Tournament: x | Round: Quads | Opponent: x | Judge: x
If you need to contact me for disclosure or to ask me about any of my positions feel free to message me at edeng@student.smusd.us or Contact me on Facebook . My phone number is 626-537-5299

Tournament: xxxx | Round: Finals | Opponent: xxxxx | Judge: xxx
I think disclosure is a good norm. I also think that the excuse of being a small school is bullshit. I'm from a small school and I disclose. I'm doing perfectly fine. Please disclose.

Tournament: xxxx | Round: Quads | Opponent: xxxx | Judge: xxxx
If we're in elims and we need to flip, I think it is a better norm that we disclose our positions after we finish flipping. This is because a) I probably don't know what I'm going to read yet because I probably haven't even seen the positions that you're reading b) it's better for both of us because we won't be wasting time counter-strating before we even know what we're debating.

Also, I've had bad experiences with being bullied during a flip. I would prefer if you yourself participated in the flip, not your coach.

Tournament: xxxxxxx | Round: Quads | Opponent: x | Judge: x
I reserve the right to read anything off of my teammate's wikis as well as Arcadia's wiki.

Tournament: Please Dont be Judgmental | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x
I'm just too lazy to actually have separate entries for every new link I decide to read so I just disclose the K I read for that specific round. I'm not infatuated with biopolitics please don't judge  .

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nueva JT | Judge: John Scoggin

Interpretation: the aff must specify the actor or group of actors that implements the aff advocacy in a delineated text in the AC.

Violation:

Peterson'S Staff, 9-29-2015, "Public University vs. Private College," Peterson's, https://www.petersons.com/college-search/public-university-vs-private.aspx~~#/sweeps-modal
The major difference between public universities and private colleges lies in how they are funded
AND
public universities. They also oversee these institutions through appointed boards and trustees.

"Government." Us States - Government | Laws.com. LAWS, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2017.
With certain amendments and interpretations of the Constitution, there has been an increasing trend
AND
Federal government, with an executive, legislative, and a judiciary branch.

Standards:

Policy Education

Komesar '94 (Neil professor of law at the University of Wisconsin, Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing institutions in Law, Economic, and Public Policy, p. 4-5)
For example, one would assume that the central issue of constitutional law is the
AND
is institutional choice that connects goals with their legal or public policy results.

Ground

Tournament: x | Round: Triples | Opponent: x | Judge: x
If the aff reads a ROB, then it must be comprehensive and have specs of how the round should be evaluated under it in the AC. To clarify, the ROB must spec how we determine what a legit advocacy is, what area of the debate has to be warranted, if the debate is all flow or has pre-fiat implications, what theoretical objections can be made, and how competing advocacies are weighed under the ROB.

The affirmative cannot read arguments in the AC that a) indict negative practices and have implications back to fairness and education, b) function as theoretical paradigmatic issues that would indict the negative practice of reading theory, c) advance theoretical weighing claims or d) advance potential theoretical voting issues in the AC. To clarify, the aff can make arguments that create topical burdens and ones that exist solely for clarification but may not read insert spikes here

The affirmative must defend nuclear power in terms of both energy and weapons.

The neg must accept the aff choice of role of the ballot.

On the November December NSDA 2016 LD topic, the affirmative may only defend either a certain limitation on qualified immunity or an actor if the aff is not disclosed. This means they cannot do both.

Tournament: x | Round: 9 | Opponent: x | Judge: x
Debater must disclose all broken ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs, and Ks on the NDCA wiki under their name at least an hour before the round.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 3 | Opponent: Del Mar Independent JC | Judge: Sakthi Ponnuswamy
A. The affirmative must defend the implementation of a policy action on the September October 2016 LD resolution. 

Parcher: 
Pardon me if
AND
support my view. 

AND, Words and Phrases 64
Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). "Resolved". 1964.
Definition of the word
AND
"to establish by law".

1. Research Burden
   Galloway 
   Debate as a dialogue
   AND
   conversation (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).

2. Inclusion

3. Critical Thinking
Day: writes
To discover the
AND
be arrived at.37

4. When you signed up to judge you became contractually obligated to promote topical debate.
Nebel 15 
A second strategy denies
AND
unjustifiable to your opponent. 

5. There's no reason you need the ballot to discuss your issues. This is just an issue of what the judge has the jurisdiction to vote on.
Nebel 15 
First, some might
AND
shouldn't vote on it.6

6. Failure to ground critique in political action devolves to abstractions.
Bryant 12 (levi, prof of philosophy at Collins college, Critique of the Academic Left,http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
What I wonder is
AND
the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

The Role of the judge is to foster critical education.

Giroux  
Higher education must be understood as a democratic public sphere - a
AND
power arrangements fundamental to promoting the common good and producing a meaningful democracy.

Tournament: X | Round: 9 | Opponent: X | Judge: x
Their method to fight domination is pessimistic- love is the only form of liberation. Hooks: bell hooks; "Love as a Practice of Freedom"; Accessed 4/19/16; PE
The sixties Black Power movement
AND
black and nonblack.
And, We need to recognize the interdependent nature of domination to create an effective liberation strategy- empirically proven by the civil rights movement. hooks: bell hooks; "Love as a Practice of Freedom"; Accessed 4/19/16; PE
In this society,
AND
in a love ethic.
The alternative is to engage in politics of conversion to embrace a love ethic. hooks: bell hooks Phd; "all about love"; page 93; Accessed 4/24/16; PE
Cultures of domination
AND
portray loving interaction.

Turns the Case: Love can end domination and shape our participation in politics.  hooks: bell hooks; ""Toward a Worldwide Culture of Love" by bell hooks; 6/3/10; http://www.pbs.org/thebuddha/blog/2010/jun/3/toward-worldwide-culture-love-bell-hooks/; Accessed 4/20/16; PE

When lecturing on ending
AND
participation in politics.

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Michael OKrent, Matthew Luevano, Srividya Dasaraju

The 1ac's banal observations about militarism outside debate ignores the death innate to the space within which their advocacy takes place—the University is a site of social death, the mass grave of Western culture.  They play into the hands of the system by denying the violence innate to the university system itself.  The AFF paves over the conditions of violent colonialism that made it possible for them to be here, debating in the first place.

An Anonymous Graduate Student 10. "The University, Social Death, and the Inside Joke," http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20100220181610620
Universities may serve as progressive sites of inquiry in some cases, yet this does
AND
interpretation and every connotation, no longer denoting anyone or anything."~56~

The battle for the public sphere is over—we lost.  Conservatives and liberals are now two sides of the same coin, and any movement that actually promises radical change will be destroyed as soon as it becomes visible.  An invisible movement has the most subversive potential—the only space left for radical thought is the non-sensical, that which is excluded by its very unintelligibility to the public sphere

The Invisible Committee, '7 ~an anonymous group of French professors, phd candidates, and intellectuals, in the book "The Coming Insurrection" published by Semiotext(e) (attributed to the Tarnac Nine by the French police), http://tarnac9.noblogs.org/gallery/5188/insurrection_english.pdf~~
Whatever angle you look at it from, there's no escape from the present.
AND
speak from that space in the margin that is a sign of deprivation,

Tournament: xxxxxxxx | Round: Quads | Opponent: xx | Judge: xxx

A priori reasoning is impossible so the only epistemologically sound basis for morality is experience.

Schwartz: “A Defense of Naïve Empiricism: It is Neither Self-Refuting Nor Dogmatic.” Stephen P. Schwartz. Ithaca College. pp.1-14. 
The empirical support
AND
an empirical claim.

And, pleasure is inherently good.

Sinhababu : The Epistemic Argument For Hedonism
Neil Sinhababu

We can form
AND
 affairs we are in. 

logical consistency implies we value the happiness of others.

Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey. “Mill's "Proof" of the Principle of Utility: A More than Half-Hearted Defense.” UNC/Chapel Hill: Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. 18, no. 2; Spring 2001, p. 330-360. (pp. 21-22).http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 
According to the second
AND
of all the rest.
Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

The definition of ought implies utilitarianism.

