Tournament: X | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
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Tournament: X | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Greenhill RR Round 2 - Interpretation: Plan inclusive counterplans may not be read conditionally

Harvard Trips - Interpretation: debaters may not bracket cards, or insert any of their own words into a piece of evidence written by another author in brackets, unless doing so is necessary to avoid using offensive language.

Harvard Dubs - Interpretation: the neg must explicitly check all interps in cx giving me a chance to comply.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 2 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll SM | Judge: Kukreja

Part 1 is Framing

The role of the ballot is to vote for the advocacy that best reduces material conditions of oppression.

1 – standpoint epistemology is the best starting point for moral decisions – other methods exclude some viewpoints, which makes true analysis impossible. Mills 05:

Charles Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005. brackets for ableist language
The crucial common claim—whether … in male-dominated philosophical literature.

2 – looking toward material conditions is key for effective debate. Curry 14:

Dr. Tommy J, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, and a Ray A. Rothrock Fellow at Texas AandM University; first Black JV National Debate champion (for UMKC) and was half of the first all Black CEDA team to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Debate Tournament. "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century." 2014. SA-IB
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and … our ideological tendencies and politics.’

You should trust your intuition that oppression is bad – anything else makes the debate space unsafe for those who actually face it.

Part 2 is Speech Codes

Speech codes have two oppressive manifestations –

1 – Verbal Speech Codes

a) speech codes encourage reverse enforcement – they aren’t enforced against whites but are constantly used to shut down minority voices. Friedersdorf 15:

Conor, staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. "Free Speech Is No Diversion" The Atlantic, November 12, 2015. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/race-and-the-anti-free-speech-diversion/415254/ SA-IB
In January of 1987, flyers distributed … groups. The First Amendment does."

b) censorship empowers the speech it attempts to stifle and encourages minorities to rely on antiblack and statist institutions. Strossen 2k:

Nadine, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School, President of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008. She was the first woman and the youngest person to ever lead the ACLU. Professor Strossen’s writings have been published in many scholarly and general interest publications (more than 300 published works). Her book, Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex, and the Fight for Women’s Rights, was named by the New York Times as a "Notable Book" of 1995. "Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit" New York Law School. 2000. SA-IB
The viewpoint-neutrality principle reflects … of empowering them, it enfeebles them.4

2 – Free Speech Zones

a) free speech zones allow authorities to shut down protests without appearing to do so.  Mitchell 03:

Don, Distinguished Professor of Geography at Syracuse’s Maxwell School, specializes in Cultural, political economy of landscape, social theory, labor, geographies of power and marginalization, and Marxism. "The Liberalization of Free Speech: Or, How Protest in Public Space is Silenced" Stanford Agora. Vol. 4. 2003. agora.stanford.edu/agora/volume4/articles/mitchell/mitchell.pdf SA-IB
On much of this Holmes did not disagree. His … if any effective right to free speech is to be retained.

b) speech zones discourage protest and make it more likely protests will violate some rule so the established order will have an excuse to crack down on dissent – their existence gives the authorities another excuse to arrest. Mitchell 2:

Don, Distinguished Professor of Geography at Syracuse’s Maxwell School, specializes in Cultural, political economy of landscape, social theory, labor, geographies of power and marginalization, and Marxism. "The Liberalization of Free Speech: Or, How Protest in Public Space is Silenced" Stanford Agora. Vol. 4. 2003. agora.stanford.edu/agora/volume4/articles/mitchell/mitchell.pdf SA-IB
it has not been progressive in both senses of the term. It … through the strategic geography of the public forum doctrine.

Thus the plan: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected free speech through speech codes. Lukianoff 12:

Greg, president of FIRE, published articles in the Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe, the Chronicle of Higher Education, The Atlantic, Inside Higher Ed, and the New York Post, blogger for the Huffington Post and served as a regular columnist for the Daily Journal of Los Angeles and San Francisco. "Speech Codes: The Biggest Scandal On College Campuses Today" Forbes. December 19, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/12/19/speech-codes-the-biggest-scandal-on-college-campuses-today/~~#43ebc7d01409 SA-IB
Today’s conventional wisdom seems to be that university … alone our universities, which are supposed to be our most bustling marketplaces of ideas.

Part 3 is Free Speech

1 – limiting speech gives power to the institution to determine what speech is or is not acceptable – ceding that power to the state is problematic. Wizner 12:

Ben, director of the American Civil Liberties Union’s Speech, Privacy and Technology Project, worked at the intersection of civil liberties and national security, litigating numerous cases involving airport security policies, government watch lists, surveillance practices, targeted killing, and torture. He appears regularly in the global media, has testified before Congress, and is an adjunct professor at New York University School of Law. He was the principal legal advisor to NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden. Ben is a graduate of Harvard College and New York University School of Law and was a law clerk to the Hon. Stephen Reinhardt of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. "Should There Be Limits on Freedom of Speech?" Constitution USA with Peter Sagal on PBS, accompanying statement from the ACLU. 2012. http://www.pbs.org/tpt/constitution-usa-peter-sagal/rights/limits-free-speech/~~#.WFCQkqIrKAw SA-IB
"What is freedom of expression?" asks author Salman … founders who, after all, had some pretty provocative ideas of their own. 

2 – counterspeech is empirically effective and a better method to deal with oppressive speech – even if survivors can’t, the community can. Calleros 95:

Charles R, professor of law at Arizona State University, research interests include international and comparative contract law; international conflict of laws; the intersection of free speech with race and gender discrimination; and various issues regarding legal education. "PATERNALISM, COUNTERSPEECH, AND CAMPUS HATE-SPEECH CODES: A REPLY TO DELGADO AND YUN" Arizona State Law Journal. Winter, 1995. SA-IB
Delgado and Yun characterize these arguments … some limitations on, their participation in such partisan speech. n72

3 – student activism is key to social revolution – theory must be combined with material praxis and the AFF is specifically key to foster and maintain counter hegemonic practice – this card is untouchable. Delgado and Ross 16:

Sandra Delgado, doctoral student in curriculum studies at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Her interests include social movements, critical pedagogy, curriculum studies, academic capitalism and academic freedom. Wayne E Ross, Professor in the Faculty of Education at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. "Students in Revolt: The Pedagogical Potential of Student Collective Action in the Age of the Corporate University" https://www.academia.edu/25072291/Students'in'Revolt'The'Pedagogical'Potential'of'Student'Collective'Action'in'the'Age'of'the'Corporate'University SA-IB
The last decade has been marked … experiment counter hegemonic practices.

