fundamentally ephemeral, imaginary, something made in the image of particular social groups" (301). On this score, it is not only the "Black body" that defies the ontic fixity projected upon it through the white gaze, and, hence, through the episteme of whiteness, but the white body is also fundamentally symbolic, requiring demystification of its status as norm, the paragon of beauty, order, innocence, purity, restraint, and nobility. In other words, given the three suppositions above, both the "Black body" and the "white body" lend themselves to processes of interpretive fracture and to strategies of interrogating and removing the veneer of their alleged objectivity. To have one's dark body invaded by the white gaze and then to have that body returned as distorted is a powerful experience of violation. The experience presupposes an anti-Black lived context, a context within which whiteness gets reproduced and the white body as norm is reinscribed.The late writer, actor, and activist Ossie Davis recalls that at the age of six or seven two white police officers told him to get into their car. They took him down to the precinct. They kept him there for an hour, laughing at him and eventually pouring cane syrup over his head. This only created the opportunity for more laughter, as they looked upon the "silly" little Black boy. If he was able to articulate his feelings at that moment, think of how the young Davis was returned to himself: "I am an object of white laughter, a buffoon." The young Davis no doubt appeared to the white police officers in ways that they had approved. They set the stage, created a site of Black buffoonery, and enjoyed their sadistic pleasure without blinking an eye. Sartwell notes that "the white oppressor seeks to constrain the oppressed Blacks to certain approved modes of visibility (those set out in the template of stereotype) and then gazes obsessively on the spectacle he has created" (1998, 11). Davis notes that he "went along with the game of black emasculation, it seemed to come naturally" (Marable 2000, 9). After that, "the ritual was complete" (9). He was then sent home with some peanut brittle to eat. Davis knew at that early age, even without the words to articulate what he felt, that he had been violated. He refers to the entire ritual as the process of "niggerization." He notes: The culture had already told me what this was and what my reaction to this should be: not to be surprised; to expect it; to accommodate it; to live with it. I didn't know how deeply I was scarred or affected by that, but it was a part of who I was. (9) Davis, in other words, was made to feel that he had to accept who he was, that "niggerized" little Black boy, an insignificant plaything within a system of ontological racial differences. This, however, is the trick of white ideology; it is to give the appearance of fixity, where the "look of the white subject interpellates the black subject as inferior, which, in turn, bars the black subject from seeing him/herself without the internalization of the white gaze" (Weheliye 2005, 42). On this score, it is white bodies that are deemed agential. They configure "passive" End Page 217 Black bodies according to their will. But it is no mystery; for "the Negro is interpreted in the terms of the white man. White-man psychology is applied and it is no wonder that the result often shows the Negro in a ludicrous light" (Braithwaite 1992, 36). While walking across the street, I have endured the sounds of car doors locking as whites secure themselves from the "outside world," a trope rendering my Black body ostracized, different, unbelonging. This outside world constitutes a space, a field, where certain Black bodies are relegated. They are rejected, because they are deemed suspicious, vile infestations of the (white) social body. The locks on the doors resound: Click. Click. Click. Click. Click. Click. ClickClickClickClickClickClickClick! Of course, the clicking sounds are always already accompanied by nervous gestures, and eyes that want to look, but are hesitant to do so. The cumulative impact of the sounds is deafening, maddening in their distorted repetition. The clicks begin to function as coded sounds, reminding me that I am dangerous; the sounds create boundaries, separating the white civilized from the dark savage, even as I comport myself to the contrary. The clicking sounds mark me, they inscribe me, they materialize my presence in ways that belie my intentions. Unable to stop the clicking, unable to establish a form of recognition that creates a space of trust and liminality, there are times when one wants to become their fantasy, to become their Black monster, their bogeyman, to pull open the car door: "Surprise. You've just been carjacked by a ghost, a fantasy of your own creation. Now, get the fuck out of the car." I have endured white women clutching their purses or walking across the street as they catch a glimpse of my approaching Black body. It is during such moments that my body is given back to me in a ludicrous light, where I live the meaning of my body as confiscated. Davis too had the meaning of his young Black body stolen. The surpluses being gained by the whites in each case are not economic. Rather, it is through existential exploitation that the surpluses extracted can be said to be ontological—"semblances of determined presence, of full positivity, to provide a sense of secure being" (Henry 1997, 33). When I was about seventeen or eighteen, my white math teacher initiated such an invasion, pulling it off with complete calm and presumably self-transparency. Given the historical construction of whiteness as the norm, his own "raced" subject position was rendered invisible. After all, he lived in the real world, the world of the serious man, where values are believed anterior to their existential founding. As I recall, we were discussing my plans for the future. I told him that I wanted to be a pilot. I was earnest about this choice, spending a great deal of time reading about the requirements involved in becoming a pilot, how one would have to accumulate a certain number of flying hours. I also read about the dynamics of lift and drag that affect a plane in flight. After no doubt taking note of my firm commitment, he looked at me and implied that I should be realistic (a code word for realize that I am Black) about my goals. He said that I should become a carpenter or a bricklayer. I was exposing myself, telling a trusted teacher what I wanted to be, and he returned me to myself as something End Page 218 that I did not recognize. I had no intentions of being a carpenter or a bricklayer (or a janitor or elevator operator for that matter). The situation, though, is more complex. It is not that he simply returned me to myself as a carpenter or a bricklayer when all along I had this image of myself as a pilot. Rather, he returned me to myself as a fixed entity, a "niggerized" Black body whose epidermal logic had already foreclosed the possibility of being anything other than what was befitting its lowly station. He was the voice of a larger anti-Black racist society that "whispers mixed messages in our ears" (Marable 2000, 9), the ears of Black people who struggle to think of themselves as a possibility. He mentioned that there were only a few Black pilots and that I should be more realistic. (One can only imagine what his response would have been had I said that I wanted to be a philosopher, particularly given the statistic that Black philosophers constitute about 1.1 of philosophers in the United States). Keep in mind that this event did not occur in the 1930s or 1940s, but around 1979. The message was clear. Because I was Black, I had to settle for an occupation suitable for my Black body,4 unlike the white body that would no doubt have been encouraged to become a pilot. As with Davis, having one's Black body returned as a source of impossibility, one begins to think, to feel, to emote: "Am I a nigger?" The internalization of the white gaze creates a doubleness within the psyche of the Black, leading to a destructive process of superfluous self-surveillance and self-interrogation. This was indeed a time when I felt ontologically locked into my body. My body was indelibly marked with this stain of darkness. After all, he was the white mind, the mathematical mind, calculating my future by factoring in my Blackness. He did not "see" me, though. Like Ellison's invisible man, I occupied that paradoxical status of "visible invisibility." Within this dyadic space, my Black body phenomenologically returned to me as inferior. To describe the phenomenological return of the Black body is to disclose how it is returned as an appearance to consciousness, my consciousness. The (negatively) "raced" manner in which my body underwent a phenomenological return, however, presupposes a thick social reality that has always already been structured by the ideology and history of whiteness. More specifically, when my body is returned to me, the white body has already been constituted over centuries as the norm, both in European and Anglo-American culture, and at several discursive levels from science to philosophy to religion. In the case of my math teacher, his whiteness was invisible to him as my Blackness was hyper-visible to both of us. Of course, his invisibility to his own normative here is a function of my hyper-visibility. It is important to keep in mind that white Americans, more generally, define themselves around the "gravitational pull," as it were, of the Black.5 The not of white America is the Black of white America. This not is essential, as is the invisibility of the negative relation through which whites are constituted. All of embodied beings have their own "here." My white math teacher's racist social performances (for example, his "advice" to me), within the context of a End Page 219 white racist historical imaginary and asymmetric power relations, suspends and effectively disqualifies my embodied here. What was the message communicated? Expressing my desire to be, to take advantage of the opportunities for which Black bodies had died in order to secure, my ambition "was flung back in my face like a slap" (Fanon 1967, 114). Fanon writes: The white world, the only honorable one, barred me from all participation. A man was expected to behave like a man. I was expected to behave like a black man—or at least like a nigger. I shouted a greeting to the world and the world slashed away my joy. I was told to stay within bounds, to go back where I belonged. (114–15) According to philosopher Bettina Bergo, drawing from the thought of Emmanuel Levinas, "perception and discourse—what we see and the symbols and meanings of our social imaginaries—prove inextricably the one from the other" (2005, 131). Hence, the white math teacher's perception, what he "saw," was inextricably linked to social meanings and semiotic constructions and constrictions that opened up a "field of appearances" regarding my dark body. There is nothing passive about the white gaze. There are racist sociohistorical and epistemic conditions of emergence that construct not only the Black body, but the white body as well. So, what is "seen" when the white gaze "sees" "my body" and it becomes something alien to me?

By defining the “civil” society of Europe in opposition to the uncivilized state of nature, social contract theory justifies the exclusion of non-white peoples from the state—creates colonialism, genocide, and total war. Henderson 98:

James. "The context of the state of nature." Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision (2000): 11. Senior Administrator and Research Director of the Native Law Centre at the University of Saskatchewan
Hobbes did not assert the universality of the state of nature. He did not believe that the state of nature "ever generally" existed "over all the world."" Instead, he asserted that there were "many places" where the state of nature did exist: "the savage people in many places of America, except the government of small Families, the concord whereof dependeth on naturall lust, have no government at all; and live at this day in that brutish manner, as I said before.” Hobbes used savages in America to illustrate the universal negative standards of primal chaos. and the natural state of war." The savage state envisioned by Hobbes provided more than the force creating and sustaining law and political society, however; it also created a spectacular repository of negative values attributed to Indigenous peoples. Hobbes asserted that the state of nature and civil society are opposed to one another. The state of nature has a right of nature (“ius naturale"): "the liberty each man has to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own nature, that is to say, his own life; and consequently, of doing any thing which in his own judgment and reason he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereto." By the right of nature, "every man has a right to every thing, even to one another’s body. " This reinforced the wretched and dangerous condition of the state of nature. Hobbes emphasized the tendency toward the state of nature in European society by noting the existing civil wars. He thought that these wars testified to the fact that European sovereigns remained in a state of nature toward each other as well as toward their subjects. He also believed that, with the separation between political and ecclesiastical authority in European society, the whole of Europe was not far from falling into the state of nature or the image of civil war, much in the same way as the ancient republics had been transformed into "anarchies."  After Hobbes made this distinction between the state of nature and civil society, the state of nature became the starting point in Eurocentric discussions. of government and politics. The state of nature was the conditionality or the assumption or the given upon which the idea of the modern state or civil society was constructed. Those who attempted to construct a rational theory of the state began from Indigenous peoples in a state of nature being the antithesis of civilized society. These political philosophers ranged from Spinoza to Locke, from Pufendorf to Rousseau to Kant. These philosophers created the natural-law theory of the modern state. Hegel eliminated the state of nature as the original condition of humans but merged the theory in the relations among states. By the early eighteenth century, the usual explanation of the origin of the state, or “civil society," began by postulating an original state of nature in which primitive humans lived on their own and were subject to neither government nor law.” As the first systematic theorist of the philosophy of Liberalism and Hobbes's greatest immediate English successor, John Locke took up where Hobbes left off. In 1690, Locke published Two Treatises of Government.” Like Hobbes, he started with the state of nature. However, he opposed Hobbes's view that the state of nature was "solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short" and maintained instead that the state of nature was a happy and tolerant one. He argued that humans in the state of nature are free and equal yet insecure and dangerous in their freedom. Like Hobbes, Locke had no proof of his theory. Indeed, there is no proof that the state of nature was ever more than an intellectual idea, since no historical or social information about it has ever existed.” Of course, there was nothing to disprove the idea either, and Locke simply stated that "It is not at all to be wonder’d that History gives us but a very little account of Men, that lived together in the State of Nature. " Following Hobbes, he argued that government and political power emerged out of the state of nature. “In the beginning," Locke wrote, "all the World was America/ That America is “still a Pattern of the first Ages of Asia and Europe” and the relationship between the Indigenous peoples and the Europeans in America is "perfectly in a State of Nature." Thus, Locke, despite his differences with Hobbes on the state of nature itself, used the idea to justify European settlement in America” and to give Europeans the right to wage war “against the Indians, to seek Reparation upon any injury received from them." 

