Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Aviation ER | Judge: Addie MacNamara

Their framing certainly does not resist capitalism commodification. Despite the best intentions, Difference and identity can and must only be understood from a class-based perspective. This is key to creating a successful movement capable of catalyzing ethical demands at the global level

D'Annibale and McLaren 2004 (Valerie Catamburio, PhD, chairs the Graduate Program in Communication and Social Justice at the University of Windsor, and Peter, professor in the Division of Urban Schooling, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, UCLA, "The Strategic Centrality of Class in the Politics of "Race" and "Difference"," Cultural Studies = Critical Methodologies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 148-175 (2003))
Because post-al theories of difference often circumvent the material dimensions of difference and
AND
cultures and genuine toleration of differences?" (pp. 232- 233).

Modern capitalism ensures that Differentiations exist between the ontological worlds of identity politics. These differentiations are central to violence and extermination and necessitate unending war. The alternatives presupposition of ethical equality is a prerequisite to dealing with zones of sacrifice like debate

Balibar, 2001 (Etienne, Emeritus Prof. of Philosophy @ U. of Paris X Nanterre and U. of Cal., Irvine, "Outlines of a Topography of Cruelty: Citizenship and Civility in the Era of Global Violence," Constellations, Vol. 8.1)
this paper is based on a talk which I was asked to deliver in November
AND
which, in the first instance, seem to be mainly "economic."

The performance of the 1AC only serves to prop up capitalism – modern day capitalism is fueled by an emphasis on difference and counter-culture

Frank 97 ~Thomas Frank, Johnny Can't Dissent: Commodify your dissent, copyright 1997~
The patron saints of the countercultural idea are, of course, the Beats,
AND
myriad colors and irrepressible variety of the cigarette rack at 7-Eleven.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the team whose ethical orientation best catalyzes political organization against Capital – prefer our Role of the Ballot because you have an ethical obligation to assume responsibility for your actions and the millions subjected by global capitalism. Even if the aff take steps against capitalism, it's not enough – they're like the girl who writes "resist capitalism" on their iphone and posts it on their twitter wall – their counterculture becomes a "hip" commodity that's incorporated into the marketplace.

Our ethico-political obligation is to assume responsibility for our actions. Capitalism render's its victims anonymous and ensures that the aff's personal focus never come to terms with the billions of degraded life choices globally

Slavoj Zizek and Glyn Daly, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, 2004, Conversations With Zizek, p. 14-16
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix. 

This debate is about competing methodologies. The question at the end of the debate is whose ethical orientation best catalyzes political organization against Capital. Vote negative to affirm the Communist Hypothesis as a prerequisite to political or personal calculations, which ensure that discussions in debate continue to operate from within a broader framework of capitalistic competition

Badiou 2009 (Alain, Prof. @ European Graduate … ,The Meaning of Sarkozy, pgs. 97-103 bb)
I would like to situate the Sarkozy episode, which is not an impressive page
AND
the moment at which we find ourselves in the history of this hypothesis.

This round is key – every act of discussion must be understood as a point of metaphoric condensation for Communism. Voting negative means the assuming with full ethical force that the battle is already won.

BADIOU2010 ~ALAIN, The Communist Hypothesis Translated by David Macey and Steve Corcoran 2010 p 252-257
Let's recapitulate as simply as possible. A truth is the political real. History
AND
. That is why the real must be exposed in a fictional structure.

We must have the courage to reinvent and remain faith to the idea of communism. The world of the status quo is not necessary and should be abolished. This radical starting point is good enough to create possibilities for new politics

BADIOU, 2010 ~ALAIN, The Communist Hypothesis Translated by David Macey and Steve Corcoran 2010 p 62-67
Having closed that parenthesis, we can say that we are still struggling with the
AND
that what deserves to be called a real politics begins with that conviction.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodlands MH | Judge: Arun Sharma
A. Interpretation- The aff advocacy must advocate the action that is described by the resolution. To clarify, you can’t fiat an action outside of the scope of the res, whose effects are within the scope of the res—you can’t be effects topical
B. Violation- They advocate x-this isn’t a gurantee of a right to housing but rather leads to it
C. Standards-

1. Predictability
   2. Ground
   D. Voter- Vote on education
   analytic
    And, vote on fairness
   analytic
   Drop the debater
   analytic
   analytic
   And, prefer competing interps to reasonability
   analytic
   analytic
   analytic
   And, no RVI 2 warrants:
   analytic
   analytic

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Boca Raton OL | Judge: Paul Gravley
A. Interpretation-The aff must defend the implementation of the resolution. To clarify, you violate by claiming you don’t have to defend the effects of the aff plan.
B. Violation
C. Standards

1. Strat skew
   2. Ground
   3. Advocacy skills

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodlands MH | Judge: Arun Sharma
A. Interpretation—If the aff reads a plan it must have a solvency advocate
B. Violation—
C. Vote Neg

1. Predictable limits
   2. Real world

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus DI | Judge: Sabate

Far from wanting to silence their performance, the debate community is waiting to watch it with bated breath. white settler colonialism has always thought that scars make your body more interesting, that pain is more compelling than privilege, and that struggling hard in life makes you "real" and "authentic." academics perversely fetishize suffering vicariously. they will never experience it, but love to valorize it. judges happily gobble up this easily-consumable narrative of black suffering and dysfunction. this feeds the colonialism inherent in the academy.

Tuck and Yang 14 – prof of nat am studies @ suny and prof of ethnic studies @ cal
(E. and K., R-words: Refusing research)
We are struck by the pervasive silence on questions regarding the contemporary rationale(s
AND
doing so, recirculate common tropes of dysfunction, abuse, and neglect.

Desiring narratives of pain is rooted in a fetishization of authenticity – the oppressed are never the oppressed until they tell us their stories of suffering. Such academic voyeurism ties the notion of progressive politics to bodies in pain ensuring that pain can never be overcame for fear of losing one's authenticity.

Tuck and Yang, 2014 (Eve – Associate Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies @ the State University of New York at New Paltz, and K. Wayne – Assistant Professor in the Ethnic Studies Department @ UC San Diego, "R-Words: Refusing Research", https://faculty.newpaltz.edu/evetuck/files/2013/12/Tuck-and-Yang-R-Words_Refusing-Research.pdf, shae)
Scholars of qualitative research Alecia Youngblood Jackson and Lisa Mazzei (2009) have critically
AND
loss and pain the objects of their inquiry (see also Tuck and Guishard

====An aff ballot constitutes a seal of approval by the university to endorse their methods within the university, they have officially engaged in the epistemological assimilation game====
Tuck and Yang 14 ~Eve, and K.W., "R-Words: Refusing Research." In n D. Paris and M. T. Winn (Eds.) Humanizing research: Decolonizing qualitative inquiry with youth and communities (pp. 223-248). Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage Publications. Pp. 236and237~
Many scholars may feel motivated to reimagine such activities as research, presumably in order
AND
the benefits of what might be a dialogical relationship between research and art. 

The 1AC reifies a logic of settler colonialism through its interpretation of subaltern voice—refuse to participate in the marketplace of trauma

Tuck and Yang 14 ~Eve, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz, and K. Wayne, Associate Professor in Ethnic Studies at UC San Diego, "R-Words: Refusing Research," Humanizing Research, p. 224-6~fw
Our thinking and writing in this essay is informed by our readings of postcolonial literatures
AND
2010, p. 8) takes the shape of a pain narrative.

The alternative is a politics of refusal

Refusal is not just a "no," it is a redirection. This redirects our attention and research efforts to the violating instruments, not the violated body. this adequately portrays and represents suffering in a way such that we can study it and work against it, but it refuses to satisfy the fascination with suffering, it refuses to satiate the morbid curiosity of the spectator, it refuses to play by the representational rules of White settler colonialism, and it de-spectaclizes suffering. Refusal is key to shift from damage-focus to survival. This is not just ensuring that people continue to survive but actually live full lives based in desire

Tuck, 2009 (Eve – Associate Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies @ the State University of New York at New Paltz, "Suspending Damage: A Letter to Communities", Harvard Educational Review 79.3, http://jakeyspdfs.pbworks.com/f/Eve20Tuck_HEdPress.pdf, shae)
I humbly submit that the time has come for our communities to refuse to be
AND
is to live as Onkwehonwe ~original people~. (p. 34)

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Bronx Sci ZP | Judge: Ortega, Montecalvo, Ciocca

The counter rob is to vote for the debater who best deconstructs antiblackness

Prefer 1) this is key to deconstructing what it even means to be disabled 

Refusal of ableism within civil society is merely the upending of a conflict within civil society which mystifies the fundamental antagonism which structures America and the World: the absolute non-being of blackness – anti-blackness provides ontological and conceptual coherence to any notion of a "human" subject

Kim 13, Hyo K. Kim is an assistant professor of English at Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, where he teaches Asian American literature and literary theory. He is currently involved in two research projects; one editing a collection of critical essays on Theresa Cha's Dictee; another is a book-length study exploring the connections between minor affects and the aesthetics of minority literatures in the United States, Published in Penumbra: An Interdisciplinary Journal  of Critical and Creative Inquiry, http://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-ruse-of-analogy-blackness-in-asian-american-and-disability-studies/
For instance, what at first glance seems merely naïve―that is the observation
AND
an erasure because … their grammars of suffering are irreconcilable. (37)

Disability studies replicates whiteness

Bell 10 (Christopher M. Bell was Disabilities Studies Fellow at the Center of Human Policy, Law, and Disability Studies at Syracuse University (deceased), "Introducing White Disability Studies A Modest Proposal, The Disability Studies Reader, edited by Lennard J. Davis, p.275)
Bubba Gumps matter-of-fact rejoinder to Dorian Gray is, I think
AND
some of the literature and related aspects of Disability Studies bears this out.

The world writ large and civil society are preconditioned on the destruction of those in the black positionality

Wilderson, Professor UCI, 2003 (Frank B., "The Prison Slave as Hegemony's (Silent) Scandal", Soc Justice 30 no2 2003, Accessed 8-4-12, MR)
There is something organic to black positionality that makes it essential to the destruction of
AND
junior partners: Black citizenship, or Black civic obligation, are oxymorons.

Whiteness is the root cause of ableism – technologies of violence and surveillance used against people with disabilities originated in Eurocentric thought

Smith '4 ~Phil, Executive Director, Vermont Developmental Disabilities Council, "Whiteness, Normal Theory, and Disability Studies", Disability Studies Quarterly Spring 2004, Volume 24, No. 2, http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/491/668~~ Kguy
This point, that ableism is created by those who define themselves as able-
AND
broad disability studies approach if either whiteness or ability is to be reconceptualized.

Addressing Anti-Blackness is a prioiri – scandalizes ethicality and sets the stage for all violnece

Wilderson, award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC's armed wing, 2003 (Frank B. III "Chapter One: The Ruse of Analogy" Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms,) GG
Two tensions are at work here. One operates under the labor of ethical dilemmas
AND
" (110) or, more precisely, in the eyes of Humanity 

The alternative is to burn down the state as a method to destroy the notions of temporality as we know it in order to stop the accumulation of time. Black bodies are always already dying and always have been –. The black body has remained the slave and always will in all ethical and metaphysical questions- the only way to undo this is to undo the social order

Dillon 13 ~Stephen Dillon, Assistant Professor of Queer Studies at Hampshire College, Ph.D. in American Studies and Feminist / Sexuality Scholar, "'It's here, it's that time:' Race, queer futurity, and the temporality of violence in Born in Flames"~
In his 1972 text Blood in My Eye, published shortly after he was shot
AND
risk. The future was not coming and so the present could not wait

Tournament: Contact | Round: Quads | Opponent: Contact | Judge: Contact
Hello! I'm Samir and I debate at Southlake, I can best be reached by email if you have any questions about cites/what I'll be running.
Email: samir.smohsin@gmail.com
Facebook: Samir Mohsin

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lovett PK | Judge: Marna Weston

Cyberbullying Protected by the First Amendment

Short 14 Short, Aaron. "Cyberbullies Get First Amendment Protection." New York Post. News Corp, 01 July 2014. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
Bullies hiding behind computer screens now have the First Amendment to protect them. The
AND
has set while still treating cyberbullying as strictly as possible," he said.

Bullying kills student engagement in discussions on campus

Wolpert 10 Wolpert, Stuart. "Victims of Bullying Suffer Academically as Well, UCLA Psychologists Report." UCLA Newsroom. UCLA, 19 Aug. 2010. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
Students who are bullied regularly do substantially worse in school, UCLA psychologists report in
AND
headaches, colds and other physical illnesses, as well as psychological problems.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lovett PK | Judge: Marna Weston

Benefactors will quit funding colleges if all speech is protected

MacDonald 05
G. Jeffrey MacDonald Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor. Donors: too much say on campus speech? ; Colleges feel more pressure from givers who want to help determine who'll be speaking on campus. The Christian Science Monitor ~Boston, Mass~ 10 Feb 2005: 11.
According to Hamilton President Joan Hinde Stewart, angry benefactors threatened to quit giving if
AND
says Doyle, especially in terms of paid speakers who "promote hate."

Endowments are key to recruiting more low-income students which creates more material equalities on campus.

Freedman 13 (Josh Freedman, policy analyst in the Economic Growth Program at the New America Foundation, "Why American Colleges Are Becoming a Force for Inequality," The Atlantic, May 16, 2013, JC)
This is not a sustainable model. Colleges will not be able to raise sticker
AND
funds to cover its costs while remaining competitive in its levels of spending.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lovett PK | Judge: Marna Weston

Hate speech is protected under the first amendment

McGough 15, Michael. "Sorry, Kids, the 1st Amendment Does Protect 'hate Speech'." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 30 Oct. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2017. http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-colleges-hate-speech-1st-amendment-20151030-story.html. SM
As Eugene Volokh of UCLA law school pointed out on his blog in the Washington
AND
, their words are protected by the Constitution — whatever college students think.

Hate speech has long term silencing effects—that's terminal defense on the aff. Even if people aren't silenced they're more likely to agree with the dominant voice to avoid opposition

West 12, Caroline. "Words that silence? Freedom of expression and racist hate speech." Speech and Harm: controversies over free speech (2012): 222-48.
In addition to its immediate disabling effects, racist hate speech may have indirect and
AND
, the opinions that they voice will be ones that contest established opinions.

And this disproportionately harms minorities—it justifies their exclusion from discussions which perpetuates dominant ideologies

West 12, Caroline. "Words that silence? Freedom of expression and racist hate speech." Speech and Harm: controversies over free speech (2012): 222-48.
In these and other ways, racist hate speech may cause those it targets to
AND
who are silenced are likely to bear a disproportionate share of the loss.

Hate speech leads to a genocidal increase in crimes against marginalized groups.

Greenblatt 15 Jonathan Greenblatt, When Hateful Speech Leads to Hate Crimes: Taking Bigotry Out of the Immigration Debate, Huffington Post, 8/21/15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-greenblatt/when-hateful-speech-leads_b_8022966.html
When police arrived at the scene in Boston, they found a Latino man shaking
AND
are working with a broad coalition of partners to get the ball rolling.

Hate speech leads to drop outs

Wilkerson 88, Isabel. "Campus Blacks Feel Racism's Nuances." The New York Times. The New York Times, 16 Apr. 1988. Web. 11 Jan. 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/us/campus-blacks-feel-racism-s-nuances.html?pagewanted=all. SM
Recent incidents of harassment and violence at the University of Michigan and other campuses have
AND
, keep my fingers crossed and hope somebody else black comes in.''

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood DM | Judge: Megan Boyd

Polls indicate Macron will beat all the other candidates in the French election

Henry Samuel 2-1 . "France Election 2017: As Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen Surge in Polls, Francois Fillon 'faces Elimination' - Everything You Need to Know." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 01 Feb. 2017. Web. 02 Feb. 2017.  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/01/francois-fillon-faces-elimination-french-presidential-race-emmanuel/ . SM
But the poll by Elabe for Les Echos newspaper for the first time placed maverick
AND
only to discover that Welsh-born Mrs Fillon had no entry badge.

Granting ideologies like the alt right legitimacy creates a perpetua shift in which voters are inclined to vote le pen

Bell et al 11-27, Melissa, Saskya Vandoorne, and Bryony Jones. "Marine Le Pen: Impossible Made Possible by Trump Win." CNN. Cable News Network, 27 Nov. 2016. Web. 02 Feb. 2017. http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/politics/marine-le-pen-interview-donald-trump/. SM
The leader of France's far-right National Front party, Marine Le Pen,
AND
Holocaust denial laws, leading to a series of convictions and hefty fines.

Le pen is an islamophobe – turns case- even if you dent racism in the U.S, France goes up in flames

Amrani 16, Iman. "Give Marine Le Pen a Platform for Her Racist Views, Then Challenge Them | Iman Amrani." Opinion. Guardian News and Media, 15 Nov. 2016. Web. 02 Feb. 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/15/marine-le-pen-racist-front-national-france. SM
When someone like Le Pen fans the flames for racist and Islamophobic discourse, there
AND
focusing on security and penalties, leading French politicians should focus on unity.

And it creates a self enforcing cycle—Le pen and Trump are bffs so Trump seeing other Western democracies doing that means he would do the same in the US which would further motivate Le Pen

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood DM | Judge: Megan Boyd

Revenge porn is protected by tons of technical loopholes in the first amendment

Humbach 15, John A. "The Constitution and Revenge Porn." Pace Law Review 35.1 (2015). SM
Unfortunately, these two key prohibitions of revenge porn laws seem to fly directly in
AND
are at least better than the statutes, drafts and proposals to date.

And this marks the return of a violent patriarchy that objectifies and commodifies the body of women

Dermody 14 Meagan Dermody, Managing Editor at CT, "Jennifer Lawrence, privacy and the patriarchy," The independent student press at Virginia Commonwealth University, September 7, 2014, http://www.commonwealthtimes.org/2014/09/07/jennifer-lawrence-privacy-and-the-patriarchy/ SM
The leak falls somewhere between degradation and physical violence; though the violation those involved
AND
consent by stripping them of their control over their image and intimate selves.

Its especially likely to happen on colleges too—lack of awareness and high rates of sexting

*brackets in article
Reid 14 ~Samantha Reid, reporter at USA Today, "Study says 70 of students have sexted, so how do they feel about revenge porn?" USA Today, May 15, 2014, http://college.usatoday.com/2014/05/15/study-says-70-of-students-have-sexted-so-how-do-they-feel-about-revenge-porn/~~~~ SM
College students are a key demographic affected by these laws –– according to a study
AND
young people that this issue most commonly affects that too can be problematic.

