Tournament: Contact | Round: 9 | Opponent: Contact | Judge: Contact
Hello! I'm Samir and I debate at Southlake, I can best be reached by email if you have any questions about cites/what I'll be running.
Email: samir.smohsin@gmail.com
Facebook: Samir Mohsin

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 4 | Opponent: Boca Raton NM | Judge: Nathan Johnston

1AC

Framing

The alt-right is back and stronger than ever—students are already engaging in hate speech and harmful dialogue and are being recruited now on college campuses for white nationalist movements.

Harkinson 16, Josh. "The Push to Enlist "Alt-Right" Recruits on College Campuses." Mother Jones. N.p., 6 Dec. 2016. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/12/richard-spencer-alt-right-college-activism. SM
How much support is there for the loose-knit coalition of white nationalists and
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value of this university, no matter how odious the views may be."

Education on resisting oppression is key to raising a class of radical students willing to alter the material conditions of oppression through democratic policy actions

Giroux 15 (Henry, American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, "Higher Education and the Promise of Insurgent Public Memory," March 3, 2015, http://truth-out.org/news/item/29396-higher-education-and-the-promise-of-insurgent-public-memory)
The current call to cleanse history in the name of a false patriotism that celebrates
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as a university president at Harvard or any other institution of higher learning.

Only through a racial realism approach and policy action can real world change that has the end result of empowering the oppressed occur

Bell 92 (Derrick Bell, 1992, Conneticut Law Review, http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/mpsg/Essays/Bell20-20Racial20Realism.pdf,) AP

While implementing Racial Realism we must simultaneously ac- knowledge that our actions are not likely to lead to transcendent change and, despite our best efforts, may be of more help to the system we despise than to the victims of that system we are trying to help. Nevertheless, our realization, and the dedication based on that realiza- tion, can lead to policy positions and campaigns that are less likely to worsen conditions for those we are trying to help, and will be more likely to remind those in power that there are imaginative, unabashed risk-takers who refuse to be trammeled upon. Yet confrontation with our oppressors is not our sole reason for engaging in Racial Realism. Continued struggle can bring about unexpected benefits and gains that in themselves justify continued endeavor. The fight in itself has mean- ing and should give us hope for the future. I am convinced that there is something real out there in America for black people. It is not, however, the romantic love of integration. It is surely not the long-sought goal of equality under law, though we must maintain the struggle against racism else the erosion of black rights will become even worse than it is now. The Racial Realism that we must seek is simply a hard-eyed view of racism as it is and our subordinate role in it. We must realize, as our slave forebears, that the struggle for freedom is, at bottom, a manifestation of our humanity that survives and grows stronger through resistance to oppression, even if that oppression is never overcome. I am convinced that there is something real out there in America for black people. It is not, however, the romantic love of integration. It is surely not the long-sought goal of equality under law, though we must maintain the struggle against racism else the erosion of black rights will become even worse than it is now. The Racial Realism that we must seek is simply a hard-eyed view of racism as it is and our subordinate role in it. We must realize, as our slave forebears, that the struggle for freedom is, at bottom, a manifestation of our humanity that survives and grows stronger through resistance to oppression, even if that oppression is never overcome.

Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best upholds a racial realistic perspective and engages in policy action

Instead of abstracting and ignoring oppression through ideal theory we should focus on concrete solutions to fight it

Curry 14 (Dr. Tommy J. Curry, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014)
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
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used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Harms

Free speech is as tight as a pin on college campuses—this limits productive dialogue that can foster new ideas and goes against the true purpose of higher level education

Maloney 16, Cliff, Jr (He is a graduate of the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Class of 2014, with a B.A. in Education and a B.S. in Theatre Arts.) . "Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech." Time. Time, Oct.-Nov. 2016. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speech-zone/.
In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as "a discussion between
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remain protected—not just on college campuses, but everywhere in America.

Speech codes increase racial tensions, cause backlash, and drive racist thought underground to where we can't fight it

Herron 93, Vince. "Increasing the Speech: Diversity, Campus Speech Codes, and the Pursuit of Truth." S. Cal. L. Rev. 67 (1993): 407. SM
Some will argue that speech codes were never intended to solve the underlying problems of
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originally led to these injuries and hinders the continued fight against those ideologies.

Speech restrictions are white paternalism under the guise of protecting vulnerable minorities—they discount the effectiveness of marginalized groups historically successful use of free speech

O'Neill 15, Brendan. "Freedom of Speech Is the Best Friend Marginalised Groups Could Ever Have." Freedom of Speech Is the Best Friend Marginalised... N.p., 20 Mar. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2017. http://brendanoneill.co.uk/post/114125942824/freedom-of-speech-is-the-best-friend-marginalised. SM
There are many grating things about the army of students who have taken it upon
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student bureaucracy tremble before your free, unfettered, off-message speech.

This has given rise to the alt-right movements it hopes to contain and prevents agonistic deliberation of ideas

Carle 16, Robert. "How The American Academy Helped Create The Alt-Right." The Federalist. N.p., 22 Dec. 2016. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. http://thefederalist.com/2016/12/22/american-academy-helped-create-alt-right/. SM
American academics are rightly alarmed by the ascendance of the alt-right and its
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and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Solvency

The aff is uniquely key to raising the next generation of critical intellectuals—non uniques the K

Napolitano 16, Janet (an American politician, lawyer, and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013, under President Barack Obama. She has been president of the University of California system since September 2013, shortly after she resigned as Secretary of Homeland Security.) . "It's Time to Free Speech on Campus Again." BostonGlobe.com. N.p., 02 Oct. 2016. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/10/01/time-free-speech-campus-again/v5jDCzjuv710Mc92AhaAqL/story.html. SM
The more difficult issues arise when students seek to shout down speakers or attempt to
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brought before me. Consider this my own trigger warning. Just sayin'.