The alternative is anti-ethics – a demystifying of white people’s control over the world – their ethics can no longer dismiss liberation strategies. Curry 13:

Dr. Tommy J, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, and a Ray A. Rothrock Fellow at Texas AandM University; first Black JV National Debate champion (for UMKC) and was half of the first all Black CEDA team to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Debate Tournament. "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013

Anti-ethics; the call to demystify the present concept of man as illusion, as delusion, and as stratagem, is the axiomatic rupture of white existence and the multiple global oppressions like capitalism, militarism, genocide, and globalization, that formed the evaluative nexus which allows whites to claim they are the civilized guardians of the world’s darker races. It is the rejection of white virtue, the white’s axiomatic claim to humanity that allows the Black, the darker world to sow the seeds of consciousness towards liberation from oppression. When white (in)humanity is no longer an obstacle weighed against the means for liberation from racism, the oppressed are free to overthrow the principles that suggest their paths to liberation are immoral and hence not possible. To accept the oppressor as is, the white made manifest in empire, is to transform white western (hu)man from semi-deitous sovereign citizen to contingent, mortal, and un-otherable. Exposing the inhumanity of white humanity is the destruction/refusal of the disciplinary imperative for liberal reformism and dialogue as well as a rejection of the social conventions that dictate speaking as if this white person, the white person and her white people before you are in fact not racist white people, but tolerable—not like the racist white people abstracted from reality, but really spoken of in conversations about racism. The revelatory call, the coercively silenced but intuitive yearning to describe the actual reality set before Black people in an anti-Black society, is to simply say there is no negotiating the boundaries of anti-Blackness or the horizons of white supremacy. Racism, the debasement of melaninated bodies and nigger-souls, is totalizing.

Structures of anti blackness are sustained by cultural representations and analysis of blackness. Scott 14:

Darieck, Professor of African Diaspora Studies at Cal Berkeley University 2010; “Extravagant Abjection: Blackness, Power, and Sexuality in the African American Literary Imagination” 

The figure of the Negro, Fanon says, is “woven… out of a thousand details, anecdotes, stories.” Blackness is lived, but it is a representation. Even if, as we believe, all identities and subjectivities are falsities of this sort, imagos as hollow as old bones that language or father or the forces of economic production generate, blackness is a representation of rather recent historical vintage, unlike far older and presumably transcultural representations such as “woman.” The historical proximity of its provenance makes tangible to us, visible, the operation of sociogenesis by which all of our human world comes into being. If blackness functions as the dark distorted mirror of the (thus whitened) Western self, reflecting its fears and obsessions concerning the body, sexuality, and morality, then that blackness exists and that it is possible to historicize its mirrors for us the process by which the terms of self and socius have been constructed.  In this way we can read blackness as a patchwork of narratives condensed on the skin of the blackened and referenced in the images ascribed to them, an articulation of meaning to image, the circulation of which occurs in the symbolic, a realm both collective (as all that we might call culture) and idiosyncratic (as what we deem the individual unconscious). What emerges most forcefully from Fanon’s ruminations in Black Skin, White Masks is the idea that blackness is an artifact of the symbolic, one of the clever deceptions of language as it attempts to give substance to the void that it is and as it vainly attempts to impose order on the riotously excessive world with which it is confronted. Like all language, then, blackness is code. And as with all language, this encoding can by its proliferating processes of abstraction and association virally replicate itself; it generates more encoded language-and thus more knowledge, more of a something which it codes-otherwise unavailable. Artistry that makes language its primary medium of creation explores and exploits language’s essential coding: it does so through metonymy. Such art generates “insight” (or, strictly speaking, a new or different idea) by combining, collapsing, conflating in some jarring or beautiful or shocking way things, ideas, memes, that were heretofore not in contiguity or not placed in contiguity in that way. Thus, language art-trope work-routinely conducts a thought-experiment in the manner we ascribe generically to speculative fiction, by creating seemingly impossible, or at least difficult to imagine, conjunctions: conjunctions not unlike those troublesome “contradictions” we find lurking in Fanon’s corpus, such as the paradoxes of the rigid black(ened) body that is both living and dead and both inert and in movement, the facticity of human freedom as its imprisonment, the decidedly nonlinear temporality that folds a past as future anterior under and over a future as past posterior.

Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: Fahey, Bietz, Hampton

You are a trader in the catastrophe market – the signifiers of suffering that the affirmative presents are traded like currency for the ballot in the worst form of academic imperialism – you make the oppression you describe inevitable. Baudrillard 94:

Jean, French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist and political commentator. “The Illusion of the End” 1994. SA-IB

We have long denounced the … deplore each day in pictures. 

To call for the ballot is to breathe life into the system, a system that hungers for the suffering the affirmative feeds it – that link turns case. Vote negative to starve the system of the suffering it craves. Bifo 11:

Franco, Marxist scholar. “After the Future” 2011 SA-IB

Reality itself founders in hyperrealism …  subjected to the common good.

The K is a gateway issue – if they win that trading signifiers of suffering is a good methodology then the rest of the 1NC applies.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cabot BG | Judge: Coffman, Walts, Thomas

You are a trader in the catastrophe market – the signifiers of suffering that the affirmative presents are traded like currency for the ballot in the worst form of academic imperialism – you make the oppression you describe inevitable.

Baudrillard 94: Jean, French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist and political commentator. “The Illusion of the End” 1994. SA-IB

We have long denounced the … deplore each day in pictures. 

This call for recognition by the system/ballot REPRODUCES the social structures it hopes to destroy.  It both implies that recognition by racist institutions is an end point of politics and expresses that the system is working – “see, look, these disadvantaged people have become important and dangerous! We recognize that with our ballots” Voting aff isn’t something radical—it’s liking a Facebook post about resistance.

Reed 13: Adolph, professor of political science at University of Pennsylvania who specializes in race and US politics. “Django Unchained, or, The Help: How ‘Cultural Politics’ Is Worse Than No Politics at All, and Why” February 25, 2013, pg. http://tinyurl.com/ce6rwp7

The deeper message of these films, insofar as … doing so. But no one ever supposed that Leni Riefenstahl was on the left.

To call for the ballot is to breathe life into the system, a system that hungers for the suffering the affirmative feeds it – that link turns case. Vote negative to starve the system of the suffering it craves.

Bifo 11: Franco, Marxist scholar. “After the Future” 2011 SA-IB

Reality itself founders in hyperrealism …  subjected to the common good.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 1 | Opponent: Law Magnet MG | Judge: Castillo

Evaluate representations before everything else – disads to their reps outweigh all other layers. Vincent 13:

Christopher, debate coach, former college NDT debater. “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” 2013. SA-IB

Again for debaters of color, their performance ... transformative potential this community could have.

The AFF’s notion of equality of all viewpoints is some all lives matter bullshit – it allows racist to feel comfortable with their privilege and stance, because after all, linguistic norms mean all ideas matter – this creates color ignorance that reifies hierarchies and papers over discussion of oppression. Williams 11:

Monica, licensed clinical psychologist and associate professor at the University of Connecticut in the department of Psychological Sciences. She was previously an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, and director of the Center for Mental Health Disparities at the University of Connecticut. Dr. Williams completed her undergraduate studies at MIT and UCLA. “Colorblind Ideology Is a Form of Racism” Dec 27, 2011. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/culturally-speaking/201112/colorblind-ideology-is-form-racism SA-IB

Racial issues are often uncomfortable to discuss ... color and American society as a whole.

Speech is NOT EQUAL – systems of power place certain forms of speech below others – only intervention can prevent those powers from destroying equal representation, which turns case. Byrne 91:

J. Peter, associate professor at Georgetown law. “Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University” Georgetown University Law Center. 1991. http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577/ 

The university's first commitment is to truth. As argued ... argument always has a privileged place in the university.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cabot BG | Judge: Coffman, Walts, Thomas

The term “domestic violence” trivializes the criminal nature of the violence and acts as if it’s only in the private sphere – IPV solves.

Douglas 04: Heather Douglas “Crime in the intimate sphere: prosecutions of intimate partner violence” 7 newscastle l. rev 80 (2004)

In this paper I have eschewed the use of … to be that they are more likely to suffer violence from their intimate partner (or previous partner) than any other person.

Using the terminology of “victim” is actively disempowering – robs individuals of agency and devalues acts of resistance – survivor is key.

Akhila 12: recent graduate of Harvard Law School, and a current fellow at Open Society Foundations, studies and work in the area of legal empowerment, access to justice, and ending gender-based violence. “Why words matter: Victim v. Survivor” March 13, 2012.

Throughout my work with domestic … their lives and healing from the trauma

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cabot BG | Judge: Coffman, Walts, Thomas

Taking a feminist standpoint reifies the gender binary – it legitimizes a gender duality – by defining women as a distinct social and biological group, the aff divides the world into male and female.

Ferguson 91: – (Kathy E. Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawaii“Interpretation and Genealogy in Feminism” Signs, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Winter, 1991), pp. 322-339

An important tension within current feminist … experience tends to elide difference nonetheless. 

Their framing of gender violence perpetuates a gender binary – they frame men as the abusers and women as the oppressed.

Truitt 14: BRACKETS FOR CLARITY - Jos Executive Director of Feministing in charge of Development, “THE DANGERS OF A GENDER ESSENTIALIST APPROACH TO SEXUAL VIOLENCE”, Feministing, 2014

Rape is absolutely a gendered crime. This is … of the gender binary by leaving victims out.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cabot BG | Judge: Coffman, Walts, Thomas

Their thesis is that police don’t do enough to help survivors in the criminal justice system, but then ask those survivors to sue those officers using the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system will always prop up hierarchies of oppression – the aff is a ruse of solvency.

Hart 92: Barbara, Director of Strategic Justice and Violence Against Women Initiatives in the Justice Policy Program of the Cutler Institute on Health and Social Policy of the Muskie School of Public Service of the University of Southern Maine. She is the Principle Investigator on: the Violence Against Women Measuring Effectiveness Initiative, the Tri-‐County Advocacy Project, and Community Assessment of Firearms Retrieval Systems. She sits on the ME Domestic Abuse Homicide Review Panel that produces bi-‐annual reports and recommendations for systemic reforms to eliminate domestic fatalities. “Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System.” American Behavioral Scientist. Volume 36, Issue 5. 1993. Pages 624-638. SA-IB

Unlike other victims of violent crime, battered women … that it is not fair to arrest and prosecute the perpetrator. 

State focus for IPV recreates oppression, allowing the state to posit itself as an innocent protector, giving in the power it needs to exact violence and reify economic and racist hierarchies.

Kandaswamny 10: Priya Kandaswamy Associate Professor Department Head Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies, “"You trade in a man for the man": Domestic Violence and the U.S. Welfare State”, American Quarterly, Volume 62, Number 2, June 2010

The case of the Family Violence Option presents two very … women’s advocates will remain trapped in what Johnnie Tillmon described as “trading in a man for the man.”  

Their insertion of feminist pedagogy into jurisprudence assumes the validity of the court system. The aff’s radical position is nothing because it relies on the state, it teaches mediocrity and reproduces violence.

Schlag 09: Pierre, Professor of Law and Former Associate Dean for Research at University of Colorado Law School. “ESSAY AND RESPONSE: Spam Jurisprudence, Air Law, and the Rank Anxiety of Nothing Happening (A Report on the State of the Art)” March 2009. Georgetown Law Journal. SA-IB

In terms of social organization then, … way to put it is that while there is something to be said for the standardization point made earlier, generally, standardization is overdone. n62

Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: Semis | Opponent: Cypress Woods LC | Judge: Fahey, Randall, Hampton

The affirmative’s discourse is grounded in flawed methodology—their claims to understand China’s actions are inaccurate inevitably create China as a threat. Pan 04:

Chengzin, dept of political science and IR @ Australian National University. "The "China Threat" in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics" 2004.