 
Harris :  Harris, Sam. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values (2010).
But this notion
AND
and human well-being.
A. Topical Education
B. Ground

If there is a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize survival of the human race to ensure the future. This is an independent weighing claim.

Bostrom ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 3 | Opponent: Del Mar Independent JC | Judge: Sakthi Punnaswamy
ERROR

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nueva JT | Judge: John Scoggin

Interpretation: The affirmative may not read arguments that would indicate an amendment be made to unprotect a form of constitutionally protected speech.

Ground

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Michael OKrent, Matthew Luevano, Srividya Dasaraju

Interpretation: the aff may not specify a specific kind of speech that they protect or a specific speech restriction that they remove. They must defend that all constitutionally protected free speech is protected. To clarify, the negative may not read PICs under my interp which takes out your side bias argument.

Any is defined as every

Your Dictionary NO DATE (Your Dictionary, online reference, "any," http://www.yourdictionary.com/any///LADI)
every: any child can do it
Debois, Danny (Danny DeBois (
AND
speech restriction you look at, the aff thinks any of them are bad

Prefer:

First, neg ground

Lallas 17 ~Jackson Lallas, 2-9-2017, "A Defense of T-Any", http://www.theladi.org/blog/2017/2/9/a-defense-of-t-any~~
Whenever the aff strategically chooses an advocacy, it is a given that aff ground
AND
are not present and there is a significant ground loss for the negative.

Second, predictable limits

Third, education

Lallas 17 ~Jackson Lallas, 2-9-2017, "A Defense of T-Any", http://www.theladi.org/blog/2017/2/9/a-defense-of-t-any~~
This argument is another common response to most T arguments, so naturally it applies
AND
A deeper concern is that these affs incentivize bad engagement

Fourth, Textuality

Elder '91 (David S. Elder, October 1991, "Any and All": To Use Or Not To Use?" "Plain Language' is a regular feature of the Michigan Bar Journal, edited by Joseph Kimble for the State Bar Plain English Committee. Assistant editor is George H. Hathaway. Through this column the Committee hopes to promote the use of plain English in the law. Want to contribute a plain English article? Contact Prof. Kimble at Thomas Cooley Law School, P.O. Box 13038, Lansing, MI 48901, http://www.michbar.org/file/generalinfo/plainenglish/pdfs/91_oct.pdf | SP)
The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in
AND
(1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northland Christian MP | Judge: Varad Agarwala

Government is the reason biopower exists

Nadesan, 08 (Majia Holmer, professor of communication in the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences in the New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, "Governmentality, Biopower, and Everyday Life", https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=QEqTAgAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=22economic+security22+and+biopower+and+agambenandots=iSmmUdVRPCandsig=c0GAKJJxPEdjnZJV7BjudTumxH4~~#v=snippetandq=biopower20and20governmentandf=false)//BW
Foucault contended that the emergence of the early modern liberal state depended upon the institution
AND
—his pedagogy—ensures the upward continuity of the arts of government.

The 1ACs conceptions of political discourse are militarized by the police state to create a permanent state of emergency.

McLoughlin 12 ~Daniel McLoughlin is a doctoral candidate in Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, working on the political philosophy of Giorgio Agamben. "Giorgio Agamben on Security, Government and the Crisis of Law", Griffith Law Review, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2012, msm~

One of the decisive effects of total war,
AND
down the possibility of the alternatives emerging. 

Your conception of rights is just something the biopolitical regime uses to manage its subjects.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 126-128) ED
Hannah Arendt entitled the fifth chapter of her book on imperialism, which is dedicated
AND
(to be born)—thus closes the open circle of man's birth. 

Rights talk ties the population to the sovereign by defining life only in terms of what can be defended by the state—this turns the citizen-subject into bare life.

Heins 5 (Volker, Visiting Professor of Political Science, Concordia University, Montreal, and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research, Frankfurt, Germany, German Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 5, p. 845-8)

A more forceful and radical critique has been put forth by the Italian political philosopher
AND
and politics can and should be overcome in favor of something completely new. 

Util is biopolitical

Marks 15 ~(Shanee, lecturer in Sociology Department, Boğaziçi University) "Biopolitics on the Installment Plan" Posted Feb16, 2015. presented in the series "Sociology Talks" at the Sociology Department, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul on 27th March 2014~
And of course Esposito does not exclude philosophy from the biopolitical dispositif – particularly philosophy
AND
hence ultimately the 'birth of biopolitics' is an aspect of this naturalism.

The state of exception destroys value to life.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) ED
3.3.It is not our intention here to take a position on
AND
category.  It now dwells in the biological body of every living being. 

The state is grounded in exclusion which means reform never solves and causes genocide.

Ziarek 12 Ewa Ziarek (Julian Park Professor of Comparative Literature at The State University of New York at Buffalo). "9. Bare Life." Impasses of the Post-Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, vol. 2. 2012. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/10803281.0001.001/1:11/—impasses-of-the-post-global-theory-in-the-era-of-climate?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Since bare life is included within Western democracies as their hidden inner ground and as
AND
life to death, constitutes the "supreme" political principle of genocide. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED

Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

Vote negative to endorse the state of whatever being in resistance to sovereign power. Whatever being is the only way to solve. Working within the law only furthers sovereign control of life. Solves case because whateverbeing means that nothing can be distinguished which prevents the state from unequally applying the law and stripping us away to bare life.

Caldwell 4 (Anne, Asst Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, Theory and Event, 7.2shree)
Can we imagine another form of humanity, and another form of power? The
AND
calls up and depends upon the life caught within sovereignty: homo sacer.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chaminade CP SJ | Judge: Elijah Smith

Government is the reason biopower exists

Nadesan, 08 (Majia Holmer, professor of communication in the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences in the New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, "Governmentality, Biopower, and Everyday Life", https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=QEqTAgAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=22economic+security22+and+biopower+and+agambenandots=iSmmUdVRPCandsig=c0GAKJJxPEdjnZJV7BjudTumxH4~~#v=snippetandq=biopower20and20governmentandf=false)//BW
Foucault contended that the emergence of the early modern liberal state depended upon the institution
AND
—his pedagogy—ensures the upward continuity of the arts of government.

Every action that participates in the political process is one that creates an exception and results in biopolitical control.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer, pg. 8-9)
The protagonist of this book is bare life, that is, the life of
AND
the bare life of the citizen, the new biopolitical body of humanity.

The 1ACs conceptions of political discourse are militarized by the police state to create a permanent state of emergency.

McLoughlin 12 ~Daniel McLoughlin is a doctoral candidate in Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, working on the political philosophy of Giorgio Agamben. "Giorgio Agamben on Security, Government and the Crisis of Law", Griffith Law Review, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2012, msm~
One of the decisive effects of total war
AND
down the possibility of the alternatives emerging. 

Biopower is the root cause of racism.

Flax 99 (Jane, Professor of Political Science, Howard University, "CAN THERE BE CITIZENSHIP WITHOUT RACE AND GENDER?", http://iiav.nl/epublications/1999/cantherebecitizenshipwithoutraceandgender.pdf)//BW
In his narrative, Rawls misconstructs phenomenal as well as noumenal selves. The problem
AND
1952) argues, such bonds are among the most difficult to break.

The state is grounded in exclusion which means reform never solves and causes genocide.

Ziarek 12 Ewa Ziarek (Julian Park Professor of Comparative Literature at The State University of New York at Buffalo). "9. Bare Life." Impasses of the Post-Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, vol. 2. 2012. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/10803281.0001.001/1:11/—impasses-of-the-post-global-theory-in-the-era-of-climate?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Since bare life is included within Western democracies as their hidden inner ground and as
AND
life to death, constitutes the "supreme" political principle of genocide. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED

Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

AND, Discursive autonomy is a prior question. Complacency in language render us unintelligible.
Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 95-97) ED

If what human beings had to
AND
is a victory over charac¬ter—it is word.

Vote negative to endorse the state of whatever being in resistance to sovereign power. Whatever being is the only way to solve. Working within the law only furthers sovereign control of life. Solves case because whateverbeing means that nothing can be distinguished which prevents the state from unequally applying the law and stripping us away to bare life.