Racists exposing themselves spurs counterspeech which creates activism on campus that constructs solutions and exposes the moral bankruptcy of their views

Calleros 95, Charles R. "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun." Ariz. St. LJ 27 (1995): 1249. SM
Delgado and Yun characterize these arguments as "paternalistic" and "seriously flawed.
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would feel 78 pressures to maintain its status as a minimally integrated institution.

K Underview 1:30

====Critique is useless without a concrete alternative to solve it====
Bryant '12 (Levi Bryant is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. In addition to working as a professor, Bryant has also served as a Lacanian psychoanalyst. He received his Ph.D. from Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, where he originally studied 'disclosedness' with the Heidegger scholar Thomas Sheehan. Bryant later changed his dissertation topic to the transcendental empiricism of Gilles Deleuze,  "Critique of the Academic Left", http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/) SM
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction. It's
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. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.

We're state as a heuristic not state good-that distinction matters and allows us to work within the state while learning how to critique it. The latter approach teaches approaches that fail and prop up liberalism

Zanotti '14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated "Version of Record" is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database. SM
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
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where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations.13

Tournament: Byron Nelson | Round: 1 | Opponent: Jasper | Judge: Shane Olsen

Framework

I value morality since ought implies a moral obligation

We morally exclude people based on arbitrarily perceived differences—structural violence is rooted in this exclusion

Winter, Deborah Du Nann, and Dana C. Leighton. "STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. (1999):. Print. ~Don't worry I re-cut it~
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
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thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity.

Thus the standard is reducing structural violence—Three additional warrants for the standard:

1~ Eliminating Structural violence is a prerequisite to all other actions-all actions must challenge and change the way we view structural violence and oppression

Taylor Janelle S. "Explaining Difference: "Culture," "Structural Violence," and Medical Anthropology." Office of Minority Affairs Diversity. University of Washington. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
"Structural violence," is a term that Farmer has developed in his own writings
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in situations where the automatic response might be to passively accept systematic inequalities.

This means the Aff framing is a pre-requisite to any other moral framework—"out-groups" will never be noticed and included in our moral discussions, so we need to eliminate structural barriers first to ensure a seat for all

2~ Ideal theory abstracts from the real world and legitimizes its oppression—prefer non-ideal theory which is key to recognizing and solving oppressive power structures

Mills 05, Charles W (Mills is presently John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University, He is known for his work in social and political philosophy, particularly in oppositional political theory as centered on class, gender, and race.). ""Ideal theory" as ideology." Hypatia 20.3 (2005): 165-183.
The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism, or
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within the systems they describe; so while theyabstract, they do notidealize.

3~ Challenging institutional racism comes first—it makes violence inevitable which turns their util first args

Albert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Harms

Vague and inconsistent definitions of reasonable in the context of qualified immunity allow police to get away with excessive uses of force

Alpert and Smith 94, Geoffrey P (Geoffrey Philip Alpert is a professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of South Carolina), and William C. Smith (Professor at University of South Carolina). "How reasonable is the reasonable man?: Police and excessive force." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 85.2 (1994): 481-501. SM
Prior to 1989, most federal circuits followed the Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process "
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the confusing tautology.24 What is reasonable has become what is necessary.

It's no secret that police brutality is extremely racist

Chaney and Ray 13, Cassandra (Has a PhD and is a professor at LSU. Also has a strong focus in the structure of Black families) , and Ray V. Robertson (Also has a PhD and is a criminal justice professor at LSU). "Racism and police brutality in America." Journal of African American Studies 17.4 (2013): 480-505. SMdo I really need a card for this
Racism and Discrimination According to Marger (2012), "racism is an ideology,
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the information, yet the officers had no incentive to examine his truthfulness.

And more unjustified arrest warrants exacerbate the problem of mass incarceration, which is racist and destroys race relations

Paul Butler, law professor, Georgetown,2009, Let's Get Free: A Hip Hop Theory of Justice, Kindle Edition, page number at end of card
Race Relations Disparity in unemployment between blacks and whites: 2 to 1 Disparity in
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a part of the fabric of America and they will certainly be freer.

Qualified immunity prevents its victims from seeking justice ensuring the voices of the oppressed are kept silent—it's try or die for the aff

Rudovsky 2, David (He is a founding partner of the law firm of Kairys, Rudovsky, Messing, and Feinberg ~1~, and a Senior Fellow at University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he teaches evidence and constitutional criminal procedure.) . "Police abuse: can the violence be contained." Harv. CR-CLL Rev. 27 (1992): 465. SM
There are other significant barriers to judicial vindication of the rights of victims of police
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is no respondeat superior liability ~for the municipality as a whole~. 107

Plan

Thus, the plan: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity of police officers in excessive force cases by removing it as a pre-trial defense and allowing the judge to determine the reasonability question.

Sheng 12, Philip. "Objectivity Reasonable Criticism of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases Brought under 42 USC Sec. 1983, An." BYU J. Pub. L. 26 (2012): 99. SM
In light of the confusion after Saucier, Hope, and Brosseau, the Court
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discretion is far less than what the current doctrine of qualified immunity allows.