Having examined how the "China threat" … "other" is perhaps not surprising. 

Portraying China as a threat makes war more likely – critical questioning is a prerequisite to forging the possibility of peaceful coexistence. Vote negative to reject the concept of a “China threat” and China security representations—it’s a prerequisite to discussing the aff. Pan 04:

Chengzin, dept of political science and IR @ Australian National University. "The "China Threat" in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics" 2004.

I have argued above that … and debating China might become possible.

Representations must precede policy discussion. Crawford 02:

Neta Crawford 2,PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at boston univ.   Argument and Change in World Politics, 2002 p. 19-21

Coherent arguments are unlikely to … Hence framing is a meta-argument.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Holy Cross RS | Judge: Bietz, Melin

Speaking on behalf of others only relegates them to further oppression – the oppressed only. Alcoff 92:

(Linda Martín Alcoff (Dept of Philo, Syracuse University) “The Problem with Speaking for Others” Cultural Critique (Winter 91-92))

Feminist discourse is not the … features of anthropological discursive practice. 

The study and the advocacy of the oppressed must come from them – this link turns the aff. Alcoff II:

(Linda Martín Alcoff (Dept of Philo, Syracuse University) “The Problem with Speaking for Others” Cultural Critique (Winter 91-92))

The recognition that there is … further in the next section. 

Vote negative to reject the act of speaking for others.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Millburn AJ | Judge: Castillo

Our performance matters just as much as our substance – when you vote aff, you endorse their performance just as much as you endorse their case. Thus the ballot must hold debaters accountable for an oppressive performance as a necessary pre-requisite to evaluating the debate. Vincent 13:

Christopher, debate coach, former college NDT debater. “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” 2013. SA-IB

Again for debaters of color, their performance is …potential this community could have.

I advocate the entirety of the affirmative except for the preemptive spikes. Permutations sever out of their performance, which is just as much a part of voting aff as their advocacy. Net benefits:

1 – spikes perpetuate ableism. Thompson 15:

Marshall, the better lab leader. “Miscellaneous Thoughts From the Disorganized Mind of Marshall Thompson.” NSD Update. April 21, 2015. http://nsdupdate.com/2015/04/21/miscellaneous-thoughts-from-the-disorganized-mind-of-marshall-thompson/

First, I think that evaluating who is the … manifest is often difficult to track).

2 – spikes harm academic integrity – the impact outweighs. Torson 13:

Adam, debated for Fargo South, graduate of the University of Minnesota and was director of debate at Hopkins HS for 2004 to 2009. “Debate and the Virtue of Intellectual Integrity by Adam Torson” Vbriefly. March 25, 2013. http://vbriefly.com/2013/03/25/20133debate-and-the-virtue-of-intellectual-integrity-by-adam-torson/ SA-IB

Intellectual integrity denotes a commitment … resembles the realistic justification of arguments. 

3 – their model of argumentation makes debaters jump through hoops to talk about issues of oppression. Smith 13:

Elijah Smith, A Conversation in Ruins: Race and Black Participation in Lincoln Douglas Debate, Vbriefly, 2013. SA-IB

It will be uncomfortable, it will be hard, and it … that conversation of its connection to a reality that black students cannot escape.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park JZ | Judge: Vincent

Do not separate their ethic from its history – ethics must be based in empirical reality and we cannot ignore the racist history of the government – doing so allows for massive oppression. Curry 13:

Dr. Tommy J. (2013) Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013. AK

To seriously grasp the reality … apologetics of our tyrannical epoch.

The affirmative’s call for the government to protect us and prevent unnecessary death results in securitization and violence towards the Other. Derian 93:

(James, “The value of security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard,” in The Political Subject of Violence, pp. 102-105)

The desire for security is … a series of rhetorical questions:

The concept of utilitarianism has always been anti-black and fails to make considerations of the black community relevant. Baker 08:

Houston A. “Betrayal: How Black intellectuals have abandoned the ideals of the Civil rights era.” Columbia University Press, 2010. pg.64-65 Distinguished university professor at Vanderbilt University 2008 AK

If the aim of the … conditioned neoconservative thought in America.

Vote neg—endorsing oppressive discourse, or their oppressive method, independently is a reason to reject their performance—the judge should be an educator, and this is a teachable moment. Vincent 13:

Vincent: ‘13, Christopher (2013) “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate”  Debate Coach, former college NDT debater AK

Again for debaters of color, their … potential this community could have.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Reagan DM | Judge: Emerson

The aff’s narrative is grounded in injuries of the past with no guide for the future - this reinscribes exclusion and foreclosures social justice. Bhambra 10:

Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)

The Reification of Identity We … attention to past-based grievances.

The aff is IDENTITY but not POLITICS - failure to envision a future in which their identity claims will no longer be needed results in a reactionary politics that entrenches the status quo. Bhambra 10:

Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)

The quotation with which this … knowledge by Lynn Hankinson Nelson.

The resolution should be treated as an epistemological community in which identity is CONTINGENT and used to GUIDE POLITICAL ACTION-~--their failure to reflect on the topic beyond their perspectives shuts down dialogue and social change. Bhambra 10:

Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)

We suggest that alternative models … real actions, practices and projects.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Evanston GH | Judge: Carlson

Interpretation: The affirmative must defend implementation of the resolution and may only garner offense from hypothetical enactment of the resolution. The interpretation doesn’t require any specific form of evidence or type of style – only that we debate the resolution.

Resolved’ denotes a proposal to be enacted by law. Words and Phrases 64:

Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition 

Definition of the word “resolve,” ... meaning “to establish by law”.  

Country is defined as a government. Oxford:

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/country

a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory.

Violation:

Standards:

1 Limits – by not defending the topic they explode the number of affs to an infinite number – broad topics and non-existence limits turn their solvency arguments and scholarship impacts. Rowland 84:

(Robert C., Baylor U., “Topic Selection in Debate”, American Forensics in Perspective. Ed. Parson, p. 53-4)

The first major problem identified by … schools to cancel their programs. 

2 Stable Advocacy and Engagement – debate requires a specific point of difference to be successful – an argument like “racism bad,” while true, misses the point of debate and turns solvency for case. Steinberg and Freeley 13:

David, Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4

Debate is a means of settling … be outlined in the following discussion.

Topical version of the aff solves all of their offense –

T is a voter.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cabot BG | Judge: Coffman, Walts, Thomas

The plan says united states – that’s meaningless.

FGF 09: Family Guardian Fellowship; nonprofit religious ministry to protect people from extortion, persecution, and exploitation; “An Investigation Into the Meaning of the Term ‘United States’”; http:famguardian.org/subjects/Taxes/ChallJurisdiction/Definitions/freemaninvestigation.htm

Note that the Canal Zone is not a federal State, Territory ... basically, the whole country. Such as in 215b(2) Definitions:

Vote neg - a) Presumption, the aff has a burden to move away from the status quo, but the aff doesn’t do anything. This is independent of reasons to presume neg because the aff didn’t meet its burden. b) means you aren’t topical because nothing happens c) Plan vagueness ensures bad policy—bad for education—it’s a voter—precludes role of the ballot because there’s no way to know the effect that the plan would have in the real world.

Galles 09: (Gary, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine, “Vagueness as a Political Strategy,” March 2, http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/)

The problem with such vagueness is that any … ensures bad policy, if Americans' welfare is the criterion.

Tournament: toc | Round: 1 | Opponent: lexington rw | Judge: hunt

The standard is resisting oppression – epistemology – reality determines ethics and oppression prevents us from an accurate description – means aff framework is a prior question. Friere 68:

Paulo, PhD in Philosophy, Educator and Author, Leading Advocate for Critical Pedagogy, Winner of the UNESCO 1986 Prize for Education for Peace. “pedagogy of the oppressed” 1968 SA-IB

Reality which becomes oppressive results in the contradistinction of men as oppressors and oppressed. The latter, whose task it is to struggle for their liberation together with those who show true solidarity, must acquire a critical awareness of oppression through the praxis of this struggle. One of the gravest obstacles to the achievement of liberation is that oppressive reality absorbs those within it and thereby acts to submerge human beings consiousness. Functionally, oppression is domesticating. To no longer be prey to its force, one must emerge from it and turn upon it. This can be done only by means of the praxis: reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it. i Hay que hacer al opresion real todavia mas opresiva anadiendo a aquella la conciencia de la opresion haciendo la infamia todavia mas infamante, al pregonarla.7 Making "real oppression more oppressive still by adding to it the realization of oppression" corresponds to the dialectical relation between the subjective and the objective. Only in this interdependence is an authentic praxis possible, without which it is impossible to resolve the oppressor-oppressed contradiction. To achieve this goal, the oppressed must confront reality critically, simultaneously objectifying and acting upon that reality. A mere perception of reality not followed by this critical intervention will not lead to a transformation of objective reality—precisely because it is not a true perception. This is the case of a purely subjectivist perception by someone who forsakes objective reality and creates a false substitute. A different type of false perception occurs when a change in objective reality would threaten the individual or class interests of the perceiver. In the first instance, there is no critical intervention in reality because that reality is fictitious; there is none in the second instance because intervention would contradict the class interests of the perceiver. In the latter case the tendency of the perceiver is to behave "neurotically." The fact exists; but both the fact and what may result from it may be prejudicial to the person. Thus it becomes necessary, not precisely to deny the fact, but to ‘see it differently.’ This rationalization as a defense mechanism coincides in the end with subjectivism. A fact which is not denied but whose truths are rationalized loses its objective base. It ceases to be concrete and becomes a myth created in defense of the class of the perceiver. Herein lies one of the reasons for the prohibitions and the difficulties (to be discussed at length in Chapter 4) designed to dissuade the people from critical intervention in reality. The oppressor knows full well that this intervention would not be to his interest. What is to his interest is for the people to continue in a state of submersion, impotent in the face of oppressive reality. Of relevance here is Lukacs warning to the revolutionary party: . . . il doit, pour employer les mots de Marx, expliquer aux masses leur propre action non seulement afin d'assurer la continuity des experiences revolutionnaires du proletariat, mais aussi d'activer consciemment le developpement ulterieur de ces experiences.

Moral substitutability means util is true.

Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter. “AN ARGUMENT FOR CONSEQUENTIALISM” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-anargumentforconsequentialism1992.pdf SA-IB

Since general substitutability works for other kinds of reasons for action, we would need a strong argument to deny that it holds also for moral reasons. If moral reasons obeyed different principles, it would be hard to understand why moral reasons are also called 'reasons' and how moral reasons interact with other reasons when they apply to the same action. Nonetheless, this extension has been denied, so we have to look at moral reasons carefully. I have a moral reason to feed my child tonight, both because I promised my wife to do so, and also because of my special relation to my child along with the fact that she will go hungry if I don't feed her. I can't feed my child tonight without going home soon, and going home soon will enable me to feed her tonight. Therefore, there is a moral reason for me to go home soon. It need not be imprudent or ugly or sacrilegious or illegal for me not to feed her, but the requirements of morality give me a moral reason to feed her. This argument assumes a special case of substitutability: …  In order to determine which moral theories can explain moral substitutability, we need to distinguish two kinds of moral reasons and theories: consequential and deontological. These terms are used in many ways, but one particular distinction will serve my purposes A moral reason to do an act is consequential if and only if the reason depends only on the consequences of either doing the act or not doing the act. For example, a moral reason not to hit someone is that this will hurt her or him. A moral reason to turn your car to the left might be that, if you do not do so, you will run over and kill someone. A moral reason to feed a starving child is that the child will lose important mental or physical abilities if you do not feed it. All such reasons are consequential reasons. All other moral reasons are non-consequential. Thus, a moral reason to do an act is non-consequential if and only if the reason depends even partly on some property that the act has independently of its consequences. For example, an act can be a lie regardless of what happens as a result of the lie (since some lies are not believed), and some moral theories claim that that property of being a lie provides amoral reason not to tell a lie regardless of the consequences of this lie. Similarly, the fact that an act fulfills a promise is often seen as a moral reason to do the act, even though the act has that property of fulfilling a promise independently ofits consequences. All such moral reasons are non-consequential. In order to avoid so many negations, I will also call them 'deontological'. This distinction would not make sense if we did not restrict the notion of consequences. If I promise to mow the lawn, then one consequence of my mowing might seem to be that my promise is fulfilled. One way to avoid this problem is to specify that the consequences of an act must be distinct from the act itself. My act of fulfilling my promise and my act of mowing are not distinct, because they are done by the same bodily movements.10 Thus, my fulfilling my promise is not a consequence of my mowing. A consequence of an act need not be later in time than the act, since causation can be simultaneous, but the consequence must at least be different from the act. Even with this clarification, it is still hard to classify some moral reasons as consequential or deontological,11 but I will stick to examples that are clear. In accordance with this distinction between kinds of moral reasons, I can now distinguish different kinds of moral theories. I will say that a moral theory is consequentialist if and only if it implies that all basic moral reasons are consequential. A moral theory is then non-consequentialist or deontological if it includes any basic moral reasons which are not consequential. 5. Against Deontology So defined, the class of deontological moral theories is very large and diverse. This makes it hard to say anything in general about it. Nonetheless, I will argue that no deontological moral theory can explain why moral substitutability holds. My argument applies to all deontological theories because it depends only on what is common to them all, namely, the claim that some basic moral reasons are not consequential. Some deontological theories allow very many weighty moral reasons that are consequential, and these theories might be able to explain why moral substitutability holds for some of their moral reasons: the consequential ones. But even these theories cannot explain why moral substitutability holds for all moral reasons, including the non-consequential reasons that make the theory deontological. The failure of deontological moral theories to explain moral substitutability in the very cases that make them deontological is a reason to reject all deontological moral theories. I cannot discuss every deontological moral theory, so I will discuss only a few paradigm examples and show why they cannot explain moral substitutability. After this, I will argue that similar problems are bound to arise for all other deontological theories by their very nature. The simplest deontological theory is the pluralistic intuitionism of Prichard and Ross. Ross writes that, when someone promises to do something, 'This we consider obligatory in its own nature, just because it is a fulfillment of a promise, and not because of its consequences.'12 Such deontologists claim in effect that, if I promise to mow the grass, there is a moral reason for me to mow the grass, and this moral reason is constituted by the fact that mowing the grass fulfills my promise. This reason exists regardless of the consequences of mowing the grass, even though it might be overridden by certain bad consequences. However, if this is why I have a moral reason to mow the grass, then, even if I cannot mow the grass without starting my mower, and starting the mower would enable me to mow the grass, it still would not follow that I have any moral reason to start my mower, since I did not promise to start my mower, and starting my mower does not fulfill my promise. Thus, a moral theory cannot explain moral substitutability if it claims that properties like this provide moral reasons. 

Refraining from action involves taking the action of refraining, means omissions are intentional.

Sartorio 09 Carolina. “Omissions and Causalism” University of Arizona. Volume 43, Issue 3. August 03, 2009.

Second, a causalist could claim that other things besides events can be causes and effects but causal talk involving events is still the most basic kind of causal talk. In particular, causal talk involving omissions and other absences can be true, but it is made true, ultimately, by causal talk involving events. This is Vermazen’s suggestion in his (1985), which Davidson explicitly embraces in his reply to Vermazen (Davidson 1985). How can a causalist do this? Roughly, Vermazen’s idea is the following. Imagine that I am tempted to eat some fattening morsels, but I refrain. Then my passing on the morsels is an intentional omission because the relevant mental states/events (proattitudes, intentions, etc.) cause my not eating the morsels, and this is, in turn, because, had those mental states been absent, then some other mental states/events (competing pro-attitudes, intentions, etc.) would have caused my eating the morsels. In other words, actual causal talk involving omissions is made true by counterfactual causal talk involving positive occurrences or events.

Tournament: Sophomore RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mountain View VP | Judge: Lonam, Clemens

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.

Util is the only moral system available to policy-makers. Goodin 90

Robert Goodin, fellow in philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, 1990, p. 141-2

My larger argument turns on … use it at all – to chose general rules or conduct.

Tournament: toc | Round: 1 | Opponent: lexington rw | Judge: hunt

Most campuses restrict guns on campus right now.

AC 16 Armed Campuses. “Guns on Campus’ Laws for Public Colleges and Universities” 2016. http://www.armedcampuses.org

The overwhelming majority of the 4,400 colleges and universities in the United States prohibit the carrying of firearms on their campuses. These gun-free policies have helped to make our post-secondary education institutions some of the safest places in the country. For example, a 2001 U.S. Department of Education study found that the overall homicide rate at post-secondary education institutions was 0.07 per 100,000 students in 1999.1 By comparison, the criminal homicide rate in the United States as a whole was 5.7 per 100,000 persons overall in 1999, and 14.1 per 100,000 for persons ages 17 to 29.  A Department of Justice study found that 93 of violent crimes that victimize college students occur off campus.2

Guns are protected as symbolic speech.

Blanchfield 14 Patrick Freelance Writer; PhD in Comparative Literature, Emory University. "What do Guns Say?" The New York Times. 04 May 2014. https:opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/04/what-do-guns-say/.

Bunkerville is simply the next step in a trend that has been ramping up for some time. Since the election of Barack Obama, guns have appeared in the public square in a way unprecedented since the turbulent 1960s and ’70s — carried alongside signs and on their own since before the Tea Party elections, in a growing phenomenon of “open carry” rallies organized by groups like the Modern American Revolution and OpenCarry.org, and in the efforts by gun rights activists to carry assault weapons into the Capitol buildings in New Mexico and Texas (links to video). According to open carry advocates, their presence in public space represents more than just an expression of their Second Amendment rights, it’s a statement, an “educational,” communicative act — in short, an exercise of their First Amendment freedom of speech. (See this, from the group Ohio Carry, and this Michigan lawsuit.) This claim bears serious consideration. The First Amendment has historically been much harder to limit than the Second, and so extending the freedom of speech to the open display of weapons raises several urgent questions about how we understand the relationship between expressing ideas and making threats, between what furthers dialogue and what ends it. But are guns speech? Is carrying a weapon as an act of public protest constitutionally protected under the First Amendment? And if so, what do guns say? The courts have traditionally recognized “symbolic speech” — actions that convey a clear message — as deserving of First Amendment protection (by, for example, protecting the right of students in Des Moines to wear armbands protesting the Vietnam War). As “the expression of an idea through an activity,” symbolic speech depends heavily on the context within which it occurs. Unlike pure speech, symbolic speech is more susceptible to limitation, as articulated by the Warren court’s 1968 ruling in United States v. O’Brien. The outcome of that case, the O’Brien test, establishes a four-pronged series of qualifications for determining when symbolic speech can be limited: (1) Any limitation must be within the state’s constitutional powers; (2) the limitation must be driven by a compelling governmental interest; (3) that countervailing interest must be unrelated to the content of the speech, touching solely on the “non-communicative aspect” of the act in question; and (4) any limitation must be narrowly tailored and prohibit no more speech than absolutely necessary. In practical terms, this litmus test suggests that you can carry a gun as symbolic speech, particularly in the context of a pro-Second Amendment demonstration. The state’s clear interest in maintaining public order can be narrowly satisfied by demanding that protesters either carry guns that are unloaded — at least with an open chamber — or which otherwise have the barrel or action blocked. Thus far, open carry protesters have largely followed this rule, notably by sticking tiny American flags into their guns. “If the SWAT team comes down and starts surrounding us with tactical gear, it only takes a minute to pull them out,” the organizer of one such event told reporters. “But that’s not going to happen.”

Gun bans on campus solve suicide and accidental deaths.

DeFillipis 14 Evan, graduated number one in his class at the University of Oklahoma with degrees in Economics, Political Science, and Psychology. He is a Harry S. Truman Scholar, a David L. Boren Critical Languages Scholar, and currently works as a research analyst at Quest Opportunity Fund. His work on gun violence has been featured in Washington Post, Atlantic, Slate, VICE, Huffington Post, Vox, Media Matters, Boston Review, and many others. “Campus Gun Control Works- Why Guns and Schools Do Not Mix” Jun 07, 2014. https://www.armedwithreason.com/campus-gun-control-works-why-guns-and-schools-do-not-mix/ SA-IB

Accidents Happen Even without the presence of alcohol, accidents happen much more often than gun advocates would like to admit. And when accidents happen with guns, they are often deadly. Individuals in households with firearms, for example, are four times more likely to die of accidental death than those in households without firearms. The NRA supports bills that permit guns to be carried in vehicles on school grounds, arguing that firearm owners should not be punished for accidentally leaving a gun in their car. Curiously, there seems to be little concern for what happens if the same careless owner accidentally forgets to lock his car, accidentally fails to put the safety on, or accidently pulls the trigger, ad infinitum. It seems clear that there are many more ways to accidentally go wrong with a gun than there are ways to go right, and this is especially true in a densely populated, anxiety-ridden, alcohol-saturated, hormone-fueled school environment.Guns and Suicide While suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students, the rate of about 6.5 to 7.5 per 100,000 is roughly half that of a matched non-student population. The difference in suicide rates between student and non-student populations is explained almost completely by the reduced access to firearms on college campuses. Consider that suicides committed with firearms represent only five percent of suicide attempts but more than half of suicide fatalities. About 1,100 college students commit suicide each year, and another 24,000 attempt to do so. Given that suicide attempts with a firearm are successful 90 percent of the time, each one of these more than 25,000 attempts would almost certainly result in death if carried out with a firearm. The best studies to date show that the majority of suicides are impulsive, with little deliberation prior to the act. We also know that youths between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five experience the highest rates of mental illness in the general population. These factors, combined with high rates of alcohol and drug abuse, provide a compelling reason to believe that the nation’s suicide rate will increase if firearms are allowed on college campuses.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Millburn AJ | Judge: Castillo

Blackness is constructed in opposition to civil society – violence against blackness is gratuitous and the use of legal systems perpetuates the structural antagonism between blackness and the world. Warren 13:

Calvin, assistant professor of American studies, research centers around the intersection of contemporary continental theory (semiotics, deconstruction, postmodernism, and psychoanalysis), Afro-pessimism, Ethics, and African American History. He has held a fellowship at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee (Africology) and received research support from The Ford Foundation, The Mellon Foundation, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and a faculty grant from George Washington University. “Onticide: Toward an Afro-pessimistic Queer Theory" American Studies Association Annual Meeting. November 21, 2013. 

We could suggest that the term “black queer” dramatizes … as it sustains the very field of existence.

Structures of anti blackness are sustained by cultural representations and analysis of blackness. Scott 14:

Darieck, Professor of African Diaspora Studies at Cal Berkeley University 2010; “Extravagant Abjection: Blackness, Power, and Sexuality in the African American Literary Imagination” 

The figure of the Negro, Fanon … past as future anterior under and over a future as past posterior. 

1 – their strict adherence to legal norms justifies the war on drugs, Korematsu, and civil forfeiture – the law is shaped by white elites and the Koch brother’s money, thus normative appeals to it are shrouded in whiteness – their framework makes rich white conservative assholes our moral authorities

2 – their philosophy is a view from nowhere that brackets off discussion of Antiblackness. Yancy 05:

George, associate professor of philosophy. “Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy. 2005.

I write out of a personal … becomes something alien to me?

