Tournament: ALL | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
Facebook: Kirk Wu
Email: kirk.c.wu@gmail.com
I will probably be more responsive to emails than Facebook messages at tournaments, but you can try to contact me both ways. I can't guarantee that I will see your message before the round though.

Tournament: ALL | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
Interp—both debaters must disclose at least the following from all AC’s and NC’s read at TOC bid distributing tournaments on the Sept/Oct 2016 nuclear power topic on the NDCA LD wiki: first, complete tag lines to all cards; second, first 3 words and last 3 words of all cards; third, the standard used to delineate what counts as offense and not offense with the claims to the warrants for that standard and fourth, taglines to all evidence read. To clarify, this disclosure must happen within 12 hours of reading the position and only if the tournament provides WIFI access to participants. 

Violation

Standards
A. Equal playing field
B. Clash
C. Checks back abuse
D. Academic Integrity

Voters

Tournament: Harvard-Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mia Coates | Judge: Varad Agarwala

1ac

Framing

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who better performatively and methodologically resists surveillance.

The surveillance state corrupts scholarship through "thoughtcrime" – confronting this is a prior question

Steinberg 13 ~R. Lila Steinberg, PhD student at UCLA; 3-8-2013; "The Premise of Digital Surveillance Precludes Scholarship"; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14839-the-premise-of-digital-surveillance-precludes-scholarship~~ JC
However, a new "For Whites Only" or "For Men Only"
AND
prior restraint on the very foundation of scholarship - wide and uncensored inquiry.

Surveillance has invaded public pedagogy, coopting dissent, debate, and critical dialogue, resistance is key to avoid global violence

Giroux 14 Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University ~Henry, "Totalitarian Paranoia in the Post-Orwellian Surveillance State," Truthout, February 10, 2014, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-state~~
The point of no return in the emergence of the corporate-state surveillance apparatus
AND
the very real threat of violence on both a domestic and global level. 

"The practice of surveillance is both separate and unequal." Minority groups represent the bulk of those targeted

Giroux 14 Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University ~Henry, "Totalitarian Paranoia in the Post-Orwellian Surveillance State," Truthout, February 10, 2014, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-state~~ ellipses included in original article
The practice of surveillance is both separate and unequal. ... Welfare recipients ... are
AND
state violence by making an appeal to the necessity of safety and security. 

It's try or die – the surveillance state ensures genocide and extinction

Saul 15 ~Quincy, Author, Editor, and Founder of Ecosocialist Horizons, March 23, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Truth Out, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/29664-the-four-horsemen-of-the-apocalypse~~
Surveillance States: 1984 has arrived, only 30 years after Orwell predicted. The
AND
to realize it. Time to seize the day and never let go.

The ballot is key - just like voting in system of government, casting a ballot in a debate is an endorsement of material change. Thus, the judge is not just the arbiter of who wins the debate, but is recognized as an agent implementing change on a micropolitical level.

Foucault 81 Michel, 1981, an interview with Libération, "Is it really important to think?" *brackets in original
Liberation: On election night we asked you for your initial reactions. You didn't
AND
relation in which work ~le travail~ will have an important role. 

Debate should surround material consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Curry 14 ~Dr. Tommy J; "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014~
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
economic structures which necessitate tangible policies and reorienting changes in our value orientations. 

Contention

The censorship of online speech enables universities to monitor their students and staff – everything from emails and social media to campus whereabouts. This draws parallels to NSA surveillance, as universities shut down criticism of the surveillance regime.

Perrino 13 ~Nico; 10-22-2013; "Universities: where you go to learn – and be monitored"; https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/22/online-social-media-surveillance-university-campuses~~ JC
It monitors email and social media accounts, uses thousands of surveillance cameras to track
AND
To roll it back, we must take into account its entire scope.

This debate should center around online speech – it's the core controversy of the topic

Creeley and Lukianoff 11 ~Will Creeley – Director of Legal and Public Advocacy, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. J.D., New York University School of Law, 2006; B.A., New York University, Gallatin School of Individualized Study, 2003. Greg Lukianoff – President, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. J.D., Stanford Law School, 2000; B.A., American University, 1996.; "NEW MEDIA, OLD PRINCIPLES: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION AND FREE SPEECH ON CAMPUS"; 5/13/2011; https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/e674c6c95dec401e5a62c9bbc409112c.pdf~~ JC
With every passing year, the longstanding battle over freedom of expression for students at
AND
) or would be protected in society at large (at private colleges). 

Thus, I affirm, Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected online speech.

Creeley and Lukianoff 11 ~Will Creeley – Director of Legal and Public Advocacy, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. J.D., New York University School of Law, 2006; B.A., New York University, Gallatin School of Individualized Study, 2003. Greg Lukianoff – President, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. J.D., Stanford Law School, 2000; B.A., American University, 1996.; "NEW MEDIA, OLD PRINCIPLES: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION AND FREE SPEECH ON CAMPUS"; 5/13/2011; https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/e674c6c95dec401e5a62c9bbc409112c.pdf~~ JC
Further, the new visibility of speech offers opportunities for increased understanding and tolerance of
AND
we can begin to resolve the current tension regarding online speech on campus. 