4 – the AFF creates protest against the established order – zones shut down impromptu protest and only allowed sanctioned protest. Only the AFF creates protest that can enact actual change. Mitchell 03:

Don, Distinguished Professor of Geography at Syracuse’s Maxwell School, specializes in Cultural, political economy of landscape, social theory, labor, geographies of power and marginalization, and Marxism. "The Liberalization of Free Speech: Or, How Protest in Public Space is Silenced" Stanford Agora. Vol. 4. 2003. agora.stanford.edu/agora/volume4/articles/mitchell/mitchell.pdf SA-IB
Case 3: Zoning Protest The third case study … really means the "established order").

Underview

Adopt a stance of methodological pluralism involving indicts to my method – this is key to evaluate phenomena from different perspectives and gain the most out of education. Bleiker 14:

Roland, professor of international relations at the university of Queensland. "International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique" International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2. June 17, 2014.
This book is part of an increasing trend of scholarly works … assemblage thinking and complexity theory—links that could have been explored in more detail. 

Prior questions will never be fully settled—-must take action even under conditions of uncertainty. Cochran 99:

Molly Cochran 99, Assistant Professor of International Affairs at Georgia Institute for Technology, "Normative Theory in International Relations", 1999, pg. 272
To conclude this chapter, while modernist and postmodernist … as pragmatic critique can be a useful ally to feminist and normative theorists generally.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 4 | Opponent: Scarsdale ML | Judge: Agarwala

Only difference is a new framework

The role of the ballot is to vote for the advocacy that best reduces oppression.

1 – deciding on ethical theories requires an accurate conception of reality since all theories presume some facts about the world. Structures of oppression make an accurate epistemology of this reality impossible. Friere:

Paulo, PhD in Philosophy, Educator and Author, Leading Advocate for Critical Pedagogy, Winner of the UNESCO 1986 Prize for Education for Peace. “pedagogy of the oppressed” 2005 https://libcom.org/files/FreirePedagogyoftheOppressed.pdf SA-IB

Reality which becomes oppressive … developpement ulterieur de ces experiences.

2 – standpoint epistemology is the best starting point for moral decisions – other methods exclude some viewpoints, which makes true analysis impossible. Mills 05:

Charles Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005. brackets for ableist language

The crucial common claim—whether … realities in male-dominated philosophical literature.

3 – this co-opts truth testing, I say the that AFF statement is true if doing it results in less oppression. If the neg proves the AFF advocacy causes more oppression, then the statement "AFF advocacy ought to happen" is false.

4 – oppression turns their framework

a) arbitrariness –

b) inclusion is an epistemological prerequisite –

c) any theory that condones an unequal societal order should be rejected –

5 – looking toward material conditions is key for effective debate. Curry 14:

Dr. Tommy J, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, and a Ray A. Rothrock Fellow at Texas AandM University; first Black JV National Debate champion (for UMKC) and was half of the first all Black CEDA team to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Debate Tournament. "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century." 2014. SA-IB

Despite the pronouncement of … ideological tendencies and politics.’

6 – you should trust your intuition that oppression is bad and actions that reduce it are good – anything else makes the debate space unsafe for those who actually face oppression.

7 – an ethically modest method of evaluation is most consistent with real world decision making. Overing et al 14:

Bob Overing (TOC finalist 2012) and Adam Bistagne (triple-major in Philosophy, Economics and Mathematics, coach for Loyola) "Ethical Modesty Part 1" Premier Debate Today August 31 2014 http://premierdebatetoday.com/2014/08/31/moral-modesty-part-1-by-bob-overing-and-adam-bistagne/

First, ethical modesty seems … less about utilitarian reasons

8 – default to an offense-defense paradigm – key to fairness. Nelson 8

Adam F. Nelson, J.D.1. Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate. 2008.

And the truth-statement model … want to know how the various options affect us and the world we live in.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cabot BG | Judge: Lonam

I value morality, which deals with assigning goodness to actions. Actions are only differentiated from events if they are constituted by practical reasoning.

Rodl 2k: Sebastian, German philosopher and professor of practical philosophy at the University of Leipzig, he studied philosophy, musicology, German literature and history in Frankfurt am Main and Berlin. His work focuses on the nature of human thought and action. He contributes to philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, moral philosophy, epistemology and action theory. From 2005-2012 he was professor of philosophy at the University of Basel. "Self-Consciousness" Harvard University Press. 2007. IB
Calculation from desire does not yield a premise … of a movement, and I would not, in doing A1 and A2, be doing B.

That outweighs– even reflecting about what framework we should use concedes the authority of reasoning. Next, any moral rule must be universal as there is no inherent distinction between agents.

Velleman 06: David, Professor of Philosophy at New York University in the NYU Department of Philosophy. He taught previously for more than twenty years at the University of Michigan, Professor Velleman's work in the philosophy of action includes the book Practical Reflection (reprinted 2007, CSLI Publications) and a collection of papers, The Possibility of Practical Reason (open-access second edition 2015, Maize Books). His papers on the self are collected in Self to Self (Cambridge 2006). His work on the foundations of morality comprises two monographs: How We Get Along (Cambridge 2009) and Foundations for Moral Relativism (open-access second edition 2015, Open Book Publishers). Velleman has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheim Foundation, and he is a founding co-Editor of Philosophers' Imprint. "Self to Self" Cambridge University Press. 2006.
Rational creatures have access to a shared perspective, from … of the sum is authoritative, because it speaks for the judgment of all. 

Next, willing coercion is a contradiction because we simultaneously extend our own freedom to will while curtailing it.

Engstrom: Stephen, professor of ethics at the University of Pittsburgh, he previously taught at the University of Chicago and at Harvard, and since joining the Department he has held visiting positions at UCLA, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Chicago. His areas of interest include ethics, metaphysics, modern philosophy (especially Kant), and ancient philosophy. "Universal Legislation as the Form of Practical Knowledge." No Date. IB
Given the preceding considerations, it’s a straightforward matter to … both the extension and the limitation of both their own and others’ freedom.