Caldwell 4 (Anne, Asst Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, Theory and Event, 7.2shree)
Can we imagine another form of humanity, and another form of power? The
AND
calls up and depends upon the life caught within sovereignty: homo sacer.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart LM | Judge: Rebecca Kuang

Timeframe based try or die calculations justify consolidation of power and radical, unprecented violence

Vivian 13 (Bradford – Professor of Communication and Rhetorical Studies at Syracuse University, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University, "Times of Violence," Published in the Quarterly Journal of Speech, Volume 99, Issue 2, 2013, pg. 1, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00335630.2013.775704?journalCode=rqjs20~~#.VGaEkvnF90o)
The ways that authoritative institutions invoke and order time as a means of consolidating and
AND
national borders by citing as justification allegedly temporary episodes of state emergency.3

Every action that participates in the political process is one that creates an exception and results in biopolitical control.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer, pg. 8-9)
The protagonist of this book is bare life, that is, the life of
AND
the bare life of the citizen, the new biopolitical body of humanity.

The 1ACs conceptions of political discourse are militarized by the police state to create a permanent state of emergency.

McLoughlin 12 ~Daniel McLoughlin is a doctoral candidate in Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, working on the political philosophy of Giorgio Agamben. "Giorgio Agamben on Security, Government and the Crisis of Law", Griffith Law Review, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2012, msm~
One of the decisive effects of total war, according to Junger, was the
AND
prevailing forms of life and close down the possibility of the alternatives emerging. 

The state is grounded in exclusion which means reform never solves and causes genocide.

Ziarek 12 Ewa Ziarek (Julian Park Professor of Comparative Literature at The State University of New York at Buffalo). "9. Bare Life." Impasses of the Post-Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, vol. 2. 2012. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/10803281.0001.001/1:11/—impasses-of-the-post-global-theory-in-the-era-of-climate?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Since bare life is included within Western democracies as their hidden inner ground and as
AND
life to death, constitutes the "supreme" political principle of genocide. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED
Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

Vote negative to endorse the state of whatever being in resistance to sovereign power. Whatever being is the only way to solve. Working within the law only furthers sovereign control of life. Solves case because whateverbeing means that nothing can be distinguished which prevents the state from unequally applying the law and stripping us away to bare life.

Caldwell 4 (Anne, Asst Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, Theory and Event, 7.2shree)
Can we imagine another form of humanity, and another form of power? The
AND
calls up and depends upon the life caught within sovereignty: homo sacer.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

Belief in freedoms and democracy suspend the law as a benevolent force and drive states of exceptions.

Brown, Wendy . "The Impossibility of Freedom." Democracy in What State? By Giorgio Agamben and William McCuaig. New York: Columbia UP, 2011. N. pag. Print.
Modern democracy's normative presumption is self-legislation attained through shared rule of the polity
AND
sharper break with liberalism's monopoly on the term democracy is hard to imagine.

The 1ACs conceptions of political discourse are militarized by the police state to create a permanent state of emergency.

McLoughlin 12 ~Daniel McLoughlin is a doctoral candidate in Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, working on the political philosophy of Giorgio Agamben. "Giorgio Agamben on Security, Government and the Crisis of Law", Griffith Law Review, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2012, msm~
One of the decisive effects of total war, according to Junger, was the
AND
prevailing forms of life and close down the possibility of the alternatives emerging. 

Investing in the law as a marker and method for alleviating violence reifies a liberal understanding of freedom which has empirically amplified and cloaked racist violence.

Kandaswamy 12 (Priya, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Mills College "SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLORING POWER, AGENCY and ACTION IN A WORLD OF MOVING FRONTIERS: ARTICLE: THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY," 41 Sw. L. Rev. 265/)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
AND
their perpetuation rather than relying upon an abstract rubric of equality. n.

The state of exception destroys value to life. Extinction doesn't matter if there is no value to the lives lost.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) ED
3.3.It is not our intention here to take a position on
AND
category.  It now dwells in the biological body of every living being. 

Their framework is responsible for an affective terror that locks us into prisons of fear —- link turns political engagement

Debrix and Barder 12 (François – Professor of Political Science at Virginia Technical University, Director of the Alliance for Social, Political, Ethical and Cultural Thought program, and Alexander – Professor of Political Science at the American University of Beirut, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, violence, and horror in world politics, Routledge, 2012, p. 66)
Among other things, what Dillon's thought on emergent living/being indicates is that
AND
today's emergent humanity, there is indeed nothing to fear but fear itself.

====Vote negative as an endorsement of the critique's parrhesia—parrhesia opens up points of resistance with its politics of truth-telling. The alternative comes first—it is impossible to have true speech absent it.====
Dyrberg, Torben Bech 14. Foucault on the Politics of Parrhesia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137368355.0008.
Seen in this light parrhesia designates a political analytics, practice and ethos, which
AND
, which is amongst other things a way to keep political authorities accountable. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED
Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hawken JT | Judge: Zara Andrabi

Investing in the law as a marker and method for alleviating violence reifies a liberal understanding of freedom which has empirically amplified and cloaked racist violence.

Kandaswamy 12 (Priya, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Mills College "SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLORING POWER, AGENCY and ACTION IN A WORLD OF MOVING FRONTIERS: ARTICLE: THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY," 41 Sw. L. Rev. 265/)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
AND
their perpetuation rather than relying upon an abstract rubric of equality. n.

The state of exception destroys value to life. Extinction doesn't matter if there is no value to the lives lost.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) ED
3.3.It is not our intention here to take a position on
AND
category.  It now dwells in the biological body of every living being. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED

Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

====Vote negative as an endorsement of the critique's parrhesia—parrhesia opens up points of resistance with its politics of truth-telling. The alternative comes first—it is impossible to have true speech absent it.====
Dyrberg, Torben Bech 14. Foucault on the Politics of Parrhesia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137368355.0008.
Seen in this light parrhesia designates a political analytics, practice and ethos, which
AND
, which is amongst other things a way to keep political authorities accountable.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Oak Park JF | Judge: Tom Kadie

Belief in freedoms and democracy suspend the law as a benevolent force and drive states of exceptions.

Brown, Wendy . "The Impossibility of Freedom." Democracy in What State? By Giorgio Agamben and William McCuaig. New York: Columbia UP, 2011. N. pag. Print.
Modern democracy's normative presumption is self-legislation attained through shared rule of the polity
AND
sharper break with liberalism's monopoly on the term democracy is hard to imagine.

Your conception of rights is just something the biopolitical regime uses to manage its subjects.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 126-128) ED
Hannah Arendt entitled the fifth chapter of her book on imperialism, which is dedicated
AND
(to be born)—thus closes the open circle of man's birth. 

Investing in the law as a marker and method for alleviating violence reifies a liberal understanding of freedom which has empirically amplified and cloaked racist violence.

Kandaswamy 12 (Priya, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Mills College "SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLORING POWER, AGENCY and ACTION IN A WORLD OF MOVING FRONTIERS: ARTICLE: THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY," 41 Sw. L. Rev. 265/)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
AND
their perpetuation rather than relying upon an abstract rubric of equality. n.

Their framework is responsible for an affective terror that locks us into prisons of fear —- link turns political engagement

Debrix and Barder 12 (François – Professor of Political Science at Virginia Technical University, Director of the Alliance for Social, Political, Ethical and Cultural Thought program, and Alexander – Professor of Political Science at the American University of Beirut, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, violence, and horror in world politics, Routledge, 2012, p. 66)
Among other things, what Dillon's thought on emergent living/being indicates is that
AND
today's emergent humanity, there is indeed nothing to fear but fear itself.

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED

Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

====Vote negative as an endorsement of the critique's parrhesia—parrhesia opens up points of resistance with its politics of truth-telling. The alternative comes first—it is impossible to have true speech absent it.====
Dyrberg, Torben Bech 14. Foucault on the Politics of Parrhesia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137368355.0008.
Seen in this light parrhesia designates a political analytics, practice and ethos, which
AND
, which is amongst other things a way to keep political authorities accountable.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nueva JT | Judge: John Scoggin

The affirmative allows the state to craft truths to its benefits.