And we're not extra-T, Analytic

Also, no eliminate-T—Analytic

Solvency

Police care about their perception, the aff ensures they know what "reasonable person's" use of force is, so they act within those confines

Alpert and Smith 94, Geoffrey P (Geoffrey Philip Alpert is a professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of South Carolina), and William C. Smith (Professor at University of South Carolina). "How reasonable is the reasonable man?: Police and excessive force." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 85.2 (1994): 481-501. SM
The immediate reaction of a police officer to a citizen with an "attitude"
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be evaluated to determine if force used by a police officer is reasonable.

====Reforming qualified immunity is the best starting point—a lack of police accountability is what the aff fixes ====
Wright 15, Sam. "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity."Above the Law. N.p., 3 Nov. 2015. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/. SM
Recently, police have been killing and otherwise abusing people of color with what seems
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want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen.

And federal reforms are uniquely needed to solve

Rudovsky 4, David (He is a founding partner of the law firm of Kairys, Rudovsky, Messing, and Feinberg ~1~, and a Senior Fellow at University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he teaches evidence and constitutional criminal procedure.) . "Police abuse: can the violence be contained." Harv. CR-CLL Rev. 27 (1992): 465. SM
In light of the nationwide scope of the problem, consideration should be given to
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be a condition of the receipt of federal funds for law enforcement. 147

Underview

First, aff's should be able to spec how they limit qualified immunity if they have a solvency advocate

Analytic
Analytic

Put those rule of law DAs away—racial targeting justified by qualified immunity kills public faith in the law

De Stefan 17, Lindsey (Editor for the Seton Hall Law Review). ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct." (2017). SM
Unsurprisingly, police shootings in general tend to produce tension between the police and the
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question of how to implement comprehensive reform on a national scale remains unresolved.

Role-playing teaches students to be comfortable with the language of power which is critical to genuine and effective political activism – personal experiences must be tied to concrete political strategies to avoid cooptation

Coverstone, 05 – masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H., "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference, 11/17/05)
It is very important to note that Mitchell (1998b) tries carefully to limit
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that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Tournament: UT Austin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Katy Taylor CR | Judge: Kyle Fennesy

Part One is Framing

My interpretation is that the resolution should serve as a topic area which we as debaters should have a discussion in relating to it and the debate is about competing methodologies or approaches to our respective areas. This isn't a topicality bad argument, but rather an argument that we shouldn't be locked to generic QI good or bad debates, but rather the way in which it relates to larger structural and power forces that shape our lives as actual people. This legal topic is unique in that it has allowed me to recognize the unique place that I fit into and interact with all aspects of society.

Thus, role of the judge is to act as a critical educator combating oppression—while obviously signing the ballot won't make neoliberalism disappear, voting for strategies to combat oppression in this round makes us better activists in the future.

Giroux 13 (Henry, American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, "Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University," 29 October 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19654-public-intellectuals-against-the-neoliberal-university)//ghs-VA
Increasingly, as universities are shaped by an audit culture, the call to be
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with others, and transform, when necessary, the world around them.

Best for activism— Talking about methodologies to combat oppressive structures makes us better advocates in the future—this is a key pre-requisite to education and fairness claims, even if we learn from debate, that education is useless without the ability to put it to use.

And, my approach to the topic has led me to question and research the role Asians Americans play as the model minority, thus

ROB: : Endorse the debater who best deconstructs the myth of the model minority as way to resist white supremacy

Punongbayan 15 (10/02/2015  "What Asian Americans Owe African Americans" Christopher Punongbayan is Advisor and former Executive Director of the oldest Asian American legal civil rights organization in the country, Advancing Justice - Asian Law Caucus. JC)

The untold story is that Asian America is what it is today because of the African American-led civil rights movement. The first step that we can do to bridge the distance among communities of color is understand our interconnected roots. The 1960s is perhaps best known for laws like the Civil Rights Act. But 50 years ago today, on October 3, 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Act was also passed in the midst of the social upheaval of that period. This immigration law has been absolutely transformational for American society because of the drastic demographic shifts that were brought about in its wake. From 1820 to 1965, only 1.5 million Asians immigrated to the US. After 1965's immigration act, more than 10 million Asians have immigrated to our shores. Were it not for the centuries-long struggle led by African Americans on behalf of all excluded communities, we as a nation would not only have a lot fewer civil rights, we would not have nearly the racial diversity we do today. The Asian American community, nineteen million of us strong, could be the tipping point that shifts the balance of power against white supremacy. But what's more, we Asian Americans must challenge the anti-black racism that exists in our own community. In 2015, when police brutality is a daily news headline and African Americans are senselessly murdered by law enforcement, Asian Americans must stand as allies to the Black Lives Matter movement. Black lives matter unconditionally. We Asian Americans owe it to African Americans to hold ourselves accountable to this undeniable truth.

My argument isn't that you should prioritize Asian suffering on the flow, but rather to endorse the best method that reveals the role of Asian American life in a society framed by white supremacy but I'll get to that later…

Part two is the police

This topic is motivated by concerns of growing police brutality, many authors in the topic lit are concerned with how limiting QI can change this and better society

Wright 15 Shows
, Sam. "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity."Above the Law. N.p., 3 Nov. 2015. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/. SM
Recently, police have been killing and otherwise abusing people of color with what seems
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want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen.