A respect for everyone as ends is key to any social movement – the affirmative conceptualizes Kantian philosophy to create an emancipatory political theory.

Mills 15: Charles, the John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University, author of the Racial Contract. "Black Radical Liberalism (by Charles Mills)." February 23, 2015. http://peasoup.typepad.com/peasoup/2015/02/black-radical-liberalism-and-why-it-isnt-an-oxymoron.html
"Black radical liberalism" is my attempt to reconstruct from different … liberalism would be addressed rather than evaded. 

Thus the standard is consistency with a system of equal freedom. Prefer –

1. Human Worth – it follows from practical reason that rational beings have inherent value.

Korsgaard 96: Christine, professor of philosophy at Harvard. "The Sources of Normativity." 1996.
This is just a fancy new model of … reasons and values must be valued for its own sake.

This sense of value proves human worth – this comes before aggregation because human worth can’t be added to create more human worth.

Korsgaard 93: Christine, professor of philosophy at Harvard.  "The reasons we can share: An attack on the distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral values." Cambridge University Press, 1993. Previously published in Social Philosophy and Policy 10, no. 1: 24-51.
The difference between these two interpretations of … about value may be a consequentialist, while an Intersubjectivist will not.

Human worth generates a system of equal freedom – this creates a mutual responsibility and honor. Rightful honor means that you cannot set your worth above another.

Ripstein 09: Arthur, professor of law at the University of Toronto. "Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy." 2009. SA-IB
The same right to be your own master within a system of … characterizes as a condition in which everyone is subject to the choice of others. 

2. Governments – the right to freedom is the foundation of government authority – the state exists in order to maintain that freedom. That defines a government’s original purpose –  means the aff is the most actor specific.

Korsgaard 08: Christine, professor of philosophy at Harvard. "Taking the law into our own hands: Kant on the right to revolution." In The Constitution of Agency, 233-262. 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Originally published in Reclaiming the History of Ethics: Essays for John Rawls, eds. Andrews Reath, Barbara Herman, and Christine M. Korsgaard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Why is it permissible for others to force or coerce you to conform … transferring our executive authority to a government. 

3. Human Equality – that mandates a system of equal freedom, it’s the only way to respect equality amongst agents.

Ripstein 09: Arthur, professor of law at the University of Toronto. "Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy." 2009.
Kant offers different formulations of innate right, each of which … make your life go well, or has a pressing need that only you can satisfy.

Qualified immunity sets an officer’s worth above citizens – this allows them to wrongfully injure and act without responsibility to others – that violates equal freedom and enables police brutality.

Sand 13: Georgia, activist and reporter at Cop Block: Badges Don’t Grant Extra Rights. "Ignorance of the law is legally an excuse for police officers" March 15, 2013. http://www.copblock.org/28642/ignorance-of-the-law-is-legally-an-excuse-for-police-officers/ SA-IB
Qualified immunity is a legal doctrine by which police … may act as they please, unless the law has clearly established that doing so is a violation of the victim’s rights.

Thus the plan: On its next appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court ought to remove qualified immunity for nominal damage suits against police officers.

Pfander 11: James, the Owen L. Coon Professor of Law at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, teaches civil procedure, conflicts of law, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law. A member of the American Law Institute, Pfander has served as chair of the procedure and jurisdiction sections of the Association of American Law Schools. He has published dozens of scholarly articles and essays in such journals as the Harvard Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, and the Columbia Law Review. "RESOLVING THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DILEMMA: CONSTITUTIONAL TORT CLAIMS FOR NOMINAL DAMAGES" Faculty Working Papers, Northwestern University School of Law. 2011. SA-IB
Applying the principles in these leading cases, one can … seeking one dollar. The next part addresses these concerns.

This allows constitutional vindication and deterrence – only that prevents court backlash and maximizes the clarity of tort law.

Pfander 11: James, the Owen L. Coon Professor of Law at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, teaches civil procedure, conflicts of law, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law. A member of the American Law Institute, Pfander has served as chair of the procedure and jurisdiction sections of the Association of American Law Schools. He has published dozens of scholarly articles and essays in such journals as the Harvard Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, and the Columbia Law Review. "RESOLVING THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DILEMMA: CONSTITUTIONAL TORT CLAIMS FOR NOMINAL DAMAGES" Faculty Working Papers, Northwestern University School of Law. 2011. SA-IB
Building on these early foundations, this essay … the norms in question can be regarded as clearly established. 

This links to the standard – a) when you violate my rights, you should be held accountable and open to liability and b) when officers act however they want due to immunity from liability, that violates their responsibility to others. A respect for people as ends requires the ability to enforce liability through tort law – everyone has a unique responsibility to others.

Ripstein 04: Arthur, professor of law at the University of Toronto. "The Division of Responsibility and the Law of Tort" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 04-02. SA-IB
This brings us back to the law of tort. Almost … to set and pursue your own conception of the good.

The affirmative’s conception of Kantian philosophy is key to solve racism – this takes out any abstracting link – the affirmative employs abstraction for the purpose of a) transcending arbitrary differences between humans and affirm the inherent equality in everyone and b) abstracting away from personal interests to avoid egoism and uphold equality.

Farr 02: Arnold, professor of philosophy at University of Kentucky who focuses on German idealism, race philosophy, postmodernism, psychoanalsysis, and liberation philosophy. "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" Journal of Social Philosophy. Volume 33, No. 1. Spring 2002.
Whereas most criticisms are aimed at the formulation … categorical imperative without first exploring its emancipatory potential.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 5 | Opponent: Holy Cross TL | Judge: Thomas

1AC – Drones Adv

Litigation has a deterrence effect on drones, makes official think twice about strikes – normal judicial review indicts don’t apply to ex post suits.

Vladeck 13: Stephen, professor of law and associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School. "Drones and the War on Terror: When Can the U.S. Target Alleged American Terrorists Overseas?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary. February 27, 2013.

At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues … and laws of the United States, what does the government have to hide? 

Ex post civil suits place checks on the executive, which is especially key considering Trump’s plans for counterterror.