====This uniquely affects women of color too====
Citron 13 ~Daniel Keats Citron, "Revenge porn: A pernicious form of cyber gender harassment," The Baltimore Sun, December 15, 2013, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-12-15/news/bs-ed-cyber-gender-harassment-20131214'1'nude-images-cyber-civil-rights-initiative-harassment~~~~~~#)M/L SM
The University of Maryland studied online attacks occurring on an Internet chat medium and found
AND
their naked photos. Coercing naked photos is often part of domestic abuse.

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 2 | Opponent: American Heritage RG | Judge: Jesus Caro

The AFF assumes that all speech is free but fails to recognize that power inequalities shape what can actually be said- the roots of the problem must be solved before we can even understand what free speech is

Boler 2k Megan Boler (Professor in the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto and editor of Digital Media and Democracy), "All Speech is Not Free: The Ethics of "Affirmative Action Pedagogy," Philosophy of Education, 2000 SM
All speech is not free. Power inequities institutionalized through economies, gender roles,
AND
in our classrooms, even at the minor cost of limiting dominant voices.

====The AFF's focus on the first amendment only serves to protect the majority's White interests by sacrificing the rights of Blacks ====
Lawrence 93, IF HE HOLLERS LET HIM GO: REGULATING RACIST SPEECH ON CAMPUS CHARLES R. LAWRENCE III, 1993, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School, Stanford University. B.A., 1965, Haverford College; J.D., 1969, Yale Law School SM
Derrick Bell has noted that often in our constitutional history the rights of blacks have
AND
Unaware, we have adopted a world view that takes for granted black sacrifice

White philosophers should not theorize about what black people should do. They should be rejected on face because white people thinking what's right for black people is the logic that justifies colonialism—your author's race influences their argument.

George YANCY; Prof of Philosophy @ Duquesne University "Black Bodies, White Gazes THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE OF RACEJournal of Speculative Philosophy 19.4 (2005) 215-241 2008
I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
AND
~Black~ demotion along a scale of human value"(Snead 1994, 

Equal inclusion is a prerequisite to answering ethical questions- exclusion allows for the arbitrary imposition of viewpoints that precludes access to normative truths.

Medina 11, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35. SM
The central goal of this paper is to show the emancipatory potential of the epistemological framework underlying Foucault's work. More specifically, I will try to show that the Foucaultian approach places practices of remembering and forgetting in the context of power relations in such a way that possibilities of resistance and subversion are brought to the fore. When our cultural practices of remembering and forgetting are interrogated as loci where multiple power relations and power struggles converge, the first thing to notice is the heterogeneity of differently situated perspectives and the multiplicity of trajectories that converge in the epistemic negotiations in which memories are formed or de-formed, maintained alive or killed. The discursive practices in which memory and oblivion are manufactured are not uniform and harmonious, but heterogeneous and full of conflicts and tensions. Foucault invites us to pay attention to the past and ongoing epistemic battles among competing power/knowledge frameworks that try to control a given field. Different fields—or domains of discursive interaction—contain particular discursive regimes with their particular ways of producing knowledge. In the battle among power/ knowledge frameworks, some come on top and become dominant while others are displaced and become subjugated. Foucault's methodology offers a way of exploiting that vibrant plurality of epistemic perspectives which always contains some bodies of experiences and memories that are erased or hidden in the mainstream frameworks that become hegemonic after prevailing in sustained epistemic battles. What Foucault calls subjugated knowledges 3 are forms of experiencing and remembering that are pushed to the margins and rendered unqualified and unworthy of epistemic respect by prevailing and hegemonic discourses. Subjugated knowledges remain invisible to mainstream perspectives; they have a precarious subterranean existence that renders them unnoticed by most people and impossible to detect by those whose perspective has already internalized certain epistemic exclusions. And with the invisibility of subjugated knowledges, certain possibilities for resistance and subversion go unnoticed. The critical and emancipatory potential of Foucaultian genealogy resides in challenging established practices of remembering and forgetting by excavating subjugated bodies of experiences and memories, bringing to the fore the perspectives that culturally hegemonic practices have foreclosed. The critical task of the scholar and the activist is to resurrect subjugated knowledges—that is, to revive hidden or forgotten bodies of experiences and memories—and to help produce insurrections of subjugated knowledges. 4 In order to be critical and to have transformative effects, genealogical investigations should aim at these insurrections, which are critical interventions that disrupt and interrogate epistemic hegemonies and mainstream perspectives (e.g. official histories, standard interpretations, ossified exclusionary meanings, etc). Such insurrections involve the difficult labor of mobilizing scattered, marginalized publics and of tapping into the critical potential of their dejected experiences and memories. An epistemic insurrection requires a collaborative relation between genealogical scholars/activists and the subjects whose experiences and memories have been subjugated: those subjects by themselves may not be able to destabilize the epistemic status quo until they are given a voice at the epistemic table (i.e. in the production of knowledge), that is, until room is made for their marginalized perspective to exert resistance, until past epistemic battles are reopened and established frameworks become open to contestation. On the other hand, the scholars and activists aiming to produce insurrectionary interventions could not get their critical activity off the ground if they did not draw on past and ongoing contestations, and the lived experiences and memo- ries of those whose marginalized lives have become the silent scars of forgotten struggles

Their abstraction forces the oppressed to imagine a world where Whiteness is good and ignore material conditions of White supremacy and anti-Black racism

Dr. Tommy Curry 13, In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical, Academia.edu, 2013.  SM
The potentiality of whiteness—the proleptic call of white anti-racist consciousness—
AND
society and seeks like their colonial foreparents to claim them as their own. 

The colorblind ideology inaugurated by your philosopher perpetuates anti-black racism under the myth of progressivism

Dr. Tommy Curry 13, In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical, Academia.edu, 2013.  SM
Despite the rhetorical strategies adopted by both Black and white political theorists which urge Blacks
AND
as a result of a critical redefining of humanity, integrated into society.

ALTERNATIVE REJECT 1AC IN FAVOR OF AN Antiethical POSITION ~Curry~ Curry, Tommy J. ~doctor in Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, Texas A and M University~ In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical. 2013.

Anti-ethics; the call to demystify the present concept of man as illusion, as delusion, and as stratagem, is the axiomatic rupture of white existence and the multiple global oppressions like capitalism, militarism, genocide, and globalization, that formed the evaluative nexus which allows whites to claim they are the civilized guardians of the world's darker races. It is the rejection of white virtue, the white's axiomatic claim to humanity that allows the Black, the darker world to sow the seeds of consciousness towards liberation from oppression. When white (in)humanity is no longer an obstacle weighed against the means for liberation from racism, the oppressed are free to overthrow the principles that suggest their paths to liberation are immoral and hence not possible. To accept the oppressor as is, the white made manifest in empire, is to transform white western (hu)man from semi-deitous sovereign citizen to contingent, mortal, and un-otherable. Exposing the inhumanity of white humanity is the destruction/refusal of the disciplinary imperative for liberal reformism and dialogue as well as a rejection of the social conventions that dictate speaking as if this white person, the white person and her white people before you are in fact not racist white people, but tolerable—not like the racist white people abstracted from reality, but really spoken of in conversations about racism. The revelatory call, the coercively silenced but intuitive yearning to describe the actual reality set before Black people in an anti-Black society, is to simply say there is no negotiating the boundaries of anti-Blackness or the horizons of white supremacy. Racism, the debasement of melaninated bodies and nigger-souls, is totalizing.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Anderson JT | Judge: Richard Jeffries

The AFF assumes that all speech is free but fails to recognize that power inequalities shape what can actually be said- the roots of the problem must be solved before we can even understand what free speech is

Boler 2k Megan Boler (Professor in the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto and editor of Digital Media and Democracy), "All Speech is Not Free: The Ethics of "Affirmative Action Pedagogy," Philosophy of Education, 2000 SM
All speech is not free. Power inequities institutionalized through economies, gender roles,
AND
in our classrooms, even at the minor cost of limiting dominant voices.

====The AFF's focus on the first amendment only serves to protect the majority's White interests by sacrificing the rights of Blacks ====
Lawrence 93, IF HE HOLLERS LET HIM GO: REGULATING RACIST SPEECH ON CAMPUS CHARLES R. LAWRENCE III, 1993, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School, Stanford University. B.A., 1965, Haverford College; J.D., 1969, Yale Law School SM
Derrick Bell has noted that often in our constitutional history the rights of blacks have
AND
Unaware, we have adopted a world view that takes for granted black sacrifice

Agonistic democracy forces us to treat our oppressors as though they have a legitimate position. That is the definition of injustice. Balkin writes:

Balkin, Jack M., ~Yale law professor~. "Transcendental Deconstruction, Transcendent Justice" (1994). Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 272. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/272
There is a further difficulty. If the Other's views treat us as objects or
AND
no matter how unreasonable their position. This is not what justice requires.

White philosophers should not theorize about what black people should do. They should be rejected on face because white people thinking what's right for black people is the logic that justifies colonialism—your author's race influences their argument.

George YANCY; Prof of Philosophy @ Duquesne University "Black Bodies, White Gazes THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE OF RACEJournal of Speculative Philosophy 19.4 (2005) 215-241 2008
I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
AND
~Black~ demotion along a scale of human value"(Snead 1994, 

Equal inclusion is a prerequisite to answering ethical questions- exclusion allows for the arbitrary imposition of viewpoints that precludes access to normative truths.

Medina 11, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35. SM
The central goal of this paper is to show the emancipatory potential of the epistemological framework underlying Foucault's work. More specifically, I will try to show that the Foucaultian approach places practices of remembering and forgetting in the context of power relations in such a way that possibilities of resistance and subversion are brought to the fore. When our cultural practices of remembering and forgetting are interrogated as loci where multiple power relations and power struggles converge, the first thing to notice is the heterogeneity of differently situated perspectives and the multiplicity of trajectories that converge in the epistemic negotiations in which memories are formed or de-formed, maintained alive or killed. The discursive practices in which memory and oblivion are manufactured are not uniform and harmonious, but heterogeneous and full of conflicts and tensions. Foucault invites us to pay attention to the past and ongoing epistemic battles among competing power/knowledge frameworks that try to control a given field. Different fields—or domains of discursive interaction—contain particular discursive regimes with their particular ways of producing knowledge. In the battle among power/ knowledge frameworks, some come on top and become dominant while others are displaced and become subjugated. Foucault's methodology offers a way of exploiting that vibrant plurality of epistemic perspectives which always contains some bodies of experiences and memories that are erased or hidden in the mainstream frameworks that become hegemonic after prevailing in sustained epistemic battles. What Foucault calls subjugated knowledges 3 are forms of experiencing and remembering that are pushed to the margins and rendered unqualified and unworthy of epistemic respect by prevailing and hegemonic discourses. Subjugated knowledges remain invisible to mainstream perspectives; they have a precarious subterranean existence that renders them unnoticed by most people and impossible to detect by those whose perspective has already internalized certain epistemic exclusions. And with the invisibility of subjugated knowledges, certain possibilities for resistance and subversion go unnoticed. The critical and emancipatory potential of Foucaultian genealogy resides in challenging established practices of remembering and forgetting by excavating subjugated bodies of experiences and memories, bringing to the fore the perspectives that culturally hegemonic practices have foreclosed. The critical task of the scholar and the activist is to resurrect subjugated knowledges—that is, to revive hidden or forgotten bodies of experiences and memories—and to help produce insurrections of subjugated knowledges. 4 In order to be critical and to have transformative effects, genealogical investigations should aim at these insurrections, which are critical interventions that disrupt and interrogate epistemic hegemonies and mainstream perspectives (e.g. official histories, standard interpretations, ossified exclusionary meanings, etc). Such insurrections involve the difficult labor of mobilizing scattered, marginalized publics and of tapping into the critical potential of their dejected experiences and memories. An epistemic insurrection requires a collaborative relation between genealogical scholars/activists and the subjects whose experiences and memories have been subjugated: those subjects by themselves may not be able to destabilize the epistemic status quo until they are given a voice at the epistemic table (i.e. in the production of knowledge), that is, until room is made for their marginalized perspective to exert resistance, until past epistemic battles are reopened and established frameworks become open to contestation. On the other hand, the scholars and activists aiming to produce insurrectionary interventions could not get their critical activity off the ground if they did not draw on past and ongoing contestations, and the lived experiences and memo- ries of those whose marginalized lives have become the silent scars of forgotten struggles

Their abstraction forces the oppressed to imagine a world where Whiteness is good and ignore material conditions of White supremacy and anti-Black racism

Dr. Tommy Curry 13, In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical, Academia.edu, 2013.  SM
The potentiality of whiteness—the proleptic call of white anti-racist consciousness—
AND
society and seeks like their colonial foreparents to claim them as their own. 

The colorblind ideology inaugurated by your philosopher perpetuates anti-black racism under the myth of progressivism

Dr. Tommy Curry 13, In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical, Academia.edu, 2013.  SM
Despite the rhetorical strategies adopted by both Black and white political theorists which urge Blacks
AND
as a result of a critical redefining of humanity, integrated into society.

ALTERNATIVE REJECT 1AC IN FAVOR OF AN Antiethical POSITION ~Curry~ Curry, Tommy J. ~doctor in Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, Texas A and M University~ In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical. 2013.

Anti-ethics; the call to demystify the present concept of man as illusion, as delusion, and as stratagem, is the axiomatic rupture of white existence and the multiple global oppressions like capitalism, militarism, genocide, and globalization, that formed the evaluative nexus which allows whites to claim they are the civilized guardians of the world's darker races. It is the rejection of white virtue, the white's axiomatic claim to humanity that allows the Black, the darker world to sow the seeds of consciousness towards liberation from oppression. When white (in)humanity is no longer an obstacle weighed against the means for liberation from racism, the oppressed are free to overthrow the principles that suggest their paths to liberation are immoral and hence not possible. To accept the oppressor as is, the white made manifest in empire, is to transform white western (hu)man from semi-deitous sovereign citizen to contingent, mortal, and un-otherable. Exposing the inhumanity of white humanity is the destruction/refusal of the disciplinary imperative for liberal reformism and dialogue as well as a rejection of the social conventions that dictate speaking as if this white person, the white person and her white people before you are in fact not racist white people, but tolerable—not like the racist white people abstracted from reality, but really spoken of in conversations about racism. The revelatory call, the coercively silenced but intuitive yearning to describe the actual reality set before Black people in an anti-Black society, is to simply say there is no negotiating the boundaries of anti-Blackness or the horizons of white supremacy. Racism, the debasement of melaninated bodies and nigger-souls, is totalizing.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Travis KO | Judge: Phoebe Kuo
====Free speech is never free—the aff will never be able to come to terms with the fact that money equals power more than words do—their focus on speech only serves to obscure analysis from neolib's operation within society====
Fiss 85, Owen M. "Free speech and social structure." Iowa L. Rev. 71 (1985): 1405. SM
My concerns first arose in the seventies-one of the few periods when America
AND
larger: at a powerfully entrenched, but finally inadequate body of doctrine.

The focus on discourse as controlling our articulation of identity replaces the concept of exploitation with domination-it hides the fact that power is always produced by material forces not discourse.  Even if their project is successful it cannot result in material change because it does not challenge current models of production.

Zavarzadeh in 95 ~Mas'ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, post-ality: Marxism and postmodernism, post-ality the (dis)simulations of cybercapitalism
These representations disseminate the view that the post-al moment is the moment of
AND
forces that historically produce power—the ownership of the means of production. 

Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat.

Chatterjee and Maira 14
Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.
Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
AND
of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11

We have reached a tipping point – neoliberalism is no longer able to control its spiral into disaster.  Massive structural violence and extinction are inevitable without a fundamental rethinking of the current system.

Farbod 15 ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2) LADI
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
AND
enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return. 

Under your framework obligation is to assume responsibility for our actions. Capitalism render's its victims anonymous and ensures that the aff's personal focus never come to terms with the billions of degraded life choices globally

Slavoj Zizek and Glyn Daly, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, 2004, Conversations With Zizek, p. 14-16
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a 'glitch' in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to embrace a Marxist methodology by rejecting the affirmative's ideological mystification of capitalism's material base. Only by rejecting this ideology can we lay bare the structural causes of oppression and spark the revolutionary praxis necessary to build a classless society

Tumino 2001 (Stephen, prof. of English at Pitt, "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before," The Red Critique 1, http://www.redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm)
The "original" ideas of Marxism are inseparable from their effect as "demystification
AND
Communist Party, Selected Works, 45) to end social inequality forever.   

Regardless of alternative solvency, you have an ethical obligation to attempt to transcend capitalism— utopian thinking is key to the value of life

Marsh 95
(James L., Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, Critique, Action, and Liberation p. 331-336 GAL)
However, such a conception of reason is highly questionable. Reason, as I
AND
a repressive status quo whose interest lies in not having the veil pierced.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater whose ethical orientation best catalyzes organization against Capital

The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don't have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn't in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.

Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
AND
find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Andrews IB | Judge: Amit Kukreja

Free Speech in the University only feeds systems of social death enacted by the university in which the words of the students are coopted and lose all mean because the university moots them itself twisting and turning the words of students until they become soley narratives of pain gobbled up by the academy feeding its exploitation of those within it.

Occupied UC Berkeley 2009 ~Occupied UC Berkeley, 18 November 2009. The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial~~
Yes, very much a cemetery.  Only here there are no dirges, no
AND
gets its own designated burial plot. Who doesn't participate in this graveyard? 

==== Far from wanting to silence free speech, the university is waiting to watch it with bated breath. white settler colonialism has always thought that scars make your body more interesting, that pain is more compelling than privilege, and that struggling hard in life makes you "real" and "authentic." academics perversely fetishize suffering vicariously. they will never experience it, but love to valorize it. The campus will happily gobble up easily-consumable narrative of suffering and dysfunction feeding the colonialism inherent in the academy.====
Tuck and Yang 14 – prof of nat am studies @ suny and prof of ethnic studies @ cal
(E. and K., R-words: Refusing research)
We are struck by the pervasive silence on questions regarding the contemporary rationale(s
AND
doing so, recirculate common tropes of dysfunction, abuse, and neglect.

====Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best resists the university====

Even a liberal academy produces theories and ideology to justify colonial violence. This debate is a question of whether we support or question the academy. The idea that our discussion in the academy somehow alleviates some prejudice is what destroys potential for change and reifies their impacts.

Chatterjee and Maira 14 (Piya Chatterjee, PhD, associate professor of women's studies at UC Riverside, Sunaina Maira, professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis, 2014, "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation State," pp 6-7) gz
This edited volume offers reports from the trenches of a war on scholarly dissent that
AND
intertwined with the interests of neoliberal capital and the possibilities of economic dominance.