Vote negative to orient ourselves towards the end of the world – this begins with a destruction of antiblack value systems. The alternative refuses to breath life into value systems that perpetuate social death in order to open ourselves to critique. Cacho 12:

Lisa Marie, Associate Professor of English, Asian American Studies, Latina/Latino Studies, and Gender and Women's Studies, Winner of the John Hope Frankling Book Prize, has a BA Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1996, BA Literature/Writing, University of California, San Diego, 1996, MA Ethnic Studies, University of Califronia, San Diego, 1998, and a PhD Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2002. “Social Death: Racialized Rightlessness and the Criminalization of the Unprotected” 2012. SA-IB

Indeed, as an explicitly comparative race project, my … difference between surviving and living.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best combats antiblack violence. You should prioritize impacts you can control with your ballot – means fighting privilege in-round comes first.

Tournament: toc | Round: 5 | Opponent: lake highland aa | Judge: carlson

Whiteness is everywhere – colleges are a fundamentally unsafe environment for marginalized students and every now and then we need a goddamn break – only spaces that avoid white co-option help students heal from the daily onslaught of discrimination, a place where they can exist as themselves.

Cameron Okeke 16, currently earning a master's in bioethics at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Berman Institute of Bioethics in Baltimore, Maryland. “I’m a black UChicago graduate. Safe spaces got me through college.” August 29, 2016. 

The University of Chicago sent a dizzying letter to its freshman class last week, pledging its allegiance to two principles: academic freedom and freedom of expression. The letter expressed this commitment by denouncing "so-called trigger warnings" and "intellectual ‘safe spaces.’" To those unfamiliar with the UChicago’s abysmal campus climate, a strong stance against echo chambers may seem reasonable. But marginalized students know that this declaration ignores the real problems on campus: sexual assault, racial profiling, and other troubling issues. I would know. During my four years as an undergraduate at UChicago from 2011 to 2015, I grew increasingly dissatisfied with the university’s willful ignorance of students’ concerns, especially students of color. As a first-generation black student, I needed safe spaces like the Office of Multicultural Student Affairs — not to "hide from ideas and perspectives at odds with my own," but to heal from relentless hate and ignorance, to hear and be heard. My ideas were always challenged, but never my humanity. I mattered. Full of robust dialogue, safe spaces are not a bubbled-wrapped echo chamber, but a places where "civility and mutual respect" actually matter. Though spacious, the multicultural student affairs office was always full of students sharing their struggles and grappling with oppression. Underfunded and understaffed, it was a house-turned-sanctuary for students and student groups alike. I even slept there during a particularly brutal finals week. I, like many other students, wouldn’t have survived UChicago without this place to call my home. If you want diversity, you have to have safe spaces Alas, UChicago does not seem to get it. The university claims that it values diversity, boasting about its history of championing black, LGBTQ, poor, and femme-identified students. But you do not get our "diversity" without safe spaces, trigger warnings, or some institutionalized form of respect for people with different experiences. You want the perspective of someone with PTSD, then you better be prepared to do the work to make them comfortable enough to speak up in class, and that means giving them a heads up when discussing potentially triggering topics. Classrooms should not be a form of exposure therapy. The Office of Multicultural Student Affairs always started its dialogs with trigger warnings and had people on staff trained to handle PTSD flashbacks. You want the greatness femme-identified folks have to offer, then you have to support them in their endeavors and take sexual assault and harassment seriously. While the university continually failed to take rape and rape threat seriously, the Phoenix Survivor Alliance held solidarity circles to support survivors at Hull Gate. You want low-income and first-generation students to focus in class and thrive in your elitist institution, then you better fund the Student Support Services (for undocumented and low-income students) and address the classist onslaught inherent in UChicago culture. When the dining halls closed on Saturday nights, low-income students (myself included) went hungry. Where did we go? The Office of Multicultural Student Affairs. You want trans and LGBTQ students to show up to class and elevate the conversation with their brilliance, then you need to create a culture where misgendering and deadnaming are taboo. Fully staff the Office of LGBTQ Student Life and make more places where these students can speak freely about their struggles. You want me to elevate mediocre conversations about race with my personal experience and critical lens, then you better do something about the students muttering about affirmative action every time I speak, or the campus police who stop me on the street for not looking "UChicago enough." During my time on campus, I met more than couple people who believed in the genetic inferiority of black people. I was never afraid of their thinly veiled bigotry, just bored and disappointed. I needed a space where I, a biology major, was not expected to give free race theory classes. You want black women and other women of color to do anything at all for your gentrifying, police-protected institution, then you better just do better. If you want a university with people who have experienced "real life," then you need to listen to them, address their problems, and create places where they can heal. One house is not enough. Do not disparage the tools we have created as a show of intellectual bravado, then claim our success as your own. How trigger warnings and safe spaces encourage the academic freedom UChicago says it wants If, on the other hand, you only want the boring babblings of rich, white, cis, straight men whose worst experience was burying their fourth family pet, then keep doing what you have been doing since your inception. Keep pandering to the politically incorrect and the privileged if you want, but do not expect the depth and nuance that experience brings. Don’t expect us to show up. UChicago should know that trigger warnings and safe spaces exist to give those with firsthand experience a way to engage without sacrificing their well-being or safety. This accessibility is the key to a truly open marketplace of ideas and an essential pillar of academic freedom. Recklessly painting trigger warnings and safe spaces as enemies to academic freedom will only make UChicago a more hostile environment for marginalized first-years. Being diverse isn't easy and our diversity ain’t free. Don’t let us in if you can’t make room for us.

The 1AC’s affirmation of free speech rejects safe spaces.

Lukas Mikelionis 17. “4 US States Consider Free Speech Laws To Fight Censorship and ‘Safe Spaces’ On Campus” February 08, 2017. 

Four US states are considering legislation that would ensure free speech on college campuses and prohibit universities from shielding people from offensive and controversial ideas. Most states were put on alert after the eruption of violence at the University of California, Berkeley, where Milo Yiannopoulos was scheduled to give a speech. His event was cancelled over safety fears. President Trump has put the issue of free speech on campus in the spotlight after he threatened to withdraw federal funds from universities that don’t honor the First Amendment rights. Virginia Earlier this week, the Virginia’s House of Delegates passed bill HB1301 aimed at protecting freedom of speech on campus. The bill reaffirms that public colleges and universities in the state are covered by the First Amendment. The full text of the law reads: “Except as otherwise permitted by the First Amendment to the Constitution, no public institution of higher education shall abridge the freedom of any individual, including enrolled students, faculty and other employees, and invited guests, to speak on campus.” House Democratic leader David Toscano celebrated the bill, saying: “Any time we have the chance to support the First Amendment we should do that.” “It’s a good idea to celebrate the First Amendment. We want our campuses to be noisy, we want people to debate things,” he added. Colorado In Colorado, the Senate Education Committee approved a bill defending the constitutionally granted rights of Colorado students. The bill would prohibit government funded colleges from restricting students’ First Amendment rights to free speech in any way. According to the draft of the bill, free speech includes speaking, distributing materials, or holding a sign. The bill also requires converting existing so-called “free speech zones”—a campus phenomena where only at certain places students are able to exercise free speech—into monuments or memorials. “Free speech zones are counterintuitive to our core values, we should never falter in our defense of our constitutional rights or confine a free exchange of ideas,” explained Senator Tim Neville, who introduced the bill. “Students on Colorado campuses are growing into the leaders of tomorrow, and restricting their fundamental rights as they seek out truth and knowledge is contrary to the American spirit as well as the mission of universities,” he added. North Dakota North Dakota is also considering a bill to fight the onslaught of “safe spaces” and ensure the Constitution that guarantees free speech is protected in the state’s public universities. Republican State Rep. Rick Becker sponsor of House Bill 1329, said the proposed legislation is a response to an “attitude that free speech is not free speech” at universities, where free expression is stifled by university policy. “There is an atmosphere of political correctness and social justice that will lead to safe spaces and this whole concept on every campus,” he said. “We have to put a stop to it now.” The bill would “confirm free speech as a fundamental right” and demand the governing body of the North Dakota University System to a ratify a policy of free speech.

Public colleges and universities in the United States ought to only restrict constitutionally protected speech in order to establish spaces on campus where white students are not allowed to speak.

Tanasia Kenney 16. “California University Grants Black Students a ‘Safe Space’ with ‘Blacks-Only’ Campus Housing” Atlanta Black Star. September 07, 2016. SA-IB

California State University Los Angeles is the latest in a string of public universities to offer campus housing exclusively for African-American students. The move to establish a “Blacks-only” co-ed housing area comes just nine months after CSLA’s Black Student Union hit university officials with a list of demands regarding campus diversity and student inclusion. Among their requests was the creation of housing specifically delegated for African-American students. The housing would act as a “safe space” for Black students seeking refuge from the overt racism and “microagressions” spouted by their white peers. “WE DEMAND the creation and financial support of a CSLA housing space delegated for Black students and a full time Resident Director who can cater to the needs of Black students,” read one of the union’s demands. “A CSLA housing space delegated for Black students would provide a cheaper alternative housing solution for Black students. This space would also serve as a safe space for Black CSLA students to congregate, connect, and learn from each other.”

Turns case – engagement in free speech and becoming is impossible without some pockets of safety in order recuperate.

RaeAnn Pickett 16, senior director of communications and public Affairs at the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health and a Ms. Foundation Public Voices Fellows. “Trigger Warnings and Safe Spaces Are Necessary” August 31, 2016. SA-IB

The decision doesn't take students wants or needs into account. As the National Coalition Against Censorship notes: “In many cases, the request for trigger warnings comes from students themselves.” And safe spaces can have powerful therapeutic purposes for those who enter them. In fact, the university's new policy does the exact opposite of what it is purported to do: instead of fostering academic freedom, it could foster mistrust and negatively affect survivors of trauma, including people of color. If students cannot trust that spaces they enter are going to keep them safe, they are less able to feel secure enough to learn. Safe spaces and trigger warnings can help support survivors victims of assault, PTSD and violence. Organizations like Slut Walk and Take Back The Night have made great strides in ending stigma for sexual assault survivors and have called for increasing trigger warnings for sensitive content. A lack of safe spaces can also compound the mental toll of racism, even subtle racism. Past experience with bullying plays a role here: Of the 160,000 children bullied every day, 31 are multiracial, according to Clemson University’s “Status of Bullying in School” 2013 report. Racial bullying often goes unnoticed or unreported due to how teachers perceive interethnic relationships. Psychologist Morris Rosenberg found that African-Americans showed surprisingly high rates of self-esteem when they compared themselves with other African-Americans, but when they compared themselves to white peers, self-esteem levels dropped. Safe spaces can help minorities feel empowered to speak up. Some may say a commitment to free speech, by any means necessary, does more to foster a positive academic setting than safe spaces and trigger warnings. But the bigger question is: whose speech is being protected by these policies? They certainly don’t always foster a healthy relationship with students of color or survivors of trauma or those who live at the intersection of both. Sitting in the dark holding my newborn and struggling with undiagnosed postpartum depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder were some of the darkest days of my life. But because of ratings systems on movies and descriptions on the TV guide, I was able to take small steps every day to commit to keeping myself mentally healthy. The pressure of living up to the stereotype of a proud, wise, confident Latina mother kept me from seeking help for a long time. But when my first postpartum depression support group facilitator said in a hushed, happy voice that this was a safe space, I felt the weight slowly start to lift from my chest. All the pent-up anxiety I had felt was dissapating—just by knowing that the physical place I chose to be in was filled with people who understood me and could help me find the tools to get well. Being able to make informed decisions about which spaces students chose to enter and not enter is critical in helping them stay well and take control over the information they decide to receive and how to receive it. A critical phase of healing involves reclaiming power and control in positive ways.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who provides the best liberation strategy for the oppressed – prefer for inclusivity.