The aff solves:

1~ Resisting surveillance in education causes a widespread culture shift

Taylor 13 ~Emmeline Taylor; "Surveillance Schools: Security, Discipline and Control in Contemporary Education" (Crime Prevention and Security Management); 2013~ JC
Upcoming generations will emerge from Surveillance Schools desensitised to, and expectant of, intense
AND
social interaction and nowhere is the surveillance revolution more crystallised than in schools.

2~ Surveillance uniquely threatens students' freedoms. Criticizing and protesting surveillance both on campus and in debate is vital to civic engagement and social change.

Glaser 14 — April Glaser, Staff Activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2014 ("17 Student Groups Pen Open Letters on the Toxicity of Mass Surveillance to Academic Freedom," Electronic Frontier Foundation, June 9^th, Available Online at https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/06/students-against-surveillance-17-university-groups-pen-open-letters-toxicity-mass)
Students are rising up and fighting to protect our Internet. In response to our
AND
, push for change, and put an end to mass government surveillance.

Students are key – no one else will oppose surveillance.

Tempera 13 — Jackie Tempera, Summer USA Today Collegiate Correspondent, Journalism Student at Emerson College, 2013 ("Viewpoint: Where are the college students protesting NSA surveillance?," USA Today, June 19^th, Available Online at http://college.usatoday.com/2013/06/19/opinion-where-are-the-college-students-protesting-nsa-surveillance/)
The college-age generation has been known as the protesters, the action takers
AND
For all I care, vehemently argue for it — just do something.

3~ The AFF's critical interrogation and analyses of surveillance is crucial to analyzing the way in which daily life and the body itself has become a feature of securitization—our dissent functions as an unravelling and exposure of dominant power relations

Giroux 14 Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University ~Henry, "Totalitarian Paranoia in the Post-Orwellian Surveillance State," Truthout, February 10, 2014, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-state~~
Totalitarian paranoia runs deep in American society, and it now inhabits the highest levels
AND
an educational endeavour and responsibility as it is a political and cultural task.

Pedagogical praxis is key – translating critique into action is key to making education central in political effectiveness.

Giroux 14 Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University ~Henry, "Totalitarian Paranoia in the Post-Orwellian Surveillance State," Truthout, February 10, 2014, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-state~~
Dissent is crucial to any viable notion of democracy and provides a powerful counterforce to
AND
most evident in the insults and patriotic gore heaped on Manning and Snowden.

UV

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego Catholic ZS | Judge: Brent Lamb

Part 1 is Framework:

I affirm—all brackets for offensive language or clarity. 

Welcome to the world where the politics of domestic terrorism has corrupted the very foundations of democracy, a world where the police you are trying to protect kill countless young black children, men, and women. Militarism is rampant in every single aspect of our lives, and it's time to fight back one step at a time. The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater whose advocacy best breaks down militarism. Three warrants—

1.  Militarism dominates status quo policies, manifesting itself through a politics of disposability that smothers ethical and critical dialogue. Educational spaces are key to fighting back.

Giroux 05, Henry, Held positions at Boston University, Miami University, and Penn State, The Curse of Totalitarianism and The Challenge of Critical Pedagogy, 2005, http://philosophersforchange.org/2015/10/13/the-curse-of-totalitarianism-and-the-challenge-of-critical-pedagogy
The forces of free-market fundamentalism are on the march ushering in a terrifying
AND
all, to make the world a more human dwelling place"?~7~ 

2. Militarism epistemologically corrupts political thought, meaning the aff is a prior question for other role of the ballots.

Pieterse 07, Jan, professor of sociology at the University of Illinois, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug, Political and Economic Brinkmanship, ," p. 473-4
Brinkmanship and producing instability carry several meanings. The American military spends 48 of
AND
the need for postwar planning (Packer, 2005; Lang, 2004).

3. Militarism leads to a laundry list of bad impacts and causes epistemic biasing in favor of false solutions. We have reached the tipping point—the aff is try or die.