====The alternative is to reject the 1ac's glorification of the university and retreat to the undercommons-The only possible relationship to the university is one of the fugitive-we must constantly steal from the university, deprive it of the labor and production it needs to survive while creating the possibility for work outside the university and speak out in proper ways- this is not a rejection of the state- but finding a niche within it to destroy it ====
Moten and Harney 2013 ~Stefano and Fred. Stefano Harney is Professor of Strategic Management Education at Singapore Management University and co-founder of the School for Study. Fred Moten is Helen L. Bevington Professor of Modern Poetry. "The University and the Undercommons." Published In The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study. By Stefano Harney and Fred Moten. Minor Compositions, 2013 pg. 26-30~
The Only Possible Relationship to the University Today Is a Criminal One "To the
AND
undercommons, its maroons, are always at war, always in hiding.

====the undercommon is a new epistemology by the fugitive of the fugitive and for the fugivitive ====

Dillon 13

 Stephen (Stephen Dillon, Assistant Professor of Queer Studies at Hampshire College, Ph.D. in American Studies and Feminist / Sexuality Scholar). "Fugitive life: race, gender, and the rise of the neoliberal-carceral state." (2013). SM
In 1968, the Catholic priest Daniel Berrigan went underground after he and eight other
AND
understood freedom as the very act of running, fleeing, and escaping.

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cypress Bay HK | Judge: Gray

Fwk

I value morality since ought implies a moral obligation

We morally exclude people based on arbitrarily perceived differences—structural violence is rooted in this exclusion

Winter, Deborah Du Nann, and Dana C. Leighton. "STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. (1999):. Print. ~Don't worry I re-cut it~
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity.

Thus the standard is reducing structural violence

This means the Aff framing is a pre-requisite to any other moral framework—"out-groups" will never be noticed and included in our moral discussions, so we need to eliminate structural barriers first to ensure a seat for all

Even if my opponent wins that education is important, without challenging the structural barriers that prevent minorities from engaging in education means that we must prioritize solving structural violence

Challenging institutional racism comes first—it makes violence inevitable which turns their util first args

Albert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Contention 1 is hate speech

Hate speech is protected under the first amendment

McGough 15, Michael. "Sorry, Kids, the 1st Amendment Does Protect 'hate Speech'." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 30 Oct. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2017. http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-colleges-hate-speech-1st-amendment-20151030-story.html. SM
As Eugene Volokh of UCLA law school pointed out on his blog in the Washington
AND
, their words are protected by the Constitution — whatever college students think.

Hate speech has long term silencing effects—that's terminal defense on the aff. Even if people aren't silenced they're more likely to agree with the dominant voice to avoid

West 12, Caroline. "Words that silence? Freedom of expression and racist hate speech." Speech and Harm: controversies over free speech (2012): 222-48.
In addition to its immediate disabling effects, racist hate speech may have indirect and
AND
, the opinions that they voice will be ones that contest established opinions.

And this disproportionately harms minorities—it justifies their exclusion from discussions which perpetuates dominant ideologies

West 12, Caroline. "Words that silence? Freedom of expression and racist hate speech." Speech and Harm: controversies over free speech (2012): 222-48.
In these and other ways, racist hate speech may cause those it targets to
AND
who are silenced are likely to bear a disproportionate share of the loss.

Hate speech leads to drop outs

Wilkerson 88, Isabel. "Campus Blacks Feel Racism's Nuances." The New York Times. The New York Times, 16 Apr. 1988. Web. 11 Jan. 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/us/campus-blacks-feel-racism-s-nuances.html?pagewanted=all. SM
Recent incidents of harassment and violence at the University of Michigan and other campuses have
AND
, keep my fingers crossed and hope somebody else black comes in.''

Contention 2 is endowments

Promoting free speech would mean rejecting endowments from partisan donors.

Kurtz 15 (Stanley Kurtz, senior fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center and a former adjunct fellow with Hudson Institute,"A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus," The National Review, December 7, 2015 JC)
Colleges and universities ought to adopt policies on institutional political neutrality based on the University
AND
Harvey Silverglate in its guide to academic freedom. Trustees should take note.

Endowments are key to recruiting more low-income students which creates more material equalities on campus.

Freedman 13 (Josh Freedman, policy analyst in the Economic Growth Program at the New America Foundation, "Why American Colleges Are Becoming a Force for Inequality," The Atlantic, May 16, 2013, JC)
This is not a sustainable model. Colleges will not be able to raise sticker
AND
to cover its costs while remaining competitive in its levels of spending.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood DM | Judge: Megan Boyd

A. Interpretation: The aff must defend that public colleges or universities may restrict no constitutionally protected speech. To clarify, they can't defend a restriction on only a kind, setting, or timing of speech.

B. Violation-

C. Reasons to prefer:

1. The term "any" is the res is the weak form of "any"  -  "not any" statements refer to "all".  Cambridge Dictionary 

We use any before nouns to refer to indefinite or unknown quantities or an unlimited entity: Did you bring any bread? Mr Jacobson refused to answer any questions. If I were able to travel back to any place and time in history, I would go to ancient China. Any as a determiner has two forms: a strong form and a weak form. The forms have different meanings. Weak form any: indefinite quantities We use any for indefinite quantities in questions and negative sentences. We use some in affirmative sentences: Have you got any eggs? I haven't got any eggs. I've got some eggs. Not: I've got any eggs. We use weak form any only with uncountable nouns or with plural nouns: ~talking about fuel for the car~ Do I need to get any petrol? (+ uncountable noun) There aren't any clean knives. They're all in the dishwasher. (+ plural noun) Warning: We don't use any with this meaning with singular countable nouns: Have you got any Italian cookery books? (or … an Italian cookery book?) Not: Have you got any Italian cookery book? Strong form any meaning 'it does not matter which' We use any to mean 'it does not matter which or what', to describe something which is not limited. We use this meaning of any with all types of nouns and usually in affirmative sentences. In speaking we often stress any:. (+ uncountable noun) When you make a late booking, you don't know where you're going to go, do you? It could be any destination. (+ singular countable noun) ~talking about a contract for new employees~ Do we have any form of agreement with new staff when they start? (+ singular countable noun) ~a parent talking to a child about a picture he has painted~ A: I don't think I've ever seen you paint such a beautiful picture before. Gosh! Did you choose the colours? B: We could choose any colours we wanted. (+ plural countable noun) See also: Determiners and types of noun Some and any Any as a pronoun Any can be used as a pronoun (without a noun following) when the noun is understood. A: Have you got some £1 coins on you? B: Sorry, I don't think I have any. (understood: I don't think I have any £1 coins.) ~parents talking about their children's school homework~ A: Do you find that Elizabeth gets lots of homework? Marie gets a lot. B: No not really. She gets hardly any. (understood: She gets hardly any homework.) A: What did you think of the cake? It was delicious, wasn't it? B: I don't know. I didn't get any. (understood: I didn't get any of the cake.) See also: Determiners used as pronouns Any of We use any with of before articles (a/an, the), demonstratives (this, these), pronouns (you, us) or possessives (his, their): Shall I keep any of these spices? I think they're all out of date. Not: … any these spices? We use any of to refer to a part of a whole: Are any of you going to the meeting? I couldn't answer any of these questions. I listen to Abba but I've never bought any of their music.  Any doesn't have a negative meaning on its own.  It must be used with a negative word to mean the same as no.  Compare Not Any: there aren't any biscuits left.  They've eaten them all.  No: There are no biscuits left.  They've eaten them all.     

Outweighs - it takes into account AFF definitions which assume a strong form of "any" that justifies singular cases.

Empirically proven—multiple court rulings agree with our interp. Elder 91 

The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in Harrington v Interstate Business Men's Accident Ass'n, 210 Mich 327, 330; 178 NW 19 (1920), when it quoted Hopkins v Sanders, 172 Mich 227; 137 NW 709 (1912). The Court defined "any" like this: "In broad language, it covers 'arl'v final decree' in 'any suit at law or in chancery' in 'any circuit court.' Any' means ,every,' 'each one of all."' In a later case, the Michigan Supreme Court again held that the use of "any" in an agency contract meant "all." In Gibson v Agricultural Life Ins Co, 282 Mich 282, 284; 276 NW 450 (1937), the clause in controversy read: "14. The Company shall have, and is hereby given a first lien upon any commissions or renewals as security for any claim due or to become due to the Company from said Agent." (Emphasis added.) The Gibson court was not persuaded by the plaintiff's insistence that the word "any" meant less than "all": "Giving the wording of paragraph 14 oJ the agency contract its plain and unequivocable meaning, upon arriving at the conclusion that the sensible connotation of the word any' implies 'all' and not 'some,' the legal conclusion follows that the defendant is entitled to retain the earned renewal commissions arising from its agency contract with Gibson and cannot be held legally liable for same in this action," Gibson at 287 (quoting the trial court opinion). The Michigan Court of Appeals has similarly interpreted the word "any" as used in a Michigan statute. In McGrath v Clark, 89 Mich App 194; 280 NW2d 480 (1979), the plaintiff accepted defendant's offer of judgment. The offer said nothing about prejudgment interest. The statute the Court examined was MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013: "Interest shall be allowed on any money judgment recovered in a civil action...." The Court held that "the word 'any' is to be considered all-inclusive," so the defendants were entitled to interest. McGrath at 197 Recently, the Court has again held that "~alny means 'every,' 'each one of all,' and is unlimited in its scope." Parker v Nationwide Mutual Ins Co, 188 Mich App 354, 356; 470 NW2d 416 (1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)

2. Anything less than full freedom falls under regulation, not restriction. Taylor 12: 

Following Rawls and others, I distinguish between the "regulation" and the "restriction" of basic liberties like free speech. "The priority of these liberties," Rawls says, "is not infringed when they are merely regulated—as they must be—in order to be combined into one scheme as well as adapted to certain social conditions necessary for their enduring exercise" (Rawls 1993, 295). For instance, so-called "time, place, and manner" rules (e.g., scheduling speakers at a public forum on a "first-come, first-served" basis) usually qualify as regulations of speech, as they are merely intended to make communication mutually consistent or to protect the "central range of application" of other basic liberties. On the other hand, prohibitions on the advocacy of particular scientific or political doctrines count as restrictions of speech because they limit its content and thereby place at risk a core liberal value associated with open expression: intellectual autonomy achieved by way of the free exercise of public reason (Rawls 1993, 296; Kant 1996). Certain narrow limitations on the content of speech (e.g., bans on "fighting words," such as racial epithets used confrontationally) could be defended as regulations rather than restrictions, on the grounds that they do not threaten the free exercise of public reason and may protect the central range of application of other basic liberties (e.g., bodily security), but limitations on hate speech as I defined it above are prima facie restrictions, because they strike at the heart of such free exercise, which depends crucially on open access to all available arguments regarding scientific and political matters.2 ~…~ To begin, however, I should define my terms. For reasons that will become clear below, I define "hate speech" as a type of group libel: speech (oral or written) that argues for the mental, physical, and/or ethical inferiority of members of particular historically-oppressed groups (e.g., blacks, women, Jews, and homosexuals). Several other definitions of hate speech are available, of course, including ones that characterize it as "face-to-face vilification" by means of ~which I count as~ "fighting words" or as "hostile-environment harassment."

Framework – Topicality is decided based only on the meaning of terms in the resolution, not matters of fairness/education. Nebel 1: 

One reason why LDers may be suspicious of my view is because they see topicality as just another theory argument. But unlike other theory arguments, topicality involves two "interpretations." The first is an interpretation, in the ordinary sense of the word, of the resolution or of some part of it. ~and~ The second is a rule—namely, that the affirmative must defend the resolution.2 If we don't distinguish between these two interpretations, then the negative's view is merely that the affirmative must defend whatever proposition they think should be debated, not because it is the proposition expressed by the resolution, but rather because it would be good to debate. This failure to see what is distinctive about topicality leads quickly to the pragmatic approach, by ignoring what the interpretation is supposed to be an interpretation of. By contrast, the topicality rule—i.e., that the affirmative must defend the resolution—justifies the semantic approach. This rule is justified by appeals to fairness and education: it would be unfair to expect the negative to prepare against anything other than the resolution, because that is the only mutually acceptable basis for preparation; the educational benefits that are unique to debate stem from clash focused on a proposition determined beforehand. The inference to the priority of semantic considerations is simple. Consider the following argument: 1. We ought to debate the resolution. 2. The resolution means X. Therefore, 3. We ought to debate X. The first premise is just the topicality rule. The second premise is that X is the semantically correct interpretation. Pragmatic considerations for or against X do not, in themselves, support or deny this second premise. They ~Fairness and education~ might show that it would be better or worse if the resolution meant ~something else~ X, but sentences do not in general mean what it would be best for them to mean. At best, pragmatic considerations may ~they only~ show that we should debate some proposition other than the resolution. They are (if anything) reasons to change the topic, contrary to the topicality rule. Pragmatic considerations must, therefore, be weighed against the justifications for ~debating the topic~ the topicality rule, not against the semantic considerations: they are objections to the first premise, not the second premise, in the argument above.

Voter
analytics

Second, even pragmatic concerns justify debating the topic. Nebel 3:

One reason why LDers may be suspicious of my view is because they see topicality as just another theory argument. But unlike other theory arguments, topicality involves two "interpretations." The first is an interpretation, in the ordinary sense of the word, of the resolution or of some part of it. The second is a rule—namely, that the affirmative must defend the resolution.2 If we don't distinguish between these two interpretations, then the negative's view is merely that the affirmative must defend whatever proposition they think should be debated, not because it is the proposition expressed by the resolution, but rather because it would be good to debate. This failure to see what is distinctive about topicality leads quickly to the pragmatic approach, by ignoring what the interpretation is supposed to be an interpretation of. By contrast, the topicality rule—i.e., that the affirmative must defend the resolution—justifies the semantic approach. This rule is justified by appeals to fairness and education: it would be unfair to expect the negative to prepare against anything other than the resolution, because that is the only mutually acceptable basis for preparation; the educational benefits that are unique to debate stem from clash focused on a proposition determined beforehand. The inference to the priority of semantic considerations is simple. Consider the following argument: 1. We ought to debate the resolution. 2. The resolution means X. Therefore, 3. We ought to debate X. The first premise is just the topicality rule. The second premise is that X is the semantically correct interpretation. Pragmatic considerations for or against X do not, in themselves, support or deny this second premise. They might show that it would be better or worse if the resolution meant ~something else~ X, but sentences do not in general mean what it would be best for them to mean. At best, pragmatic considerations may ~only~ show that we should debate some proposition other than the resolution. They are (if anything) reasons to change the topic, contrary to the topicality rule. Pragmatic considerations must, therefore, be weighed against the justifications for ~debating the topic~ the topicality rule, not against the semantic considerations: they are objections to the first premise, not the second premise, in the argument above. 1.1 The Topicality Rule vs. Pragmatic Considerations There is an obvious objection to my argument above. If the topicality rule is justified for reasons that have to do with fairness and education, then shouldn't we just directly appeal to such considerations when determining what proposition we ought to debate? There are at least three ways I see of responding to this objection. One way admits that such pragmatic considerations are relevant—i.e., they are ~may be~ reasons to change the topic—but holds that they are outweighed by the reasons for ~debating it~ the topicality rule. It would be better if everyone debated the resolution as worded, whatever it is, than if everyone debated whatever subtle variation on the resolution they favored. Affirmatives would unfairly abuse (and have already abused) the entitlement to choose their own unpredictable adventure, and negatives would respond (and have already responded) with strategies that are designed to avoid clash—including an essentially vigilantist approach to topicality in which debaters ~would~ enforce their own pet resolutions on an arbitrary, round-by-round basis. Think here of the utilitarian case for internalizing rules against lying, murder, and other intuitively wrong acts. As the great utilitarian Henry Sidgwick argued, wellbeing is maximized not by everyone doing what they think maximizes wellbeing, but rather (in general) by people sticking to the rules of common sense morality. Otherwise, people are more likely to act on mistaken utility calculations and engage in self-serving violations of useful rules, thereby undermin~e~ing ~the~ social practices that promote wellbeing in the long run. That is exactly what happens if we reject the topicality rule in favor of direct appeals to pragmatic considerations. Sticking to a rule that applies regardless of the topic, of the debaters' preferred variations on the topic, and of debaters' familiarity with the national circuit's flavor of the week, avoids these problems.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northland Christian KE | Judge: idk

Contention 1 is gentrification and forced removal of inner city minority populations

The white suburbia will gentrify new housing complexes excluding minority groups to find other worse housing.

Semuels 15 (Alana Semuels is a staff writer at The Atlantic. She was previously a national correspondent for the Los Angeles Times. "White Flight Never Ended: Today's cities may be more diverse overall, but people of different races still don't live near each other." https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/07/white-flight-alive-and-well/399980/ JC)
On the flip side, white communities make decisions that keep minorities out. Exclusionary
AND
as~ "Whites are still attracted to those suburbs that are white." 

The redistributing of land creates areas of poverty for the black body causing structural violence.

Bouie 14 (Jamelle Bouie is a former staff writer at The Daily Beast. His reporting and analysis has appeared in The American Prospect, The Nation, The Atlantic, CNN.com, and The Washington Post"How We Built the Ghettos : A brief introduction to America's long history of racist housing policy." http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/13/how-we-built-the-ghettos.html JC)
Redlining is the practice of denying key services (like home loans and insurance)
AND
low-wage labor—you had neighborhoods that were impoverished by design.

Contention 2 is tradeoffs the aff will cause with social safety nets

Any increase in spending to fund a right to housing necessitates a tradeoff in other social security programs

Sange, Alexandra. "House Passes New Rules For The 112th Congress." National association of community health centers. January 18, 2011. Web. February 07, 2017. http://blogs.nachc.com/washington/house-passes-new-rules-for-the-112th-congress/.
The new rules replace the previous 'pay-as-you-go' or
AND
rule increases in revenue cannot be used to offset increases in mandatory spending. 

Government officials will demand that these cuts come directly from social programs like food stamps used to feed millions

Mcauliff, Michael. "GOP Passes Deficit-Hiking Tax Cuts, Accuses Dems Of Irresponsibility." Huffington Post. June 12, 2014. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/12/republicans-raise-deficit_n_5488588.html.
Democrats accused Republicans of hypocrisy, pointing out that a few months ago when the
AND
to extend long-term unemployment insurance for a significant period of time.

