Tournament: All | Round: 8 | Opponent: x | Judge: x
If you see something missing from this wiki that you've seen me read, it's likely that I just forgot to upload it. You can contact me on facebook under "Parker Whitfill" or at 602-329-3386. 

-Parker

Tournament: HWL | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Katy Taylor CR | Judge: Panel
4. We should focus on particular circumstances which best tackle material violence.
Pappas 16, Gregory Fernando, The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice”, The Pluralist Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016
In Experience and Nature, …  specific to each patient.

5. The narrative of “no progress” is affectively appealing but historically imprecise. Political access proves.
Winant 15– (2015, Howard, Professor of Sociology at UC-Santa Barbara, “The Dark Matter: Race and Racism in the 21st Century,” Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(2) 313–324).  
The World-Historical ….  and always incomplete

6. Root cause explanations of politics don’t exist- methodological pluralism is key to open up new ideas and avoid violence.
Bleiker 14 – (6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, “International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique,” International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327)
For Levine, the key ….  by positivist social sciences.

Tournament: HWL | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit MC | Judge: Varad
Normative philosophy that preaches equality instead of focusing on material violence is an excuse for racism and ignore status quo inequality.  
Curry 13, Dr. Tommy, In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical, Academia.edu, 2013
Despite the rhetorical …. , integrated into society.

Tournament: All | Round: 9 | Opponent: x | Judge: x

1. Spec status of CP/Alt/advocacy in 1NC
   2. Prioritize K vs T
   3. NIBs Bad
   4. Conditional PICs bad
   5. PICs Bad (in spec context usually)
   6. Condo Bad
   7. Disclosure
   8. Hidden Spikes bad
   9. Must cx check or disclose spec interps (depends on spec interp)
   10. Must know methodology for studies (sample size, scope, etc)
   Must have advocacy text
   12. Miscutting Ev bad
   13. Vague/Reject Alts Bad
   14. Neg CP's must have solvency advocates who advocate every plank
   15. Read advocacy text in the 1nc
   16. Can't read pre-fiat K and post-fiat turn the aff
   17. Agent Cp's bad

^Exact text of interp depends on the round. Usually the interp is synthetic to the actual debate. If you want the exact texts that I've broken I can tell you, just contact me.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loyola DW | Judge: Panel
Part 1 is Framing
Patriotic Correctness runs rampant- dissent is charged with treason and lines of critical thought are silenced. Higher education has been coopted by the military industrial complex, reducing the roles of teachers to mere technicians. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the advocacy that best takes back the university from militarism. Educators should reject the call of abstraction and open up everything for contestation.
Giroux 13, Henry, Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University, 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19654-public-intellectuals-against-the-neoliberal-university
Increasingly, as universities …. world around them.
Militarism makes people disposable- justifying and creating everyday violence like shootings and drone strikes. Heg Good doesn’t impact turn the aff-military criticism is good because it stops the glorification of the military and violence, which spillsover.
Giroux 16, Henry, Gun Culture and the American Nightmare of Violence, 2016, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/34349-gun-culture-and-the-american-nightmare-of-violence
Gun violence in …. an honored place. 