CACC 11, Admin, Rejecting Militarism, 2011, Canadians for Emergency action on Climate Change, http://climatesoscanada.org/blog/2011/02/15/rejecting-militarism/, Resources: ~1~ http://www.fcnl.org/budget/budget-proposal11.htm ~2~ Miriam Pemberton with Jonathan Glyn, Military vs. Climate Security: The 2011 Budgets Compared. Institute for Policy Studies. http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/military_vs_climate_security_the_2011_budgets_compared ~3~ Many resources can be found on the various market mechanisms and other false solutions, here: www.climatesos.org/resources ~4~ Anita Dancs, Mary Orisich, Suzanne Smith, The Military Costs of Securing Energy (National Priorities Project – October 2008) ~5~ http://www.iacenter.org/o/world/climatesummit_pentagon121809/ ~6~ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barry-sanders/the-green-zone-the-worst-_b_70173.html ~7~ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html ~8~ http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0327-21.htm ~9~ http://www.actforclimatejustice.org/2010/03/the-impact-of-militarism-on-climate-change-must-no-longer-be-ignored/ (and personal communication with the author) ~10~ http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-10-27/the-economic-crisis-and-the-hidden-cost-of-the-wars/full/ ~11~ http://www.kabulpress.org/my/spip.php?article32304 ~12~ http://www.peace-action.org/Peace20Action20Military20Spending20Primer.pdf ~13~ Will R. Turner, et al. (2010). Climate change: helping nature survive the human response. Conservation Letters, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123523083/abstract?CRETRY=1andSRETRY=0 http://esciencenews.com/articles/2010/08/06/the.worst.impact.climate.change.may.be.how.humanity.reacts.it ~14~ http://www.foei.org/en/media/archive/2010/developed-countries-attempt-to-launder-aid-money-through-world-bank-and-call-it-climate-funds, http://www.foe.org/un-advisory-group-climate-finance-report-falls-flat, http://www.ituc-csi.org/climate-finance-closing-the.html?lang=en ~15~ 2003 Pentagon report: http://www.climate.org/PDF/clim_change_scenario.pdf About the report authors: http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=doug_randall_1 ~16~ http://www.indymedia.org/pt/2009/12/932387.shtml More resources: Top 25 Censored Stories: US Department of Defense is the Worst Polluter on the Planet http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/2-us-department-of-defense-is-the-worst-polluter-on-the-planet/ Al Jazeera Video: Empire – The new arms race (The world has entered a new arms race, but what justifies this global military addiction?) http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_contentandtask=viewandid=31andItemid=74andjumival=5796 Why large scale biofuels production worsens global warming, not reduce it: www.biofuelwatch.org.uk Cost of War Calculator http://www.stwr.org/special-features/cost-of-war-calculator.html
Militarism, through wars and military actions (overt and covert) around the world
AND
will not accept the death spiral of militarism, war and climate change. 

The role of the judge is to endorse the best tangible policy that minimizes oppression

Curry 14, Tommy, The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century, Victory Briefs, 2014,
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Part 2 is Harms:

The reasonableness standard of qualified immunity is nearly impossible to overcome in the status quo because it doubles up with the 4th amendement reasonableness standard.

Hassel 09, Diana, EXCESSIVE REASONABLENESS, Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law, 2009, https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf
B. Qualified Immunity Meanwhile, the Court was refining the standard for qualified immunity
AND
use of excessive force and qualified immunity—merged into one inquiry.59

The lack of accountability spills over to create a politics of disposability. Neighborhoods become a war zone and state violence is justified.

Giroux 16, Henry, The Racist Killing Machine in the Age of Anti-Politics, 2016, http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/08/the-racist-killing-machine-in-the-age-of-anti-politics/
The killing machine has become spectacularized, endlessly looped through the mainstream cultural apparatuses both
AND
that views killing those most vulnerable as sport, entertainment, and policy. 

Part 3 is the Plan

Resolved: The United States Supreme Court shall reverse the Harlow V. Fitzgerald ruling, establishing an objective reasonableness standard for qualified immunity for police officers that only applies when there has been a change in the law, not merely a new application of an established doctrine. All decisions in conflict with this ruling shall be declared null and void.

Part 4 is Solvency

The plan stops the absolute defense of qualified immunity, rupturing state violence and militarism. It also still allows police a limited defense stopping any chilling effect.

Hassel 2, Diana, EXCESSIVE REASONABLENESS, Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law, 2009, https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf
The Court's development of the qualified immunity doctrine has stretched the rationale underlying the defense
AND
for the reasonably mistaken officer and will make compensation for the victim possible. 

Two more benefits: First, the aff is crucial to repair community relationships

De Stefan ~De Stefan, Lindsey, (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law) "No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2017). Law School Student Scholarship~
By beginning to mend the qualified immunity doctrine in these ways, the Court will 
AND
be along path to rebuilding the trust that is so crucial.

AND police accountability is key to fair and effective law enforcement- turns disads

OJP 16 ~Office of Justice Programs (Agency of the Department of Justice). "Race, Trust and Police Legitimacy." National Institute of Justice. 14 July 2016.~ 
Research consistently shows that minorities are more likely than whites to view law enforcement with
AND
of the people they serve while controlling crime effectively.
3:00

Second, qualified immunity permits the structural limitation of minority rights—the aff is key to taking back the judicial system.

Reinhardt 15
~Stephen R. Reinhardt, (Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.) The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences, 113 Mich. L. Rev. 1219 (2015)~ 
On today's Court, the unbroken march toward limiting constitutional rights and remedies for criminal 
AND
concern for comity above the constitutional rights to which all persons are entitled.

Even if insurers absorb the cost, insurance companies will hold the police accountable themselves.

Rappaport 16, John, Assistant professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Cops can ignore Black Lives Matter protesters. They can't ignore their insurers, 2016, . https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cops-can-ignore-black-lives-matter-protesters-they- cant-ignore-their-insurers/2016/05/04/c823334a-01cb-11e6-9d36-33d198ea26c5_story.html
The arrangement creates a potential moral-hazard problem — a risk that insured municipalities
AND
to their underwriters, which therefore have significant leverage over them.

Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola CH | Judge: Diana Alvarez

1 – War Against Kids

Police have invaded schools and momentum for funding is still gaining – this has led to increasing use of force and abuse of students – the law is not clearly established so SROs will always get immunity

Potter 15 ~GS Potter; Community activist and educator with a Ph.D. in educational leadership and policy studies from the University of Washington.; 3-16-2015; "How Police Became Part of the Public School System and How to Get Them Out"; http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/33706-how-police-became-part-of-the-public-school-system-and-how-to-get-them-out~~ JC
Between the founding of the first recognized school resource officer program in 1958 and the
AND
-wide abuses against students, especially disadvantaged students, across the country.