That would lead to an increase in poverty, exacerbating the aff problems of homelessness by trapping people in cycles of poverty as they are forced to choose between food and shelter

Rank, Mark. "Toward A New Understanding Of American Poverty." Washington University Journal of Law and Policy. January 01, 2006. Web. February 07, 2017. http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241andcontext=law_journa l_law_policy.
Similarly, changes in various social supports and the social safety net available to families
AND
versus understanding how and why the game produces losers in the first place.

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill BZ | Judge: Nikhil Nair

~Aff actors~ will implement a universal basic income and abolish the minimum wage. Aziz 13 

I propose abolishing the minimum wage, and replacing it with a basic income policy, a version of which was first advocated in America by Thomas Paine. Individuals would be able to work for whatever wage they can secure, meaning that low-skilled individuals — especially the young, who currently face a particularly high rate of unemployment — would have an easier time finding work. And the level of basic income could be tied to the level of productivity, to reduce inequality. There are two kinds of basic income policy. The first is a negative income tax ~is~ — if an individual's income level falls beneath a certain threshold (say, $1,500 a month) the government makes up the difference. Funds for this could be accessed by consolidating existing welfare programs like state-run pension schemes and unemployment benefits, and by closing tax loopholes and raising taxes on corporate profits and high-income earners. Germany has ~enacted this policy~ enacted a similar policy — called the"Kurzabeit" — and it's been credited with shielding the German labor force from the worst of the recession and keeping their unemployment rate low since. The second is a universal income policy, where everyone receives a payment irrespective of their income. This would obviously require more funds — meaning higher taxes — but in a future where corporations are making larger and larger profits while requiring fewer and fewer workers due to automation, such policies may become increasingly feasible. There are already very serious proposals to initiate such a scheme in Switzerland.

Automation in the squo means decreasing jobs—rth cant solve since people cant afford basic necessities and if their claims about housing discrimination are true then employment discrimination is a net benefit the Cp—UBI allows people to get housing and things like food. Rotman '13  summarizes

Given his calm and reasoned academic demeanor, it is easy to miss just how provocative Erik Brynjolfsson's contention really is. ­Brynjolfsson, a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, and his collaborator and coauthor Andrew McAfee have been arguing for the last year and a half that impressive advances in computer technology—from improved industrial robotics to automated translation services—are largely behind the sluggish employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years. Even more ominous for workers, the MIT academics foresee dismal prospects for many types of jobs as these powerful new technologies are increasingly adopted not only in manufacturing, clerical, and retail work but in professions such as law, financial services, education, and medicine. That robots, automation, and software can replace people might seem obvious to anyone who's worked in automotive manufacturing or as a travel agent. But Brynjolfsson and McAfee's claim is more troubling and controversial. They believe that rapid technological change has been destroying jobs faster than it is creating them, contributing to the stagnation of median income and the growth of inequality in the United States. And, they suspect, something similar is happening in other technologically advanced countries.

The affs sole focus on housing serves to obscure larger structural issues like wealth gaps that actually create their harms—means no solvency

Carr 98, James H Jim Carr is a housing finance, banking and urban policy consultant. He is also a Senior Fellow with the Center for American Progress and recently appointed Coleman A. Young Endowed Chair and Professor of Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. Previously, Jim served as Chief Business Officer for the National Community Reinvestment Coalition.). "Comment on Chester Hartman's "The case for a right to housing": The right to "poverty with a roof"—a response to hartman." Housing Policy Debate 9.2 (1998): 247-257. SM
The reasons the housing affordability crisis persists, however, are much deeper than obstacles
AND
and minority workers in particular, creating further impediments in accessing quality jobs.

They create poverty with a roof –just because IPV survivors can access housing doesn't mean they can sustain themselves economically—they give people houses and pretend like the problem is fixed

Carr 98, James H Jim Carr is a housing finance, banking and urban policy consultant. He is also a Senior Fellow with the Center for American Progress and recently appointed Coleman A. Young Endowed Chair and Professor of Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. Previously, Jim served as Chief Business Officer for the National Community Reinvestment Coalition.). "Comment on Chester Hartman's "The case for a right to housing": The right to "poverty with a roof"—a response to hartman." Housing Policy Debate 9.2 (1998): 247-257. SM
Hartman uses ''shelter poverty,'' a concept borrowed from Michael Stone, as
AND
would be concentrated among minority-renter households and as such is unacceptable.

A right to housing would disrupt the housing market—makes it harder for IPV survivors to get access to housing even with a rth

Salins 98, Peter D (Peter Salins is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a former editor and contributor to City Journal, and an expert on housing, immigration, higher education, and New York City. He is currently University Professor of Political Science at Stony Brook University and director of its graduate program in public policy; and formerly, Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs of the State University of New York system.). "Comment on Chester Hartman's "The case for a right to housing": Housing is a right? Wrong!." (1998): 259-266. SM
When Hartman and other housing advocates argue that a massive government investment in housing subsidies
AND
because working- and middle-class households cannot be prevented from moving.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: IBIIIIII | Judge: idk

Extinction outweighs and is a side constraint to their framing

Bostrum 12 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, "We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction", http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
in the probability of realizing this enormous good will tend to outweigh even immens

Despite the 08 housing market crash the private housing market has made almost complete recovery—our ev factors in their uniqueness

La Monica 16, Paul R  (UPenn Grad and digital correspondent @ CNN Money). "The Housing Market Is Suddenly Hot Again." CNNMoney, Cable News Network, 25 May 2016, money.cnn.com/2016/05/25/investing/housing-market-economy-stocks/. Accessed 28 Feb. 2017. SM
Let's get the bad news out of the way first. It doesn't feel like
AND
good times for housing-related companies may not be over just yet.

A right to housing kills the housing market—also turns case since people will get even worse houses

Salins 98, Peter D (Peter Salins is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a former editor and contributor to City Journal, and an expert on housing, immigration, higher education, and New York City. He is currently University Professor of Political Science at Stony Brook University and director of its graduate program in public policy; and formerly, Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs of the State University of New York system.). "Comment on Chester Hartman's "The case for a right to housing": Housing is a right? Wrong!." (1998): 259-266. SM
When Hartman and other housing advocates argue that a massive government investment in housing subsidies
AND
because working- and middle-class households cannot be prevented from moving.

A strong housing market is key to economic recovery

Hughes 12, Sam. "A Strong Housing Market Is Critical to Our Economic Recovery." Center for American Progress, 15 Nov. 2012, www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2012/11/15/45042/a-strong-housing-market-is-critical-to-our-economic-recovery/. Accessed 5 Mar. 2017. SM
Some economists and experts are pushing the notion that the key to a strong housing
AND
should put in place policies to get the market back to full strength.

Its key to the econ

Amadeo 17, Kimberly. "Why Buying a Home Helps Build the Nation." The Balance, 1 Feb. 2017, www.thebalance.com/how-does-real-estate-affect-the-u-s-economy-3306018. Accessed 5 Mar. 2017. SM
Real estate plays an integral role in the U.S. economy. Residential
AND
news about lower home prices is that it lessens the chances of inflation.

Economic decline causes protectionism and war

Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
decline with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels. This implied connection between integration, crisis and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill BZ | Judge: Nikhil Nair

A: Interpretation: On the 2017 March-April LD topic, the affirmative may not specify a location or group of people for guaranteeing a right to housing.

B: Violation: they give a rth to IPV survivors only

C: Standards

Textuality— A right to housing applies to everyone

COR (" The Right to Adequate Housing" http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/IHRIP/circle/modules/module13.htm JC)
The CESCR categorically stated that the right to adequate housing applies to everyone. It
AND
not be subject to any form of discrimination" (para.6).

Prefer—

Common usage—

Grammar— indefinite articles like a and an prevent specification

Butte College. "Definite and Indefinite Articles (a, An, The) - TIP Sheets." Butte College. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2017. https://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/articles.html. SM
In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles
AND
, limited amount (but more than one). an apple, some apples

Semantics is the highest layer of the T debate—

They have lexical priority.

Being semantically in line controls the internal link to pragmatic benefits.

Nebel 15 Jake "The Priority of Resolutional Semantics" vbriefly February 20^th 2015  http://vbriefly.com/2015/02/20/the-priority-of-resolutional-semantics-by-jake-nebel/
1.1 The Topicality Rule vs. Pragmatic Considerations There is an obvious objection
AND
we reject the topicality rule in favor of direct appeals to pragmatic considerations. 

Grammar key to jurisdiction-

Topicality is decided based only on the meaning of terms in the resolution, not matters of fairness/education—non uniques their offense  Nebel 1: 

One reason why LDers may be suspicious of my view is because they see topicality as just another theory argument. But unlike other theory arguments, topicality involves two "interpretations." The first is an interpretation, in the ordinary sense of the word, of the resolution or of some part of it. ~and~ The second is a rule—namely, that the affirmative must defend the resolution.2 If we don't distinguish between these two interpretations, then the negative's view is merely that the affirmative must defend whatever proposition they think should be debated, not because it is the proposition expressed by the resolution, but rather because it would be good to debate. This failure to see what is distinctive about topicality leads quickly to the pragmatic approach, by ignoring what the interpretation is supposed to be an interpretation of. By contrast, the topicality rule—i.e., that the affirmative must defend the resolution—justifies the semantic approach. This rule is justified by appeals to fairness and education: it would be unfair to expect the negative to prepare against anything other than the resolution, because that is the only mutually acceptable basis for preparation; the educational benefits that are unique to debate stem from clash focused on a proposition determined beforehand. The inference to the priority of semantic considerations is simple. Consider the following argument: 1. We ought to debate the resolution. 2. The resolution means X. Therefore, 3. We ought to debate X. The first premise is just the topicality rule. The second premise is that X is the semantically correct interpretation. Pragmatic considerations for or against X do not, in themselves, support or deny this second premise. They ~Fairness and education~ might show that it would be better or worse if the resolution meant ~something else~ X, but sentences do not in general mean what it would be best for them to mean. At best, pragmatic considerations may ~they only~ show that we should debate some proposition other than the resolution. They are (if anything) reasons to change the topic, contrary to the topicality rule. Pragmatic considerations must, therefore, be weighed against the justifications for ~debating the topic~ the topicality rule, not against the semantic considerations: they are objections to the first premise, not the second premise, in the argument above.

Even if pragmatics are legitimate our interp is net better—

Predictable limits

There's infinite locations, groups of people, and countless housing policy mechanisms. Castro.

Castro, Julian. "Public Housing - HUD." Public Housing - HUD. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 July 2016. Secretary of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development JZ
Public housing was established to provide decent and safe rental housing for eligible low-
AND
living in public housing units, managed by some 3,300 HAs.

And, limits are an independent voter. Harris.

Scott Harris '13 (Director of Debate at U Kansas, 2006 National Debate Coach of the Year, Vice President of the American Forensic Association, 2nd speaker at the NDT in 1981). "This ballot." 5 April 2013. CEDA Forums. http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=4762.0;attach=1655
I understand that there has been some criticism of Northwestern's strategy in this debate round
AND
are a real impact because I feel their impact in my everyday existence.

====Overlimiting is better than underlimiting because at least we can still get depth of education. ====

D. Voters-
Fairness
Jurisdiction

Drop the debater:

Competing interps s

No RVIs.

Topical version of the affirmative—Reading this aff whole res with IPV as an advantage area—allows us to leverage generics and whole res links to affs

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: IBIIIIII | Judge: idk

~Aff actors~ will implement a universal basic income and abolish the minimum wage. Aziz 13 

I propose abolishing the minimum wage, and replacing it with a basic income policy, a version of which was first advocated in America by Thomas Paine. Individuals would be able to work for whatever wage they can secure, meaning that low-skilled individuals — especially the young, who currently face a particularly high rate of unemployment — would have an easier time finding work. And the level of basic income could be tied to the level of productivity, to reduce inequality. There are two kinds of basic income policy. The first is a negative income tax ~is~ — if an individual's income level falls beneath a certain threshold (say, $1,500 a month) the government makes up the difference. Funds for this could be accessed by consolidating existing welfare programs like state-run pension schemes and unemployment benefits, and by closing tax loopholes and raising taxes on corporate profits and high-income earners. Germany has ~enacted this policy~ enacted a similar policy — called the"Kurzabeit" — and it's been credited with shielding the German labor force from the worst of the recession and keeping their unemployment rate low since. The second is a universal income policy, where everyone receives a payment irrespective of their income. This would obviously require more funds — meaning higher taxes — but in a future where corporations are making larger and larger profits while requiring fewer and fewer workers due to automation, such policies may become increasingly feasible. There are already very serious proposals to initiate such a scheme in Switzerland.

Functions as a de facto floor, employers need to make work appealing despite people not being desperate for it. Coopts the entirety of the aff advantages without a requirement on employers. Yglesias '13 

A GBI helps people by giving them money, obviously. It also serves as a kind of de facto minimum wage, since if people can earn money doing nothing, in practice you're going to need to offer them higher pay to get them to work. But it's much more flexible than a minimum wage. In a GBI world, an employer has to make work somehow appealing enough to get employees even though everyone's guaranteed a basic minimum whether they work or not. But that "appealing" factor could be high wages, could be valuable skills and training, could just be a pleasant work atmosphere, or could be some combination of the three. Current minimum wage policies sort of try to achieve these goals by having exemptions for educationally rewarding internships or vocational programs. But these exemptions manage to be simultaneously too prone to abuse and too inflexible to capture the full range of possible scenarios that arise in human life.

Automation in the squo means decreasing jobs—rth cant solve since people cant afford basic necessities—UBI allows people to get housing and things like food. Rotman '13  summarizes

Given his calm and reasoned academic demeanor, it is easy to miss just how provocative Erik Brynjolfsson's contention really is. ­Brynjolfsson, a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, and his collaborator and coauthor Andrew McAfee have been arguing for the last year and a half that impressive advances in computer technology—from improved industrial robotics to automated translation services—are largely behind the sluggish employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years. Even more ominous for workers, the MIT academics foresee dismal prospects for many types of jobs as these powerful new technologies are increasingly adopted not only in manufacturing, clerical, and retail work but in professions such as law, financial services, education, and medicine. That robots, automation, and software can replace people might seem obvious to anyone who's worked in automotive manufacturing or as a travel agent. But Brynjolfsson and McAfee's claim is more troubling and controversial. They believe that rapid technological change has been destroying jobs faster than it is creating them, contributing to the stagnation of median income and the growth of inequality in the United States. And, they suspect, something similar is happening in other technologically advanced countries.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: IBIIIIII | Judge: idk

Carson's nomination to the Department of Housing and Urban Development is the lesser of two evils – He's holding back calls to large budget cuts.

Ramírez 1-13, Kelsey. "Housing Industry Rallies Around Ben Carson For HUD Secretary." Housing Wire. January 13, 2017. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.housingwire.com/articles/38945-housing-industry-rallies-around-bencarson-for-hud-secretary.
One expert, who worked at HUD for over 15 years, even explained that
AND
that with his desire to support the president's call for cutting the budget."

Housing reform is contentious – There is simply too much at stake not to start fights, and force Trump to intervene.

Mantell 14, Ruth. "Why Republicans Won't Enact Housing-finance Reform." MarketWatch. November 04, 2014. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/whyrepublicans-wont-enact-housing-finance-reform-2014-11-03.
An unresolved issue from the financial meltdown is what to do about federally controlled mortgage
AND
find a wide-enough window for such a thorny issue.
.

Forcing Trump to exercise political muscle is unwise – It results in even more conservative policies than before.

Drucker 17, David. "Trump Has Reams Of Political Capital, Despite His Unpopularity." Washington Examiner. January 18, 2017. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-has-reams-of-political-capital-despite-hisunpopularity/article/2612289.
Trump has conducted his transition differently. He held a series of campaign-style
AND
people want right-of-center results — but they want results."

HUD budget cuts massively increase homelessness, racial discrimination, and ability to resolve current homelessness – That turns case.

Poteat 15, Edward. "What Does The Upcoming Presidential Election Mean For HUD?" Planetizen: The independent resource for people passionate about planning and related fields. October 29, 2015. Web. February 07, 2017. https://www.planetizen.com/node/81906/what-does-upcoming-presidential-electionmean-hud.
As an affordable housing professional and urban planner, I think a lot about the
AND
vouchers for these families, and funding for capital improvements to existing affordable housing or the creation of new affordable housing would be cut between 20 to 25 percent.

Tournament: UT Austin | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cedar Park MT | Judge: Sean McCormick
====The United States ought to implement a sliding scale model for civil rights litigation compensation as explained by the solvency advocate. ====
Emery and Maazel 1, Richard, and Ilann Margalit Maazel. "Why Civil Rights Lawsuits Do Not Deter Police Misconduct: The Conundrum of Indemnification and a Proposed Solution." Fordham Urb. LJ 28 (2000): 587. SM
A better solution compensates and deters. That can be achieved by the following:
AND
NYPD, then the city should indemnify a greater part of the judgment. 

The CP is the best of both worlds—holds the police and city to a level of accountability that is predicated off of the misconduct itself—if the city is at fault it pays more, if the officer is more at fault they pay more

Emery and Maazel 2, Richard, and Ilann Margalit Maazel. "Why Civil Rights Lawsuits Do Not Deter Police Misconduct: The Conundrum of Indemnification and a Proposed Solution." Fordham Urb. LJ 28 (2000): 587. SM
This would put the city on notice that its disciplinary procedures are inadequate, and
AND
that the City shall indemnify greater than fifty-percent of the judgment.

Tournament: Byron Nelson | Round: 2 | Opponent: Grapevine RK | Judge: forgot

Courts are clogged now, but reforms are turning the tide

Emshwiller and Fields 14
John Emshwiller (reporter) and Gary Fields (board member for the Fund for Investigative Journalism). "Justice Is Swift as Petty Crimes Clog Courts." Wall Street Journal. November 30^th, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-is-swift-as-petty-crimes-clog-courts-1417404782
For the millions of Americans charged each year with misdemeanor crimes, justice can be
AND
"there are very few options available to them except for bad things."

Civil rights cases already overloading courts

Cottrell 93, Eric Harbrook. "Civil Rights Plaintiffs, Clogged Courts, and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: The Supreme Court Takes a Look at Heightened Pleading Standards in Leatherman v. Tarrant County Narcotics Intelligence and Coordination Unit." NCL Rev. 72 (1993): 1085. SM/AP 3
During the last several years, a "litigation explosion" of civil rights actions
AND
a fair means of sifting through claims while still conserving judicial resources.'