First the notion of qualified immunity begs the question of why we even need to limit it for police officers. My arguments is that the question of limiting demands a question of our understanding of the way the police work. You've surely heard of the Black Lives Matter movement and its protests against police brutality against African Americans, but another minority is also subject to these unique structural harms—The Model Minority, The Asian American. We need a total re-understanding of the way policing works and the laws that allow it to do so to create any change

Zhang 13 (Policy Memo Anti Asian American Discrimination https://asianamericansandpolicemisconduct.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/policy-memo-anti-asian-american-discrimination/~~#comments JC)
There seems to be a pervasive assumption attached to the Asian American community that enables
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-requisite to ensuring policy can even speak to the issue of police brutality

The model minority myth was a construct created by white society to make the people of color complacent. This racial engineering pitted the Asian American community against the African American which ignores the systematic violence against the Asian community.

Linshi 14 ("Why Ferguson Should Matter to Asian-Americans "http://time.com/3606900/ferguson-asian-americans/ JC)
Michael Brown's death has several parallels in Asian-American history. The first to
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many moments of interplay between African-American and Asian-American activism.

THE MODEL MINORITY MYTH SILENCES US IN SOCIETY—IT TELLS US TO STAY COMPLACENT AND BE USED AS A TOOL AGAINST THE BLACK BODY

We are missing in history, but it is only by changing the narrative can we reshape history and actually provide a space to live.

Nguyen 15 ("Missing in History" and Why It Matters by Phuong Nguyen" The Ithaca Pan Asian American Film Festival is dedicated to supporting Asian American film, video and media makers both nationwide and throughout the upstate New York area while promoting films created by, starring, and/or about Asian Americans.  https://panasianamericanfilm.org/2015/03/19/missing-in-history-and-why-it-matters-by-phuong-nguyen/) JC
Lack of Asians in the U.S. history books can easily lead us
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hard work this film marvelously captured, get to thank them in person.

This means that the debate space is uniquely key to getting my voice heard, as squo options and traditional social movements fail due to ther focus on police brutality as a black and white issue—this is why we need a focus on the Model Minority and the avenues it can open for and intersectional approach

Part three is the resistance

The speech act of the 1AC is a form of conscientization that breaks down the Model Minority myth through limiting qualified immunity as a method of holding white supremacy accountable for Asian racism

We often competitively participate in debate without ever considering the possibility for how debate can CHANGE the world – how the critical thinking and research skills we develop can provide MEANING and advance methodologies to liberate oppressed people often within our social location. – Our speech act focuses on the EPISTEMOLOGICAL GROWTH occurring from the activity and the development of critical consciousness –Debate becomes more than a game but a process of life leading to CONSCIENTIZATION

Osajima '7 1 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64 JC/SM 3
The fact that these young Asian Americans, from widely varying class, geographic,
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and conditions that contribute to the development of an Asian American critical consciousness.

This is not just being conscious of our location on the social hierarchy but also how our location interacts with others and is affected by others as well

My method is conscientization – a process of constant clarification that allows us to name the world and perceive how we exist in it – through this dynamic process we have come to realizations – like the fact that there could be derogatory language within the discourse of our 1AC authors which we have made a conscious attempt to remove – we have already begun and will continue to create real change

Osajima '7 2 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64 JC/SM 3
Conscientization for these respondents meant being able to "name their world." That is
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.25 Naming the world was an important step toward actively changing it.

Our performance is critical – debate has elements that contribute to conscientization that must be embraced for effective change

Osajima '7 3 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64 JC/SM 3
Given the profound change that conscientization had effected in the lives of respondents, it
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along with greater coordination of influences, is an important dimension of conscientization.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Randolph AP | Judge: Diganta Rashed

I affirm:

Part One is Framework

I value morality since "ought" implies a moral obligation

Moral theories must be able to accommodate indisputable metaphysical facts—such as the separateness of persons. People occupy separate and unique perspectives in the world. My mental states are mine alone, and cannot be weighed from person to person.

Nagel 74 , Thomas ~Princeton Philosopher~. "What is it Like to be a Bat?" Duke University Press, 1974.
Conscious experience is a widespread phenomenon. It occurs at many levels of animal life
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, or by imagining some combination of additions, subtractions, and modifications.

This rules out moral theories that rely on weighing impacts between people for two reasons:

First, the separateness of persons makes aggregation nonsensical since combining disparate experiences is impossible. Ten headaches don't equal one migraine since there is no way to experience the collective pain of ten people.

Second, aggregative moral theories are normatively wrong since they disrespect the individual worth of persons.

Nozick, Robert ~Harvard philosopher~. Anarchy, State, and Utopia.
Side constraints express the inviolability of other persons. But why may not one violate
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leads to a libertarian side constraint that prohibits aggres­ sion against another.

Instead, prefer a moral theory that recognizes the right inherent in each individual to govern over herself.

Quinn 89 ACTIONS, INTENTIONS, AND CONSEQUENCES: THE DOCTRINE OF DOING AND ALLOWING' The Philosophical Review, Vol. XCVIII, No. 3 (July 1989) ~Modified for gendered language.~
A person is constituted by his ~her~ body and mind. They are
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moral fact of our lives, minds, and bodies really being ours. 

The standard is respecting people as ends-in-themselves. To clarify, nuclear power is wrong if it sacrifices some for the sake of others.

I defend the resolution as a general principle—if the neg wants something different they should ask first; let's avoid frivolous theory and topicality.