SRO misconduct is rampant – students are choked, tasered, and shot to death – it's try or die for the aff

Lee 15 ~Jaeah; Jaeah is a former reporter at Mother Jones. Her writings have appeared in The Atlantic, the Guardian, Wired, Christian Science Monitor, Global Post, Huffington Post, Talking Points Memo, and Grist.; JUL. 14, 2015; "Chokeholds, brain injuries, beatings: Here's what happens when school cops go bad"; http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/police-school-resource-officers-k-12-misconduct-violence~~ JC
Over the past year, video footage from around the country of law enforcement officers
AND
training and oversight, and a disproportionate impact on minority and disabled students.

Tasers prove – SROs are brutal

Klein 8/1 ~Rebecca; Editor of education news for The Huffington Post; 8-1-2016; "School-Based Police Are Using Tasers on Students"; http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/37338-set-to-stun~~ JC
This is one of at least 84 incidents of children being Tasered or shot with
AND
184 in 2007. (The department stopped conducting regular surveys after 2009.)

The police state oppresses children in schools

Giroux 15 ~Henry A.; 11-11-2015; McMaster University Professor for Scholarship in the Public Interest and The Paulo Freire Distinguished Scholar in Critical Pedagogy. He also is a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Ryerson University; "Terrorizing Students: The Criminalization of Children in the US Police State"; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/33604-terrorizing-students-the-criminalization-of-children-in-the-us-police-state~~ JC
In part, the militarizing of schools and the accompanying surge of police officers are
AND
defined by a culture of fear and an utter distrust of young people?

2 – Plan

The United States will abolish qualified immunity for school resource officers

The plan is a catalyst for further reform

De Stefan 16 Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law). "No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2016). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/850 JC
In recent months, it has been impossible to ignore the overwhelming presence of police
AND
step in decreasing the overall incidence of police misconduct in the United States.

Wrongdoing SROs are held accountable – litigation affects conduct regardless of indemnification

Rosen 5 Michael M. Rosen (Attorney in San Diego at Fish and Richardson PC, an intellectual property law firm; JD, Harvard Law). "A Qualified Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases, With Some Suggestions for its Improvement." 35GoldenGateU.L.Rev. (2005). http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ggulrev/vol35/iss2/2
Of course, this entire edifice hangs on the assumption that law enforcement agents regularly
AND
, in the heat of the moment, whether reasonably or not.59 

QI distorts civil rights law – it makes it so the law will never be clearly established

Hassel 99 ~Diana; Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at Roger Williams University School of Law; "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity"; Missouri Law Review (1999); Available at: http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol64/iss1/9~~ JC
On the other side of the lawsuit, qualified immunity promises much more to the
AND
should be protected and which we are content not to protect with monetary compensation

Legal actions affect culture-civil rights movement proves

Masket 15 SETH MASKET, OCT 5, 2015, "You Can Change Laws Without Changing Hearts and Minds" http://www.psmag.com/politics-and-law/you-can-change-laws-without-changing-hearts-and-minds
In the wake of yet another mass shooting, a rather familiar public debate is
AND
some of those changes have done the country a great deal of good.

3 – Framing

The judge must resist the imposition of dominant ideology on marginalized groups in educational spaces.  TRIFONAS 03:

Trifonas, Peter. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. New York, London. 2003.
Domination and subordination, I imply that they are relations of power. In an
AND
is to make the world a better place for us and for our childre

And, current discourse on young people is violent – they are viewed as criminals, public disorders that must be dealt with, and resources for markets. Solving for children's oppression accesses other forms of oppression. GIROUX 15:

Henry A. Giroux | Youth in Authoritarian Times: Challenging Neoliberalism's Politics of Disposability Wednesday, 21 October 2015 00:00 By Henry A. Giroux, Truthout | News Analysis
The transformation of the social state into the corporate-controlled punishing state is made
AND
appear to be of little concern to the shameless apostles of permanent war. 

Thus, the role of the ballot and judge is to reject oppression with a focus on the youth. More warrants:

1. Children are particularly excluded and not considered relevant by academics, allowing willful ignorance of violence that costs them their lives. Only a focus on children as an important group can stop systemic structural violence – otherwise all oppression towards them is rendered unseen. GIROUX 2K:

Public Pedagogy and the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Youth, Littleton, and the Loss of Innocence Henry A. Giroux. jac 20.1 (2000)
Unfortunately, as the post-Littleton debate has clearly shown, educators in a
AND
regarded as a detriment to adult society rather than as a valuable resource. 

And, Addressing the material conditions for violence specifically with children is required for the success of symbolic critique. Pure critique is not enough – it must be combined into tangible policy action. GIROUX 2:

Public Pedagogy and the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Youth, Littleton, and the Loss of Innocence Henry A. Giroux. jac 20.1 (2000)
To address the problems of youth, rigorous educational work must respond to the dilemmas
AND
, unemployment, police brutality, rape, sexual abuse, and racism. 

2. Debate is a unique forum for high-schooler's to advocate for children – children are denied participation due to the current structure of society. GODWIN 11:

Children's Oppression, Rights and Liberation by Samantha Godwin 2011
While childhood similarly marks a stage of life that each of us will pass through
AND
they lack the legal rights to have the opportunity to acquire those means. 