Nadesan, 08 (Majia Holmer, professor of communication in the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences in the New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, "Governmentality, Biopower, and Everyday Life", https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=QEqTAgAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=22economic+security22+and+biopower+and+agambenandots=iSmmUdVRPCandsig=c0GAKJJxPEdjnZJV7BjudTumxH4~~#v=snippetandq=biopower20and20governmentandf=false)//BW
Foucault contended that the emergence of the early modern liberal state depended upon the institution
AND
—his pedagogy—ensures the upward continuity of the arts of government.

The Constitution reinforces the state of exception and allows expansion of sovereign of control.

Agamben 05, Giorgio Agamben, professor of aesthetics at the University of Verona and author of ten books, titled: State Of Exception, pages 19-22
The place—both logical and pragmatic—of a theory of the state of
AND
peace and war (and between foreign and civil war) becomes impossible. 

The state of exception destroys value to life.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) ED
3.3.It is not our intention here to take a position on
AND
category.  It now dwells in the biological body of every living being. 

====Vote negative as an endorsement of the critique's parrhesia—parrhesia opens up points of resistance with its politics of truth-telling. The alternative comes first—it is impossible to have true speech absent it.====
Dyrberg, Torben Bech 14. Foucault on the Politics of Parrhesia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137368355.0008.
Seen in this light parrhesia designates a political analytics, practice and ethos, which
AND
, which is amongst other things a way to keep political authorities accountable. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED
Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Newport JY | Judge: Leo Kim

Rights talk ties the population to the sovereign by defining life only in terms of what can be defended by the state—this turns the citizen-subject into bare life.

Heins 5 (Volker, Visiting Professor of Political Science, Concordia University, Montreal, and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research, Frankfurt, Germany, German Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 5, p. 845-8)

A more forceful and radical critique has been put forth by the Italian political philosopher
AND
and politics can and should be overcome in favor of something completely new. 

Investing in the law as a marker and method for alleviating violence reifies a liberal understanding of freedom which has empirically amplified and cloaked racist violence.

Kandaswamy 12 (Priya, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Mills College "SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLORING POWER, AGENCY and ACTION IN A WORLD OF MOVING FRONTIERS: ARTICLE: THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY," 41 Sw. L. Rev. 265/)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
AND
their perpetuation rather than relying upon an abstract rubric of equality. n.

Biopower is the root cause of racism

Mbembe Research Professor Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Witwatersrand 2008 Achille Foucault in an Age of Terror ed Morton and Bygrave page 156-157
In Foucault's formulation, biopower appears to function through dividing people into those who must
AND
he says, 'the condition for the acceptability of putting to death'.20 

The state is grounded in exclusion which means reform never solves and causes genocide.

Ziarek 12 Ewa Ziarek (Julian Park Professor of Comparative Literature at The State University of New York at Buffalo). "9. Bare Life." Impasses of the Post-Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, vol. 2. 2012. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/10803281.0001.001/1:11/—impasses-of-the-post-global-theory-in-the-era-of-climate?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Since bare life is included within Western democracies as their hidden inner ground and as
AND
life to death, constitutes the "supreme" political principle of genocide. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED
Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

Vote negative as an endorsement of the critique's parrhesia—parrhesia opens up points of resistance with its politics of truth-telling. The alternative comes first—it is impossible to have true speech absent it.

Dyrberg, Torben Bech 14. Foucault on the Politics of Parrhesia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137368355.0008.
Seen in this light parrhesia designates a political analytics, practice and ethos, which
AND
, which is amongst other things a way to keep political authorities accountable.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough SD | Judge: Aron Berger

Belief in freedoms and democracy suspend the law as a benevolent force and drive states of exceptions.

Brown, Wendy . "The Impossibility of Freedom." Democracy in What State? By Giorgio Agamben and William McCuaig. New York: Columbia UP, 2011. N. pag. Print. ED
Modern democracy's normative presumption is self-legislation attained through shared rule of the polity
AND
sharper break with liberalism's monopoly on the term democracy is hard to imagine.

The impact is an affective terror that locks us into prisons of fear —- link turns political engagement. Our impact is super charged because your Lukianoff evidence indicates that you have spillover into society.

Debrix and Barder 12 (François – Professor of Political Science at Virginia Technical University, Director of the Alliance for Social, Political, Ethical and Cultural Thought program, and Alexander – Professor of Political Science at the American University of Beirut, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, violence, and horror in world politics, Routledge, 2012, p. 66)
Among other things, what Dillon's thought on emergent living/being indicates is that
AND
today's emergent humanity, there is indeed nothing to fear but fear itself.

Biopower is the root cause of racism

Mbembe Research Professor Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Witwatersrand 2008 Achille Foucault in an Age of Terror ed Morton and Bygrave page 156-157
In Foucault's formulation, biopower appears to function through dividing people into those who must
AND
he says, 'the condition for the acceptability of putting to death'.20 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED
Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

====Vote negative as an endorsement of the critique's parrhesia—parrhesia opens up points of resistance with its politics of truth-telling. The alternative comes first—it is impossible to have true speech absent it.====
Dyrberg, Torben Bech 14. Foucault on the Politics of Parrhesia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137368355.0008.
Seen in this light parrhesia designates a political analytics, practice and ethos, which
AND
, which is amongst other things a way to keep political authorities accountable.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

The aff proposes a blanket solution which doesn't actually solve anything and hides the root problem from ever being discussed, turns the case because it makes us complacent and leaves inequality to prosper.

Budarick 14, John Budarick  (Lecturer in Media @ University of Adelaide).  "Debate on free speech alone means little for minorities".  The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/debate-on-free-speech-alone-means-little-for-minorities-30397
Recent debates about freedom of expression in Australia have largely neglected the ethnic minority media
AND
understood, as well as the right to free speech, is vital.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nueva JT | Judge: John Scoggin

Courts are overworked in the squo—judges are at the edge and one big push collapses the judiciary.

Gersham 15 Jacob Gershman "Federal Judge Says His Overworked Colleagues Bench Close to Burnout" Wall Street Journal November 12^th 2015
Judges in federal trial courts have for some time expressed concern about the ever-
AND
growing ones), but efforts to hire more judges have met political resistance.

Speech codes on campus are a crucial liability defense – the aff would clog the courts

Welch 14 ~Benjamin; 2014; "An Examination of University Speech Codes' Constitutionality and their impact ton high-level discourse" http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046andcontext=journalismdiss~~
A financial burden is also to be considered when dealing with First Amendment rights on
AND
to an overly cautious, overly regulated atmosphere hostile to free speech.3

Court clog collapses the federal judiciary — overburdens dockets, expansion can't keep pace

Oakley 96 (John, Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of California Davis, "The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 543, p. 52—63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1048447
Personal effects: The hidden costs of greater workloads. The hallmark of federal justice
AND
jurisdiction would raise the most serious questions of the future course of the nation

Separation of power solves unaccountable decisions to go to war – causes extinction which outweighs the case. Constitutional precedents don't matter if we're all dead.

Adler 96 (David, professor of political science at Idaho State, The Constitution and Conduct of American Foreign Policy, p. 23-25)
The structure of shared powers in foreign relations
AND
of the American people and their representatives in Congress

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart LM | Judge: Rebecca Kuang

No anti-cyberbullying laws in the 1AC b/c they are restrictions on free speech – increases cyberbullying

Hayward 13. John O. Hayward, ~Senior Lecturer in Law at Bentley Universityds~, "Anti-Cyberbullying Laws Are a Threat to Free Speech," Netiquette and Online Ethics, Gale: Opposing Viewpoints in Context, 2013, http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/DocumentToolsPortletWindow?displayGroupName=Viewpointsandjsid=86b8d9990680ac70437ab043a7b61192andaction=2andcatId=anddocumentId=GALE7CEJ3010868216andu=nysl_we_bcsdandzid=e5792b8229fbb3d88a51bec521a1e8cf//AD
While forty-three states have anti-bullying statutes, only twenty-one
AND
bullying laws violate the First Amendment and should be struck down as unconstitutional.