Part Two is the Drawing Board

Despite assurances from experts that nuclear disasters are astronomically unlikely, Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima are evidence that the probability of nuclear accidents defies calculation. Three warrants why nuclear safety is inherently incalculable:

First, there are an un-measurable amount of things that could go wrong or happen to nuclear plants—calculations ignore the vast majority of these

Downer 1, John (Ph.D. Science and Technology Studies, Cornell University 2007. Research Officer, London School of Economics' ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (CARR) 2007-9; Lecturer in Science Technology and Society, and Fellow: Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC); Stanford University 2009-20012. Lecturer in Risk and Reslience, Bristol, SPAIS, since 2012.). "3 The unknowable ceilings of safety: three ways that nuclear accidents escape the calculus of risk assessments." The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Risk, Justice, and Democracy in the post-Fukushima Era (2015): 35. SM
A first reason to doubt the credibility of nuclear reliability assessments lies in recognizing their
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(Deutch and Lester 2004; Lash and Wynne 1992: 4). 9

Second, accidents are inevitable in highly complex systems—a more complex system opens up more room for small mishaps to influence each other and link together to cause accidents or meltdowns

Downer 2, John (Ph.D. Science and Technology Studies, Cornell University 2007. Research Officer, London School of Economics' ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (CARR) 2007-9; Lecturer in Science Technology and Society, and Fellow: Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC); Stanford University 2009-20012. Lecturer in Risk and Reslience, Bristol, SPAIS, since 2012.). "3 The unknowable ceilings of safety: three ways that nuclear accidents escape the calculus of risk assessments." The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Risk, Justice, and Democracy in the post-Fukushima Era (2015): 35. SM
A second reason to doubt the credibility of nuclear reliability assessments lies in recognizing the
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(1982: 176). It cannot be ~or~ predicted either.

Third, risk calculations are heavily based on theoretical models—empirical observation is impossible due to the large variety of reactors, making reliability assessments of nuclear power plants extremely inaccurate

Downer 3, John (Ph.D. Science and Technology Studies, Cornell University 2007. Research Officer, London School of Economics' ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (CARR) 2007-9; Lecturer in Science Technology and Society, and Fellow: Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC); Stanford University 2009-20012. Lecturer in Risk and Reslience, Bristol, SPAIS, since 2012.). "3 The unknowable ceilings of safety: three ways that nuclear accidents escape the calculus of risk assessments." The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Risk, Justice, and Democracy in the post-Fukushima Era (2015): 35. SM
A third and final reason to doubt the credibility of nuclear reliability assessments lies in
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what I have elsewhere called an "Epistemic Accident" (Downer 2011).

Part Three is the Experiment

The fact that nuclear power involves incalculable risks makes its use in society a social experiment where experts implement technology to find out how it will work

Van de Poel 11, Ibo (Ibo van de Poel is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek professor at TU Delft; an exclusive professorship for excellent young researchers. He is an internationally leading scholar in Design for Values, responbility issues in engineering, and in technology as a form of social experimentation.) . "Nuclear energy as a social experiment." Ethics, Policy and Environment 14.3 (2011): 285-290. SM
As the Fukushima accident shows, the risks of nuclear energy are only predictable to
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bring back some necessary differentiations and refinements in the debate about nuclear energy.

This has 3 impacts:

Nuclear power uses people as a means to an end. As a social experiment, the innocent people exposed to the risks of nuclear disaster are the human subjects. Even if nuclear power ends up being a useful tool for providing clean energy, the only way to achieve that goal is to test it on innocent people. This makes it immoral—And, even if people never end up being harmed, its wrong to expose them to immoral risks

Informed consent—Experimentation must never violate a subject's informed consent. Three warrants.

Eyal 12, Nir, "Informed Consent", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
The 1970s saw the ascent of a second rationale, autonomy, as the predominant
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way seems best to him ~her~" (Donagan 1977, 31).

Three ways nuclear power violates informed consent:

First, even if there is consent for nuclear power, its not informed—experts deliberately assert probability calculations of nuclear safety despite the fact that they're inherently flawed

Downer 4, John (Ph.D. Science and Technology Studies, Cornell University 2007. Research Officer, London School of Economics' ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (CARR) 2007-9; Lecturer in Science Technology and Society, and Fellow: Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC); Stanford University 2009-20012. Lecturer in Risk and Reslience, Bristol, SPAIS, since 2012.). "3 The unknowable ceilings of safety: three ways that nuclear accidents escape the calculus of risk assessments." The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Risk, Justice, and Democracy in the post-Fukushima Era (2015): 35. SM
In March 2012, the one year anniversary of the Fukushima meltdowns, several US
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limitation of nuclear reliability calculations and explain why it necessarily undermines their credibility.

Second, there's no consent—people are generally against nuclear power

Black 11, Richard. "Nuclear Power 'gets Little Public Support Worldwide'" BBC News. N.p., 25 Nov. 2011. Web. 12 Sept. 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15864806.
In countries with nuclear programmes, people are significantly more opposed than they were in
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and will continue to mature as the world's premier non-carbon technology."

Third, there could be no consent—nuclear power is inherently undemocratic and fosters elitism.

Davis 07', Tracy C. Stages of Emergency: Cold War nuclear civil defense. Duke University Press, 2007.
The problem of inevitable nuclear proliferation leads to a still more frightening question. Is
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they regard peacetime uses as necessities and military weaponry as a different sphere.