4 – UV

Police immunity is a means of the state to maintain power over society

Internationalist 15 ~League For The Fourth International; Summer 2015; "Killer Cops, White Supremacists: Racist Terror Stalks Black America"; http://www.internationalist.org/killercopswstalkblackamerica1507.html~~ JC
The entire legal system is based on the recognition that the police are the first
AND
of special decrees, which invest them with a peculiar sanctity and inviolability."

Evaluate arguments using particularity – no "root cause" or sweeping take-outs to our specific claims.

Price 98 ~(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)~~
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Tournament: Damus | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West KA | Judge: Angus, Munro, Smith

The aff is a contingent demand on the state that seeks to reform it from within. Totalizing accounts of action ignore complexity and are defeatist – playing the cards we're dealt can make constructive change

Laura Zanotti 13, associate professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech., Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 2008 and joined the Purdue University faculty in 2009. "Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World", originally published online 30 December, Sage
Unlike positions that adopt governmentality as a descriptive tool and end up embracing the liberal
AND
ideal social order. It is found instead in multifarious and contingent struggles t

Belief that police are under attack inspires right wing backlash, spurs militia recruitment

Blue 16, Miranda Blue, July 8, 2016, "Oath Keepers Calls For Establishment Of Militias In Response To Dallas Ambush" Right Wing Watch, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/oath-keepers-calls-for-establishment-of-militias-in-response-to-dallas-ambush/
Stewart Rhodes, the founder of the Oath Keepers, responded today to last night's
AND
lead them toward the only constitutional solution – the revitalization of the militia." 

Right-wing militia groups threaten minority groups

Potok 16, Mark Potok, United Nations High Commission on Human Rights and University of Chicago, February 17, 2016, "The Year in Hate and Extremism", Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2016/year-hate-and-extremism
The number of hate and antigovernment 'Patriot' groups grew last year, and terrorist
AND
as the country continues to come to terms with its increasing diversity. .

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Karl G Maeser Preparatory JH | Judge: Thomas Phung

1AC

1 – War Against Kids

Police have invaded schools and momentum for funding is still gaining – this has led to increasing use of force and abuse of students – the law is not clearly established so SROs will always get immunity

Potter 15 ~GS Potter; Community activist and educator with a Ph.D. in educational leadership and policy studies from the University of Washington.; 3-16-2015; "How Police Became Part of the Public School System and How to Get Them Out"; http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/33706-how-police-became-part-of-the-public-school-system-and-how-to-get-them-out~~ JC
Between the founding of the first recognized school resource officer program in 1958 and the
AND
-wide abuses against students, especially disadvantaged students, across the country.

Qualified immunity for SROs exist in the SQUO

Nafday 10 – lawyer working as executive compensation and benefits associate. BS, BA 2005, University of California, Berkeley; JD Candidate 2010, The University of Chicago Law School
(Nafday, Rohit A. "From Sense to Nonsense and Back Again: SRO Immunity, Doctrinal Bait-and-Switch, and a Call for Coherence." The University of Chicago Law Review 77 (847): 2010. https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/77.2/77-2-SRO20Immunity-Nafday.pdf)
In 1995, after having twice held that SRO employees are entitled to a minimum of qualified immunity in conduct associated with disciplinary proceedings,102 the district court for the Southern District of New York adopted the Austin holding in Mandelbaum v NYMEX. 103 

SRO misconduct is rampant – students are choked, tasered, and shot to death with a disproportionate impact on minority and disabled students – it's try or die for the aff

Lee 15 ~Jaeah; Jaeah is a former reporter at Mother Jones. Her writings have appeared in The Atlantic, the Guardian, Wired, Christian Science Monitor, Global Post, Huffington Post, Talking Points Memo, and Grist.; JUL. 14, 2015; "Chokeholds, brain injuries, beatings: Here's what happens when school cops go bad"; http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/police-school-resource-officers-k-12-misconduct-violence~~ JC
Over the past year, video footage from around the country of law enforcement officers
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training and oversight, and a disproportionate impact on minority and disabled students.

Tasers prove – SROs are brutal

Klein 8/1 ~Rebecca; Editor of education news for The Huffington Post; 8-1-2016; "School-Based Police Are Using Tasers on Students"; http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/37338-set-to-stun~~ JC
This is one of at least 84 incidents of children being Tasered or shot with
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184 in 2007. (The department stopped conducting regular surveys after 2009.)

2 – Plan

Resolved: The United States federal government should abolish qualified immunity for school resource officers.

James 16 – Professor of Law Pepperdine University
(James, Bernard and Fhanysha Clark. "Body Worn Cameras: Student Privacy Rights and Video Surveillance." Minnesota Juvenile Officers Association 2016. http://www.mnjoa.org/files/112839109.pdf)
In what other capacities can the SRO serve as a resource for school officials?
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of uncertainty over the law and because their commanders will not allow it.

He continues:

Meanwhile, the duty of school officials to protect students benefits from the clarity of the reasoning provided by the courts in Beward v. Wittaker and Estate of Massey v. City of Philadelphia. Both the federal and the state court agree that educators have an affirmative duty to take all reasonable steps to prevent foreseeable harm to its students, such that educators are not entitled to qualified official immunity for negligent performance of this duty.