Anti-cyberbullying laws key to prevent cyberbullying – squo solves and checks off campus behavior

Patchin 10. Justin W. Patchin, ~Professor of Criminal Justice in the Department of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire~, 09/28/10, "Cyberbullying Laws and School Policy: A Blessing or Curse?," Cyberbullying Research Center, http://cyberbullying.org/cyberbullying-laws-and-school-policy-a-blessing-or-curse//AD
Many schools are now in a difficult position of having to respond to a mandate
AND
election time, so I'm sure your local representative will be all ears…

Cyberbullying is conducive to abuse and kills self worth – impedes the ability to get education, turns case because these people won't

ETCB 16, End To Cyber Bullying, ~The End to Cyber Bullying (ETCB) Organization was founded in 2011 to raise global awareness on cyberbullying, and to mobilize youth, educators, parents, and others in taking efforts to end cyberbullying~, "A Surprising Long-Term Effect of Cyberbullying, ETCB Organization, 2016, http://www.endcyberbullying.org/a-surprising-long-term-effect-of-cyberbullying///AD
If someone repeatedly tells the victim online that ~they~ is ~are~
AND
of the abuse upon the psyche of the victim are anything but impermanent.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

The First Amendment has empirically failed. People are silenced regardless.

Delgado, Richard, and David H. Yun. "Pressure Valves and Bloodied Chickens: An Analysis of Paternalistic Objections to Hate Speech Regulation." (1994). KWo
The argument ignores the history of the relationship between racial minorities and the First Amendment
AND
, as then understood, served more as an obstacle than a friend.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

Disadvantaged groups will always be crowded out by the rich elite. Free speech only normalizes their oppression.

Fiss 09, Owen. The irony of free speech. Harvard University Press, 2009. KWo
With pornography, hate speech, and campaign regulation, however, the alleged threat
AND
a result the voice of the less affluent may simply be drowned out.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northland Christian MP | Judge: Varad Agarwala

CP: Public colleges and universities should prohibit the usage of all hate speech.

McElwee 13 Sean. "The Case for Censoring Hate Speech." July 12, 2013. Alternet. http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/case-censoring-hate-speech
The negative impacts of hate speech do not lie in the responses of third-
AND
intimidation for speaking on Reddit about even the most gender-neutral topics.

The Constitution permits hate speech

Volokh 15 ~Eugene; 5-7-2015; "No, there's no "hate speech" exception to the First Amendment"; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/07/no-theres-no-hate-speech-exception-to-the-first-amendment/~~ JC
I keep hearing about a supposed "hate speech" exception to the First Amendment
AND
with any established definition of "hate speech" that I know of.)

Hate speech devalues life – it causes psychological harm, silences marginalized people, and outweighs the benefits

Garrett 2 ~Deanna M.; July 29, 2002; "Silenced Voices: Hate Speech Codes on Campus"; http://www.uvm.edu/~~vtconn/?Page=v20/garrett.html~~ JC
Hate speech is not defined by "isolated incidents" or "merely jokes"—
AND
does not invite this exchange but seeks to silence non-dominant individuals.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chaminade CP SJ | Judge: Elijah Smith

Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harrassment is decreasing nationally now.

Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease
AND
lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.

The Constitution permits hate speech

Volokh 15 ~Eugene; 5-7-2015; "No, there's no "hate speech" exception to the First Amendment"; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/07/no-theres-no-hate-speech-exception-to-the-first-amendment/~~ JC
I keep hearing about a supposed "hate speech" exception to the First Amendment
AND
with any established definition of "hate speech" that I know of.)

Hate speech devalues life – it causes psychological harm, silences marginalized people, and outweighs the benefits

Garrett 2 ~Deanna M.; July 29, 2002; "Silenced Voices: Hate Speech Codes on Campus"; http://www.uvm.edu/~~vtconn/?Page=v20/garrett.html~~ JC
Hate speech is not defined by "isolated incidents" or "merely jokes"—
AND
does not invite this exchange but seeks to silence non-dominant individuals.

It also exacerbates oppression

McConnell 12 ~Reed E.; 4-18-2012; "Why Harvard's Hate Speech Policies Are Necessary"; http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/4/18/hate-speech-libertarians/~~ JC
Our nation is obsessed with the concept of freedom. The majority of U.
AND
well thought-out and fair—and certainly not worthy of protest.

Trust your basic intuition that oppression is bad is bad. An assumption otherwise makes debate unsafe.

Teehan 14 Ryan Teehan (qualified to 2014 TOC) Comment on "2014 Tournament of Champions Student Protest" NSD Update April 26^th 2014 http://nsdupdate.com/2014/04/26/nsd-update-coverage-toc-2014/
Honestly, I don't think that 99 of what has been said in this
AND
make it so that saying things that make debate unsafe has actual repercussions.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

Even if we get free speech, there will never be any equality. The CJS and enforcement mechanisms will always be unequal.

Lawrence, Charles R. "If he hollers let him go: Regulating racist speech on campus." Duke Law Journal 1990.3 (1990): 431-483. KWo
In striking a balance, we also must think about what we are weighing on
AND
of the badges and incidents of slavery that continue to flourish in our culture

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart LM | Judge: Rebecca Kuang

Free speech in the abstract allows for micro-aggressions that cause violence to students—they have zero control over whether or not that person will be held accountable.

Ellin 16 (Abby, reporter @ the NY Times, "Studies in the First Amendment, Playing Out on Campus," JUNE 22, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/education/studies-in-the-first-amendment-playing-out-on-campus.html//LADI)
The fracases have left colleges struggling to figure out how to help students and faculty
AND
see these Twitter campaigns where a person's reputation can be attacked very easily."

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart LM | Judge: Rebecca Kuang

Freedoms aren't applied equally – students of color aren't a part of your demonstrations because of distrust

Fang 16 (Marina, reporter @ the Huffington Post, "Most College Students Want Free Speech On Campuses — But Not When It's Hate Speech," 04/04/2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/free-speech-college-campuses-survey_us_5701c58ce4b0daf53aeff94e//LADI)
The survey noted that race plays a particular role in college students' perceptions of First
AND
company to crack down on people who use the app to harass others.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

Our uniqueness is incredible–BIPARTISAN revenge porn legislation on college campuses is coming now

Abdul-Alim 16 ~Jamaal (Reporter), 10-3-2016, "Colleges may get Help Fighting 'Revenge Porn'", http://diverseeducation.com/article/87594/~~
A proposed law that would punish people who publish "revenge porn" online will
AND
only Facebook page to post photos of nude women who were passed out.

The distribution of revenge pornography is constitutionally protected speech – aff allows it on college campuses.

Goldberg 16 Erica Goldberg Columbia Law Review Volume 116, No. 3 April 2016 "FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM"
The regulation of revenge porn presents thorny First Amendment issues, even though the speech
AND
undermine strong free speech pro- tections exceptional to America's free speech regime.

The Court ruled that it will not create a First Amendment exception for revenge porn.

Koppelman 15 Andrew Koppelman ~John Paul Stevens Professor of Law and Professor of Political Science~, "Revenge Pornography and First Amendment Exceptions," Emory University School of Law, Volume 65, Issue 3, 09/14/15, http://law.emory.edu/elj/content/volume-65/issue-3/articles/revenge-pornography-first-amendment-exceptions.html
People are marvelously inventive in devising new ways to hurt each other. Some of
AND
the mechanical character of the free speech rules that the Court has constructed.

Restrictions work- they are key to forming a cultural shift in society.

Citron 14 Danielle Keats Citron, Mary Anne Franks "CRIMINALIZING REVENGE PORN" 4/21/2014 https://www.law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/isp/documents/danielle_citron_-_criminalizing_revenge_porn_-_fesc.pdf
A criminal law solution is essential to deter judgment-proof perpetrators. As attorney
AND
, viewing, and distribution of certain kinds of sexual images are harmful. 