Elijah Smith 13. “A Conversation in Ruins: Race and Black Participation in Lincoln Douglas Debate” 2013. SA-IB

It will be uncomfortable, it will be hard, and it will require continued effort but the necessary step in fixing this problem, like all problems, is the community as a whole admitting that such a problem with many “socially acceptable” choices exists in the first place. Like all systems of social control, the reality of racism in debate is constituted by the singular choices that institutions, coaches, and students make on a weekly basis. I have watched countless rounds where competitors attempt to win by rushing to abstractions to distance the conversation from the material reality that black debaters are forced to deal with every day. One of the students I coached, who has since graduated after leaving debate, had an adult judge write out a ballot that concluded by “hypothetically” defending my student being lynched at the tournament. Another debate concluded with a young man defending that we can kill animals humanely, “just like we did that guy Troy Davis”. Community norms would have competitors do intellectual gymnastics or make up rules to accuse black debaters of breaking to escape hard conversations but as someone who understands that experience, the only constructive strategy is to acknowledge the reality of the oppressed, engage the discussion from the perspective of authors who are black and brown, and then find strategies to deal with the issues at hand. It hurts to see competitive seasons come and go and have high school students and judges spew the same hateful things you expect to hear at a Klan rally. A student should not, when presenting an advocacy that aligns them with the oppressed, have to justify why oppression is bad. Debate is not just a game, but a learning environment with liberatory potential. Even if the form debate gives to a conversation is not the same you would use to discuss race in general conversation with Bayard Rustin or Fannie Lou Hamer, that is not a reason we have to strip that conversation of its connection to a reality that black students cannot escape.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 1 | Opponent: Law Magnet MG | Judge: Castillo

Counterplan Text: Public colleges ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech except for revenge pornography, which they ought to restrict as a form of sexual harassment. It’s conditional.

RP is constitutionally protected speech. Humbach 14:

John, professor at Pace University, practiced corporate/securities law for five years on Wall Street before entering law teaching in 1971. Most of his teaching experience before coming to Pace in 1977 was at Fordham Law School, but he also taught at Brooklyn Law School and as a visiting professor at the University of Illinois and the University of Hawaii. He has authored a number of articles in the areas of property law and professional responsibility, as well as computer-assisted instruction programs for first-year property students. “The Constitution and Revenge Porn” Pace University School of Law. Pace Law Review, Volume 35, Issue 1, Fall 2014. SA-IB 

Unfortunately, these two key prohibitions of ... ways that are constitutionally permissible at all. 

Revenge porn on campuses is specifically problematic –  it encourages suicide and destroys people’s futures. Abdul-Alim 16:

Jamaal, a freelance journalist and a Washington correspondent for Diverse Issues in Higher Education. His articles have appeared in Education Week, Washington Monthly, and U.S. News and World Report. Abdul-Alim plans to explore the impact of various efforts to hold teacher preparation programs more accountable for student achievement. “Colleges may get Help Fighting ‘Revenge Porn’” October 03, 2016. Diverse, Issues in Higher Education.  http://diverseeducation.com/article/87594/ SA-IB

Similar things have happened at colleges and universities in recent years.For example, Tyler Clementi ... Kappa Delta Rho fraternity because of apparent lack of intent.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake IP | Judge: Brundage

CP: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought to only restrict constitutionally protected journalist speech in order to establish survivor-based control over information about sexual harassment cases released by school newspapers. Tyler-March 16:

Mary, reporter at the Student Press Law Center, an advocate for student First Amendment rights, for freedom of online speech, and for open government on campus. The SPLC provides information, training and legal assistance at no charge to student journalists and the educators who work with them. "University of Kentucky victims seek to join lawsuit against student newspaper" November 17, 2016. http://www.splc.org/article/2016/11/university-of-kentucky-victims-seek-to-join-lawsuit-against-student-newspaper SA-IB

KENTUCKY—Two of the … always been what is at stake in this litigation."

It competes because it places a restriction on what newspapers can report – newspapers have free speech to report sexual assault right now and the ability to set their own policy on sexual assault reporting and the CP has colleges enforce a survivor based control policy on student newspapers.

Survivor based control is key – journalists should not identify names in cases of sexual assault nor should they report details that could lead to the survivor’s identity being discovered unless the survivor says so. Doing otherwise can lead to massive public shame and backlash. NAESV 17:

National Alliance to End Sexual Violence. "Naming Victims in the Media" 2017. http://endsexualviolence.org/where-we-stand/naming-victims-in-the-media SA-IB

Some people argue that journalists …with sensitivity toward the stigma associated with being publicly named.

They specifically don’t get a perm because their AFF author, Frank Lomonte, says that student newspapers should have the freedom to report whatever they want about sexual assault under free speech. The newspaper case the CP is based on, the Kentucky Kernel, is uncontestably a free speech issue. Saul 16:

Stephanie, winner of the 1995 Pulitzer Prize and 2010 Society of Professional Journalists Award for Science Reporting, a University of Mississippi graduate, investigative reporter for the New York Times since 2008, investigations focus on science and technology issues in various fields, including those related to pharmaceuticals, psychology, health and fertility innovations. "Campus Press vs. Colleges: Kentucky Suit Highlights Free-Speech Fight" December 02, 2016. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/02/us/kentucky-student-journalism-free-speech.html SA-IB

Campus Press vs. Colleges: Kentucky Suit …to fend off funding cuts that students believe were in retaliation for controversial articles.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: Antigua

CP: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any speech by removing all regulations on protests for people of color.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niceville DC | Judge: Kueffner

Qualified immunity adequately balances state power – it protects states from uses of section 1983 claims to encroach on states rights and laws – immunity returns power to state courts.

Putnam 92: Charles, office of the New Hampshire Attorney General. “Defending a Maligned Defense: The Policy Bases of the Qualified Immunity Defense in Actions Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983” Bridgeport Law Review. 1992. https://www.pdffiller.com/en/project/84783654.htm?f_hash=6c2e00andreload=true SA-IB

To place this analysis in perspective, the authors first review ... without the benefit of express statutory or constitutional mandate.

Plan overturns a delicate balance between state courts and federal ones – specifically police and court power are key – especially to public health law and the medical system – this card is fire.

Hodge 98: James, professor of Public Health Law and Ethics at Arizona State University. “The Role of New Federalism and Public Health Law” Journal of Law and Health. 1998.

Because of the intersection of federal and state powers in the field of public health ... concern the lives, liberties, and properties of the people.

Lack of detection and health infrastructure makes disease spread likely – and US infrastructure spills over.

Schermerhorn 14: Jordan, global health and Middle East at Duke University, a 2015 Master of Science in Global Health graduate. “Bioterrorism is Already Here” April 29, 2014. 

The fact that our “global health security agenda ...  depends on it, but polio in Syria does not provide an encouraging model.

Solves ethnic conflict.

Bhattarai 11: Keshav, professor of geography at University of Central Missouri. MY REPUBLICA. Oct 16, 2011. Retrieved Apr. 25, 2014 from Lexis/Nexis.

While numerous forms of federalism exist, no two forms are identical ... among numerous and diverse groups of citizens.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cedar Park MT | Judge: M Koshak

Indemnification is a guarantee with the aff – it tanks city budgets – Ferguson proves.

Prall 14: Derek, professional journalist who has held numerous positions with a variety of print and online publications including the New Jersey Herald. He is a 2008 graduate of Furman University holding bachelor's degrees in both English Literature and Communications Studies. “Who Pays for Police Misconduct” Dec 10, 2014. American City and County. http://americancityandcounty.com/law-enforcement/who-pays-police-misconduct SA-IB

Cases like those of Michael Brown and Eric Garner ... for their actions would be a step in the right direction.

The link is a double bind – the more solvency they win, the more of the disad I win. They have to win that people win cases to get solvency, and as a result more indemnification occurs.

The impact is policing – losing budget means departments ramp up ticketing – Buffalo proves. Ticketing also targets the poor and force them into prison and causes more misdemeanor cases, independently turns and outweighs the case.

Agorist 16: Matt, honorable discharged veteran of the USMC and former intelligence operator directly tasked by the NSA. This prior experience gives him unique insight into the world of government corruption and the American police state. Agorist has been an independent journalist for over a decade and has been featured on mainstream networks around the world. “City Strapped for Cash Sends Cops Out to Rob Poor People by Issuing 30,000 Tickets in Only 6 Month” February 10, 2016. Free Thought Project. http://thefreethoughtproject.com/city-strapped-cash-sends-cops-rob-poor-people-issuing-thousands-extra-tickets/ SA-IB

Buffalo, NY — Last year, Buffalo police pulled over ... because the city is trying to boost revenue.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cedar Park MT | Judge: M Koshak

Courts require litigants to adhere to unique facts of cases right now.

Baird and Jacobi 09: Vanessa Baird, professor of political science at UC-Boulder. Tonja, professor of law at Northwestern. “HOW THE DISSENT BECOMES THE MAJORITY: USING FEDERALISM TO TRANSFORM COALITIONS IN THE U.S. SUPREME COURT” November 2009. Duke L.J.

But why do Justices need to signal for cases in the future? If the Justices ... previously unsympathetic colleagues to join them in their opinion. 

The affirmative takes court action without a test case – wrecks court legitimacy, judges get to manipulate outcomes and create issues out of thin air.

Epstein 98: Lee, professor of political science and professor of law at Washington University. “The Choices Justices Make” p160-161.

This story suggests that a particular version of the sua sponte doctrine ... on the soul of the adversarial system.

Crushes due process, turns case.

Milani 02: Adam Milani, assistant professor at Mercer University School of Law. Michael Smith, associate professor at Mercer University School fo Law. “PLAYING GOD: A CRITICAL LOOK AT SUA SPONTE DECISIONS BY APPELLATE COURTS” Tennessee Law Review. Volume 69. 2002. SA-IB

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments ... however, provides insight into this question.

Nuclear war – failure to check military, especially likely with Herr Trump.

Kellman 89: Barry, professor of law at DePaul University. “JUDICIAL ABDICATION OF MILITARY TORT ACCOUNTABILITY: BUT WHO IS TO GUARD THE GUARDS THEMSELVES?”” December 1989. Duke L.J. 

In this era of thermonuclear weapons, America ... mushroom cloud of thermonuclear holocaust

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niceville DC | Judge: Kueffner

Blackness is constructed in opposition to the political – embrace of a social praxis is key. Rather than attempt to recover from political death, blackness should be embraced as nothingness, which is key to social life.

Moten 13: Fred, professor at UC Riverside Department of English, author of In the Break: The Aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition (University of Minnesota Press), recognized as one of ten “New American Poets” by the Poetry Society of America, Visiting Scholar and Artist-in-Residence at Pratt Institute, was Whitney J. Oates Fellow in the Humanities Council and the Center for African American Studies at Princeton University, served as a member of the Board of Managing Editors of American Quarterly. “Blackness and Nothingness (Mysticism in the Flesh)” The South Atlantic Quarterly. Fall 2013. SA-IB

Over the course of this essay, we’ll have occasion to consider what that means, by ...  in any case, where and what blackness chooses to stay. 

Police accountability rhetoric is uniquely problematic; it presupposes the legitimacy of police – the state can easily counter your accountability mechanism because it is framed in a way where the state still has power.

Hotchkin 15: Joshua Scott, contributor at CopBlock, a website based on reporting and exposing violent police conduct. “Accountability is Futile – Abolish the Police” November 12, 2015. http://www.copblock.org/146778/abolish-the-police/ SA-IB

Accountability is futile. There really could be nothing so simple to understand ... meet its own requirements. It will always come back to this.

The 1AC’s minor reform becomes co-opted to expand the system, as opposed to curtail it. Rhetoric of public safety and short term solutions are seized upon to justify the increase of systems of violence.

Shaylor and Chandler 05: Cassandra Shaylor, co-founder and former co-director of Justice Now and a co-founder of Critical Resistance. Cynthia Chandler, Co-Founder and Executive Director of Justice Now, ad junct professor at Golden Gate University School of Law. “Reform and Abolition: Points of Tension and Connection” Public Eye - Defending Justice. 2005. SA-IB 

Most activists in prison and their allies outside want to reduce ... step toward eliminating the prison as a central feature of contemporary life

Vote negative to celebrate culture and the social as a starting point for deconstructing reliance on legalistic structures.