The plan is a catalyst for further reform

De Stefan 16 Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law). "No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2016). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/850 JC
In recent months, it has been impossible to ignore the overwhelming presence of police
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step in decreasing the overall incidence of police misconduct in the United States.

Wrongdoing SROs are held accountable – litigation affects conduct regardless of indemnification

Rosen 5 Michael M. Rosen (Attorney in San Diego at Fish and Richardson PC, an intellectual property law firm; JD, Harvard Law). "A Qualified Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases, With Some Suggestions for its Improvement." 35GoldenGateU.L.Rev. (2005). http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ggulrev/vol35/iss2/2
Of course, this entire edifice hangs on the assumption that law enforcement agents regularly
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, in the heat of the moment, whether reasonably or not.59 

QI distorts civil rights law – it makes it so the law will never be clearly established

Hassel 99 ~Diana; Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at Roger Williams University School of Law; "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity"; Missouri Law Review (1999); Available at: http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol64/iss1/9~~ JC
On the other side of the lawsuit, qualified immunity promises much more to the
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should be protected and which we are content not to protect with monetary compensation

Legal actions affect culture-civil rights movement proves

Masket 15 SETH MASKET, OCT 5, 2015, "You Can Change Laws Without Changing Hearts and Minds" http://www.psmag.com/politics-and-law/you-can-change-laws-without-changing-hearts-and-minds
In the wake of yet another mass shooting, a rather familiar public debate is
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some of those changes have done the country a great deal of good.

3 – Framing

Current discourse on young people is violent – they are viewed as criminals, public disorders that must be dealt with, and resources for markets. Solving for children's oppression accesses other forms of oppression. GIROUX 15:

Henry A. Giroux | Youth in Authoritarian Times: Challenging Neoliberalism's Politics of Disposability Wednesday, 21 October 2015 00:00 By Henry A. Giroux, Truthout | News Analysis
The transformation of the social state into the corporate-controlled punishing state is made
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appear to be of little concern to the shameless apostles of permanent war. 

Thus, the role of the ballot and judge is to reject oppression with a focus on the youth. More warrants:

1. Children are particularly excluded and not considered relevant by academics, allowing willful ignorance of violence that costs them their lives. Only a focus on children as an important group can stop systemic structural violence – otherwise all oppression towards them is rendered unseen. GIROUX 2K:

Public Pedagogy and the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Youth, Littleton, and the Loss of Innocence Henry A. Giroux. jac 20.1 (2000)
Unfortunately, as the post-Littleton debate has clearly shown, educators in a
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regarded as a detriment to adult society rather than as a valuable resource. 

And, Addressing the material conditions for violence specifically with children is required for the success of symbolic critique. Pure critique is not enough – it must be combined into tangible policy action. GIROUX 2:

Public Pedagogy and the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Youth, Littleton, and the Loss of Innocence Henry A. Giroux. jac 20.1 (2000)
To address the problems of youth, rigorous educational work must respond to the dilemmas
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, unemployment, police brutality, rape, sexual abuse, and racism. 

2. Debate is a unique forum for high-schooler's to advocate for children – children are denied participation due to the current structure of society. GODWIN 11:

Children's Oppression, Rights and Liberation by Samantha Godwin 2011
While childhood similarly marks a stage of life that each of us will pass through
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they lack the legal rights to have the opportunity to acquire those means.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 6 | Opponent: Brentwood | Judge: Kris Kaya

1AC

I affirm

Part one is the Reality of Speciesism

56 billion animals are killed every year to sustain the expansion of humanity. There is no world in which humanity can continue to develop without the continued and unending genocide of the inhuman animal.

Nuclear power centralizes energy systems, disconnecting humanity from nature

Bodain and Naess 88 – Norwegian philosopher and the founder of deep ecology. Former professor at the University of Oslo, founder of the deep ecology movement
(Arne, "Simple in Means Rich in Ends An interview with Arne Naess in Deep Ecology for the 21st Century, ed. George Sessions, p. 32-33)
S.B.: In connection with that, it has been pointed out that
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of all manmade ecological catastrophes, nuclear war would be the most devastating.

The speciesist nature of nuclear power justifies environmental degradation

Aaron 14
(Aaron. "'The Simpsons' and Anthropocentrism: Can a Cartoon Show Demonstrate Society's Detachment from Nature?" Medium 3 Aug. 2014)
However, the plant and its position in Springfield society serves as an allegory of
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catastrophic event such as the Chernobyl disaster could wipe out an entire ecosystem.

This is a form of environmental colonialism that allows endless environmental atrocities

Koensler and Papa 13
(Koensler, Alexander and Cristina Papa, 2013, Introduction: beyond anthropocentrism, changing practices and the politics of 'nature', Journal of Political Ecology)
Another element is often overlooked. The conduct of individuals alone cannot explain cases of
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environments are more intricate than is often assumed in everyday or public discourses. 