Qualified immunity for police officers prevents frivolous cases

Balko 14, Radley. "7th Circuit Pokes a Hole in Prosecutorial Immunity." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 02 Nov. 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/opinions/wp/2014/01/30/7th-circuit-pokes-a-hole-in-prosecutorial-immunity/?utm_term=.b6664b5eb609. SM
A three-judge panel for the U.S. Court of Appeals for
AND
just during the trial, because it was used to help indict him.

Turns the aff—means social movements fail and police face petty punishments when the court are clogged

Emshwiller, John R., and Gary Fields 14. "Justice Is Swift as Petty Crimes Clog Courts." WSJ. Wsj.com, 30 Nov. 2014. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-is-swift-as-petty-crimes-clog-courts-1417404782.
For the millions of Americans charged each year with misdemeanor crimes, justice can be
AND
one side. In the public gallery, defendants conferred with their lawyers.

Tournament: UT Austin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Madison JM | Judge: Samuel Rinkacs

Court dockets are historically low now but could still increase

Roeder 5-17, Oliver. "The Supreme Court's Caseload Is On Track To Be The Lightest In 70 Years." FiveThirtyEight. N.p., 17 May 2016. Web. 26 Nov. 2016. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-supreme-courts-caseload-is-on-track-to-be-the-lightest-in-70-years/. SM
In one sense, Monday was a noisy news day at the Supreme Court. It handed down decisions in six cases, including yet another challenge to Obamacare, which the court essentially punted, sending the challenge back to various federal appeals courts. But in another sense, it was a day as quiet as Clarence Thomas during oral argument. The court agreed to hear exactly zero new cases, continuing to set a sparse stage for its next term, which may see the lightest caseload in its already-light recent history. So far, only 12 cases are on the court's docket for the October 2016 term, which runs through June 2017.1 That number is far below the pace that we averaged in the 1980s and '90s. And if the first few months of the year are an indication, the upcoming court term may be the lightest in at least 70 years. The long, downward trend in the court's caseload began around 1980, when it routinely heard over 150 cases a term. These days, it hears about half that many. In 2014, the court heard 71 cases, the fewest since at least World War II, according to the Supreme Court Database. Now that record looks in danger of falling. The court still has ample time to add cases to next term's docket — indeed, it often adds many between May and October — but its pace of granting cases for next term is lagging, as the adjacent chart, based on data from SCOTUS blog's Kedar Bhatia, shows. Over the past five terms, the court had added nearly 18 cases to the next term's docket by this point in May, on average. Thus far this term, they've granted just 12.

Qualified immunity for police officers prevents frivolous cases

Balko 14, Radley. "7th Circuit Pokes a Hole in Prosecutorial Immunity." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 02 Nov. 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/opinions/wp/2014/01/30/7th-circuit-pokes-a-hole-in-prosecutorial-immunity/?utm_term=.b6664b5eb609. SM
A three-judge panel for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit just issued an important opinion (PDF) on absolute immunity, the policy that makes it impossible to sue prosecutors who engage in misconduct, even when that misconduct results in a wrongful conviction. First, a little background: Prosecutors at all levels of the criminal justice system enjoy this absolute immunity from lawsuits. It's a sweeping bit of judge-made law that essentially shields them from any civil liability for even egregiously bad behavior, even when said behavior results in a wrongful convictions. Judges enjoy the same sort of immunity, and the cities and states that employ both are protected from "sovereign immunity," which doesn't prohibit lawsuits outright, but still sets a pretty high bar to get into court. The theory in support of absolute immunity holds that if prosecutors can be subjected to lawsuits for the decisions they make, they may start second-guessing themselves and become reluctant to file charges except in only the most open-and-shut cases. There's also a fear that opening prosecutors up to lawsuits could bring a wave of frivolous filings that clog up the court system. Or, as the Supreme Court put it in a 2009 case, the policy is "a balance of evils" and it is "better to leave unredressed the wrongs done by dishonest officers than to subject those who try to do their duty to the constant dread of retaliation." There's some merit to both arguments, but there are also some convincing arguments against them. For example, several states have open paths for state lawsuits for damages caused by prosecutorial misconduct, and there's little evidence that those states have been opened to a barrage of frivolous suits. As for the fear of retaliation, in nearly all cases, public officials found liable in civil cases don't pay the damages themselves. The damages are paid by the city or state that employs them — which is to say taxpayers. The main problem with absolute immunity for prosecutors is the incentives it creates. The problems with shielding a public servant in whom we grant the enormous powers granted to prosecutors should be pretty self-evident. Now consider that nearly every professional incentive (reelection, promotions, election to higher office, high-paying jobs at white-shoe law firms) points prosecutors toward procuring as many convictions as possible, and that courts and bar organizations are notoriously lax at sanctioning misconduct. You get a system that not only fails to sanction bad behavior, but also often rewards it. If the old Lord Acton axiom is true — that power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely — enormous power with no accountability can be enormously destructive. Over the years, the U.S. Supreme Court has carved out one limited exception to absolute immunity: When prosecutors act as investigators — that is, when they engage in activities more often associated with police — they may lose some of their immunity, at which point they're only protected by the doctrine of qualified immunity given to cops and other public officials. (That's still a tough standard for a plaintiff to meet.) But even that small opening for lawsuits isn't entirely certain. In the 1993 case Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, the prosecutor accused of manufacturing evidence while aiding with the police investigation wasn't the same prosecutor who tried the case. The 7th Circuit ruled that the actual injury incurred by the defendant as a result of the misconduct occurred at trial, not during the investigation. Because the prosecutor at trial was acting in his official capacity as a prosecutor, he was protected by absolute immunity. The U.S. Supreme Court took the case on appeal, but only the claim against the prosecutor who actually manufactured the evidence. The court ruled that prosecutor was only entitled to qualified immunity and that his actions were egregious enough that qualified immunity couldn't protect him. Another prosecutorial immunity case came along in 2009, Pottawattamie v. McGhee. In that case, prosecutors were accused of manufacturing evidence that resulted in the convictions and long-term imprisonment of two men. The attorneys for the prosecutors accused of misconduct (along with the U.S. Department of Justice and most state attorneys general) seized on the ambiguity in Buckley. They argued that the actual harm done to a defendant by misconduct committed during an investigation only attatches when that evidence is introduced against him at trial. And once the case makes it to trial, they argued, the prosecutor is acting as a prosecutor, not an investigator, and is therefore protected by absolute immunity. It was an absurd argument that would have essentially rendered the "investigation" exception meaningless. The only time a prosecutor could be held liable for manufacturing evidence would be if a different prosecutor then used that evidence at trial. Nevertheless, during oral arguments, it seemed to have some resonance with at least a few of the Supreme Court justices. But most of the justices seemed skeptical, and it appeared as if the court would affirm the "investigation" exception — prosecutors who knowingly manufacture evidence that results in the conviction of an innocent person shouldn't be shielded from lawsuits. (Read the clause after the dash again. The idea that this would even be up for discussion shows just how far down the rabbit hole we've fallen.) The defendants and their supporters apparently sensed the justices' skepticism, too. They settled with the plaintiffs after oral arguments but before the court issued a decision. Because of the settlement, the court considered the case moot, and dismissed it without a ruling. That brings us to Fields v. Wharrie, the recent decision from the 7th Circuit. The case itself is a gory mess of injustice, including a trial judge who took a bribe from Fields' co-defendant. But, for the purposes of this discussion, Fields discovered that prosecutors had knowingly coerced witnesses into giving false testimony, which resulted in his conviction and 17 years in prison before he was acquitted at a second trial. Writing for the majority, Judge Richard Posner makes it clear that Buckley was a special circumstance in which one prosecutor replaced another before trial, and that it should not be used to close the investigation exception to absolute immunity: . . . the act that causes an injury need not be simultaneous with the injury (indeed it will never be exactly simultaneous) for the actor to be liable. Think of products liability. The defect that caused a pipe to burst and flood your home may have been present when the pipe was manufactured years earlier. The manufacturer would be liable despite the lapse of time. He who creates the defect is responsible for the injury that the defect foreseeably causes later. Nor is the only harm that resulting from the conviction and the sentence. In the present case . . . the fabrication of evidence harmed the defendant before and not just during the trial, because it was used to help indict him.
That turns case—makes courts super stressed and limits their resources to make sufficient rights evaluations
Leong 09, Nancy (B.A., 2001, Northwestern University B.Mus., 2001, Northwestern University J.D., 2006, Stanford Law School ). "The Saucier Qualified Immunity Experiment: An Empirical Analysis." Pepperdine Law Review 36 (2009). SM
Mandatory sequencing also engenders a host of undesirable practical consequences, not least the requirement that courts grapple unnecessarily with complex constitutional issues. Several Justices have voiced concern that the Saucier rule "rigidly requires courts unnecessarily to decide difficult constitutional questions when there is available an easier basis for the decision (e.g., qualified immunity) that will satisfactorily resolve the case before the court."66 The Court's reluctance to endorse unnecessary decision of "difficult" questions embodies two concerns. The first concern is that inefficiency will ensue from courts expending the time and resources to puzzle through difficult constitutional questions. Justice Breyer has argued that "when courts' dockets are crowded, a rigid 'order of battle' makes little administrative sense,"67 adding that sequencing sometimes "will require lower courts unnecessarily to answer difficult constitutional questions, thereby wasting judicial resources." 68 Such inefficiency is compounded by the fact that courts often confront the qualified immunity question early in the course of litigation, spurred on by the Court's insistence that qualified immunity should be resolved as expeditiously as possible "so that the costs and expenses of trial are avoided where the defense is dispositive." 69 In a significant number of cases, therefore, courts decide these difficult constitutional questions on a motion to dismiss-indeed, my research reveals that, in 2006 and 2007, 24.6 of cases in which a court addressed a qualified immunity issue took place on a motion to dismiss. 70 At these early stages of the proceedings the constitutional issues are more likely to be insufficiently briefed by parties struggling to meet ambitious filing deadlines, so courts will therefore have to invest even more judicial resources in compensating for these shortcomings with their own research. 71 The efficiency problem, while serious in its own right, also segues into a broader worry: that in their effort to decide difficult constitutional questions with the limited time and resources available to them, courts will make badlaw. 72 Justice Breyer expressed this concern in County of Sacramento v. Lewis, when he wrote in concurrence that "~Siegert~ should not be read to deny lower courts the flexibility, in appropriate cases, to decide ~§ 1983~ claims on the basis of qualified immunity, and thereby avoid wrestling with constitutional issues that are either difficult or poorly presented."73 Justice Stevens, concurring in the judgment, likewise registered an objection to the Court's statement that sequencing is "normally" the "better approach." He argued: "That is sound advice when the answer to the constitutional question is clear. When, however, the question is both difficult and unresolved, I believe it wiser to adhere to the policy of avoiding the unnecessary adjudication of constitutional questions." 74 Thus, without denying the concern for articulating legal principles that underlies the sequencing approach, Justices Breyer and Stevens express concern for the quality of the law articulated. No law, they suggest, is better than bad law. 75 And their concern that courts will do a poor job of articulating constitutional principles seems intuitively reasonable if courts are forced to make law under conditions of constrained resources and insufficient briefing.

That crushes the economy

Ashley Post, 7/22/2011 (staff writer, "Frivolous lawsuits clogging U.S. courts, stalling economic growth," http://www.insidecounsel.com/2011/07/22/frivolous-lawsuits-clogging-us-courts-stalling-eco, Accessed 9/16/2014, rwg)
Americans' litigiousness and thirst for massive damages has been a boon to the legal profession. But some researchers and litigation experts warn that the abundance of lawsuits—many of them frivolous—flooding U.S. courts is severely weakening the economy. According to consulting firm Towers Watson, the direct cost of the U.S. tort system in 2009 was approximately $250 billion, which was roughly 2 percent of the gross domestic product. The amount is double the estimated tort expenses in other countries, including the U.K. and Japan. In May, the House Judiciary Committee held a hearing that explored excessive litigation's effect on the United States' global competitiveness. During his testimony, Skadden Partner John Beisner explained that plaintiffs counsel engage in five types of litigation abuse that ultimately undermine economic growth: improperly recruiting plaintiffs, importing foreign claims, filing suits that piggyback off government investigations and actions, pursuing aggregate litigation and seeking third-party litigation financing. "America's litigious nature has caused serious damage to our country's productivity and innovation. … The root cause is that we have created incentives to sue—and to invest in litigation—instead of establishing disincentives for invoking judicial process unless absolutely necessary. Other countries discourage litigation; we nuture it," Beisner said at the hearing. Many litigation experts resoundingly agree with Beisner's stance on the necessity of tort reform to ameliorate the country's economy.

Economic decline causes protectionism and war

Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict. Political science literature has contributed a moderate degree of attention to the impact of economic decline and the security and defense behavior of interdependent states. Research in this vein has been considered at systemic, dyadic and national levels. Several notable contributions follow. First, on the systemic level, Pollins (2008) advances Modelski and Thompson's (1996) work on leadership cycle theory, finding that rhythms in the global economy are associated with the rise and fall of a pre-eminent power and the often bloody transition from one pre-eminent leader to the next. As such, exogenous shocks such as economic crisis could usher in a redistribution of relative power (see also Gilpin, 1981) that leads to uncertainty about power balances, increasing the risk of miscalculation (Fearon, 1995). Alternatively, even a relatively certain redistribution of power could lead to a permissive environment for conflict as a rising power may seek to challenge a declining power (Werner, 1999). Seperately, Pollins (1996) also shows that global economic cycles combined with parallel leadership cycles impact the likelihood of conflict among major, medium and small powers, although he suggests that the causes and connections between global economic conditions and security conditions remain unknown. Second, on a dyadic level, Copeland's (1996, 2000) theory of trade expectations suggests that 'future expectation of trade' is a significant variable in understanding economic conditions and security behavious of states. He argues that interdependent states are likely to gain pacific benefits from trade so long as they have an optimistic view of future trade relations, However, if the expectations of future trade decline, particularly for difficult to replace items such as energy resources, the likelihood for conflict increases, as states will be inclined to use force to gain access to those resources. Crisis could potentially be the trigger for decreased trade expectations either on its own or because it triggers protectionist moves by interdependent states. Third, others have considered the link between economic decline and external armed conflict at a national level. Blomberg and Hess (2002) find a strong correlation between internal conflict and external conflict, particularly during periods of economic downturn. They write, The linkages between internal and external conflict and prosperity are strong and mutually reinforcing. Economic conflict tends to spawn internal conflict, which in turn returns the favor. Moreover, the presence of a recession tends to amplify the extent to which international and external conflict self-reinforce each other. (Blomberg and Hess, 2002. P. 89) Economic decline has been linked with an increase in the likelihood of terrorism (Blomberg, Hess, and Weerapana, 2004), which has the capacity to spill across borders and lead to external tensions. Furthermore, crises generally reduce the popularity of a sitting government. 'Diversionary theory' suggests that, when facing unpopularity arising from economic decline, sitting governments have increase incentives to fabricate external military conflicts to create a 'rally around the flag' effect. Wang (1996), DeRouen (1995), and Blomberg, Hess, and Thacker (2006) find supporting evidence showing that economic decline and use of force are at least indirectly correlated. Gelpi (1997), Miller (1999), and Kisangani and Pickering (2009) suggest that the tendency towards diversionary tactics are greater for democratic states than autocratic states, due to the fact that democratic leaders are generally more susceptible to being removed from office due to lack of domestic support. DeRouen (2000) has provided evidence showing that periods of weak economic performance in the United States, and thus weak Presidential popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force. In summary, recent economic scholarship positively correlated economic integration with an increase in the frequency of economic crises, whereas political science scholarship links economic decline with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels. This implied connection between integration, crisis and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: UT Austin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Madison JM | Judge: Samuel Rinkacs

Civil suits won't deter – funds come from the city's budget, not the officer's

Chase Madar 14 ~(Chase Madar, ) Why It's Impossible to Indict a Cop, Nation 11-25-2014~
 Civil suits for monetary damages require a lower standard of proof than criminal cases
AND
consistently lacking—and has been as long as he's been practicing law.

====Indemnification is devastating for communities of color—cities just increase taxes which hurts Brown and Black bodies who fall victim to the police misconduct in the first place====
Phillip 15, Abby. "Why the Poor Often Pay for Police Misconduct with Their Pocketbooks." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 03 June 2015. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/03/why-the-poor-and-disadvantaged-often-pay-for-police-misconduct-with-their-pocketbooks/?utm_term=.019efe59ae21. SM
Floyd Dent, a black man from Inkster, Mich., was pulled over for a routine traffic stop in January when a white Inkster police officer dragged Dent out of his vehicle, put him in an apparent choke-hold, punched him repeatedly in the head and used a stun gun on him. That officer, William Melendez, was fired and is now on trial, charged with misconduct in office and mistreatment of a prisoner, after dashboard camera video of the incident became public. And now the residents of the small Michigan town will pay the cost for Melendez's conduct — literally. Late last month, the city of Inkster settled a lawsuit with Dent for nearly $1.4 million. According to the Detroit Free Press, Inkster's financial manager said the city would levy a tax on property owners to help cover the cost of compensating Dent. Inkster is a city of about 25,000 residents, according to the most recent Census figures, and the median income there is just $26,500. Seventy-three percent of Inkster's residents are black, and nearly 40 percent of the people in the city live below the poverty line. There is a bitter irony to the situation, but it's not unusual that the very people who are most beset by police violence are the ones who wind up paying for it with their pocketbooks. When victims or their families are paid out by cities and municipalities in excessive-force cases that are settled or tried, taxpayers pay every time, highlighting the direct relationship between the social and financial costs of police violence. In Chicago: $84 million in one year. Los Angeles: $54 million. Philadelphia: $40 million in cases brought since 2009. ~Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide~ In Inkster, the sum is small and deals with just one case. But for its residents, the reality will be unavoidable: The tax will amount to a $178.67 on a home valued at about $55,400, the Free Press estimates. "The price of this is enormous, and it probably is hardest on those who can least afford it and whose communities are most egregiously beset with the misconduct problems," noted Andy Shaw, president and CEO of the Better Government Association, which has studied the high financial and social costs of police misconduct in Chicago. ~U.S. cities pay out millions to settle police lawsuits~ In Chicago, police-related settlements over the last decade cost the city more than $500 million according to a study published by the group last year. Everyone pays the price, including renters who are likely to be least able to afford it. "They not only face the financial burden and the reduction of services, these dollars could have improved their schools could have given them more cops on the streets to improve their neighborhoods," Shaw said. "Instead they were transfer payments to victims and victims' attorneys." Shaw added: "It takes a terrible toll." In Inkster, residents are asking why they will now be forced to shoulder this burden. "It's not our responsibility that there was mistakes made with the police department and the city," resident Juanita Davis told WDIV in Detroit. ~Thousands of people fatally shot by police, few prosecutions~ "It is absolutely true that the innocent citizens in Inkster shouldn't have to put up with this, and they don't have to," said Dan Korobkin, deputy legal director of the ACLU of Michigan. "They ought to demand of their city council people, of their mayor, of their police chief and police officers — all of whom are accountable to the public — that they police this city by respecting the people of the city and complying with basic principles of decency and the constitution.