Moten 13: Fred, professor at UC Riverside Department of English, author of In the Break: The Aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition (University of Minnesota Press), recognized as one of ten “New American Poets” by the Poetry Society of America, Visiting Scholar and Artist-in-Residence at Pratt Institute, was Whitney J. Oates Fellow in the Humanities Council and the Center for African American Studies at Princeton University, served as a member of the Board of Managing Editors of American Quarterly. “Blackness and Nothingness (Mysticism in the Flesh)” The South Atlantic Quarterly. Fall 2013. SA-IB

This question of the location and position ... beautiful phrase of Wilderson’s (2010: xi)—fantasy in the hold.

Role of the ballot is to endorse the best liberation strategy for the oppressed. Epistemology comes first – our education spaces must be the first to fight.

Farley 05: Anthony Paul Farley. “Perfecting Slavery.” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Volume 36 2005. Pps. 112-115 SA-IB

We who have slavery with us still are made up of memory and forgetting ... weapons for refusing to make his peace with it and for destroying it depends on what he decides he is worth.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cedar Park MT | Judge: M Koshak

Text: On its next appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court ought to remove qualified immunity for nominal damage suits and mandate that nominal damage suits be used for litigation against police officers. It’s mutually exclusive – aff uses civil suits with recompense. Solves the aff entirely –

Pfander 11: James, the Owen L. Coon Professor of Law at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, teaches civil procedure, conflicts of law, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law. A member of the American Law Institute, Pfander has served as chair of the procedure and jurisdiction sections of the Association of American Law Schools. He has published dozens of scholarly articles and essays in such journals as the Harvard Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, and the Columbia Law Review. “RESOLVING THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DILEMMA: CONSTITUTIONAL TORT CLAIMS FOR NOMINAL DAMAGES” Faculty Working Papers, Northwestern University School of Law. 2011. SA-IB

Applying the principles in these leading cases, ... dollar. The next part addresses these concerns.

This allows constitutional vindication and deterrence – only that prevents court backlash and maximizes the clarity of tort law.

Pfander 11: James, the Owen L. Coon Professor of Law at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, teaches civil procedure, conflicts of law, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law. A member of the American Law Institute, Pfander has served as chair of the procedure and jurisdiction sections of the Association of American Law Schools. He has published dozens of scholarly articles and essays in such journals as the Harvard Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, and the Columbia Law Review. “RESOLVING THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DILEMMA: CONSTITUTIONAL TORT CLAIMS FOR NOMINAL DAMAGES” Faculty Working Papers, Northwestern University School of Law. 2011. SA-IB

Building on these early foundations, this essay proposes ... the norms in question can be regarded as clearly established.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cypress Woods LC | Judge: Wright, Arthur

Counterplan Text: Countries should shift all floating nuclear reactors to small modular reactors. The United States should use SMRs for mission critical military installations. Mutually exclusive – plan bans floating nuclear power – we allow it in the form of SMRs.

Floating SMRs are safe. Chandler 14:

(David L. Chandler, MIT News Office, The paper was co-authored by NSE students Angelo Briccetti, Jake Jurewicz, and Vincent Kindfuller; Michael Corradini of the University of Wisconsin; and Daniel Fadel, Ganesh Srinivasan, Ryan Hannink, and Alan Crowle of Chicago Bridge and Iron, based in Canton, Mass, The MIT Energy Initiative (MITei) is MIT's hub for research, education, campus energy management and outreach programs that cover all areas of energy supply and demand, security, and environmental impact, “Floating Nuclear Plants Could Ride Out Tsunamis”, http://theenergycollective.com/energyatmit/369266/floating-nuclear-plants-could-ride-out-tsunamis, April 17, 2014)

When an earthquake and tsunami … and the answers are realistic.”

SMRs avoid the downsides of nuclear energy. Ringle 10:

John, professor of nuclear engineering at Oregon State University. “Reintroduction of Reactors in US a major win” Nov 13, 2010. robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/ SA-IB

Small nuclear reactors will probably … a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

Energy for desalination is key to prevent billions from dying. Beller 04:
Dr. Denis E, Beller, 2004 - Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, "Atomic Time Machines: Back to the Nuclear Future," 24 J. Land Resources and Envtl. L. 41

Our global neighbors need much … increased just 27 percent.10

Only SMRs solve water wars. Pfeffer and Macon 02:
Robert, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency who’s working on nuclear weapons effects, a graduate of Trinity University and has a master’s degree in physics from Johns Hopkins. William, project manager at NRC. “Nuclear Power: An Option for the Army’s Future” Jan 16, 2002 last modified. www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm

The idea of using nuclear … to play a significant role.

Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: Fahey, Bietz, Hampton

Counterplan Text: The United States federal government ought to
1 shift to thorium fueled molten salt reactors.
2 use floating nuclear power plants.
3 dispose of waste in the ocean sub seabed.

Thorium fueled reactors solve radiation, safety, and waste. This card ENDS the debate. Petersen et al 13:

Walter Petersen, PhD in Hydrology and Meteorology, works at NASA. Jordan Ott, lead researcher @ Sensors, Energy, and Automation laboratory, Electrical Engineering @ U Wash. Garrison Burger, Mechanical Engineer at Spaceflight Industries. Vibinash Thomas, Electricial Engineer @ Electroimpact, Embedded Computing expert, awarded the Higgs Osborn prize of U Wash dept of physics. Jim Coy, U Wash nanodevice lab. Andrew Countryman, senior in Mechanical Engineering specializing in Mechatronics. “The Thorium Transition” grant proposal for the Department of Energy. Feb 26, 2013. SA-IB

All of the aforementioned problems … opposed to a uranium reactor 18.

Thorium nuclear reactors can float and floating nuclear power is viable. Conca 16:

James, scientist in the field of the earth and environmental sciences for 33 years, specializing in geologic disposal of nuclear waste, energy-related research, planetary surface processes, radiobiology and shielding for space colonies, subsurface transport and environmental clean-up of heavy metals. Trustee of the Herbert M. Parker Foundation and consult on strategic planning for the DOE, EPA/State environmental agencies. Consults for EPA/State environmental agencies and industry on clean-up of heavy metals from soil and water. Member of Sierra Club, Greenpeace, the NRDC, the Environmental Defense Fund and many others, as well as professional societies including the America Nuclear Society, the American Chemical Society, the Geological Society of America and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. “China Plans A Floating Nuclear Power Plant” Jan 18, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/01/18/china-builds-a-floating-nuclear-power-plant/#4a2501c254ac SA-IB

China is working on a … and large light water reactors.

Sub seabed disposal solves the aff. Wilson 14

Wilson, exec editor of environmental building news. “Safe Storage of Nuclear Waste” www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/energy-solutions/safe-storage-nuclear-waste

The big question now is … would be far less expensive.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Greenhill SK | Judge: Hertzig, Hamilton

The United States federal government ought to only allow disposal of waste in the sub-seabed. Solves the aff. Wilson 14.

Wilson, exec editor of environmental building news. “Safe Storage of Nuclear Waste” www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/energy-solutions/safe-storage-nuclear-waste

The big question now is … would be far less expensive.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake CE | Judge: Paramo, Dosch

Counterplan Text: Countries should only use 1. small modular reactors for mission critical military installations. 2. thorium fueled molten salt reactors.

SMRs avoid downsides of nuclear energy. Ringle 10:

John, professor of nuclear engineering at Oregon State University. “Reintroduction of Reactors in US a major win” Nov 13, 2010. robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/ SA-IB

Small nuclear reactors will probably … a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

Thorium reactors are the perfect solution – solve prolif, waste, and meltdown. This card ENDS the debate. Petersen et al 13:

Walter Petersen, PhD in Hydrology and Meteorology, works at NASA. Jordan Ott, lead researcher @ Sensors, Energy, and Automation laboratory, Electrical Engineering @ U Wash. Garrison Burger, Mechanical Engineer at Spaceflight Industries. Vibinash Thomas, Electricial Engineer @ Electroimpact, Embedded Computing expert, awarded the Higgs Osborn prize of U Wash dept of physics. Jim Coy, U Wash nanodevice lab. Andrew Countryman, senior in Mechanical Engineering specializing in Mechatronics. “The Thorium Transition” grant proposal for the Department of Energy. Feb 26, 2013. SA-IB

All of the aforementioned problems …opposed to a uranium reactor 18.

Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: Fahey, Bietz, Hampton

Desalination key to prevent billions from dying from structural violence. Beller 04:

Dr. Denis E, Beller, 2004 - Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, "Atomic Time Machines: Back to the Nuclear Future," 24 J. Land Resources and Envtl. L. 41

Our global neighbors need much … total energy use increased just 27 percent.10

Only nuclear reactors can solve – solves water shortages and help with disaster relief. Pfeffer and Macon 02:

Robert, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency who’s working on nuclear weapons effects, a graduate of Trinity University and has a master’s degree in physics from Johns Hopkins. William, project manager at NRC. “Nuclear Power: An Option for the Army’s Future” Jan 16, 2002 last modified. www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm

The idea of using nuclear … to play a significant role

Tournament: Sophomore RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mountain View VP | Judge: Lonam, Clemens

Clinton wins now but Trump can still pull this off. Silver 8/28:

(Nate, Founder and Editor in Chief of www.fivethirteight.com, a news and statistical analysis site with an emphasis on politics.  Silver’s statistical models successfully predicted all 50 state results in the 2012 election and 49 of 50 in 2008.  He is the man.  “Election Update: It’s Too Soon For Clinton to Run Out the Clock”, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/election-update-its-too-soon-for-clinton-to-run-out-the-clock/, last accessed August 31)

But Clinton shouldn’t get too … off 21 percent earlier this month.

Nuclear power is popular – bets polls. Riffkin 15:

Gallup, Inc., 3-30-15, "U.S. Support for Nuclear Energy at 51," Gallup, http://www.gallup.com/poll/182180/support-nuclear-energy.aspx

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- A slim majority … took place shortly after polling in 2011.

Plan flips election – any loss of Obama’s popularity kills it for the dems. Needham 16:

Vicki, The Hill, 1/21, “Moody’s model gives Dem candidate advantage in 2016,” http://thehill.com/policy/finance/266668-moodys-model-gives-dem-candidate-advantage-in-2016)

The Democratic presidential nominee will … election, favoring the challenger party

And, nuclear energy would become the key spinning factor for Republicans because of Clinton’s lack of support and Obama’s current policy – Republicans will pit nuclear power policy against Clinton regardless of her actual policy. Siciliano 1/10

John Siciliano, 1-10-2016, "The 2016 politics of nuclear energy," Washington Examiner, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/the-2016-politics-of-nuclear-energy/article/2579855

The presidential election may offer … said the commission has been "eeking" along.

Trump win causes cascading nuclear proliferation – impact is irreversible. Feith 16.

Douglas, Hudson Institute senior fellow, “Trump, america's word, and the bomb” National Review – March 14 -- www.nationalreview.com/article/432746/donald-trump-nukes-his-recklessness-would-increase-nuclear-threats

The Obama-Clinton team originally promised … , the harm would probably be irreversible.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake CE | Judge: Paramo, Dosch

India-Russia relations are high now – recent state visit looking promising. Kumar 16:

Sumit, ICSSR Doctoral Fellow at the UGC Centre for Southern Asia Studies, Pondicherry University. “New Momentum for India-Russia Relations?” Jan 03, 2016. http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/new-momentum-for-india-russia-relations/ SA-IB

In late December, … would be manufactured in India.