This speciesist ethic will culminate in ecological collapse and extinction

Ahkin 10 – Monash University
(Melanie Ahkin, 2010, "Human Centrism, Animist Materialism, and the Critique of Rationalism in Val Plumwood's Critical Ecological Feminism," Emergent Australian Philosophers, a peer reviewed journal of philosophy,http://www.eap.philosophy-australia.com/archives.html)
These five features provide the basis for hegemonic centrism insofar as they promote certain conceptual
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more hopefully by the abandonment and transformation of the human centric framework.15 

Speciesism is an form of oppression that is equivalent to slavery—-subjugates species to domination—that's the worst form of ethics

Best 1 06
(Steven, Intl Journal of Inclusive Democracy, http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no3_Best_rethinking_revolution_PRINTABLE.htm)
The next great step in moral evolution is to abolish the last acceptable form of
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, one based upon ecological and non-speciesist principles and universal justice.

Speciesism is the root cause of every type of domination and oppression—-it creates a biological inferiority that allows other types of domination like racism and patriarchy to be modeled upon

Best 2 07 – American animal rights advocate, author, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso
(Steven, Review of "The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust," Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Vol. V, Issue 2, 2007, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)
While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions,
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and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Chistianithy left behind. 

We control the question of all hierarchies—the non-human body is the binary upon which the spectrum of "deviant" sub-populations are assigned value

Bailey 07 – Professor of Gender and Women's Studies @ Western Michigan University
(Cathryn, "We Are What We Eat: Feminist Vegetarianism and the Reproduction of Racial Identity," Hypatia vol. 22, no. 2 (Spring 2007), http://ethik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/inst_ethik_wiss_dialog/Bailey__C._2007._Veg_in._Hypatia_24127089.pdf, AM)
It is in part because women and men of color, white women, and
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be regarded as fully human was correlated with one's perceived need for meat.  

Put your util cards away—-ecocide is the pre-cursor to nuclear war and extinction—-we control the direction of all impacts

Bookchin 87 (Murray, co-founder of the Institute of Social Ecology "An Appeal For Social and Psychological Sanity" 1987)
Industrially and technologically, we are moving at an ever-accelerating pace toward a
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natural world disempowered of its capacity to reproduce a green and living world.

Framing

Part two is Framing

The role of the ballot is challenging speciesism within the debate space—-it's a crucial sphere to displace anthropocentric types of knowledge

Domanska 10 – professor @ Stanford in Department of Anthropology
(Ewa, "Beyond Anthropocentrism in Historical Sciences," Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznon Poland, Stanford University, 2010, http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~~ewa/Domanska,20Beyond20Anthropcentrism20in20Historical20Studies.pdf)
It seems that in contemporary intellectual practice scholars are not connected by methods or theories
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the human subject from the centre of historical, archaeological and anthropological studies. 

Starting points are key—-educates others about the issue and increases public pressure in order to solve

Perlo 07 – animal rights activist since 1983, obtained a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Dundee, for a thesis about worldviews and animals
(Katherine, "Extrinsic and Intrinsic Arguments: Strategies for Promoting Animal Rights," Journal of Critical Animal Studies 5.1, p. 11, http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Philosophy/strategies.pdf)
While there is, of course, much more to an intrinsically based animal rights
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the public pressure necessary to defeat exploitative industries and those industries' governmental servants.

Radical environmental movements are more effective at creating change than legislative reform

Best 3 06
(Steven, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas El Paso, "Revolutionary Environmentalism: An Emerging New Struggle for Total Liberation" 2006)
Revolutionary environmentalism is based on the realization that politics as usual just won't cut it
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anger, awaken, inspire, and empower people toward action and change. 

Incremental policy reform is worse because it disavows the unethical violence in their political paradigm.

Kochi and Ordan 08
~tarik and noam, queen's university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~
The banality of action hits against a central problem of social-political action within
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either valid and worthwhile, or false and a sham. ~8~

Empirically proven with animal rights organizations that gained political power but now fail to take action against animal cruelty

Singer 15 – Australian moral philosopher
(Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation: The Definitive Classic of the Animal Movement (40^th Anniversary Edition). Accessed via Google Books)
*RSPCA = Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
*ASCPA
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rather to reassure the public that nothing further needed to be done.6

Underview

Tournament: Voices | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harker Rahul Shukla | Judge: Todd Newkirk

Voting affirmative endorses a social critique of nuclear power through the lens of speciesism. Resistance is a fulcrum for social movements which focus on institutional change.

Martin et al 84
(The main authors are Jill Bowling, Brian Martin, Val Plumwood and Ian Watson, with important contributions from Ray Kent, Basil Schur and Rosemary Walters. Strategy against nuclear power http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/86sa.html)
What is a strategy anyway? A strategy links the analysis of an issue with
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stop uranium mining. The mobilisation must connect with major forces in society. 

Rejecting nuclear power opens up the potential for a more decentralized grid – it also makes renewables more effective because they no longer get blocked by the nuclear industry.

Lydersen 15
Kari Lydersen writes for publications including The Washington Post, In These Times, Punk Planet and LiP magazine and is a youth journalism instructor based in Chicago. "Why the nuclear industry targets renewables instead of gas." Midwest Energy News. 02/06/2015. http://midwestenergynews.com/2015/02/06/why-the-nuclear-industry-targets-renewables-instead-of-gas/
Why attack renewables? The advent of horizontal hydraulic fracturing (fracking) about a
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energy to include nuclear power really doesn't pass the straight-face test."