Revenge porn causes chilling effect for victims who are afraid to speak out and are silenced. Causes psychological and irreversible violence to victims.

Citron 14 Danielle Keats Citron Mary Anne Franks 2014 "CRIMINALIZING REVENGE PORN" Wake Forest Law Review digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2424andcontext=fac_pubs
Victims struggle especially with anxiety, and some suffer panic attacks. Anorexia nervosa and
AND
a result of the posting of their naked images than their male counterparts. 

Don't let them say free speech good; discursive objectification of women on college campuses takes away their speech. Turns case.

Pinar 12 William F. Pinar (American educator, curriculum theorist and international studies scholar; has taught at LSU, Colgate, Columbia, and Ohio State), "The Gender of Violence on Campus" Published in Gendered Futures in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives for Change. Edited by Becky Ropers-Huilman. Feb 1, 2012. SUNY Press
Fraternities demand conformity and solidarity. Conformity which is created by men bonding together against
AND
is my dick. I'm gonna fuck you. No more stupid questions"

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Oak Park JF | Judge: Tom Kadie

Our uniqueness is incredible–BIPARTISAN revenge porn legislation on college campuses is coming now

Abdul-Alim 16 ~Jamaal (Reporter), 10-3-2016, "Colleges may get Help Fighting 'Revenge Porn'", http://diverseeducation.com/article/87594/~~
A proposed law that would punish people who publish "revenge porn" online will
AND
sometimes with costly and tragic results — are making more and more headlines. 

The distribution of revenge pornography is constitutionally protected speech – aff allows it on college campuses.

Goldberg 16 Erica Goldberg Columbia Law Review Volume 116, No. 3 April 2016 "FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM"
The regulation of revenge porn presents thorny First Amendment issues, even though the speech
AND
undermine strong free speech pro- tections exceptional to America's free speech regime.

Restrictions work- they are key to forming a cultural shift in society.

Citron 14 Danielle Keats Citron, Mary Anne Franks "CRIMINALIZING REVENGE PORN" 4/21/2014 https://www.law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/isp/documents/danielle_citron_-_criminalizing_revenge_porn_-_fesc.pdf
A criminal law solution is essential to deter judgment-proof perpetrators. As attorney
AND
, viewing, and distribution of certain kinds of sexual images are harmful. 

Revenge porn causes chilling effect for victims who are afraid to speak out and are silenced. Causes psychological and irreversible violence to victims.

Citron 14 Danielle Keats Citron Mary Anne Franks 2014 "CRIMINALIZING REVENGE PORN" Wake Forest Law Review digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2424andcontext=fac_pubs
Victims struggle especially with anxiety, and some suffer panic attacks. Anorexia nervosa and
AND
a result of the posting of their naked images than their male counterparts.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard Westlake JN | Judge: Sean Fee, Terrence Lonam, Tim Pollard

Interpretation: Freedom of the press isn't freedom of speech. The aff must defend only that public colleges and universities ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech.

Legal Dictionary, xx, Protected speech, xx-xx-xxxx, TheFreeDictionary, http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Protected+speech
The right, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, to express beliefs and ideas without unwarrantedgovernment restriction.

Violation:

Thomas R. Wells, 13,(Assistant professor of philosophy, especially business ethics, at the University of Tilburg.) Freedom of the press is not the same as freedom of speech, 1-3-2013, No Publication, http://www.philosophersbeard.org/2013/01/freedom-of-press-is-not-same-as-freedom.html ED
Freedom of the press is often conflated with freedom of speech, a conceptual error
AND
give themselves a moral law. But that's a subject for another post.)

Standards:

Field Context

Justia Law, xx, Freedom of Expression: Is There a Difference Between Speech and Press?, xx-xx-xxxx, http://law.justia.com/constitution/us/amendment-01/22-difference-between-speech-and-press.html ED
Use of the single word "expression" to reach speech, press, petition
AND
institutional press' any freedom from government restraint not enjoyed by all others."358

Limits

Ushistory.Org, xx, First Amendment Rights ~ushistory.org~, xx-xx-xxxx, No Publication, http://www.ushistory.org/gov/10b.asp ED
Free speech is one of the most cherished liberties, but free speech often conflicts
AND
religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition for modern Americans.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart LM | Judge: Rebecca Kuang

Restricting constitutional speech is necessary to uphold Title IX

FIRE 16 ~4-25-2016; "Department of Justice: Title IX Requires Violating First Amendment"; https://www.thefire.org/department-of-justice-title-ix-requires-violating-first-amendment/~~ JC
The Department of Justice now interprets Title IX to require colleges and universities to violate
AND
is protected by the First Amendment or an institution's promises of free speech. 

Sexual harassment is constitutionally protected speech – the aff would nullify sexual harassment policy

Hudson 02 ~David L. Hudson Jr.; 9-13-2002; "Sexual harassment"; http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/sexual-harassment~~ JC
Harassment law prohibits severe and pervasive harassment that alters the conditions of the workplace or
AND
although it took several years before a federal court ruled in the matters. 

Title IX is key to reducing sexual assault – it empirically created social change by pressuring colleges to offer equality

Silbaugh 15 Silbaugh, Katharine Law Alumni Scholar BA magna cum laude, Amherst College JD with high honors and Order of the Coif, University of Chicago . "Reactive to Proactive: Title IX's Unrealized Capacity to Prevent Campus Sexual Assault." BUL Rev. 95 (2015): 1049.
In March of 2013, President Obama signed a re-authorization of the
AND
far into the weeds on responses without adequately directing them toward prevention.

We need to challenge the way masculinity invades the everyday spaces we occupy – challenging harassment is key. Cockburn 10

Cockburn 10 – visiting professor at Department of Sociology at City University London, honorary professor in the Centre for the study of gender and women at University of Warwick, Women in Black against War, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (Cynthia, "Getting to Peace: what kind of movement" womeninblack.org, http://www.womeninblack.org/old/files/OpenDemGettingtoPeace.pdf)
Diana Francis, in the third of her series of articles, asks 'what
AND
a counter-hegemonic movement, a nonviolent movement for a nonviolent world.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Monica Amestoy

Your use of the state causes us to devolve to bare life.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, prof of phil @ the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p 5-6) ED
Thus, life originally appears in law only as the counterpart of a power that
AND
turned into the exception and in¬cluded in the city is always naked life.

Your conception of constitutional rights is just something the biopolitical regime uses to manage its subjects.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 126-128) ED
Hannah Arendt entitled the fifth chapter of her book on imperialism, which is dedicated
AND
be born)—thus closes the open circle of man's birth.
 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED

Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

AND, Discursive autonomy is a prior question. Complacency in language render us unintelligible.
Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 95-97) ED

If what human beings
AND
it is word.

Vote negative to endorse the state of whatever being in resistance to sovereign power. Whatever being is the only way to solve. Working within the law only furthers sovereign control of life. The first step to eliminating the police is voting negative.

Caldwell 4 (Anne, Asst Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, Theory and Event, 7.2shree)
Can we imagine another form of humanity, and another form of power? The
AND
calls up and depends upon the life caught within sovereignty: homo sacer.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bishop Kelly MT | Judge: Sierra Inglet

The 1AC misidentifies the problem as being with qualified immunity. The mere conception of police reentrenches biopolitics and is used as a medium in order to manage biological bodies. The fact that you allow police to continue to exist reentrenches the state.

Binkley, Sam, and Jorge Capetillo Ponce. A Foucault for the 21st Century: Governmentality, Biopolitics and Discipline in the New Millennium. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2009. Print. ED
Writing about the behemoth Los Angeles Unified School District, Torin Mohanan dubbed this phenomenon
AND
interwoven shepherd-functions, derived and adapted from the 1979 Tanner lectures:

Your use of the state causes us to devolve to bare life.

Agamben 1 2K (Giorgio, prof of phil @ the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p 5-6) ED
Thus, life originally appears in law only as the counterpart of a power that
AND
turned into the exception and in¬cluded in the city is always naked life.

Your conception of rights is just something the biopolitical regime uses to manage its subjects.