Experiments are immoral when they harm their subjects. Nuclear power does this: it exploits Indigenous peoples.

Lopez 04 , Bayley. "Radioactive Reservation: The Uphill Battle to Keep Nuclear Waste Off Native American Land." Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. N.p., 02 Sept. 2004. Web. 29 Aug. 2016. https://www.wagingpeace.org/radioactive-reservation-the-uphill-battle-to-keep-nuclear-waste-off-native-american-land/.
Nuclear waste is not just an issue for those who live near a nuclear reactor
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to reverse this trend, beginning with the government's policies on nuclear waste.

Tournament: Newman Smith | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marcus DK | Judge: Nathan Sims

1AC

Framing

I value morality since ought implies a moral obligation

The standard is maximizing expected well-being

Extinction outweighs – its irreversible

Bostrum 12 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, "We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction", http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
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in the probability of realizing this enormous good will tend to outweigh even immens

Util is best for policy making and role playing the government—The impossibility to attain knowledge of every outcome or abuse leaves util as the only option for most rational decision-making

Goodin 95 – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63)
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. 

Inherency

Corporate propaganda continues to push the "so-called" benefits of nuclear in order to shut out deliberation and progress in greener alternatives – be skeptical of their offense

Wasserman 16 
(Harvey ~ Harvey Franklin Wasserman is an American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy. ~ http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/29/ny-times-pushes-nukes-while-claiming-renewables-fail-to-fight-climate-change/ , 7-29)
The idea that nuclear power might fight climate change, and that environmentalists might support
AND
outlets like the New York Times that try to hide that obvious reality.

The Nuclear Renaissance increases the risk of prolif—ensures that new nuclear energy spreads to non-state actors

Bozzo, 16
(Luciano Bozzo, School of political Sciences Cesare  Alfieri, University of Florence, "More May Be Better, Perhaps: Nuclear Weapons, Proliferation, and International Politics in the Post-global Age", in the book "Non-Proliferation, Safety, and Nuclear Security", Vol 126, edited by M. Gerlini and A. Chetaine, IOS Press, Google Books, 2016, Accessed 7/13/16, JL @ RKS)
With the geopolitical collapse that followed the end of the Cold War, the balance
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of having these very weapons on the premise they are useless and dangerous? 

The current NPT is loosing cred and legitimacy- non-nuclear states feel unequally obligated while nuclear powers maintain their weapons

Tannenwald, Faculty Fellow at the Watson Institute for International Studies, 2013
(Nina Tannenwald, senior lecturer in the Political Science Department at Brown University, "Justice and Fairness in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime",  Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 27, Issue 03, Fall 2013, Cambridge Journals, Accssed 7/1/16, JL @ RKS)
How much do these claims of justice matter? On one hand, we can
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of further nonproliferation measures, therefore, is dependent on progress on disarmament.

The NPT can't prevent the spread of weapons—ensures prolif will continue

Wesley, 2006
(Michael Wesley, "It's time to scrap the NPT", Australian Journal of International Affairs Vol. 59, No. 3, 20 Aug 2006, Taylor and Francis Online, Accessed 7/17/16, JL @ RKS)
The NPT's inability either to prevent the spread of nuclear components, materials and technology
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rather than its occurrence, that a new regime should try to regulate.

Advantage 1: New States

Put those prolif good turns away—prolif in new states uniquely causes conflict

Kroenig 14 – Matthew, Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair at Georgetown University, and Nonresident Senior Fellow in the Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security at The Atlantic Council ("The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?", April 2014, http://www.matthewkroenig.com/The20History20of20Proliferation20Optimism_Feb2014.pdf)
The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and
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nuclear weapons, which encouraged them to initiate militarized disputes against India.62 

Nuclear war makes the world go boom

CHALKO 2003 (Dr. Tom J., MSc., Ph.D., Head of Geophysics Research, Scientific E Research P/L, "Can a Neutron Bomb Accelerate Global Volcanic Activity?" http://sci-e-research.com/neutron_bomb.html)
Consequences of using modern nuclear weapons can be far more serious than previously imagined.
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, in extreme circumstances, may even cause the entire planet to explode.

Advantage 2: Asia

====Pakistan nuclear creates small nuclear strikes on India drawing in multiple actors.====
Gurung 09/23 ("Military failure could push Pakistan to initiate nuclear attack against India" http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/military-failure-could-push-pakistan-to-initiate-nuclear-attack-against-india/articleshow/54479254.cms?prtpage=1)
But Pakistan~'s~ is a nuclear state, and a majority of its
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Association says Pakistan is expanding its nuclear arsenal faster than any other country. 

Nuclear proliferation in Asia risks nuclear war- mistrust between countries, coalitions could form, misperceptions of others actions, and hair-trigger status

Cimbala, 2013
(Stephen J. Cimbala, "Arms for Uncertainty: Nuclear Weapons in US and Russian Security Policy", Ch. 4, Ashgate Publishing, Ebrary, Accessed 6/26/16, JL @ RKS)
Although the projection of past events into future scenarios is always perilous, something like
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, in order to maximize the possibility of military victory and avoid defeat.