Ideal theory strips away particularities making ethics inaccessible and epistemically skewed
Mills 05, Charles, 2005, Ideal Theory” as Ideology,
The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism, or androcentrism, or white normativity—is that all theorizing, both moral and nonmoral, takes place in an intellectual realm dominated by concepts, assumptions, norms, values, and framing perspectives that reflect the experience and group interests of the privileged group (whether the bourgeoisie, or men, or whites). So a simple empiricism will not work as a cognitive strategy; one has to be self-conscious about the concepts that “spontaneously” occur to one, since many of these concepts will not arise naturally but as the result of social structures and hegemonic ideational patterns. In particular, it will often be the case that dominant concepts will obscure certain crucial realities, blocking them from sight, or naturalizing them, while on the other hand, concepts necessary for accurately mapping these realities will be absent. Whether in terms of concepts of the self, or of humans in general, or in the cartography of the social, it will be necessary to scrutinize the dominant conceptual tools and the way the boundaries are drawn. This is, of course, the burden of standpoint theory—that certain realities tend to be more visible from the perspective of the subordinated than the privileged (Harding 2003). The thesis can be put in a strong and implausible form, but weaker versions do have considerable plausibility, as illustrated by the simple fact that for the most part the crucial conceptual innovation necessary to map nonideal realities has not come from the dominant group. In its ignoring of oppression, ideal theory also ignores the consequences of oppression. If societies are not oppressive, or if in modeling them we can abstract away from oppression and assume moral cognizers of roughly equal skill, then the paradigmatic moral agent can be featureless. No theory is required about the particular group-based obstacles that may block the vision of a particular group. By contrast, nonideal theory recognizes that people will typically be cognitively affected by their social location, so that on both the macro and the more local level, the descriptive concepts arrived at may be misleading.
Part 2 Advocacy
Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech that criticizes the military’s policies.
Wilson 10, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, early excerpt from Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies which was later published in 2010
In the wake … you say.”31
Part 3 Offense
Patriotic correctness silences anti-military dissent. Multiple examples and empirical surveys prove.
Wilson 2, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, early excerpt from Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies which was later published in 2010
Compared to earlier …. supreme after 9/11.

This censorship prevents higher education from being the uniquely key institution that can create a cultural shift away from militarism by teaching students to resist.
Jaschik and Giroux 07, Henry Giroux and Scott Jaschik, 'The University in Chains', (Interview), 2007, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/08/07/giroux
Q: How do you …  a viable democracy.

Empowering academics is uniquely key to disrupting the culture of militarism in universities. The only way the system survives is if academia continues to produce scholarship uncritical of it
Chatterjee and Maira 14 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
In a post-9/ 11 … state of the nation.  
Education has already been corrupted- I control uniqueness on this issue- its time to act now. Chile empirically proves- the aff spillsover to real reform.  
Williams 15, Jo, Remaking education from below: the Chilean student movement as public pedagogy, 2015, Australian Journal of Adult Learning
More than ever ….  and critical subjects.
Even if the militarism framing is wrong- discussion and education on the issue creates responsible citizens in other areas by enabling them to think about the world in a different way
Evans and Giroux 16, Brad Evans and Henry Giroux, The Violence of Forgetting, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/opinion/the-violence-of-forgetting.htmlB.E.: Considering Hannah Arendt’s warning …  and worldly one. 

Part 4 is Theory

1. All theory arguments have an implicit aff flex standard- the most recent empirics of late elim rounds show huge neg side bias  
   Adler 15, Are Judges Just Guessing? A Statistical Analysis of LD Elimination Round Panels by Steven Adler http://nsdupdate.com/2015/03/30/are-judges-just-guessing-a-statistical-analysis-of-ld-elimination-round-panels-by-steven-adler/
   Yet a plausible … late elimination rounds:

2. Vote aff if I win a counter-interp
a.  AFF flex – negative has the ability to win on either layer so the aff needs the same ability in the 2ar. 2AR is too short to win a new shell and play defense against the 2NR theory arguments so the AFF needs reciprocal layers rather than adding more unreciprocal avenues. That’s not a problem in the long 2nr.
b. reciprocity- Only the neg can read T because only the aff has a burden to be topical. Thus the aff needs an RVI to compensate for the neg’s unique avenue to the ballot. 