Agamben 2 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 126-128) ED
Hannah Arendt entitled the fifth chapter of her book on imperialism, which is dedicated
AND
(to be born)—thus closes the open circle of man's birth. 

====Consequentialism link.====
Marks 15 ~(Shanee, lecturer in Sociology Department, Boğaziçi University) "Biopolitics on the Installment Plan" Posted Feb16, 2015. presented in the series "Sociology Talks" at the Sociology Department, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul on 27th March 2014~
And of course Esposito does not exclude philosophy from the biopolitical dispositif – particularly philosophy
AND
hence ultimately the 'birth of biopolitics' is an aspect of this naturalism.

Biopower is the root cause of racism

Mbembe Research Professor Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Witwatersrand 2008 Achille Foucault in an Age of Terror ed Morton and Bygrave page 156-157
In Foucault's formulation, biopower appears to function through dividing people into those who must
AND
he says, 'the condition for the acceptability of putting to death'.20 

The state of exception destroys value to life. Extinction doesn't matter if there is no value to the lives lost.

Agamben 3 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) ED
3.3.It is not our intention here to take a position on
AND
category.  It now dwells in the biological body of every living being. 

Controls the internal link to war and violence.

Dillon and Reid 2001 (Michael and Julian, Michael Dillon is Professor of Politics in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Lancaster and Julian Reid is a Doctoral Student in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Lancaster , Global Liberal Governance: Biopolitics, Security, and War, 2001Millennium - Journal of International Studies, pp.39-40) ED
For capitalist society biopolitics is what is most important, the biological, the somatic
AND
addition, a further way in which we seek to extend Foucault's project. 

The ROB is to challenge sovereign representations. This is key to preventing violence.

Agamben 4 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) ED
Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that
AND
media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.

AND, Discursive autonomy is a prior question. Complacency in language render us unintelligible.
Agamben 5 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 95-97) ED

If what human beings had to communicate to each other
AND
victory over charac¬ter—it is word.

Vote negative to endorse the state of whatever being in resistance to sovereign power. Whatever being is the only way to solve. Working within the law only furthers sovereign control of life. The first step to eliminating the police is voting negative.

Caldwell (Anne, Asst Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, Theory and Event, 7.2shree)
Can we imagine another form of humanity, and another form of power? The
AND
calls up and depends upon the life caught within sovereignty: homo sacer. 

The alternative comes first—healing the split between natural and political life is a prerequisite to solving the problems that have plagued Western Politics.

Agamben 5 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer, pg. 4-5)
Foucault's death kept him from showing how he would have developed the concept and study
AND
and, at the same time, return thought to its practical calling.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 3 | Opponent: Loyola JN | Judge: Thomas Phung

On the November December 2016 NSDA topic, debaters must defend limiting qualified immunity for police officers.

"Police Officer Law and Legal Definition." Police Officer Law and Legal Definition. US Legal, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.
Police officers enforce the law, investigate crimes, preserve evidence, write reports for government prosecutors, apprehend fugitives, and testify in court.

Violation

MyPursuit MyPursuit, "The Differences Between a Border Patrol and a Police Officer Career", Articles, www.mypursuit.com/article-250/The_Differences_Between_a_Border_Patrol_and_a_Police_Officer_Career.html
Border Patrol is responsible for the safety of
AND
in a lot of effort in the work to help with safeguarding citizens.

Standards

1. Limits
   2. Textuality

Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oakwood NB | Judge: Sarah Crucilla

On the November December 2016 NSDA topic, debaters must specify a case to overturn when limiting qualified immunity.

The Supreme Court's constitutive role is to rule on cases.
"History of the Federal Judiciary." History of the Federal Judiciary. Federal Judicial Center, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.
The Constitution established the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction to provide a tribunal of the highest
AND
the statute did not expressly confer these cases upon the inferior federal courts.

Standards

Topic Literature
Limits
Harris
Debates about what kinds of arguments
AND
on the teams that refuse to debate the topic.

Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oakwood NB | Judge: Sarah Crucilla

On the November December 2016 NSDA topic, debaters must specify a case to overturn when limiting qualified immunity.

The Supreme Court's constitutive role is to rule on cases.
"History of the Federal Judiciary." History of the Federal Judiciary. Federal Judicial Center, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.
The Constitution established the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction to provide a tribunal of the highest
AND
the statute did not expressly confer these cases upon the inferior federal courts.

Standards

Topic Literature
Limits
Harris
Debates about what kinds of arguments
AND
on the teams that refuse to debate the topic.

Tournament: x | Round: 1 | Opponent: x | Judge: x

Clinton is winning. Holding onto key swing states puts her slightly ahead

Silver 9/8/16, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/election-update-the-swing-states-are-tightening-too/
In the more poll-obsessed corners of the internet, we've been arguing about
AND
a 3- or 4-percentage point national lead for Clinton.2 

Nuclear Energy is key to Clinton's energy platform.

Conca, 8/16/16, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/08/16/will-a-president-hillary-clinton-close-down-nuclear-power-plants/~~#7b1a97865ff9
No. In fact, Clinton generally supports nuclear energy. She does not want
AND
-above strategy proposed by Clinton and Obama is not really a political position

Energy policy is key to swing election

Hess, 9/7/16, http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060042406
Trump said lifting regulatory restrictions on all sources of energy development could increase federal,
AND
have a great chance of winning over the industrial unions," Moore said.

Trump causes global war – undercuts US ties globally and incentivizes Russian and North Korean aggression. This causes extinction.

Zahkheim 3/5/16 (Dov, Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) in the Administration of George W. Bush, and Deputy Under Secretary of Defense during the first and second Reagan Administrations, "Trump Must Be Stopped," http://nationalinterest.org/feature/trump-must-be-stopped-15408)
I was among a group of Republican former national security officials who signed an open
AND
all-too-frightening quest for the presidency of the United States.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 3 | Opponent: Del Mar Independent JC | Judge: Sakthi Ponnuswamy

Nuclear power is critical to stop catastrophic warming

Waldman 15 - Susanne, PhD in Risk Communication at Carleton University ("Why we Need Nuclear Power to Save the Environment" http://energyforhumanity.org/climate-energy/need-nuclear-power-save-environment/)
The idea we might need nuclear power to save the environment may have seen farfetched
AND
they provide is typically quite cheap and not sensitive to fuel price volatility.

Plants close, emissions go up, even when the intent is to replace with renewables.

Lovering et al 16: Lovering et al 6/30 "In Most Cases, Closing A Nuclear Plant Is All Pain And No Gain". June 30 2016. Amber Robson and Jessica Lovering. Accessed August 9 2016. https://medium.com/@ThirdWayTweet/in-mostcases-closing-a-nuclear-plant-is-all-pain-and-no-gain-135911655b8e~~#.c3dvjddji. ~Premier~
Recent history backs up this case, confirming that when nuclear plants close, total
AND
plants like Diablo Canyon and the whole venture seems like a risky ordeal. 

Natives are harmed the worse by climate change

Weinmann 11
Weinmann, Aileo. "Climate Change Hurts Indian Tribes Disproportionately, Report Finds - National Wildlife Federation." Climate Change Hurts Indian Tribes Disproportionately, Report Finds - National Wildlife Federation. National Wildlife Federation, 3 Aug. 11. Web. 08 Oct. 2016. https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/Media-Center/News-by-Topic/Global-Warming/2011/08-03-11-Climate-Change-Hurts-Indian-Tribes-Disproportionately.aspx.
North American Indian Tribes are especially harmed by climate change, as more ecological shifts
AND
to prohibit the disproportionate harm to Native Americans brought on by climate change."

Tournament: xxxxxxxxxxx | Round: Quads | Opponent: x | Judge: x

Nuclear Ships are a key part of all major nations' militaries and are essential technology for maintaining naval competitiveness

WNA 16
"Nuclear Powered Ships." World Nuclear Association. N.p., June 2016. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/transport/nuclear-powered-ships.aspx.
Russia built 248 nuclear submarines and five naval surface vessels (plus 9 icebreakers)
AND
US Naval Reactors' facilities since 1958 is 1.03 mSv per year.