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood Jackson | Judge: Matt Conrad

Framework

I value morality.

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.

Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
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favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

This outweighs other frameworks.

Sinhababu 2 Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3
A full moral theory including accounts of rightness and virtue can be built from the
AND
be the only way to develop a full moral theory through reliable processes.

Thus, the value criterion is maximizing happiness. Prefer the standard because actor specificity.

No uniqueness for disads—nuclear power will naturally phase out without a prohibition.

Romm 8/4 Joe (Founding Editor of Climate Progress, "the indispensable blog," as NY Times columnist Tom Friedman describes it.) "Nuclear Power Is Losing Money At An Astonishing Rate" Think Progress August 4^th 2016 https://thinkprogress.org/nuclear-power-is-losing-money-at-an-astonishing-rate-e9473d62acc5~~#.l778f6k4l
Half of existing nuclear power plants are no longer profitable. The New York Times
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fueling and operations and maintenance (OandM costs nuclear has.

Thus, the plan:

Resolved: the United States federal government will prohibit the production of nuclear power.

1

Advantage 1 is fish

Nuclear power kills billions of aquatic creatures.

Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) "Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2
Nuclear plants do not just use water-they also contaminate it at multiple points
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of rivers, lakes, and estuaries and complicate drinking water treatment."411

Fish feel pain – best evidence goes aff. Sandcastles prove.

Griffiths 14 Sarah "Fish have feelings too: Expert claims creatures experience pain in the same way humans do - and should be treated better" June 19^th 2014 Daily Mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2662297/Fish-feelings-Expert-claims-creatures-experience-pain-way-humans-better-treated.html
Fishing may not seem like such a relaxing sport anymore, as scientists claim to
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the same level of protection as any other vertebrate,' he said.

Prioritizing humans over fish will culminate in ecological collapse and extinction

Ahkin 10 – Monash University
(Melanie Ahkin, 2010, "Human Centrism, Animist Materialism, and the Critique of Rationalism in Val Plumwood's Critical Ecological Feminism," Emergent Australian Philosophers, a peer reviewed journal of philosophy,http://www.eap.philosophy-australia.com/archives.html)
These five features provide the basis for hegemonic centrism insofar as they promote certain conceptual
AND
more hopefully by the abandonment and transformation of the human centric framework.15 

2

Advantage 2 is cyberattacks

Cyberattacks on our grids are inevitable—Ukraine proves.

Morgan 16 Steve (Steve Morgan is the Founder and CEO at Cybersecurity Ventures and Editor-In-Chief of the Cybersecurity Market Report. The Cybersecurity Market Report is published quarterly and covers the business of cybersecurity, including global market sizing and industry forecasts from consolidated research by IT analyst firms, emerging trends, employment, the federal sector, hot companies to watch, notable MandA, investment and IPO activity, and more) "Major Cyber Attack On U.S. Power Grid Is Likely" Forbes February 7^th 2016 http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemorgan/2016/02/07/campaign-2016-major-cyber-attack-on-u-s-power-grid-is-likely/~~#5339e6a6610f.
In his New York Times bestselling investigation, Koppel reveals that a major cyberattack on
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.S. systems aren't any more protected than those breached in Ukraine.

The threat of cyber-attack is real – multiple countries and terrorists are acquiring capabilities

Habiger 10 (Eugue, Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, 2/1, p. 11-19)
However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Cyberattack causes nuclear reactor failure and is the largest existential threat. Grids are vulnerable now.

Huff 14 Ethan (staff writer for Natural News) "Nuclear power + grid down event = global extinction for humanity" August 12^th 2014 Natural News http://www.naturalnews.com/046429_nuclear_power_electric_grid_global_extinction.html~~#
If you think the Fukushima situation is bad, consider the fact that the United
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, "and the threat from asteroids can (possibly) be mitigated."

Fukushima proves.

Hodges 14 Dave (The Common Sense Show features a wide variety of important topics that range from the loss of constitutional liberties, to the subsequent implementation of a police state under world governance, to exploring the limits of human potential. The primary purpose of The Common Sense Show is to provide Americans with the tools necessary to reclaim both our individual and national sovereignty) "Nuclear Power Plants Will Become America's Extinction Level Event" The Common Sense Show April 18^th 2014 http://www.thecommonsenseshow.com/2014/04/18/nuclear-power-plants-will-become-americas-extinction-level-event/
Lessons Learned from Fukushima Fukushima is often spoken of by many, as a possible
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have a total of 124 Fukushima events if the necessary conditions were present.

Underview

1. Proving the res is permissible isn't sufficient - negating an ought statement means proving prohibition-permissibility is aff ground.

Oxford Dictionary "ought, ought not" Oxford American Large Print Dictionary 2008 Oxford University Press NP 10/14/15.
usage: The verb ought is a modal verb, which means that, grammatically
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duty, or necessity, and use should for expressing suitability or appropriateness. 

2. Put away your Kant NC. Nuclear power necessarily violates freedom, so countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Martin 15 Brian (PhD in theoretical physics and is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong) "Nuclear Power and Civil Liberties" August 2015 EnergyScience Coalition Briefing Paper No. 23 http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/15energyscience.pdf
Military attack. ~One,~ Any country with a nuclear facility is at risk
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, including the freedom of citizens to express their views about energy policy.