====Increased taxes are empirically proven to devastate minority employment—just look at Illinois====
Lucci 15, Michael. "Illinois Has Highest Black Unemployment Rate in U.S." Illinois Policy | Illinois' Comeback Story Starts Here. N.p., 24 Aug. 2016. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. https://www.illinoispolicy.org/illinois-has-highest-black-unemployment-rate-in-u-s-texas-has-lowest/. SM
Illinois has the highest black unemployment rate in the country at 15 percent, according to a new analysis by the Economic Policy Institute, or EPI. This has resulted from policymakers' yearslong neglect of Illinois' economy. Illinois' political leadership has ignored opportunities to encourage economic growth while enacting taxes and regulations that have stunted job creation. These anti-job policy decisions have helped create a situation where Illinois' most economically vulnerable residents are the least well-off of any state considered by EPI's study, which focuses on the half of U.S. states with larger black populations. By contrast, pro-growth states such as Indiana, Michigan and Texas record significantly lower black unemployment rates, with Indiana at 9.6 percent, Michigan at 9.3 percent and Texas at 6.1 percent – the lowest rate of any state in the study. The EPI analysis estimates unemployment rates by ethnic groups and comes ahead of the Bureau of Labor Statistics' full release of such annual data. No state in the Midwest, of which states have available data, comes particularly close to Illinois' 15 percent black unemployment rate. Even Michigan, home to the highest black unemployment rate in the country as recently as 2013, has significantly improved its standing as its rate declined to 9.3 percent. Ohio comes in at 10.3 percent and Missouri at 8.2 percent, according to the estimates. According to the EPI study, the situation has worsened in Illinois, with black unemployment rising over the last two years to 15 percent in the second quarter of 2016 from 12.6 percent in the third quarter of 2014. This contrasts with Texas, where the black unemployment rate has improved over the same time period. The Lone Star State's black unemployment rate has fallen over the last two years even in the face of an economic slowdown caused by the falling price of oil. Illinois' black unemployment rate is now more than double Texas'. In particular, Illinois' black male unemployment rate has been especially high over recent years. Declining employment in Illinois' industrial sectors most likely has harmed job opportunities for black men. According to the BLS' 2015 annual average data, Illinois' black male unemployment rate was 15.1 percent, the highest in the Midwest and more than double Indiana's rate. Ominously, the EPI estimates that Illinois' black unemployment rate has gone up since the 2015 annual averages. The current black male unemployment rate would be approximately 19.7 percent assuming it rose proportionally with total black unemployment. And this staggering unemployment level comes seven years after the Great Recession ended. Black Americans would especially benefit from the pro-growth economic policies and lower tax burden all of Illinois needs. The strategy of taxing, spending and tightly regulating business has failed Illinois, and has hurt black communities in particular. Policy reformswill encourage investment and hiring in Illinois' industrial sectors: Workers' compensation reform to put Illinois' costs in line with other states Spending reforms to control the overall tax burden manufacturers face A property-tax freeze to protect industrial properties from confiscatory tax rates Sales-tax reform to eliminate sales-tax "pyramiding" by removing the sales tax on manufacturing and other business inputs Labor reforms to guarantee worker choice through Right-to-Work laws, which attract new manufacturing investments. The status quo has failed Illinois' industrial communities, minority communities and large swaths of people who simply want decent job opportunities. This has resulted in workers and their families leaving the state at record rates to find better opportunities elsewhere, leaving behind those with fewer resources stuck jobless in the Land of Lincoln.

Poverty is the worst form of structural violence, its death toll is greater than even a nuclear war

Gilligan 96
~James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, "Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes", p. 191-196~
The deadliest form of violence is poverty. You cannot work for one day with the violent people who fill our prisons and mental hospitals for the criminally insane without being forcible and constantly reminded of the extreme poverty and discrimination that characterizes their lives. Hearing about their lives, and about their families and friends, you are forced to recognize the truth in Gandhi's observation that the deadliest form of violence is poverty. Not a day goes by without realizing that trying to understand them and their violent behavior in purely individual terms is impossible and wrong-headed. Any theory of violence, especially a psychological theory, that evolves from the experience of men in maximum security prisons and hospitals for the criminally insane must begin with the recognition that these institutions are only microcosms. They are not where the major violence in our society takes place, and the perpetrators who fill them are far from being the main causes of most violent deaths. Any approach to a theory of violence needs to begin with a look at the structural violence in this country. Focusing merely on those relatively few men who commit what we define as murder could distract us from examining and learning from those structural causes of violent death that are for more significant from a numerical or public health, or human, standpoint. By "structural violence" I mean the increased rates of death, and disability suffered by those who occupy the bottom rungs of society, as contrasted with the relatively low death rates experienced by those who are above them. Those excess deaths (or at least a demonstrably large proportion of them) are a function of class structure; and that structure itself is a product of society's collective human choices, concerning how to distribute the collective wealth of the society. These are not acts of God. I am contrasting "structural" with "behavioral violence," by which I mean the non-natural deaths and injuries that are caused by specific behavioral actions of individuals against individuals, such as the deaths we attribute to homicide, suicide, soldiers in warfare, capital punishment, and so on. Structural violence differs from behavior violence in at least three major respects. *The lethal effects of structural violence operate continuously, rather than sporadically, whereas murders, suicides, executions, wars, and other forms of behavior violence occur one at a time. *Structural violence operates more or less independently of individual acts; independent of individuals and groups (politicians, political parties, voters) whose decisions may nevertheless have lethal consequences for others. *Structural violence is normally invisible, because it may appear to have had other (natural or violent) causes. ~CONTINUED~ The finding that structural violence causes far more deaths than behavioral violence does is not limited to this country. Kohler and Alcock attempted to arrive at the number of excess deaths caused by socioeconomic inequities on a worldwide basis. Sweden was their model of the nation that had come closest to eliminating structural violence. It had the least inequity in income and living standards, and the lowest discrepancies in death rates and life expectancy; and the highest overall life expectancy of the world. When they compared the life expectancies of those living in the other socioeconomic systems against Sweden, they found that 18 million deaths a year could be attributed to the "structural violence" to which the citizens of all the other nations were being subjected. During the past decade, the discrepancies between the rich and poor nations have increased dramatically and alarmingly. The 14 to 19 million deaths a year caused by structural violence compare with about 100,000 deaths per year from armed conflict. Comparing this frequency of deaths from structural violence to the frequency of those caused by major military and political violence, such as World War II (an estimated 49 million military and civilian deaths, including those by genocide – or about eight million per year, 1939-1945), the Indonesian massacre of 1965-66 (perhaps 575,000 deaths), the Vietnam war (possibly two million, 1954-1973), and even a hypothetical nuclear exchange between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. (232 million), it was clear that even war cannot being to compare with structural violence, which continues year after year. In other words, every fifteen years, on the average, as many people die because of relative poverty as would be killed by the Nazi genocide of the Jews over a six-year period. This is, in effect, the equivalent of an ongoing, unending, in fact accelerating, thermonuclear war, or genocide, perpetrated on the weak and poor every year of every decade, throughout the world. Structural violence is also the main cause of behavioral violence on a socially and epidemiologically significant scale (from homicide and suicide to war and genocide). The question as to which of the two forms of violence – structural or behavioral – is more important, dangerous, or lethal is moot, for they are inextricably related to eachother, as cause to effect.

Turns case too—makes policing more nuanced and aggressive

Vibes 14, John. "Ferguson to Solve Budget Crisis by Ordering Their Police to Be More Aggressive." The Free Thought Project. N.p., 15 Dec. 2014. Web. 26 Nov. 2016. http://thefreethoughtproject.com/ferguson-police-ordered-start-writing-tickets-solve-citys-budget-crisis/~~#D9HXDXvtpXzikWDF.99.. SM
Ferguson, Missouri – While controversy about the police killing of teenager Michael Brown has been the primary focus in Ferguson this year, the city's government is also facing a massive budget crisis, which they are hoping to solve by ordering their police officers to write more tickets. Many residents in Ferguson have already pointed out that once this policy is implemented, it will strain the already high tensions between the community and the police. In a telephone interview with Bloomberg News this week, Ferguson's finance director, Jeffrey Blume explained that in order for the city's government to stay above their budget, the police would have to write millions of dollars in tickets for small, non-violent infractions. "There are a number of things going on in 2014 and one is a revenue shortfall that we anticipate making up in 2015. There's about a million-dollar increase in public-safety fines to make up the difference," Blume said. Police generated revenue from writing tickets is already the city's second larges source of revenue after sales taxes, and the money brought in through the police departments is expected to grow with these new guidelines. "They said they weren't going to go after poor people, so to speak, to fund their budget, but I guess that's changed," Tim Fischesser, executive director of the St. Louis Municipal League told Bloomberg. Some state politicians are worried that this could contribute to further unrest so they are seeking to limit how much money the local government can draw from police generated revenue. A number of state senators have filed two bills that would put these types of limits on the local government in Ferguson. "For Ferguson to respond to all of this and say that increasing ticketing was a good idea is outrageous," one of the bill's sponsors, Scott Sifton said. According to Sifton, the bills will be voted on sometime after January 7th, and if approved the limits would not go into effect until at least August. Missouri State Treasurer Clint Zweifel, also spoke in opposition of the new policies, saying that a strong focus on revenue generating does not make communities any safer. "Increasing reliance on such fines is the wrong way to go, period. Residents and neighborhoods are safer when police can focus on public safety, not a municipality's need to protect a revenue stream," Zweifel said.

Tournament: Byron Nelson | Round: 2 | Opponent: Grapevine RK | Judge: forgot

The aff's claims are ahistorical—the police were created as a tool for the ruling class to keep the proletariat in line. Any reforms fail and only perpetuate a system based on the exploitation of the working class

Mitrani 14, Sam (Sam Mitrani is an Associate Professor of History at the College of DuPage. He earned his PhD from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2009 and his book The Rise of the Chicago Police Department: Class and Conflict, 1850-1894 is available from the University of Illinois Press.). "Stop Kidding Yourself: The Police Were Created to Control Working Class and Poor People." LAWCHA. N.p., 29 Dec. 2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2016. http://lawcha.org/wordpress/2014/12/29/stop-kidding-police-created-control-working-class-poor-people/. SM
In most of the liberal discussions of the recent police killings of unarmed black men
AND
, not help them. They've continued to play that role ever since.

You have an ethical obligation to reject cap – it causes global violence and kills all value to life

Zizek and Daly 04- (Glyn ~Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton~, Slajov ~Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia~ "Conversations with Zizek", p. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
) social antagonisms and to absorb them within a culture of differential affirmation.

Thus the alternative, the United States should abolish the police

Smith 15, Mychal Denzel. "Abolish the Police. Instead, Let's Have Full Social, Economic, and Political Equality." The Nation. N.p., 9 Apr. 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. https://www.thenation.com/article/abolish-police-instead-lets-have-full-social-economic-and-political-equality/. SM
I've said this before: there is no justice where there are dead black
AND
the maintenance of white supremacy and inequality. It's a world worth imagining.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Presentation AA | Judge: Luke Newell

Text: The aff actor ought to relocate all nuclear waste to Central Antarctica

Solvency

Antarctica is isolated from civilization and the environment—solves all your offense

Utopia Springs 96 "THE ANTARCTIC NUCLEAR DEPOSITORY." THE ANTARCTIC NUCLEAR DEPOSITORY. N.p., 26 July 1996. Web. 05 Sept. 2016. http://www.utopiasprings.com/antarc.htm.
ABSTRACT This report outlines a proposal for the construction of permanent storage sites for nuclear
AND
is very similar and could be used as an alternative or additional site.

Tournament: Conrad | Round: 3 | Opponent: CHHS JY | Judge: idk

Text: The aff actor ought to replace all current nuclear reactors with breeder reactors

Solvency

CP solves the aff—breeder reactors recycle radioactive waste and prevent prolif

Pearce, Fred. "Are Fast-breeder Reactors the Answer to Our Nuclear Waste Nightmare? | Fred Pearce." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 30 July 2012. Web. 19 Aug. 2016.
Plutonium is the nuclear nightmare. A by-product of conventional power-station
AND
in tens of thousands of years. Ignoring them is not an option.

Tournament: Plano Sr | Round: 2 | Opponent: McKinney SC | Judge: idk

Text: The aff actor ought to replace all uranium based reactors with thorium based reactors

Solvency

====CP solves the aff—Thorium based reactors have much better accident safeguards, produce significantly less nuclear waste, are extremely difficult to proliferate, and thorium is mined much more environmentally friendly than uranium====
Warmflash, David. "Thorium Power Is the Safer Future of Nuclear Energy."Discover. Discover Magazine, 16 Jan. 2015. Web. 15 Aug. 2016. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2015/01/16/thorium-future-nuclear-energy/~~23.V7JsF5grKUk.
Nuclear power has long been a contentious topic. It generates huge amounts of electricity
AND
term – and to dramatically improve the world’s energy sustainability in the process.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Ardrey Kell DG | Judge: forgot
====We're on the brink right now—any increase in coal production causes an irreversible shift in temps that exacerbate the impacts of climate change====
Greenpeace 16 "How the Coal Industry Fuels Climate Change." Greenpeace International. N.p., 1 July 2016. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/coal/Coal-fuels-climate-change/.
Coal, the most polluting way to generate electricity, is a serious threat to
AND
further 16,400 MW by 2030. Coal is a dying industry.

When countries ban nuclear power, they shift to fossil fuels—empirically proven by Japan

Follett 16, Andrew. "The End Of Nuclear Power In Japan Is Bringing Back Coal."The Daily Caller. N.p., 13 June 2016. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. http://dailycaller.com/2016/06/13/the-end-of-nuclear-power-in-japan-is-bringing-back-coal/.
An analysis published Monday by Bloomberg states that coal power will become the largest source of electricity in Japan due to an effective ban on nuclear power. Nuclear power provided 29 percent of Japan's total power output before 2011, but will decline to 13.6 percent by 2023 and 1.2 percent by 2040, according to the report. Japan got 24 percent of its electricity from coal in 2010 and the country plans to get more than a third of its power from coal by 2040. Japan previously shut down all of its nuclear reactors in the aftermath of the 2011 magnitude 9.0 earthquake, which triggered the Fukushima disaster. The country has since transitioned away from nuclear power. Prior to the disaster, Japan operated 54 nuclear power plants and the government planned to build enough reactors to provide 50 percent of the country's electricity power. After the disaster, Japan pledged to effectivly abandon nuclear power by the 2030s, replacing it mostly with wind or solar power, causing the price of electricity to rise by 20 percent. The transition to green energy hasn't gone well and the country likely won't meet its goals, according to the report. Japan remains a top importer of oil, coal and natural gas and the government estimated that importing fuel costs the country more than $40 billion annually. Japan's current government sees a revival of nuclear power as critical to supporting economic growth and slowing an exodus of Japanese manufacturing to lower-cost countries, but has faced incredible pushback. Electricity from new wind power is nearly four times as expensive as electricity from existing nuclear power plants, according to analysis from the Institute for Energy Research. The rising cost of the subsidies needed to make green energy work have been passed to ordinary Japanese rate-payers, triggering complaints that poor households are subsidizing the affluent. Statistically, nuclear reactors are the safest form of generating power and are responsible for 1,889 times fewer deaths than the coal plants replacing them in Japan.