Hafetz 13: Jonathon, associate professor of law at Seton Hall University Law School, former senior staff attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security. "Reviewing Drones" March 08, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones'b'2815671.html IB 

The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. … drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

The aff spills over to government officials – limitation on qualified immunity specifically holds the government accountable.

Cornyn et al 01: (John, Andy Taylor First Assistant Attorney General Gregory S. Coleman Solicitor General Counsel of Record Lisa R. Eskow Assistant Solicitor General P.O. Box 12548 Austin, Texas 78711-2548 (512) 936-1700 Counsel for Amici Bill Pryor Attorney General of Alabama 11 South Union Street Montgomery, AL 36130 Bruce M. Botelho Attorney General of Alaska P.O. Box 110300 Juneau, AK 99811-0300 Mark Pryor Attorney General of Arkansas 323 Center St., Ste. 200 Little Rock, AR 72201 Bill Lockyer Attorney General of California 1300 1 Street, Ste. 125 P.O. Box 944255 Sacramento, CA 94244-2550 Ken Salazar Attorney General of Colorado 1525 Sherman St., 7th Fl. Denver, CO 80203 Richard Blumenthal Attorney General of Connecticut 55 Elm Street Hartford, CT 06141-0120 M. Jane Brady Attorney General of Delaware 820 N. French St. Wilmington, DE 19801 James E. Ryan Attorney General of Illinois 100 W. Randolph St., 12th Fl. Chicago, IL 60601 Richard P. Ieyoub Attorney General of Louisiana P.O. Box 94095 Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9095 J. Joseph Curran, Jr. Attorney General of Maryland 200 St. Paul Place Baltimore, MD 21202 Thomas F. Reilly Attorney General of Massachusetts One Ashburton Place Boston, MA 02108-1698 Mike Moore Attorney General of Mississippi P.O. Box 220 Jackson, MS 39205 Joseph P. Mazurek Attorney General of Montana 215 N. Sanders P.O. Box 201401 Helena, MT 59620-1401 Don Stenberg Attorney General of Nebraska 2115 State Capitol Lincoln, NE 68509 Eliot Spitzer Attorney General of New York The Capitol Albany, NY 12224 Heidi Heitkamp Attorney General of North Dakota 600 E. Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND 58505-0040 Betty D. Montgomery Attorney General of Ohio 30 E. Broad St., 17th Fl. Columbus, OH 43215 W.A. Drew Edmondson Attorney General of Oklahoma 2300 N. Lincoln Blvd., Ste. 112 Oklahoma City, OK 73105-4894 Hardy Myers Attorney General of Oregon 1162 Court St. N.E. Salem, OR 97310 D. Michael Fisher Attorney General of Pennsylvania 16th Fl., Strawberry Square Harrisburg, PA 17120 Charles M. Condon Attorney General of South Carolina P.O. Box 11549 Columbia, SC 29211 Mark Barnett Attorney General of South Dakota 500 East Capitol Avenue Pierre, SD 57501-5070 Paul G. Summers Attorney General of Tennessee 425 Fifth Ave., North Nashville, TN 37243 Jan Graham Attorney General of Utah 236 State Capitol Salt Lake City, UT 84114 William H. Sorrell Attorney General of Vermont 109 State Street Montpelier, VT 05609-1001 Christine O. Gregoire Attorney General of Washington 1125 Washington Street P.O. Box 40100 Olympia, WA 98504-0100 Brief of The States of Texas, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut,¶ Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Washington as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner)

The "reasonable mistake" is one of the … as it strikes the best "balance between the evils inevitable in an available alternative." See Harlow, 457 U.S., at 813.

1AC – Brutality Adv

QI’s rhetoric allows officers to enjoy it in literally every case – means that current forms of qualified immunity will never solve.

Carbado 16: Drew, Devon, Associate Vice Chancellor of BruinX for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion and the Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law.  He teaches Constitutional Criminal Procedure, Constitutional Law, Critical Race Theory, and Criminal Adjudication. He has won numerous teaching awards, including being elected Professor of the Year by the UCLA School of Law classes of 2000 and 2006 and received the Law School's Rutter Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2003 and the University's Distinguished Teaching Award, the Eby Award for the Art of Teaching in 2007. In 2005 Professor Carbado was named an inaugural recipient of the Fletcher Foundation Fellowship. "Blue-On-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" Georgetown Law Journal. July 11, 2016. SA-IB

A second problem with the "clearly established" doctrine … hurdle to holding police officers accountable for acts of violence. 

QI enables and encourages police brutality – the law holds police to a lower standard than people.

Sand 13: Georgia, activist and reporter at Cop Block: Badges Don’t Grant Extra Rights. "Ignorance of the law is legally an excuse for police officers" March 15, 2013. http://www.copblock.org/28642/ignorance-of-the-law-is-legally-an-excuse-for-police-officers/ SA-IB

"Ignorance of the law is no excuse." Undoubtedly, … doing so is a violation of the victim’s rights.

1AC – ND Plan

Thus the plan: On its next appropriate test case, the United States Supreme Court ought to remove qualified immunity for nominal damage suits against police officers.

Pfander 11: James, the Owen L. Coon Professor of Law at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, teaches civil procedure, conflicts of law, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law. A member of the American Law Institute, Pfander has served as chair of the procedure and jurisdiction sections of the Association of American Law Schools. He has published dozens of scholarly articles and essays in such journals as the Harvard Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, and the Columbia Law Review. "RESOLVING THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DILEMMA: CONSTITUTIONAL TORT CLAIMS FOR NOMINAL DAMAGES" Faculty Working Papers, Northwestern University School of Law. 2011. SA-IB

Applying the principles in these leading cases, … constitutional case at the behest of a plaintiff seeking one dollar. The next part addresses these concerns.

This allows constitutional vindication and deterrence – only that prevents court backlash and maximizes the clarity of tort law.

Pfander 11: James, the Owen L. Coon Professor of Law at the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, teaches civil procedure, conflicts of law, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law. A member of the American Law Institute, Pfander has served as chair of the procedure and jurisdiction sections of the Association of American Law Schools. He has published dozens of scholarly articles and essays in such journals as the Harvard Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, and the Columbia Law Review. "RESOLVING THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DILEMMA: CONSTITUTIONAL TORT CLAIMS FOR NOMINAL DAMAGES" Faculty Working Papers, Northwestern University School of Law. 2011. SA-IB

Building on these early foundations, this essay … the norms in question can be regarded as clearly established. 