Part 5 is Method

1. The aff deploys a heuristic to learn scenario planning- even if politics and colleges are bad, scenario analysis of policies is pedagogically valuable- it enhances creativity, deconstructs biases and teaches advocacy skills
   Barma et al 16 – (May 2016, Advance Publication Online on 11/6/15, Naazneen Barma, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Brent Durbin, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government at Smith College, Eric Lorber, JD from UPenn and PhD in Political Science from Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, Rachel Whitlark, PhD in Political Science from GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, “‘Imagine a World in Which’: Using Scenarios in Political Science,” International Studies Perspectives 17 (2), pp. 1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using_scenarios_in_political_science_isp_2015.pdf)
   What Are Scenarios … in international affairs.
   4. Imaging state solutions is key to getting students into politics and prevent a ceding of power to political elites, empirics confirm.
   Giroux 06, Henry, Sociologist, “The abandoned generation: The urban debate league and the politics of possibility,” 2006
   The decline of democratic …  liberatory potential of education.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Jason Yang | Judge: Akash Gogate
Part 1 is Advocacy

Public colleges and universities are the hallmark for society’s commitment to critical education of students who will become the leaders of tomorrow. These institutions are renowned for their commitment to academic freedom that are glossed over in day-in day-out life. That changed post 9/11- now patriotic correctness runs rampant
Wilson 15, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, “Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies,” Routledge, Nov 30, 2015
After 9/11 the …  important than ever.

Thus, the plan text, Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech that criticizes the military’s policies.
 
Part 2 is Framing
Higher education has been coopted by the military industrial complex, reducing the roles of teachers to mere technicians. The role of the ballot is to vote for the advocacy that best takes back the university from militarism. Educators should reject the call of abstraction and open up everything for contestation.
Giroux 13, Henry, Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University, 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19654-public-intellectuals-against-the-neoliberal-university
Increasingly, as universities ….  the world around them.

Ideal theory strips away particularities making ethics inaccessible and epistemically skewed
Mills 05, Charles, 2005, Ideal Theory” as Ideology,
The crucial common claim…  at may be misleading.

Part 3 is Offense

In the status quo, members of college campuses are routinely fired if they criticize the military, causing a chilling effect on such discussion. Multiple empirical examples prove:  
Wilson 2, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, “Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies,” Routledge, Nov 30, 2015
Compared to earlier “… supreme after 9/11.

This is devastating because higher education is the uniquely key institution that can provide spaces for conversations and action that snowball into cultural shifts away from militarism. History proves, anti-military dissent has always been silenced when the State is hell-bent on imposing its agenda and quieting opposition. Voting aff helps teach students to refuse complicity with militarism
Jaschik and Giroux 07, Henry Giroux and Scott Jaschik, 'The University in Chains', (Interview), 2007, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/08/07/giroux
Q: How do you ….  for a viable democracy.

2 impacts
A. Cultural shift-
 The aff teaches students to refuse the myth of militarism- this creates a cultural shift away from the glorification of violence
Chatterjee and Maira 14 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
State warfare and ….  or “anti-American” ideologies.

Militarism is part of the culture, making people disposable- justifying and creating everyday violence against the Middle Eastern Other. The aff allows student and professors to refuse this culture.
Chatterjee and Maira 2 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
The strategic co-optation …. mpus climate in general.
B. Political Spillover
Academics have used state resources and their own academic freedom to create positive policy change proving that liberalizing the university creates concrete material impacts
Slaughter 88 Sheila Slaughter, associate professor in the Center for the Study of Higher Education and director of the Division of Educational Foundations and Administration, The University of Arizona, “Academic Freedom and the State: Reflections on the Uses of Knowledge,” The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 59, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1988), pp. 241-262 JW
In the 1960s and ….  create new theologies.
Part 4 is Theory

1. All theory arguments have an implicit aff flex standard- the most recent empirics of late elim rounds show huge neg side bias  
   Adler 15, Are Judges Just Guessing? A Statistical Analysis of LD Elimination Round Panels by Steven Adler http://nsdupdate.com/2015/03/30/are-judges-just-guessing-a-statistical-analysis-of-ld-elimination-round-panels-by-steven-adler/
   Yet a plausible objection …. late elimination rounds:

Part 5 is Method

1. The aff deploys a heuristic to learn scenario planning- even if politics and colleges are bad, scenario analysis of policies is pedagogically valuable- it enhances creativity, deconstructs biases and teaches advocacy skills
   Barma et al 16 – (May 2016, Advance Publication Online on 11/6/15, Naazneen Barma, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Brent Durbin, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government at Smith College, Eric Lorber, JD from UPenn and PhD in Political Science from Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, Rachel Whitlark, PhD in Political Science from GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, “‘Imagine a World in Which’: Using Scenarios in Political Science,” International Studies Perspectives 17 (2), pp. 1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using_scenarios_in_political_science_isp_2015.pdf)
   What Are Scenarios ….  in international affairs.