Maintaining nuclear power is key to India-Russia relations. Sajjanhar 8/29:

Ashok, secretary for National Foundation of Communal Harmony. “Why India-Russia are an ideal match for each other” August 29, 2016. http://www.dailyo.in/politics/russia-vladimir-putin-g-20-dmitry-rogozin-china-arms-ammunition-brahmos-rosatom-syria-isis/story/1/12631.html SA-IB

Nuclear energy has emerged as … in Russia's oil and gas sector.

Strong relations key to stability in the region. Sajjanhar 8/29:

Ashok, secretary for National Foundation of Communal Harmony. “Why India-Russia are an ideal match for each other” August 29, 2016. http://www.dailyo.in/politics/russia-vladimir-putin-g-20-dmitry-rogozin-china-arms-ammunition-brahmos-rosatom-syria-isis/story/1/12631.html SA-IB

Regional countries need to collaborate … as well as the region. 

Afghan stability key to Pakistan stability – any destabilization risks South Asian nuclear war. Kenny 16

Colonel Stuart Kenny graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1991. Colonel Kenny is a graduate of the UK’s Joint Services Command and Staff College 2003/04. He attended the Defence and Strategic Studies Course at the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies Course at the Australian Defence College, graduating with a Master of Arts (Strategic Studies) from Deakin University. (Suart, Australian Defense College April 2016 “Instability in Afghanistan: Why Afghanistan matters and what Australia can do to address the causes of instability” http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Kenny20Afghanistan20IPSP.pdf) eb

The direct influence of Afghanistan’s … resources and markets in Central Asia.36

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cypress Woods LC | Judge: Wright, Arthur

US development of floating nuclear power critical to military readiness- prevents energy shocks, cost overruns, and supply chain restrictions. Pfeffer and Macon 01:

(Robert A. Pfeffer is a physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency in Springfield, Virginia, working on nuclear weapons effects. He is a graduate of Trinity University and has a master's degree in physics from The Johns Hopkins University. Previous Government experience includes Chief of the Electromagnetic Laboratory at Harry Diamond Laboratories (HDL) in Adelphi, Maryland, and Chief of the HDL Woodbridge Research Facility in Virginia; William A. Macon, Jr., is a project manager at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. He was formerly the acting Army Reactor Program Manager at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency. He is a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy and has a master's degree in nuclear engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. His military assignments included Assistant Brigade S4 in the 1st Armored Division, “Nuclear Power:  An Option for the Army's Future”, http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm, September/October 2001)

The Army Transformation initiative of Chief … deployment to a combat zone.

Nuclear key to prevent grid collapse. Loudermilk 11:

(Micah J. Loudermilk, Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters”, March 27, 2011)

Last month, the Institute for … of reactors across the country. 

Hegemony good- multiple scenarios for global war. Brooks, Ikenberry, Wohlforth 13:

(Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement … measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Tournament: Sophomore RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mountain View VP | Judge: Lonam, Clemens

Prohibiting nuclear power means coal replacement – Japan empirically proves – emissions are multiplied twenty times over. Baum 15:

Seth, executive director of Global Catastrophic Risk Institute (think tank) and researches the risk, ethics, and policy about major threats to the world. “Japan should restart more nuclear power plants” Oct 20, 2015. http://thebulletin.org/japan-should-restart-more-nuclear-power-plants8817 SA-IB

In August, a Japanese utility company …  option for Japan and for the world.

Warming causes mass violence and leads to extinction – natural disasters, sea levels, and food security. Sharp and Kennedy 14:

(Associate Professor Robert (Bob) A. Sharp is the UAE National Defense College Associate Dean for Academic Programs and College Quality Assurance Advisor. He previously served as Assistant Professor of Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) in the U.S. National Defense University (NDU), Washington D.C. and then as Associate Professor at the Near East South Asia (NESA) Center for Strategic Studies, collocated with NDU. Most recently at NESA, he focused on security sector reform in Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported regional security engagement events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Palestine and Qatar; Edward Kennedy is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets; 8/22/14, “Climate Change and Implications for National Security,” International Policy Digest, http://intpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/)

Our planet is 4.5 billion years old… and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

Tournament: Sophomore RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Valley JM | Judge: Samorian, Damerdji

Prohibiting nuclear power means coal replacement – Japan empirically proves – emissions are multiplied twenty times over. Baum 15:

Seth, executive director of Global Catastrophic Risk Institute (think tank) and researches the risk, ethics, and policy about major threats to the world. “Japan should restart more nuclear power plants” Oct 20, 2015. http://thebulletin.org/japan-should-restart-more-nuclear-power-plants8817 SA-IB

In August, a Japanese utility company …  option for Japan and for the world.

Warming causes mass violence and leads to extinction – natural disasters, sea levels, and food security. Sharp and Kennedy 14:

(Associate Professor Robert (Bob) A. Sharp is the UAE National Defense College Associate Dean for Academic Programs and College Quality Assurance Advisor. He previously served as Assistant Professor of Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) in the U.S. National Defense University (NDU), Washington D.C. and then as Associate Professor at the Near East South Asia (NESA) Center for Strategic Studies, collocated with NDU. Most recently at NESA, he focused on security sector reform in Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported regional security engagement events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Palestine and Qatar; Edward Kennedy is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets; 8/22/14, “Climate Change and Implications for National Security,” International Policy Digest, http://intpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/)

Our planet is 4.5 billion years old… and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Holy Cross RS | Judge: Bietz, Melin

The 1AC’s essentialism about nuclear waste is white paternalism – it assumes Natives don’t know what’s happening – certain tribes want that industry. Gover and Walker 92:

Kevin, partner, Gover, Stetson and Williams, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico.Jana, Associate, Gover, Stetson and Willims, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico. “ESCAPING ENVIRONMENTAL PATERNALISM: ONE TRIBE'S APPROACH TO DEVELOPING A COMMERCIAL WASTE DISPOSAL PROJECT IN INDIAN COUNTRY” Jan 1992. SA-IB

We have been asked to … waste project on its reservation.

Trying to solve “environmental racism” assumes the Natives are too simple and ignorant to speak for themselves – it re-inscribes the very thought that led to the fifteenth century domination and eradication of the natives – turns the case. Gover and Walker 92:

KEVIN GOVER* AND JANA L. WALKER(Partner, Gover, Stetson and Williams, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico. and Associate, Gover, Stetson and Willims, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico).“ESCAPING ENVIRONMENTAL PATERNALISM: ONE TRIBE'S APPROACH TO DEVELOPING A COMMERCIAL WASTE DISPOSAL PROJECT IN INDIAN COUNTRY” WP

Tribes also have become the … many Parts Of this country.   

The alternative is that native nations decide for themselves if they want to ban nuclear power – the 1AC is media misinformation. Gover and Walker 92:

Kevin, partner, Gover, Stetson and Williams, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico.Jana, Associate, Gover, Stetson and Willims, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico. “Associate, Gover, Stetson and Willims, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico.” Jan 1992. SA-IB

Is it true? In our … will serve their best interests.

Tournament: Sophomore RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Valley JM | Judge: Samorian, Damerdji

I negate and value morality. Moral rules and norms aren’t static – declaring something bad and moving on results in rules formed in bias. We must constantly inquire and innovate in order to update moral rules and norms. Anderson 14:

Elizabeth, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and John Dewey Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at University of Michigan. “Dewey’s Moral Philosophy” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition). SA-IB

Habits are socially shaped dispositions to particular ... enables habits to incorporate intelligence.

Being able to engage in experimentation is key to testing beliefs and solving problems that hurt us as a society – we shouldn’t foreclose a possible solution. Anderson II:

Elizabeth, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and John Dewey Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at University of Michigan. “The Quest for Free Labor Pragmatism and Experiments in Emancipation” Amherst Lecture in Philosophy. 2014 SA-IB

Because individuals occupy different social positions, are affected ... ambitious ideal of what would solve it.

Thus the standard is consistency with pragmatic experimentation, meaning giving ourselves the ability to experiment, inquire, and innovate with means to solve our problems.

I contend we shouldn’t foreclose the possibility of experimentation with nuclear energy. We should instead innovate and improve production of nuclear power.

Nuclear energy is our only way forward – maintaining the ability for innovation is key. The affirmative overreacts – we need to develop safety and new measures, not foreclose the possibility. OECD 07:

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Nuclear Energy Agency. “Innovation in Nuclear Energy Technology” 2007 SA-IB

Considering the world energy prospects and related ... scientists and engineers and to retain them in the nuclear business.

Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: Semis | Opponent: Cypress Woods LC | Judge: Fahey, Randall, Hampton

Text

Counterplan Text: Countries except the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, India, and South Korea ought to prohibit the production of floating nuclear power. Those countries ought to use floating small modular reactors. The United States federal government ought to initiate power-purchase agreements of floating small modular reactors.

Floating SMRs are safe – Chandler 14:

(David L. Chandler, MIT News Office, The paper was co-authored by NSE students Angelo Briccetti, Jake Jurewicz, and Vincent Kindfuller; Michael Corradini of the University of Wisconsin; and Daniel Fadel, Ganesh Srinivasan, Ryan Hannink, and Alan Crowle of Chicago Bridge and Iron, based in Canton, Mass, The MIT Energy Initiative (MITei) is MIT's hub for research, education, campus energy management and outreach programs that cover all areas of energy supply and demand, security, and environmental impact, “Floating Nuclear Plants Could Ride Out Tsunamis”, http://theenergycollective.com/energyatmit/369266/floating-nuclear-plants-could-ride-out-tsunamis, April 17, 2014)

When an earthquake and tsunami … and the answers are realistic.”

Warming Adv:

United States involvement creates a massive export market for SMR’s, key to boosting the industry – latent nuclear capability ensures speed- significant reduction of emissions. Rosner 11:

(Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011)

As stated earlier, SMRs have … Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Floating SMRs solve warming – collapse of nuclear industry means warming inevitable. Licata 14:

(John Licata, John Licata is the Founder and Chief Energy Strategist of Blue Phoenix Inc, Motley Fool, “Can Small Modular Nuclear Reactors Find Their Sea Legs?”, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/04/27/can-small-modular-nuclear-reactors-find-their-sea.aspx, April 27, 2014)

Nuclear power plants do bring … could simply get buried at sea.

Our tech is modeled globally – US action is a global demonstration. Traub 12:

James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation. He writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy,” “Transforming the future lies in our hands,” http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704, December 14, 2012

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow … He must, however, do the possible.

Water Adv:

Water shortages coming -~-- causes instability. AFP 12:

AFP 12, “World water crisis must be top UN priority: report”, Phys.org, September 11, 2012, http://phys.org/news/2012-09-world-crisis-priority.html

WASHINGTON — A rapidly worsening water … "even in politically stable regions."

Only nuclear reactors can solve – solves water wars and mission effectiveness. Pfeffer and Macon 02:

Robert, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency who’s working on nuclear weapons effects, a graduate of Trinity University and has a master’s degree in physics from Johns Hopkins. William, project manager at NRC. “Nuclear Power: An Option for the Army’s Future” Jan 16, 2002 last modified. www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm

The idea of using nuclear power … will have to play a significant role.

Tournament: Sophomore RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Valley JM | Judge: Samorian, Damerdji

Interpretation: The affirmative must directly defend that countries prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Prohibitions are formal through law. Oxford:

Oxford Dictionaries. “Definition of Prohibit in English.” No date.

VERB (prohibits, prohibiting, prohibited) WITH OBJECT ... the budget agreement had prohibited any tax cuts 

A country is a government, in the context of an actor. Google:

Google: nd https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantandion=1andespv=2andie=UTF-8#q=countries20definition

a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory.

Violation: They define country as people and defend that people orient themselves away from nuclear

Standards

1 Real World

2 Ground

T is a voter

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park JZ | Judge: Vincent

Interpretation: On the 2016-17 September-October topic, the affirmative may only specify one of the following:

- the region in which production of nuclear power is banned
- a type of nuclear power that is banned.

Violation: They specify both the Artic and floating nuclear power plants

Standard

1 Ground

Voter for education:

Drop the debater:

No RVIs