1AC – Framing

The role of the ballot is to vote for the advocacy that best mitigates oppression. Debate in academic spaces is key – oppression permeates our society and breaks apart any attempted shift away from dominant ideology. Resisting it in educational spaces is key to any meaningful alternative.

Giroux 15: Henry, Professor and founding theorist of critical pedagogy and he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, cultural studies, youth studies, higher education, media studies, and critical theory. In 2002 Routledge named Giroux as one of the top fifty educational thinkers of the modern period. "Beyond Dystopian Visions in the Age of Neoliberal Authoritarianism." Nov 4, 2015 SA-IB

If neoliberal authoritarianism is to be challenged and overcome, it is crucial that … sustain public commitments, develop a sense of compassion for others, locally and globally. 

This requires a focus on material conditions of oppression – abstract theorizing is the same as doing nothing – in the end, deontology and yelling ‘burn it down’ both skirt the issues.

Curry 14: Dr. Tommy J, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, and a Ray A. Rothrock Fellow at Texas AandM University; first Black JV National Debate champion (for UMKC) and was half of the first all Black CEDA team to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Debate Tournament. "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century." 2014. SA-IB

Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual … among our ideological tendencies and politics.’

Adopt a stance of methodological pluralism involving indicts to our method – this is key to evaluate phenomena from different perspectives and gain the most out of education.

Bleiker 14: (6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, "International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique," International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327)

This book is part of an increasing trend … here with arguments advanced by assemblage thinking and complexity theory—links that could have been explored in more detail. 

Progress has occurred though legal change —- pessimism ignores specific reforms that achieved lasting reductions in racial inequality.

Omi and Winant 13: Michael Omi (Sociologist at UC Berkeley, focusing on antiracism scholarship and Asian American studies) and Howard Winant (Professor of Sociology affiliated with the Black Studies and Chicana/o Studies departments of UC Santa Barbara), Resistance is futile?: a response to Feagin and Elias, Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 36, Issue 6, p. 961-973, Special Issue: Symposium - Rethinking Racial Formation Theory. 2013.
— desegregation of the army, the Voting Rights Act, the Immigration and Naturalization Act, repeal of anti-miscegenation laws
— spills over to legal access for feminism, gay liberation, and the environmentalist and anti-war movements
— antiblackness is political, not ontological; incarceration is used as a tool to suppress voting rights, women of color are policed via reproductive rights laws

In Feagin and Elias's account, white racist rule … environmentalist and anti-war movements among others

Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake AM | Judge: Vincent, Randall, Kueffner

Part One – Framing:

The standard is mitigating structural violence. Structural violence is inherently flawed because it occurs because of arbitrary differences we perceive between different groups of people. Winter and Leighton 99:

Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgeable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 SA-IB

Finally, to recognize the operation of … empower citizens to reduce it

Focus on material realities of oppression is key – abstract thinking about moral norms reifies oppression. Curry 14:

Curry, Dr. Tommy J. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, and a Ray A. Rothrock Fellow at Texas AandM University; first Black JV National Debate champion (for UMKC) and was half of the first all Black CEDA team to win the Pi Kappa Delta National Debate Tournament “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century.” SA-IB

Despite the pronouncement of debate … our ideological tendencies and politics.’

Part Two – Armenia:

Armenia wants new reactors, but they have been delayed – all they have is Metsamor and that’s what they’re stuck with. Sahakyan 4/27:

Armine, human rights activist in Armenia and columnist at the Kyiv Post and the Huffington Post. “Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area” April 27, 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb_b_9788186.html SA-IB

Armenia was supposed to have … Some nuclear experts agree, but some don’t.

Metsamor is going to explode – it’s built on earthquake terrain and relies on old technology – no containment for the meltdown. Lavelle and Garthwaithe 11:

Marianne Lavelle and Josie Garthwaithe, National Geographic News. “Is Armenia’s Nuclear Plant the World’s Most Dangerous?” April 14, 2011. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/04/110412-most-dangerous-nuclear-plant-armenia/ SA-IB

In the shadow of Mount Ararat, the … a report by the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute.

Metsamor’s meltdown would destroy their agriculture and spread radiation across neighboring countries. Sahakyan 4/27:

Armine, human rights activist in Armenia and columnist at the Kyiv Post and the Huffington Post. “Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area” April 27, 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb_b_9788186.html SA-IB

An accident at Metsamor would … and Armenian neighbors Georgia and Iran.

Armenian agricultural collapse causes mass poverty. McKinley 02:

Terry, Senior Policy Adviser on poverty and macroeconomic policies in the Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP, New York. “Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in Armenia” Chapter 4: Poverty and the Character of Growth. August 2002.

The impact of agriculture on poverty … agricultural wealth had a propoor impact. 

Thus the plan: The Republic of Armenia ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. Only the plan solves – no new infrastructure for new plants – if they want production, they will have to take loans which fractures their economy. McGinnity 15:

Ian, Region Studies Center (a think tank in Armenia that analyzes policy options for the government and does risk analysis for the results of those policies). “Risky Business – Roadblocks to Building Armenia’s New Nuclear Power Plant” May 25, 2015. http://regional-studies.org/blog/445-250515#_edn4

Most importantly, Armenia faces feeble … investors against risk of failure.

Part Three – Underview:

Reject the argument on T—if they win I’ll defend whole res. A) Substantive education—theory layer goes away and we get to debate the aff advantages which still apply—outweighs since education is the only reason people join the debate. B) Aff strat—dropping the debater makes affirming impossible because there’s always some interp that the aff violates.

Specifying is good – its key to policymaking because literally no one advocates for a global ban. Energy policies in different countries are extremely different and require context which means that only specifying can lead to education about the topic.

Aff gets RVIs – 1. AFF flex – neg has the ability to collapse to either layer so aff needs the same ability– this outweighs. A. 2NR collapse – time skew becomes 6-1 since I have to cover multiple layers in the 1AR, which makes it impossible to win B. 1AR is too short to read theory compared to the neg so AFF needs each layer to be reciprocal rather than adding more unreciprocal avenues 2. Only neg can read T because only AFF has a T burden so since aff can’t reciprocally respond they need the RVI to compensate for neg’s unique avenue to the ballot.