Only a 4 degree increase will overwhelm species resilience and adaptation—biodiversity loss causes extinction

Potsdam Institute, 2012 (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics, "Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must be Avoided", A report for the World Bank, November, http://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_heat_Why_a_4_degree_centrigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf)
Ecosystems and their species provide a range of important goods and services for human society. These include water, food, cultural and other values. In the AR4 an assessment of climate change effects on ecosystems and their services found the following: • If greenhouse gas emissions and other stresses continue at or above current rates, the resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded by an unprecedented combination of change in climate, associated disturbances (for example, flooding, drought, wildfire, insects, and ocean acidification) and other stressors (global change drivers) including land use change, pollution and over-exploitation of resources. • Approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction, if increases in global average temperature exceed of 2–3° above preindustrial levels. • For increases in global average temperature exceeding 2 to 3° above preindustrial levels and in concomitant atmospheric CO2 concentrations, major changes are projected in ecosystem structure and function, species' ecological interactions and shifts in species' geographical ranges, with predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem goods and services, such as water and food supply. It is known that past large-scale losses of global ecosystems and species extinctions have been associated with rapid climate change combined with other ecological stressors. Loss and/or degradation of ecosystems, and rates of extinction because of human pressures over the last century or more, which have intensified in recent decades, have contributed to a very high rate of extinction by geological standards. It is well established that loss or degradation of ecosystem services occurs as a consequence of species extinctions, declining species abundance, or widespread shifts in species and biome distributions (Leadley et al. 2010). Climate change is projected to exacerbate the situation. This section outlines the likely consequences for some key ecosystems and for biodiversity. The literature tends to confirm the conclusions from the AR4 outlined above. Despite the existence of detailed and highly informative case studies, upon which this section will draw, it is also important to recall that there remain many uncertainties (Bellard, Bertelsmeier, Leadley, Thuiller, and Courchamp, 2012). However, threshold behavior is known to occur in biological systems (Barnosky et al. 2012) and most model projections agree on major adverse consequences for biodiversity in a 4°C world (Bellard et al., 2012). With high levels of warming, coalescing human induced stresses on ecosystems have the potential to trigger large-scale ecosystem collapse (Barnosky et al. 2012). Furthermore, while uncertainty remains in the projections, there is a risk not only of major loss of valuable ecosystem services, particularly to the poor and the most vulnerable who depend on them, but also of feedbacks being initiated that would result in ever higher CO2 emissions and thus rates of global warming. Significant effects of climate change are already expected for warming well below 4°C. In a scenario of 2.5°C warming, severe ecosystem change, based on absolute and relative changes in carbon and water fluxes and stores, cannot be ruled out on any continent (Heyder, Schaphoff, Gerten, and Lucht, 2011). If warming is limited to less than 2°C, with constant or slightly declining precipitation, small biome shifts are projected, and then only in temperate and tropical regions. Considerable change is projected for cold and tropical climates already at 3°C of warming. At greater than 4°C of warming, biomes in temperate zones will also be substantially affected. These changes would impact not only the human and animal communities that directly rely on the ecosystems, but would also exact a cost (economic and otherwise) on society as a whole, ranging from extensive loss of biodiversity and diminished land cover, through to loss of ecosystems services such as fisheries and forestry (de Groot et al., 2012; Farley et al., 2012). Ecosystems have been found to be particularly sensitive to geographical patterns of climate change (Gonzalez, Neilson, Lenihan, and Drapek, 2010). Moreover, ecosystems are affected not only by local changes in the mean temperature and precipitation, along with changes in the variability of these quantities and changes by the occurrence of extreme events. These climatic variables are thus decisive factors in determining plant structure and ecosystem composition (Reu et al., 2011). Increasing vulnerability to heat and drought stress will likely lead to increased mortality and species extinction. For example, temperature extremes have already been held responsible for mortality in Australian flying-fox species (Welbergen, Klose, Markus, and Eby 2008), and interactions between phenological changes driven by gradual climate changes and extreme events can lead to reduced fecundity (Campbell et al. 2009; Inouye, 2008). Climate change also has the potential to facilitate the spread and establishment of invasive species (pests and weeds) (Hellmann, Byers, Bierwagen, and Dukes, 2008; Rahel and Olden, 2008) with often detrimental implications for ecosystem services and biodiversity. Human land-use changes are expected to further exacerbate climate change driven ecosystem changes, particularly in the tropics, where rising temperatures and reduced precipitation are expected to have major impacts (Campbell et al., 2009; Lee and Jetz, 2008). Ecosystems will be affected by the increased occurrence of extremes such as forest loss resulting from droughts and wildfire exacerbated by land use and agricultural expansion (Fischlin et al., 2007). Climate change also has the potential to catalyze rapid shifts in ecosystems such as sudden forest loss or regional loss of agricultural productivity resulting from desertification (Barnosky et al., 2012). The predicted increase in extreme climate events would also drive dramatic ecosystem changes (Thibault and Brown 2008; Wernberg, Smale, and Thomsen 2012). One such extreme event that is expected to have immediate impacts on ecosystems is the increased rate of wildfire occurrence. Climate change induced shifts in the fire regime are therefore in turn powerful drivers of biome shifts, potentially resulting in considerable changes in carbon fluxes over large areas (Heyder et al., 2011; Lavorel et al., 2006) It is anticipated that global warming will lead to global biome shifts (Barnosky et al. 2012). Based on 20th century observations and 21st century projections, poleward latitudinal biome shifts of up to 400 km are possible in a 4° C world (Gonzalez et al., 2010). In the case of mountaintop ecosystems, for example, such a shift is not necessarily possible, putting them at particular risk of extinction (La Sorte and Jetz, 2010). Species that dwell at the upper edge of continents or on islands would face a similar impediment to adaptation, since migration into adjacent ecosystems is not possible (Campbell, et al. 2009; Hof, Levinsky, Araújo, and Rahbek 2011). The consequences of such geographical shifts, driven by climatic changes as well as rising CO2 concentrations, would be found in both reduced species richness and species turnover (for example, Phillips et al., 2008; White and Beissinger 2008). A study by (Midgley and Thuiller, 2011) found that, of 5,197 African plant species studied, 25–42 percent could lose all suitable range by 2085. It should be emphasized that competition for space with human agriculture over the coming century is likely to prevent vegetation expansion in most cases (Zelazowski et al., 2011) Species composition changes can lead to structural changes of the entire ecosystem, such as the increase in lianas in tropical and temperate forests (Phillips et al., 2008), and the encroachment of woody plants in temperate grasslands (Bloor et al., 2008, Ratajczak et al., 2012), putting grass-eating herbivores at risk of extinction because of a lack of food available—this is just one example of the sensitive intricacies of ecosystem responses to external perturbations. There is also an increased risk of extinction for herbivores in regions of drought-induced tree dieback, owing to their inability to digest the newly resident C4 grasses (Morgan et al., 2008). The following provides some examples of ecosystems that have been identified as particularly vulnerable to climate change. The discussion is restricted to ecosystems themselves, rather than the important and often extensive impacts on ecosystems services. Boreal-temperate ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, although there are large differences in projections, depending on the future climate model and emission pathway studied. Nevertheless there is a clear risk of large-scale forest dieback in the boreal-temperate system because of heat and drought (Heyder et al., 2011). Heat and drought related die-back has already been observed in substantial areas of North American boreal forests (Allen et al., 2010), characteristic of vulnerability to heat and drought stress leading to increased mortality at the trailing edge of boreal forests. The vulnerability of transition zones between boreal and temperate forests, as well as between boreal forests and polar/tundra biomes, is corroborated by studies of changes in plant functional richness with climate change (Reu et al., 2011), as well as analyses using multiple dynamic global vegetation models (Gonzalez et al., 2010). Subtle changes within forest types also pose a great risk to biodiversity as different plant types gain dominance (Scholze et al., 2006). Humid tropical forests also show increasing risk of major climate induced losses. At 4°C warming above pre-industrial levels, the land extent of humid tropical forest, characterized by tree species diversity and biomass density, is expected to contract to approximately 25 percent of its original size ~see Figure 3 in (Zelazowski et al., 2011)~, while at 2°C warming, more than 75 percent of the original land can likely be preserved. For these ecosystems, water availability is the dominant determinant of climate suitability (Zelazowski et al., 2011). In general, Asia is substantially less at risk of forest loss than the tropical Americas. However, even at 2°C, the forest in the Indochina peninsula will be at risk of die-back. At 4°C, the area of concern grows to include central Sumatra, Sulawesi, India and the Philippines, where up to 30 percent of the total humid tropical forest niche could be threatened by forest retreat (Zelazowski et al., 2011). There has been substantial scientific debate over the risk of a rapid and abrupt change to a much drier savanna or grassland ecosystem under global warming. This risk has been identified as a possible planetary tipping point at around a warming of 3.5–4.5°C, which, if crossed, would result in a major loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services and the loss of a major terrestrial carbon sink, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Lenton et al., 2008)(Cox, et al., 2004) (Kriegler, Hall, Held, Dawson, and Schellnhuber, 2009). Substantial uncertainty remains around the likelihood, timing and onset of such risk due to a range of factors including uncertainty in precipitation changes, effects of CO2 concentration increase on water use efficiency and the CO2 fertilization effect, land-use feedbacks and interactions with fire frequency and intensity, and effects of higher temperature on tropical tree species and on important ecosystem services such as pollinators. While climate model projections for the Amazon, and in particular precipitation, remain quite uncertain recent analyses using IPCC AR4 generation climate indicates a reduced risk of a major basin wide loss of precipitation compared to some earlier work. If drying occurs then the likelihood of an abrupt shift to a drier, less biodiverse ecosystem would increase. Current projections indicate that fire occurrence in the Amazon could double by 2050, based on the A2 SRES scenario that involves warming of approximately 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels (Silvestrini et al., 2011), and can therefore be expected to be even higher in a 4°C world. Interactions of climate change, land use and agricultural expansion increase the incidence of fire (Aragão et al., 2008), which plays a major role in the (re)structuring of vegetation (Gonzalez et al., 2010; Scholze et al., 2006). A decrease in precipitation over the Amazon forests may therefore result in forest retreat or transition into a low biomass forest (Malhi et al., 2009). Moderating this risk is a possible increase in ecosystem water use efficiency with increasing CO2 concentrations is accounted for, more than 90 percent of the original humid tropical forest niche in Amazonia is likely to be preserved in the 2°C case, compared to just under half in the 4°C warming case (see Figure 5 in Zelazowski et al., 2011) (Cook, Zeng, and Yoon, 2012; Salazar and Nobre, 2010). Recent work has analyzed a number of these factors and their uncertainties and finds that the risk of major loss of forest due to climate is more likely to be regional than Amazon basin-wide, with the eastern and southeastern Amazon being most at risk (Zelazowski et al., 2011). Salazar and Nobre (2010) estimates a transition from tropical forests to seasonal forest or savanna in the eastern Amazon could occur at warming at warming of 2.5–3.5°C when CO2 fertilization is not considered and 4.5–5.5°C when it is considered. It is important to note, as Salazar and Nobre (2010) point out, that the effects of deforestation and increased fire risk interact with the climate change and are likely to accelerate a transition from tropical forests to drier ecosystems. Increased CO2 concentration may also lead to increased plant water efficiency (Ainsworth and Long, 2005), lowering the risk of plant die-back, and resulting in vegetation expansion in many regions, such as the Congo basin, West Africa and Madagascar (Zelazowski et al., 2011), in addition to some dry-land ecosystems (Heyder et al., 2011). The impact of CO2 induced 'greening' would, however, negatively affect biodiversity in many ecosystems. In particular encroachment of woody plants into grasslands and savannahs in North American grassland and savanna communities could lead to a decline of up to 45 percent in species richness ((Ratajczak and Nippert, 2012) and loss of specialist savanna plant species in southern Africa (Parr, Gray, and Bond, 2012). Mangroves are an important ecosystem and are particularly vulnerable to the multiple impacts of climate change, such as: rise in sea levels, increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration, air and water temperature, and changes in precipitation patterns. Sea-level rise can cause a loss of mangroves by cutting off the flow of fresh water and nutrients and drowning the roots (Dasgupta, Laplante et al. 2010). By the end of the 21st century, global mangrove cover is projected to experience a significant decline because of heat stress and sea-level rise (Alongi, 2008; Beaumont et al., 2011). In fact, it has been estimated that under the A1B emissions scenario (3.5°C relative to pre-industrial levels) mangroves would need to geographically move on average about 1 km/year to remain in suitable climate zones (Loarie et al., 2009). The most vulnerable mangrove forests are those occupying low-relief islands such as small islands in the Pacific where sea-level rise is a dominant factor. Where rivers are lacking and/ or land is subsiding, vulnerability is also high. With mangrove losses resulting from deforestation presently at 1 to 2 percent per annum (Beaumont et al., 2011), climate change may not be the biggest immediate threat to the future of mangroves. However if conservation efforts are successful in the longer term climate change may become a determining issue (Beaumont et al., 2011). Coral reefs are acutely sensitive to changes in water temperatures, ocean pH and intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones. Mass coral bleaching is caused by ocean warming and ocean acidification, which results from absorption of CO2 (for example, Frieler et al., 2012a). Increased sea-surface temperatures and a reduction of available carbonates are also understood to be driving causes of decreased rates of calcification, a critical reef-building process (De'ath, Lough, and Fabricius, 2009). The effects of climate change on coral reefs are already apparent. The Great Barrier Reef, for example, has been estimated to have lost 50 percent of live coral cover since 1985, which is attributed in part to coral bleaching because of increasing water temperatures (De'ath et al., 2012). Under atmospheric CO2 concentrations that correspond to a warming of 4°C by 2100, reef erosion will likely exceed rates of calcification, leaving coral reefs as "crumbling frameworks with few calcareous corals" (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). In fact, frequency of bleaching events under global warming in even a 2°C world has been projected to exceed the ability of coral reefs to recover. The extinction of coral reefs would be catastrophic for entire coral reef ecosystems and the people who depend on them for food, income and shoreline. Reefs provide coastal protection against coastal floods and rising sea levels, nursery grounds and habitat for a variety of currently fished species, as well as an invaluable tourism asset. These valuable services to often subsistence-dependent coastal and island societies will most likely be lost well before a 4°C world is reached. The preceding discussion reviewed the implications of a 4°C world for just a few examples of important ecosystems. The section below examines the effects of climate on biological diversity Ecosystems are composed ultimately of the species and interactions between them and their physical environment. Biologically rich ecosystems are usually diverse and it is broadly agreed that there exists a strong link between this biological diversity and ecosystem productivity, stability and functioning (McGrady-Steed, Harris, and Morin, 1997; David Tilman, Wedin, and Knops, 1996)(Hector, 1999; D Tilman et al., 2001). Loss of species within ecosystems will hence have profound negative effects on the functioning and stability of ecosystems and on the ability of ecosystems to provide goods and services to human societies. It is the overall diversity of species that ultimately characterizes the biodiversity and evolutionary legacy of life on Earth. As was noted at the outset of this discussion, species extinction rates are now at very high levels compared to the geological record. Loss of those species presently classified as 'critically endangered' would lead to mass extinction on a scale that has happened only five times before in the last 540 million years. The loss of those species classified as 'endangered' and 'vulnerable' would confirm this loss as the sixth mass extinction episode (Barnosky 2011). Loss of biodiversity will challenge those reliant on ecosystems services. Fisheries (Dale, Tharp, Lannom, and Hodges, 2010), and agronomy (Howden et al., 2007) and forestry industries (Stram and Evans, 2009), among others, will need to match species choices to the changing climate conditions, while devising new strategies to tackle invasive pests (Bellard, Bertelsmeier, Leadley, Thuiller, and Courchamp, 2012). These challenges would have to be met in the face of increasing competition between natural and agricultural ecosystems over water resources. Over the 21st-century climate change is likely to result in some bio-climates disappearing, notably in the mountainous tropics and in the poleward regions of continents, with new, or novel, climates developing in the tropics and subtropics (Williams, Jackson, and Kutzbach, 2007). In this study novel climates are those where 21st century projected climates do not overlap with their 20th century analogues, and disappearing climates are those 20th century climates that do not overlap with 21st century projected climates. The projections of Williams et al (2007) indicate that in a 4°C world (SRES A2), 12–39 percent of the Earth's land surface may experience a novel climate compared to 20th century analogues. Predictions of species response to novel climates are difficult because researchers have no current analogue to rely upon. However, at least such climates would give rise to disruptions, with many current species associations being broken up or disappearing entirely. Under the same scenario an estimated 10–48 percent of the Earth's surface including highly biodiverse regions such as the Himalayas, Mesoamerica, eastern and southern Africa, the Philippines and the region around Indonesia known as Wallacaea would lose their climate space. With limitations on how fast species can disperse, or move, this indicates that many species may find themselves without a suitable climate space and thus face a high risk of extinction. Globally, as in other studies, there is a strong association apparent in these projections between regions where the climate disappears and biodiversity hotspots. Limiting warming to lower levels in this study showed substantially reduced effects, with the magnitude of novel and disappearing climates scaling linearly with global mean warming. More recent work by Beaumont and colleagues using a different approach confirms the scale of this risk (Beaumont et al., 2011, Figure 36). Analysis of the exposure of 185 eco-regions of exceptional biodiversity (a subset of the so-called Global 200) to extreme monthly temperature and precipitation conditions in the 21st century compared to 1961–1990 conditions shows that within 60 years almost all of the regions that are already exposed to substantial environmental and social pressure, will experience extreme temperature conditions based on the A2 emission scenario (4.1°C global mean temperature rise by 2100) (Beaumont et al., 2011). Tropical and sub-tropical eco-regions in Africa and South America are particularly vulnerable. Vulnerability to such extremes is particularly acute for high latitude and small island biota, which are very limited in their ability to respond to range shifts, and to those biota, such as flooded grassland, mangroves and desert biomes, that would require large geographical displacements to find comparable climates in a warmer world. The overall sense of recent literature confirms the findings of the AR4 summarized at the beginning of the section, with a number of risks such as those to coral reefs occurring at significantly lower temperatures than estimated in that report. Although non-climate related human pressures are likely to remain a major and defining driver of loss of ecosystems and biodiversity in the coming decades, it is also clear that as warming rises so will the predominance of climate change as a determinant of ecosystem and biodiversity survival. While the factors of human stresses on ecosystems are manifold, in a 4°C world, climate change is likely to become a determining driver of ecosystem shifts and large-scale biodiversity loss (Bellard et al., 2012; New et al., 2011). Recent research suggests that large-scale loss of biodiversity is likely to occur in a 4°C world, with climate change and high CO2 concentration driving a transition of the Earth´s ecosystems into a state unknown in human experience. Such damages to ecosystems would be expected to dramatically reduce the provision of ecosystem services on which society depends (e.g., hydrology—quantity flow rates, quality; fisheries (corals), protection of coastline (loss of mangroves). Barnosky has described the present situation facing the biodiversity of the planet as "the perfect storm" with multiple high intensity ecological stresses because of habitat modification and degradation, pollution and other factors, unusually rapid climate change and unusually high and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In the past, as noted above, this combination of circumstances has led to major, mass extinctions with planetary consequences. Thus, there is a growing risk that climate change, combined with other human activities, will cause the irreversible transition of the Earth´s ecosystems into a state unknown in human experience (Barnosky et al., 2012).