Underview

Was swapped depending on the round

Role-playing teaches students to be comfortable with the language of power which is critical to genuine and effective political activism – personal experiences must be tied to concrete political strategies to avoid cooptation

Coverstone, 05 – masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H., "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference, 11/17/05)

It is very important to note that Mitchell (1998b) tries carefully
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that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Newer reactors will be even worse; the nuclear renaissance will cause reactors to be even less safe—multiple warrants

Sovacool, Benjamin K., and Christopher Cooper 08. "Nuclear nonsense: Why nuclear power is no answer to climate change and the world's post-Kyoto energy challenges." Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 33 (2008): 1.
Unfortunately, safety risks such as those at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are only
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may be proven, but people are not."22 See Figure 6.

Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy

Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of  liabilities
AND
give up, or even cut off ties to clearly  terminal "nature."

Tournament: Arlington | Round: 1 | Opponent: All Saints Epispocal | Judge: idk

1AC

Framing

I value morality since ought implies a moral obligation

The standard is maximizing expected well-being

Extinction outweighs – its irreversible

Bostrum 12 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, "We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction", http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
in the probability of realizing this enormous good will tend to outweigh even immens

Util is best for policy making and role playing the government—The impossibility to attain knowledge of every outcome or abuse leaves util as the only option for most rational decision-making

Goodin 95 – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63)
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. 

Inherency

Corporate propaganda continues to push the "so-called" benefits of nuclear in order to shut out deliberation and progress in greener alternatives – be skeptical of their offense

Wasserman 16 
(Harvey ~ Harvey Franklin Wasserman is an American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy. ~ http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/29/ny-times-pushes-nukes-while-claiming-renewables-fail-to-fight-climate-change/ , 7-29)
The idea that nuclear power might fight climate change, and that environmentalists might support
AND
outlets like the New York Times that try to hide that obvious reality.

The Nuclear Renaissance increases the risk of prolif—ensures that new nuclear energy spreads to non-state actors

Bozzo, 16
(Luciano Bozzo, School of political Sciences Cesare  Alfieri, University of Florence, "More May Be Better, Perhaps: Nuclear Weapons, Proliferation, and International Politics in the Post-global Age", in the book "Non-Proliferation, Safety, and Nuclear Security", Vol 126, edited by M. Gerlini and A. Chetaine, IOS Press, Google Books, 2016, Accessed 7/13/16, JL @ RKS)
With the geopolitical collapse that followed the end of the Cold War, the balance
AND
of having these very weapons on the premise they are useless and dangerous? 

The current NPT is loosing cred and legitimacy- non-nuclear states feel unequally obligated while nuclear powers maintain their weapons

Tannenwald, Faculty Fellow at the Watson Institute for International Studies, 2013
(Nina Tannenwald, senior lecturer in the Political Science Department at Brown University, "Justice and Fairness in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime",  Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 27, Issue 03, Fall 2013, Cambridge Journals, Accssed 7/1/16, JL @ RKS)
How much do these claims of justice matter? On one hand, we can
AND
of further nonproliferation measures, therefore, is dependent on progress on disarmament.

Plan

Thus the plan: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power

To clarify this includes the decommission of nuclear weapons.

Advantage 1: New States

The NPT can't prevent the spread of weapons—ensures prolif will uniquely happen in new states

Wesley, 2006
(Michael Wesley, "It's time to scrap the NPT", Australian Journal of International Affairs Vol. 59, No. 3, 20 Aug 2006, Taylor and Francis Online, Accessed 7/17/16, JL @ RKS)
The NPT's inability either to prevent the spread of nuclear components, materials and technology
AND
rather than its occurrence, that a new regime should try to regulate.

We'll isolate two scenarios

First is nuclear war, put those prolif good turns away—prolif in new states uniquely causes conflict

Kroenig 14 – Matthew, Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair at Georgetown University, and Nonresident Senior Fellow in the Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security at The Atlantic Council ("The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?", April 2014, http://www.matthewkroenig.com/The20History20of20Proliferation20Optimism_Feb2014.pdf)
The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and
AND
nuclear weapons, which encouraged them to initiate militarized disputes against India.62 

Nuclear war makes the world go boom

CHALKO 2003 (Dr. Tom J., MSc., Ph.D., Head of Geophysics Research, Scientific E Research P/L, "Can a Neutron Bomb Accelerate Global Volcanic Activity?" http://sci-e-research.com/neutron_bomb.html)AP
Consequences of using modern nuclear weapons can be far more serious than previously imagined.
AND
, in extreme circumstances, may even cause the entire planet to explode.

Second is nuclear terror, prolif in new states also increases the risk of nuclear terrorism- intentional transfers, underdeveloped security, and state collapse

Kroenig 15, Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair at Georgetown
(Matthew Kroenig, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have a Future?", The Journal of Strategic Studies, 2015 Vol. 38, Nos. 1–2, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273960071_The_History_of_Proliferation_Optimism_Does_It_Have_a_Future, Accessed 6/28/16, JL @ RKS)
The spread of ~nukes~ nuclear weapons also increases the risk of nuclear terrorism
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authority, forcing us to worry about the fate of Iran's nuclear arsenal.