Adopt a stance of methodological pluralism – that allows us to reclaim IR as an emancipatory praxis and avoid endless violence. Bleiker 14:

(6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, “International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique,” International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327)

This book is part of an increasing … could have been explored in more detail. 

Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making-~--avoids cooption. Donohue 13:

Laura K. Donohue 13, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11, “National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations”, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf

The concept of simulations as … , it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Policymaking is good and valuable – key for emancipation. Coverstone 05:

Alan, MBA. “Acting on Activism”

Now what distinguishes ideal …conceptions of the social order.

Tournament: Sophomore RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland SS | Judge: Chapman, Stancliffe

Advantage One is China: China plans to build floating nuclear reactors in the South China Sea. Roulstone 16:

Tony, Cambridge Nuclear Energy Center. “Fukushima at sea? China wants a fleet of floating nuclear power plants” May 10, 2016. http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/28/opinions/china-floating-nuclear-reactors/

China is planning to build … expected to be oil-rich waters.

China needs floating nuclear power to power military operations on the islands they have created – only floating nuclear allows the islands to work. Forsythe 4/22:

Michael, writes for the New York Times. “China to develop floating nuclear power plants” April 22, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/world/asia/china-nuclear-power-south-china-sea.html?_r=0 SA-IB

All the radar systems, lighthouses, … large buildings such as barracks.

China uses nuclear power to combat The Hague ruling – floating nuclear power is key to their hegemony. Follett 7/27:

Andrew, Energy and science reporter. “Chinese Gov Media: We Can Put Nuclear Reactors In Disputed Waters By 2019” July 27, 2016. http://dailycaller.com/2016/07/27/chinese-gov-media-we-can-put-nuclear-reactors-in-disputed-waters-by-2019/ SA-IB

A Chinese state-run news outlet … , according to the World Nuclear Association.

Floating nuclear power allows increased radar capacities and anti-navy powers. Wood 16:

L. Todd. “China to build nuclear power plants in the South China Sea” April 24, 2016. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/apr/24/china-build-floating-nuclear-power-plants-south-ch/ SA-IB

China is planning to … range, reported the Sydney Morning Herald.

That kills US influence in the region – increased radar range crushes navy power – risks conflict and threatens war. Forsythe and Perlez 16:

Michale and Jane. “South China Sea Buildup Brings Beijing Closer to Realizing Control” March 08, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/world/asia/south-china-sea-militarization.html SA-IB

Since taking office three years ago, … efforts to develop countermeasures against it.

US Navy weakness and Chinese domination of the South China Sea mean US-China war. Rubel 14:

Robert C. Rubel 14, Dean of Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College, “Navies and Economic Prosperity: The New Logic of Sea Power,” in Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career, p.60-68

Systems thinking recognize and acknowledge … current global economic woes—prosperity.

Advantage Two is Russian Artic Exploration: Russia wants to explore the artic but they need energy – floating nuclear plants are their plan, that’s the only way they can drill. Galpin 10:

Richard. “Nuclaer power at heart of Russia’s Artic Ambition” BBC. Sept 22, 2010. 

In a grimy shipyard in St Petersburg, … sea near large gas rigs.

That causes warming and massive emissions. Kroh and Marano 13:

Kiley and Howard. “Adding Fuel to the Fire: The Climate Consequences of Artic Ocean Drilling” March 21, 2013. 

The prospect of industrializing the fragile … incompatible with expanding fossil-fuel production.

Thus the plan: Countries should prohibit the production of floating nuclear power plants. Grossman 10:

Karl, has specialized in doing investigative reporting in a variety of media for more than 40 years. He teaches as well as practices journalism. He is a professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury. “Floating Chernobyls” Sept 03, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/karl-grossman SA-IB

They would be floating Chernobyls. … initiative that Russia should emulate.

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing for two reasons.

First reduction, Brain studies prove that there’s no such thing as personal identity. Parfit 84:

Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984).

Some recent Recent medical cases … answers. written by this person’s two hands.

In the absence of personal identity, only end states matter. Shoemaker 99:

David Shoemaker (Dept of Philosophy, U Memphis). “Utilitarianism and Personal Identity.” The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999. http://www.csun.edu/~ds56723/jvipaper.pdf

Extreme reductionism might lend…  is just such a theory.

Second, my standard controls the link to any practical reason or contract frameworks because rational agents would consent to a universal law to maximize utility to increase the chance of their own interests being satisfied.

Rejection of current IR paradigm magnifies hierarchy – emancipation rhetoric gives powerful states a basis for intervention and robs the Third World of agency – traditional security models solve their impacts better. McCormack 10:

Tara McCormack, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, pg. 127-129

The following section will briefly … critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Prosper MK | Judge: Willis
I slapped this aff together in ten minutes so that I could debate in front of a trad judge. I will never read this again and I took a lot of the cards from affs that were flashed to me, so that explains the fact that random initials (not mine) are at the end of the cards

Because ‘ought’ implies a moral obligation, I value morality. Traditional ethics separates people into in groups and out groups. This creates imaginary separation that makes violence towards those in out groups acceptable. Unlike traditional violence, moral exclusion allows for structural violence to occur. Winter and Leighton 99:

Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgeable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 

Finally, to recognize the operation … empower citizens to reduce it.

Thus, my criterion is promoting moral inclusion.

Contention One is the Problem:

The nuclear industry profits from and re-entrenches environmental racism- need to shift to renewables now. Chen 11:

(Michelle, March 23rd, Colorlines' Global Justice columnist. She is a regular contributor on labor issues at In These Times, as well as a member of the magazine's Board of Editors. Michelle's reporting has appeared in Ms. Magazine, AirAmerica, Alternet, Newsday, the Progressive Media Project, and her old zine, cain. Prior to joining Colorlines, she wrote for the independent news collective The NewStandard, “The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy”, Colorlines

When the apocalyptic cloud erupted … fears of its global consequences.