Also turns case-climate change adversely affects indigenous peoples

Salick, Jan, and Anja Byg, eds. Indigenous peoples and climate change. Oxford: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2007.
The one region for which the IPCC II summary acknowledges Climate Change impacts on indigenous peoples is the polar region of which they say, "Detrimental impacts would include those on infrastructure and traditional indigenous ways of life." Fortunately, we need not depend on this fleeting mention for information. After polar bears, the Inuit are the best known victims of climate change. Traditional livelihoods of all peoples of the arctic are threatened by melting ice shields and permafrost. For arctic peoples, hunting and fishing strategies depend on stable ice; homes are built on ice or permanently frozen ground; and travel depends on solid ice. Temperatures in the arctic are rising disproportionately – predicted to increase by as much as 8o C in the 21st century under present conditions – affecting the livelihood strategies and knowledge of arctic peoples more quickly than elsewhere. ii. Alpine areas Alpine ecosystems around the world, too, are warming at a disproportionate rates (predicted to increase by as much as 5-6o C in the 21st century under present conditions). Glacial retreat was one of the first phenomena to draw our attention to global warming. Iconic peaks such as Kilimanjaro will have snows no more. Detailed studies track the upward movement on mountains of treeline and alpine plants (www.gloria.ac.at). Plants at the highest elevations are being pushed off the top of mountain peaks (or more accurately stated, out competed by plants normally found at lower elevations). Palynological studies have mapped floral retreats and advances on mountains in the past but nothing compared to the speed of change today. Alpine warming and aforestation will further threaten endangered animals like Snow Leopards and mountain sheep. However, what receives very little attention is the importance of these floras and faunas to Indigenous Peoples. For example, Tibetan and Andean highlanders depend on Alpine floras for medicines, food, grazing and hunting. In the future, when trees cover the high mountains, these people will be deprived of important traditional resources central to their livelihoods. Where will Tibetans be without Tibetan medicines and 8 Alpine meadows to graze their Yaks? Can high Andean tuber-crops and animals, such as llama and vicuña, survive the warming? iii. Deserts What will happen to the deserts of the world is more difficult to predict. It is not just a mater of increasing temperatures but also changing rainfall, ocean currents, monsoon circulations, river systems, winds, and human behaviour – all difficult to model. Variability, which is notoriously difficult to predict, is also significant. Nonetheless, some very sophisticated models have been developed with startling results (for example, see BBC report on the Kalahari of southern Africa: http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4480000/newsid_4481400/4481402.stm). What will happen to Kalahari dunefields in the 21 st century? There are 2.5 million km2 of dunes in southern Africa, deposited by wind during the Quaternary. Currently, most dunes are vegetated and used for grazing. However, predictions are for 2.5-4.3o C temperature rise this century with dune expansion and transport unequalled in the Holocene. The Kalahari Desert is expected to double in size and wind speeds will increase dramatically. Thousands of people, who inhabit ~deserts~ this area presently, will struggle to survive, with cattle and goat farming becoming increasingly less feasible and their traditional resource base for hunting and gathering restricted or absent. Even today, indigenous groups, which have been forced to become sedentary, huddle around government drilled boreholes for water, many dependent on government handouts for survival. Without 9 doubt, indigenous peoples of the deserts are on the frontline of global climate change. iv. Tropical Rainforests In the tropical rainforests of the world there is predicted to be a 2- 8o C temperature rise in this century. However, even more important than temperature rise are other factors such as rainfall and seasonality, which depend on sea-surface temperatures, which are themselves difficult to model and the sea-rainforest interactions even more so. For instance, Asian, Pacific and even Amazonian tropical forests are already profoundly impacted by existing climatic variation caused by the ENSO, and these are predicted to be more frequent and of greater intensity in the future, bringing extended droughts, crop failures and even larger forest fires then are presently experienced in these regions. There is a quite high concurrence of models predicting a 20 or more overall decrease in rainfall in the Amazon. Additionally, the reduction in precipitation is larger during the dry season when plants and people are most stressed. These effects of climate change on the Amazon forest are exacerbated by deforestation and forest fragmentation which in turn release more carbon into the atmosphere creating yet more climate change, forming a positive There was a preview of what is to come during the severe drought of 2005 when much of the western Amazon burned. Models suggest that in this century much of the Amazon rainforest will first be replaced by savannas and then even possibly by bare soils. What sort of future is this for the indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest? 10 Is there hope in this 'doom and gloom' scenario? If so, it lies with the indigenous peoples themselves, who are very successful at preventing deforestation and managing natural rainforests. A global carbon market in avoided deforestation is likely to emerge in the next few years, which represents a huge financial opportunity for indigenous people to be paid for preserving their forest lands. However, will governments recognize tenure-rights, local priorities and the cultural contributions of indigenous peoples and will they address the challenges in implementation, such as equitable benefit sharing? v. Islands Climate changes common to many islands are rising sea levels and temperatures, ocean current oscillation changes (such as the ENSO), and increasingly violent storms. Other climate changes – temperature, winds, rainfall, and so forth – differ with island location. Other environmental changes are important everywhere in the world and often interact with climate change (see below), but these others factors are particularly prominent on islands. Islands are dynamic, ephemeral platforms: volcanoes build and erode; coral atolls submerge and reappear. Island endemism is extraordinarily high and the majority of extinctions on earth are on islands although they represent only 3 of land area. Thus, island biodiversity is already precarious. Diverse indigenous peoples on islands live on the margins between sea and land and between survival and failure. Natural disasters they face include island subsidence, drought, loss of fresh water; rapid anthropogenic disasters include disease, invasion, and nuclear testing; slow anthropogenic problems include deteriorating public health, social reorganization, economic globalization, and invasive species. Nonetheless, island peoples have extensive indigenous knowledge of environmental management that will be necessary for their survival in the face of climate change: land stabilization and fisheries management, to name but two. 11 vi. Temperate ecosystems Climate change affects temperate ecosystems quite differently depending on geography, with inundation at sea level and either more or less rainfall. However, temperatures are rising. Plant and animal distributions, ranges, phenologies, symbioses, and community structures are changing. Deterioration of ecosystem services is just one anthropocentric concern. Indigenous peoples depend on seasonal abundances of resources which are changing. They rely on predictable levels of rainfall, winter snowpack and glaciers to feed the lakes, creeks and rivers that are critical habitat for fish and other resources. On-shore and off-shore marine resources are weather dependent and yet weather is becoming increasingly unpredictable. Dry periods, which can no longer be depended upon, are needed for preserving fish, seaweed, and other resources; people are now trying to dry indoor or freeze foods. Indigenous people have stories, taboos, and knowledge about great changes in the past, but these are inadequate in the face of present climate changes. "They don't even know what to do with this weather!" says a woman elder of the Gitga'at Nation, British Columbia. And yet the future is predicted to bring even greater climate changes.

Tournament: Plano Sr | Round: 2 | Opponent: McKinney SC | Judge: idk

Saltwater desalination is main source of fresh water in many countries

WNA 16 1"Nuclear Desalination." World Nuclear Association. World Nuclear Association, June 2016. Web. 25 Aug. 2016. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/industry/nuclear-desalination.aspx.
About three-quarters of Israel’s water is desalinated, and one large RO plant
AND
of 50 GL/yr was within the A24 955 million budget.

Nuclear powered desalination is highly reliable and used widely—plan kills the source of fresh water for millions

WNA 16 2"Nuclear Desalination." World Nuclear Association. World Nuclear Association, June 2016. Web. 25 Aug. 2016. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/industry/nuclear-desalination.aspx.
The feasibility of integrated nuclear desalination plants has been proven with over 150 reactor-
AND
to supply up to 3100 m3/day surplus water for county residents.

====Water shortages ignites resource wars and terror attacks====
Goldenberg, Suzanne. "Why Global Water Shortages Pose Threat of Terror and War." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 08 Feb. 2014. Web. 25 Aug. 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/global-water-shortages-threat-terror-war.
Water, on its own, was unlikely to bring down governments. But the
AND
weapon or to further terrorist objectives will become more likely beyond 10 years."

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Boca Raton OL | Judge: Paul Gravley
I'll prob read more recent uniqueness ev at later tournaments

Clinton's lead is dwindling, any change will shift votes – prefer this was literally from yesterday.

FTE 9-8 "Why Is Trump Gaining On Clinton?" FiveThirtyEight. N.p., 08 Sept. 2016. Web. 09 Sept. 2016. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-is-trump-gaining-on-clinton/.
(Harry Enten, senior political writer): Clinton got a large convention bounce.
AND
is projected to win the national vote by 3.9 percentage points.

Obama's popularity matters more than any other factor—-avoiding surprises is key to keep Hillary in the race because she's incredibly aligned with Obama's views

Joshua Bernstein 9-9 (analyst at Bernstein) "Obama's Approval Rating Is So ... Stable," http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-09-09/obama-s-approval-rating-is-so-stable)
How voters feel about Barack Obama is probably more important to the outcome of the
AND
down, but the U.S. isn't exactly at peace either.  

Obama supports expansion of nuclear power—sudden shift in energy policy drains his popularity

The White House 15 "FACT SHEET: Obama Administration Announces Actions to Ensure That Nuclear Energy Remains a Vibrant Component of the United States' Clean Energy Strategy." The White House. The White House, 06 Nov. 2015. Web. 18 Aug. 2016. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/06/fact-sheet-obama-administration-announces-actions-ensure-nuclear-energy.
As detailed in the Climate Action Plan, President Obama is committed to using every
AND
nation's energy system: energy security, economic competitiveness, and environmental responsibility.

GOP victory rolls back the Iran deal

Toosi 15 – foreign affairs correspondent at POLITICO
(Nahal, "How a Republican president could kill the Iran deal," http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/gop-president-iran-deal-kill-120077)
If the next president hates the nuclear deal with Iran, he (or she
AND
a backlash from Tehran that boosts the U.S. president's standing.

That causes nuclear war

Stevens 13 – associate editor and chief political commentator for the Financial Times (Phillip, "The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks," 11/14/13, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html)
The who-said-what game about last weekend's talks in Geneva has become
AND
previous Iranian leaders, but he does seem ready to weigh the options.

Also turns case-Trump win causes mass structural violence and racism

Chalt, Jonathan. "Donald Trump Gave Republicans the Choice of Racism or Defeat. They Chose Racism." Daily Intelligencer. N.p., 01 Aug. 2016. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/08/the-gop-has-made-its-peace-with-trumps-racism.html.
Half a dozen years ago — just before Donald Trump latched on to the birther
AND
decided, nearly every one of them, that they will take it.

Tournament: Newman Smith | Round: 2 | Opponent: CHHS CW | Judge: idk
ty Chiang

Nuclear energy is becoming one of the main sources of electricity for most countries – energy production will only increase with time

WNA 16 1 (The World Nuclear Association (WNA) is the international organization that promotes nuclear power and supports the companies that comprise the global nuclear industry. Its members come from all parts of the nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium mining, uranium conversion, uranium enrichment, nuclear fuel fabrication, plant manufacture, transport, and the disposition of used nuclear fuel as well as electricity generation itself. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx JC)
In the 1950s attention turned to the peaceful purposes of nuclear fission, notably for
AND
The rest of the improvement is due to better performance from existing units.

Nuclear energy is cheaper than coal – switching now will increase costs.

WNA 16 2("The Economics of Nuclear Power" The World Nuclear Association (WNA) is the international organization that promotes nuclear power and supports the companies that comprise the global nuclear industry. Its members come from all parts of the nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium mining, uranium conversion, uranium enrichment, nuclear fuel fabrication, plant manufacture, transport, and the disposition of used nuclear fuel as well as electricity generation itself. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/economic-aspects/economics-of-nuclear-power.aspx JC)
There have been many studies carried out examining the economics of future generation options,
AND
5-4.5 c/kWh, depending greatly on fuel price

Electricity is key to the economy – even a 10 decreases causes an irreversible collapse

NRECA 15 (NRECA is the national service organization for more than 900 not-for-profit rural electric cooperatives and public power districts providing retail electric service to more than 42 million consumers in 47 states and whose retail sales account for approximately 12 percent of total electricity sales in the United States. "New Study Highlights Impact of Increased Electricity Prices" http://www.nreca.coop/new-study-highlights-impact-of-increased-electricity-prices/ JC)
The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) released a new economic study detailing
AND
by electric cooperatives is 11.5 percent less than the national average.

Economic decline causes war and an increased threat of terror attacks – multiple warrants.

Royal, 2010, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives' eds. Goldsmith and Brauer, ~Director Cooperative Threat Reduction DOD, Jedediah~, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels. This implied connection

Economic decline disproportionally affect the black body racializing their daily lives and making their recovery impossible.

White 15' (http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/black-recession-housing-race/396725/
The ~A~ recession, while painful for everyone, was especially ~is
AND
slim, even as white Americans start to get back on their feet.

Tournament: Conrad | Round: 2 | Opponent: Arlington BK | Judge: Eric Melin

All US attack subs are nuclear powered—the plan gets rid of all of them

Schmitt, Eric(Eric Schmitt is a senior writer who covers terrorism and national security issues for The New York Times. Since 2007, he has reported on terrorism issues, including assignments to Pakistan, Afghanistan, North Africa and Southeast Asia. He is the co-author, with The Times’s Thom Shanker, of "Counterstrike: The Untold Story of America’s Campaign Against Al Qaeda," published in 2011.
He was first appointed as a Pentagon correspondent for The Times in May 1990. Mr. Schmitt served this position until February 1996, and then again from Sept. 11, 2001 until 2006, covering issues of national security. Between 1996 and 2001, he worked as a domestic correspondent covering, among other subjects, the Congress and immigration.). "Russia Bolsters Its Submarine Fleet, and Tensions With U.S. Rise." The New York Times. The New York Times, 20 Apr. 2016. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/21/world/europe/russia-bolsters-submarine-fleet-and-tensions-with-us-rise.html?_r=0.
The United States has 53 attack submarines, all nuclear-powered, as well
AND
to deploy far from American shores, remain superior to their Russian counterparts.

And attack submarines are uniquely key to naval power

Cropsey, Seth (Director, Center for American Seapower, Senior Fellow Seth Cropsey began his career in government at the Defense Department as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and subsequently served as Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy in the Reagan and Bush administrations, where he was responsible for the Navy’s position on efforts to reorganize DoD, development of the maritime strategy, the Navy’s academic institutions, naval special operations, and burden-sharing with NATO allies. In the Bush administration, Cropsey moved to OSD to become acting assistant secretary, and then principal deputy assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict. Cropsey served as a naval officer from 1985-2004.). "China, Russia Are Challenging Our Navy: Is Our Submarine Program Prepared?" Hudson Institute. PJ Media, 11 Sept. 2015. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.hudson.org/research/11630-china-russia-are-challenging-our-navy-is-our-submarine-program-prepared.
Admiral Hyman G. Rickover supervised the growth of the "nuclear navy," which
AND
submarines require to continue their role as a critical element of American seapower.

Naval power is key to U.S. power projection

NOAA 98 (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Military Sealift Command, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) 1998 The Oceans and National Security, http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/yoto/meeting/nat_sec_316.html
Maritime forces have inherent strengths which make them America’s best tool to effectively meet most
AND
very important way, the oceans can buffer North America from conflict overseas.

Collapse of U.S. leadership sparks global nuclear war

Zalmay Khalilzad 95 (RAND analyst) Spring 1995 "Losing the Moment," WASHINGTON QUARTERLY
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and
AND
to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Ardrey Kell DG | Judge: forgot

China threats are impending—Navy will be key

Slattery, Brian, and Mary Monica Allen. "US Navy Faces 'Great Power' (Think Russia and China) Threats at Sea." The National Interest. N.p., 2 July 2016. Web. 29 Aug. 2016. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/us-navy-faces-E28098great-powerE28099-think-russia-china-threats-sea-17214.
One of the greatest challenges to American interests abroad is in keeping the world's oceans
AND
Navy by more robustly investing in the growth and maintenance of its fleet.

All US attack subs are nuclear powered—the plan gets rid of all of them

Schmitt, Eric(Eric Schmitt is a senior writer who covers terrorism and national security issues for The New York Times. Since 2007, he has reported on terrorism issues, including assignments to Pakistan, Afghanistan, North Africa and Southeast Asia. He is the co-author, with The Times's Thom Shanker, of "Counterstrike: The Untold Story of America's Campaign Against Al Qaeda," published in 2011.
He was first appointed as a Pentagon correspondent for The Times in May 1990. Mr. Schmitt served this position until February 1996, and then again from Sept. 11, 2001 until 2006, covering issues of national security. Between 1996 and 2001, he worked as a domestic correspondent covering, among other subjects, the Congress and immigration.). "Russia Bolsters Its Submarine Fleet, and Tensions With U.S. Rise." The New York Times. The New York Times, 20 Apr. 2016. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/21/world/europe/russia-bolsters-submarine-fleet-and-tensions-with-us-rise.html?_r=0.
The United States has 53 attack submarines, all nuclear-powered, as well
AND
to deploy far from American shores, remain superior to their Russian counterparts.

And attack submarines are uniquely key to naval power

Cropsey, Seth (Director, Center for American Seapower, Senior Fellow Seth Cropsey began his career in government at the Defense Department as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and subsequently served as Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy in the Reagan and Bush administrations, where he was responsible for the Navy's position on efforts to reorganize DoD, development of the maritime strategy, the Navy's academic institutions, naval special operations, and burden-sharing with NATO allies. In the Bush administration, Cropsey moved to OSD to become acting assistant secretary, and then principal deputy assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict. Cropsey served as a naval officer from 1985-2004.). "China, Russia Are Challenging Our Navy: Is Our Submarine Program Prepared?" Hudson Institute. PJ Media, 11 Sept. 2015. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.hudson.org/research/11630-china-russia-are-challenging-our-navy-is-our-submarine-program-prepared.
Admiral Hyman G. Rickover supervised the growth of the "nuclear navy," which
AND
submarines require to continue their role as a critical element of American seapower.

China will take any opportunity it sees to further its control in the region—plan blows them a huge hole to take over in the seas

The Economist 15 "Who Rules the Waves?" The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 17 Oct. 2015. Web. 08 Sept. 2016. http://www.economist.com/news/international/21674648-china-no-longer-accepts-america-should-be-asia-pacifics-dominant-naval-power-who-rules.
IN THE next few days, out of sight of much of the world,
AND
have to be like that, but America must prepare for the worst.

War with China causes extinction

Straits Times 6-25-2000
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilisation.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Edina MK | Judge: Jen Melin

Ryan pushing for continuing resolution to solve shutdown now – leadership is key

Fox 9/6/16 ~Lauren Fox, Congressional Reporter, Talking Points memo, "GOP Leaders Throw Down Gauntlet Against Conservatives On Spending Bill", 9/6/16, http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/gop-leaders-lay-down-gauntlet-against-conservatives-on-spending-bill~~**
Hours after the Senate gaveled in from its seven-week recess, one Republican
AND
disagreements on Zika funding have poisoned the well and halted the funding process.

====Nuclear power contentious issue - leads to partisan fights that destroy Ryan's control====
Siciliano 16 ~John Siciliano, Political Reporter @ the Washington Examiner, Washington Examiner, "The 2016 politics of nuclear energy", 1/10/16, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/the-2016-politics-of-nuclear-energy/article/2579855~~**
Nuclear power is one of the cleanest forms of electricity, yet the question of
AND
runner Hillary Clinton is "not going to endorse it," Zycher said.

New government shutdown would collapse the economy – largest risk facing the global economy

Matthews 2015 Chris Matthews. Fortune. "Let the Debt Ceiling Games Begin: The government has once again reached the $18.1 trillion debt ceiling. Are we headed for another shutdown?" http://fortune.com/2015/03/16/debt-ceiling/
2015 could wind up being the best economic year for the developed world in nearly
AND
2015. Let's hope the President and Congress can learn to play nice.

Global nuclear war

Kemp 10 Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet's population.

====Economic decline hurts minorities most—ensures uneven starting points that only widen the wealth gap====
Parker, Dennis D., and Larry Schwartztol 12(Director, ACLU National Office's Racial Justice Program Staff attorney, ACLU Racial Justice Program.) "The Economic Crisis Isn't Colorblind." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 5 Sept. 2012. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dennis-d-parker/the-economic-crisis-isnt-_b_1855918.html.
As the presidential election season heats up, the candidates will clash over how the
AND
shouldered. An honest and responsible presidential contest ought to deliver nothing less.