Naval Prescence is key to conventional and nuclear deterrence in its ability to provide minimally intrusive and sustained combat power without prompting escalation.

Gerson and Whiteneck 09
Gerson, Michael, and Daniel Whiteneck (Principle Analyst and Project Director at Center for Naval Analyses.) "Deterrence and Influence: The Navy's Role in Preventing War." CNA (2009): 73-74. Mar. 2009. Web. https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/D0019315.A4.pdf.
Compared to air and land forces, maritime power has two inter-related characteristics
AND
additional costs without having to be stationed too close to the immediate battlespace.

Nuclear war leads to extinction

KATEB 92
~George, 1992 The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, "Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights," p. 111-112~
Schell's work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
the form of escalation, can be counted on to seek expression later.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 2 | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Anne-Marie Hwang

Russia suspended plutonium deal with the US. Risk of strategic imbalance causes Russian backlash.

BBC 10/3/2016, ("Russia Suspends Weapons-Grade Plutonium Deal With US", http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37539616)
In a decree, President Vladimir Putin accused the US of creating "a threat
AND
and its Gulf Arab allies. Russia is currently modernising its nuclear arsenal.

AND, Nuclear war is on the brink. Plan causes strategic imbalance

Zero Hedge, 8/5/2016, ("Vladimir Putin Just Issued A Chilling Warning To The United States", http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-08-05/vladimir-putin-just-issued-chilling-warning-united-states)
As the United States continues to develop and upgrade their nuclear weapons capabilities at an
AND
fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."

AND, Russian propaganda ensures war. Nuclear Doctrine allows first use.

Cambridge 10/3/2016, (The Sun, "Russia tell its citizens the West is hell-bent on nuclear war as tensions with US over Syria escalate", https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/1901325/russia-tell-its-citizens-the-west-is-hell-bent-on-nuclear-war-as-tensions-with-us-over-syria-escalate/)
As international tension builds following attacks in Syria, Russian state officials are preparing terrified
AND
. Satellite images reveal the location of the huge centre near Mount Yamantau.

AND, US Russia War causes extinction

Starr 10/14/2015, (director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, Federation of American Scientist "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction", https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/)
While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from
AND
silent about the ultimate threat that nuclear war poses to the human species.

Tournament: x | Round: 1 | Opponent: x | Judge: x
Coal emissions are at an all time low Mcmahon:
Jeff Mcmahon, 6-23-2016, "U.S. On Track To Achieve 2030 Emissions Goals In 2016," Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2016/06/23/u-s-on-track-to-achieve-2030-emissions-goals-in-2016/~~~~~~#76b7efbb42c8
A dramatic slump in coal production has pushed U.S. carbon emissions so low that, were the trend to continue, the U.S. would achieve its 2030 emissions goals this year, according to one professor's analysis of data from the Energy Information Administration. Coal production has plummeted 29 percent in 2016 compared to the same period last year, crushed in part by cheap natural gas, which emits about half as much carbon. Unless coal rebounds, the U.S. could achieve a 32 percent reduction in emissions from 2005 levels, according to Daniel Cohan, an assistant professor of environmental engineering at Rice University. That happens to match the final goal set for the year 2030 in the Clean Power Plan (CPP). "It's still conceivable to meet CPP this year, depending on the weather and how much further natural gas prices rise," Cohan told me via email. EIA doesn't expect that to happen. The agency forecasts a colder winter and rising natural gas prices, which would make coal attractive again to power producers. But the notoriously fossil-friendly agency may be overestimating coal's prospects, and Cohan notes that EIA repeatedly lowered its carbon emissions estimates as actual data on First Quarter coal use arrived in recent editions of its Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO).
Nuclear phase-out causes shift to fossil fuels Roston:
Roston 15 ~~~Eric Roston, writer for Bloomberg, "Why Nuclear Power Is All but Dead in the U.S." Bloomberg News, April 15, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-15/soon-it-may-be-easier-to-build-a-nuclear-plant-in-iran-than-in-the-u-s-~~~~~~
That's a huge problem for climate activists who oppose nuclear power. Nuclear plants would likely be replaced by natural gas or (shudder) coal plants, which would drive up carbon dioxide emissions. It's happening in Germany, where the government decided to abandon nuclear power after the March 2011 catastrophe at Fukushima. In Vermont, where a 600-megawatt plant closed in December, carbon-free nuclear power is being replaced largely by fossil-powered electricity from the grid. That makes nuclear an energy source that could help nations meet the goal of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius. We're already about 0.8 degree there. "I can't see a scenario where we can stick to the 2 degree warming commitment ... without a substantial contribution from nuclear," said Michael Liebreich, the founder ofBloomberg New Energy Finance, at its annual conference yesterday. "We have got to figure out nuclear if that envelope is to mean anything to us." There's some movement on giving nuclear power credit where credit is due. The Environmental Protection Agency is working on how to credit nuclear for carbon-free electricity as it finalizes its climate rules on new and existing power plants. That would give nuclear a boost by making it officially a more palatable alternative to coal plants, which until the end of the year will close at an average rate of 88 megawatts a
The shift to fossil fuels leads to breaching the 2 degree threshold Mastroianni:
Mastroianni 15 ~~~Brian Mastroianni, "Why 2 degrees are so important to the climate," CBS News, November 30, 2015, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/paris-un-climate-talks-why-2-degrees-are-so-important/~~~~~~
As the United Nations conference on climate change gets underway Monday in Paris, one temperature that will be on everyone's minds is 2 degrees Celsius (or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Although it might not sound like a big number, climatologists predict that if the planet warms a total of 2 degrees more than its average temperature before the Industrial Revolution — when humans started burning fossil fuels — the results could be catastrophic. What could happen? Think events like greater sea level rise submerging the coasts, more pervasive droughts and wildfires, and plant and animal extinctions across the board. Scientists say this amount of temperature increase could leave us with a significantly different Earth. And unless something changes, we're heading in that direction: U.N. and U.K. climate analysts recently concluded that the Earth has already warmed by 1 degree Celsius, with 2015 the hottest year ever recorded. Yale economist William Nordhaus first defined the 2-degree benchmark in a 1977 paper, "Economic Growth and Climate: The Carbon Dioxide Problem." Since then, the figure has stood as a rallying cry for those advocating for cutting back on carbon emissions. For others, 2 degrees is still too high — to allow the Earth to warm even that much would be dire for life on the planet." Those who study the possible impacts of warming think that there is a threshold before we can start to get much more changed in the world — like the flooding of low-lying countries, and things like that," said Eric Larson, a senior scientist at Climate Central, a nonprofit news organization that provides analysis and information on climate science." Science has established for quite a while that we need to respect a threshold of 2 degrees, that being the limit of the temperature increase that we can afford from a human, economic and infrastructure point of view," the top U.N. official on climate change, Christiana Figueres, told CBS News in an interview earlier this fall. Beyond that, "we would be moving into exceedingly dangerous zones of abrupt interruptions to our economy, to our livelihood, to our infrastructure that frankly we wouldn't even know how to deal with."

Warming causes extinction Mazo:

Jeffrey Mazo, – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2.5-4.~~C above pre-industrial levels, depending on the scenario. Even in the best-case scenario, the low end of the likely range is 1.goC, and in the worst 'business as usual' projections, which actual emissions have been matching, the range of likely warming runs from 3.1—7.1°C. Even keeping emissions at constant 2000 levels (which have already been exceeded), global temperature would still be expected to reach 1.2°C (O'9""1.5°C)above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century." Without early and severe reductions in emissions, the effects of climate change in the second half of the twenty-first century are likely to be catastrophic for the stability and security of countries in the developing world - not to mention the associated human tragedy. Climate change could even undermine the strength and stability of emerging and advanced economies, beyond the knock-on effects on security of widespread state failure and collapse in developing countries.' And although they have been condemned as melodramatic and alarmist, many informed observers believe that unmitigated climate change beyond the end of the century could pose an existential threat to civilisation." What is certain is that there is no precedent in human experience for such rapid change or such climatic conditions, and even in the best case adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.