Risk of nuclear terrorism is real and high now – largest threat of extinction

Bunn et al 14 ~Matthew, Professor of Practice at the Harvard Kennedy School, with Martin Malin, Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, Nickolas Roth, Research Associate at the Project on Managing the Atom, and William Tobey, Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, March, "Advancing Nuclear Security: Evaluating Progress and Setting New Goals," The Project on Managing the Atom, pg. 5-9/AKG~
Unfortunately, nuclear and radiological terrorism remain real and dangerous threats.1 The conclusion
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poverty," creating a "second death toll throughout the developing world."7

Advantage 2: Bioweapons

The pursuit of nuclear weapons increases the risk states will pursue chemical weapons- similar political and technical process

Horowitz and Narang, 2014
(Michael C. Horowitz and Neil Narang, "Poor Man's Atomic Bomb? Exploring the Relationship between ''Weapons of Mass Destruction''", Journal of Conflict Resolution 2014, Vol. 58(3), Sage Journals, Accessed 7/4/16, JL @ RKS)
Turning next to chemical weapons in models 3 and 4, we estimate the impact
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perhaps because the underlying process of political approval or the technical process overlaps.

Pursuit of nuclear and chemical weapons increases the risk of bioweapons pursuit

Horowitz and Narang, 2014
(Michael C. Horowitz and Neil Narang, "Poor Man's Atomic Bomb? Exploring the Relationship between ''Weapons of Mass Destruction''", Journal of Conflict Resolution 2014, Vol. 58(3), Sage Journals, Accessed 7/4/16, JL @ RKS)
In contrast to the general relationship between nuclear weapons acquisition and biological weapons pursuit,
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at both the possession and pursuit stage, consistent with a complements interpretation.

Use of bioweapons will destroy life on the planet – the impact outweighs nuclear war and all other harms

Ochs 02 – (MA in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers University and Naturalist at Grand Teton National Park (
~Richard, "BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY," Jun 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html~~
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.  

Underview v1

Role-playing teaches students to be comfortable with the language of power which is critical to genuine and effective political activism – personal experiences must be tied to concrete political strategies to avoid cooptation

Coverstone, 05 – masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H., "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference, 11/17/05)

It is very important to note that Mitchell (1998b) tries carefully
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy

Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of  liabilities
AND
give up, or even cut off ties to clearly  terminal "nature."

Tournament: Conrad | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine TS | Judge: Dan Rowe

SV AC v1

I affirm:

Framework

I value morality since ought implies a moral obligation

We morally exclude people based on arbitrarily perceived differences—structural violence is rooted in this exclusion

Winter, Deborah Du Nann, and Dana C. Leighton. "STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. (1999):. Print. ~Don't worry I re-cut it~
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
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thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity.

Thus the standard is reducing structural violence—Four additional warrants for the standard:

1~ Eliminating Structural violence is a prerequisite to all other actions-all actions must challenge and change the way we view structural violence and oppression

Taylor Janelle S. "Explaining Difference: "Culture," "Structural Violence," and Medical Anthropology." Office of Minority Affairs Diversity. University of Washington. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
"Structural violence," is a term that Farmer has developed in his own writings
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in situations where the automatic response might be to passively accept systematic inequalities.

2~ Consequentialist moral views assume everyone as equals, but that isn't true in the real world—there are always pre-existing structural barriers that have disproportionate effects on minorities—we have to eliminate these barriers first to ensure an equal starting point for all, out groups don't fit under the util calculus

3~ Ideal theories abstract from the real-world and ignore its concrete nature—this legitimizes oppression—instead, debate should be about real world consequences

Curry 14 (Dr. Tommy J. Curry, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014)
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
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used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

4~ Challenging institutional racism comes first—it makes violence inevitable which turns their util first args

Albert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Contention 1 is Environmental Racism

The use of nuclear power disproportionately harms marginalized groups

Chen, Michelle. "The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy." Colorlines. Race Forward, 23 Mar. 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy.
When the apocalyptic cloud erupted over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world woke up to
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the danger zone to the populations they see as less worthy of protection.

The status quo views Black bodies as sacrificial—we energize our lives while not noticing the terrible impacts of nuclear power has on them

Dixon 12 Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff, Ga.?http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/
Environmental racism occurs when hazardous industries and facilities are placed in and near poor,
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air or water or anything else for the radiation we know is there.

Its try or die for the aff –any negative effects to the Black body are ignored because they are the out-group as explained in Winter and Leighton, they do not fall under the util calculus—this outweighs any benefit to nuclear power

Dixon 12 Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff, Ga.?http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/
"We've had meetings and protests and lots of promises and more meetings," Stephens
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will not benefit Georgia residents, because it will be sold to Florida.

Minorities bear the brunt of harms from pollution

Gwynn, R. Charon, and George D. Thurston. "The burden of air pollution: impacts among racial minorities." Environmental health perspectives109.Suppl 4 (2001): 501.
Among the extensive literature published in the field of environmental epidemiology, few studies have
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this study is to assess the role of SES in these potential differences.

Contention 2 is Indigenous Peoples

Nuclear power usage dumps waste on native communities.

NIRS 01 Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty, and Nuclear Waste http://www.nirs.org/factsheets/pfsejfactsheet.htm
 
Nevadans and Utahans living downwind and downstream from nuclear weapons testing
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Chernobyl" in its tracks on Capitol Hill for the past five years.

Nuclear waste dumping kills Native American sovereignty and the government takes advantage of the situation they have put them in by offering bribes to dump waste

Lopez, Bayley. "Radioactive Reservation: The Uphill Battle to Keep Nuclear Waste Off Native American Land." Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. N.p., 02 Sept. 2004. Web. 29 Aug. 2016. https://www.wagingpeace.org/radioactive-reservation-the-uphill-battle-to-keep-nuclear-waste-off-native-american-land/.
Nuclear waste is not just an issue for those who live near a nuclear reactor
AND
to reverse this trend, beginning with the government's policies on nuclear waste.