Nuclear plants exploit poor migrant labor and deem workers expendable – colonialism manifests itself through governments taking land from local farmers and maintaining closed contracts that doom vulnerable populations. Biswas 14

Shampa Biswas Paul Garrett Professor of Political Science at Whitman College, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1999, M.A., International Relations, Maxwell School of Citizenship, Syracuse University, 1990, M.A., Economics, Dehli School of Economics, University of Dehli, 1988, “Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order,” Chapter: Costly Weapons: The Political Economy of Nuclear Power, University of Minnesota Press, 2014

It should not surprise us, then …  the severe e ects of nuclear nonuse. 

Indigenous people are viewed as resources – modern day colonialism drives nuclear testing on indigenous lands and corporations now consider native’ land theirs. Kamps 01:

Kevin, Nuclear Waste Expert. “Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty and Nuclear Waste” Nuclear Information and Resource Service, February 15, 2001. SA-IB

Nevadans and Utahans living downwind … the Earth spokesperson Winona LaDuke. 

AND– the state is obsessed with nuclear power because of the military industrial complex– means that renewables always get overlooked for more costly nuclear alternative. Shrader-Frechette 08:

(Kristin, June 23rd, O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.1 Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, “Five Myths About Nuclear Energy”, America Magazine)

If atomic energy is really … riskier, more costly nuclear alternative?

Despite its problems nuclear power continues to enjoy heavy state subsidies because governments view nuclear power as critical to security legitimacy. Stoett 03

(Peter, February 2003, main areas of expertise include international relations and law, global environmental politics, and human rights.  Prior to joining Concordia University in 1998 taught at the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, the University of Guelph, and the University of Waterloo, written, co-written, and co-edited over ten books and over 50 peer reviewed articles, chapters in edited books, and occasional papers. He has conducted research in Europe (including the Balkans), eastern, southern and western Africa, central America, and Asia. From April to July 2013 he was an Erasmus Fellow and taught at the International Institute for Social Studies at the Hague, Netherlands. From January-June, 2012 he was the Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canadian-American Relations at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Canada Institute, in Washington, D.C., He is also a Senior Research Fellow with the Europe-based Earth Systems Governance Project of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, PhD from Queen’s University, “Toward Renewed Legitimacy? Nuclear Power, Global Warming, and Security”, Global Environmental Politics, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2003, pp. 99-116 (Article)

In the United States and elsewhere, … background for such a research project.

Contention Two is the Solution:

I advocate that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. Hyper specific questions of implementation aren’t important – there is no one method of decommissioning. The affirmative defends the resolution as a general principle and defends a phase out model as a recognition that nuclear power is not viable. Phase out is the only viable way to get rid of nuclear power. Lucas 12:

Caroline, MP for Brighton Pavillion and a member of the cross-party parliamentary environment audit committee. “Why we must phase out nuclear power” Feb 17, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power SA-IB

The inherent risk in the … to give up on nuclear power.

Shift from nuclear inevitable – ban is key now for shift to renewables. Schonau 09:

Electricity Schönau. German Power Company “100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power.” 2009.

On a worldwide scale, nuclear … together with relevant references. 

We are in the midst of a global “nuclear renaissance”- corporate propaganda markets nuclear power as the only solution to climate change in order to shut down democratic deliberation about alternative energy futures. Wasserman 16

Harvey, http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/29/ny-times-pushes-nukes-while-claiming-renewables-fail-to-fight-climate-change/,7-29

The idea that nuclear power … to hide that obvious reality.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: Cavanaugh, Taylor

Modern framing of nature has descended into technological thought – the viewing of nature of a resource spills over into all other thinking and controls our moral norms. Brown 03:

Charles, professor of philosophy at Emporia. “The Real and the Good: Phenomenology and the Possibility of an Axiological Rationality” 2003 SA-IB

To begin to discover the possibilities … biotic web (and perhaps beyond). 

Modern technology establishes a worldview that makes every entity a part of the standing reserve and false epistemology and science perfect technological thought. Weinberger 92:

Jerry, professor of political science at michigan state. “Politics and the Problem of Technology: An Essary on Heidegger and the Tradition of Political Philosophy” The American Political Science Review.

NIHILISM AND BEING For Heidegger, … between being and its domains. 

Our attempt to manage technology and resources results in calculative thought, which is at the root cause of years of damage. McWhorter 92:

Ladelle, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Northeast Missouri State University. “Heidegger and the Earth” 1992 SA-IB

Thinking today must concern itself  … problems, what should we do? 

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who provides the best method to break down technological thought. Ecological Thoughtprint 11:

Ecological Thoughtprint (website for educators that promote sustainability education and teach ecological epistemology) “Dualism doesn’t make sense” December 4, 2011. https://ecologicalthoughtprint.org/2011/12/04/dualism-doesnt-make-sense/

Have you ever asked someone, … in a distant industrial land.

Nuclear power is inherently technological thought – the nature of the concept represents a dangerous path into human control of nature. Kokubun 13:

Koichiro, Associate Professor @ Takasaki City University of Economics. “Philosiphy in the Atomic Age” May 30, 2013. SA-IB

Having said that, the word … beings to overcome this power. 

Nuclear power engages in calculative thought kills value to life – turns nature and humanity into standing reserve. McWhorter 92:

Ladelle, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Northeast Missouri State University. “Heidegger and the Earth” 1992 SA-IB

The danger of a managerial, … or populations to be controlled. 

Indigenous people are viewed as resources – modern day colonialism drives nuclear testing on indigenous lands and corporations now consider native’ land theirs. Kamps 01:

Kevin, Nuclear Waste Expert. “Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty and Nuclear Waste” Nuclear Information and Resource Service, February 15, 2001. SA-IB

Nevadans and Utahans living downwind … the Earth spokesperson Winona LaDuke. 

Thus I advocate that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. Hyper specific questions of implementation aren’t important – there is no one method of decommissioning. The affirmative defends the resolution as a general principle and defends a phase out model as a recognition that nuclear power is not viable. Phase out is the only viable way to get rid of nuclear power. Lucas 12:

Caroline, MP for Brighton Pavillion and a member of the cross-party parliamentary environment audit committee. “Why we must phase out nuclear power” Feb 17, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power SA-IB

The inherent risk in the … give up on nuclear power.

And ‘ought’ simply entails an ideal or a valuation – the affirmative orients itself to a value of countries prohibiting nuclear power. Robinson 71:

Richard, Oriel College Oxford. “Ought and Ought Not” Philosophy Vol. 46, Issue 177, pp 193-202. July 1971. SA-IB

Many ought-sentences are not prescriptive. … They are expressing an ideal.

The resolution is a pedagogical starting point to examine our relationship to nature – nuclear power is the perfection of technological thought – the creation of a system in which nature is forced to give all it has so that humanity can maintain energy use. Nuclear power represents humanity’s challenge to nature. Kokobun 13:

Koichiro, Associate Professor @ Takasaki City University of Economics. “Philosiphy in the Atomic Age” May 30, 2013. SA-IB

Heidegger had great insight into … the world of living things. 

The affirmative empirically causes a shift to wind and solar power – japan proves. Watanabe 11:

Chisaki, Meridian Energy and author at Bloomberg. “Japan Spurs Solar, Wing Energy With Subsidies for Renewables” August 26, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-08-26/japan-passes-renewable-energy-bill-one-precondition-of-kan-s-resignation SA-IB

Japan approved a bill today  … generate more than 1 gigawatt.

Toxic preservation of existence and technological thought lead to coercion of other entities – as we are deemed more important. Burke 07:

Burke ‘7 (Anthony Burke, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence, and Reason”, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, Project Muse)

Thus war and existence are … enemy to do our will'.11

This attempt to control our surroundings leads to a violent determination to shape and secure the realities around us – this results in falsified military predictions. Carr 10:

Matt Carr, freelance writer, published in Race and Class, Slouching towards dystopia: the new military futurism, http://www.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org/libri20in20regalo/201020CARR20New-Military-Futurism.pdf

This determination to shape, control … are often very grim indeed.

Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: 2 | Opponent: Newark Science OA | Judge: Bietz

Modern framing of nature has descended into technological thought – the viewing of nature of a resource spills over into all other thinking and controls our moral norms. Brown 03:

Charles, professor of philosophy at Emporia. “The Real and the Good: Phenomenology and the Possibility of an Axiological Rationality” 2003 SA-IB

To begin to discover the possibilities … biotic web (and perhaps beyond). 

Our attempt to manage technology and resources results in calculative thought, which is at the root cause of years of damage. McWhorter 92

Ladelle, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Northeast Missouri State University. “Heidegger and the Earth” 1992 SA-IB

Thinking today must concern … problems, what should we do? 

Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who provides the best method to break down dualism and technological thought. Ecological Thoughtprint 11

Ecological Thoughtprint (website for educators that promote sustainability education and teach ecological epistemology) “Dualism doesn’t make sense” December 4, 2011. https://ecologicalthoughtprint.org/2011/12/04/dualism-doesnt-make-sense/

Have you ever asked someone, … factory in a distant industrial land.

Nuclear power is inherently technological thought – the nature of the concept represents a dangerous path into human control of nature. Kokubun 13:

Koichiro, Associate Professor @ Takasaki City University of Economics. “Philosophy in the Atomic Age” May 30, 2013. SA-IB

Having said that, the word “peace”, … beings to overcome this power. 

Corporate propaganda markets nuclear power as the only solution to climate change to shut down deliberation about alternative energy futures. Wasserman 16

(Harvey, http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/29/ny-times-pushes-nukes-while-claiming-renewables-fail-to-fight-climate-change/,7-29)

The idea that nuclear power might … that try to hide that obvious reality.

Nuclear power engages in calculative thought kills value to life – turns nature and humanity into standing reserve. McWhorter 92:

Ladelle, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Northeast Missouri State University. “Heidegger and the Earth” 1992 SA-IB

The danger of a managerial approach …managed, or populations to be controlled.

Certain Natives are viewed as resources – modern day colonialism drives nuclear testing on native lands and corporations now consider native’ land theirs. Kamps 01:

Kevin, Nuclear Waste Expert. “Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty and Nuclear Waste” Nuclear Information and Resource Service, February 15, 2001. SA-IB

Nevadans and Utahans living downwind … the Earth spokesperson Winona LaDuke. 

Thus I affirm the resolution as a statement that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. Hyper specific questions of implementation aren’t important – there is no one method of decommissioning. The affirmative presents the resolution as a general principle and as a recognition that nuclear power is not viable. Phase out is the only viable way to get rid of nuclear power. Lucas 12:

Caroline, MP for Brighton Pavillion and a member of the cross-party parliamentary environment audit committee. “Why we must phase out nuclear power” Feb 17, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power SA-IB

The inherent risk in the use of … to give up on nuclear power.

The resolution is a pedagogical starting point to examine our relationship to nature – nuclear power is the perfection of technological thought – the creation of a system in which nature is forced to give all it has so that humanity can maintain energy use. Nuclear power represents humanity’s challenge to nature. Kokobun 13:

Koichiro, Associate Professor @ Takasaki City University of Economics. “Philosophy in the Atomic Age” May 30, 2013. SA-IB 

Heidegger had great insight into … damage to the world of living things.

The affirmative empirically causes a shift to wind and solar power – japan proves. Watanabe 11:

Chisaki, Meridian Energy and author at Bloomberg. “Japan Spurs Solar, Wing Energy With Subsidies for Renewables” August 26, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-08-26/japan-passes-renewable-energy-bill-one-precondition-of-kan-s-resignation SA-IB

Japan approved a bill today to …typically generate more than 1 gigawatt.

Shift away from nuclear is inevitable due to decreasing uranium supply – banning nuclear power is key to ensure renewable jobs and grow the industry now. Schonau 09:

Electricity Schönau. German Power Company “100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power.” 2009.

On a worldwide scale, nuclear power … new good reason, just submit it to info@100- gute-gruende.de together with relevant references. 

Toxic preservation of existence and technological thought lead to coercion of other entities – as we are deemed more important. Burke 07:

Burke ‘7 (Anthony Burke, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence, and Reason”, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, Project Muse)

Thus war and existence are … enemy to do our will'.11

This attempt to control our surroundings leads to a violent determination to shape and secure the realities around us – this results in falsified military predictions. Carr 10:

Matt Carr, freelance writer, published in Race and Class, Slouching towards dystopia: the new military futurism, http://www.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org/libri20in20regalo/201020CARR20New-Military-Futurism.pdf

This determination to shape, control …are often very grim indeed.