 We should focus on particular circumstances which best tackle material violence.
Pappas 16, Gregory Fernando, The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice”, The Pluralist Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016
In Experience and Nature, …..  specific to each patient.

Root cause explanations of politics don’t exist- methodological pluralism is key to open up new ideas and avoid violence.
Bleiker 14 – (6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, “International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique,” International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327)
For Levine, the key ….  positivist social sciences.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Oakwood AW | Judge: Danny Li
Part 1 is Framing
Patriotic Correctness on campuses runs rampant- dissent is charged with treason and lines of critical thought are silenced. Higher education has been coopted by the military industrial complex, reducing the roles of teachers to mere technicians. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the advocacy that best minimizes oppression. Educators should reject the call of abstraction and open up everything for contestation.
Giroux 13, Henry, Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University, 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19654-public-intellectuals-against-the-neoliberal-university
Increasingly, as universities ….  world around them.

prefer

1. Ideal theory strips away particularities making ethics inaccessible and epistemologically skewed
   Mills 05, Charles, 2005, Ideal Theory” as Ideology,
   The crucial common claim—…..  at may be misleading.
   Non-ideal theory necessitates consequentialism since instead of following rules that assume an already equal playing field; we take steps to correct material injustice.

Part 2 is Advocacy
Plan text, Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech that criticizes the military’s policies. 

Part 3 is Offense

In the status quo, members of college campuses are routinely fired if they criticize the military, causing a chilling effect on such discussion. Multiple empirical examples prove:  
Wilson 15, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, “Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies,” Routledge, Nov 30, 2015
Compared to earlier “… supreme after 9/11.

This is devastating because higher education is the uniquely key institution that can provide spaces for conversations and action that snowball into cultural shifts away from militarism. History proves, anti-military dissent has always been silenced when the State is hell-bent on imposing its agenda and quieting opposition. Voting aff helps teach students to refuse complicity with militarism
Jaschik and Giroux 07, Henry Giroux and Scott Jaschik, 'The University in Chains', (Interview), 2007, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/08/07/giroux
Q: How do you ….. s requisite for a viable democracy.

2 impacts
A. Cultural shift-
 The aff teaches students to refuse the myth of militarism- this creates a cultural shift away from the glorification of violence
Chatterjee and Maira 14 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
State warfare and …. “anti-American” ideologies.

Militarism is part of the culture, making people disposable- justifying and creating everyday violence against the Middle Eastern Other. The aff allows student and professors to refuse this culture.
Chatterjee and Maira 2 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
The strategic co-optation … s the campus climate in general.
B. Political Spillover
Academics have used state resources and their own academic freedom to create positive policy change proving that liberalizing the university creates concrete material impacts
Slaughter 88 Sheila Slaughter, associate professor in the Center for the Study of Higher Education and director of the Division of Educational Foundations and Administration, The University of Arizona, “Academic Freedom and the State: Reflections on the Uses of Knowledge,” The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 59, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1988), pp. 241-262 JW
In the 1960s and ….  create new theologies. 

Military power is unsustainable. Trying to expand power when it’s failing triggers resentment, which link turns their offense.
Maher 11 – Postdoctoral Fellow at the European University Institute and Visiting Lecturer in the Political Science Department at Brown University
(Richard, Winter 2011, “The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World”, Orbis, Vol. 55, No. 1, UTD McDermitt Library, KONTOPOULOS)
Since the disintegration …  ‘‘post-unipolar’’ world.

Part 4 is Theory

1. All theory arguments have an implicit aff flex standard- the most recent empirics of late elim rounds show huge neg side bias  
   Adler 15, Are Judges Just Guessing? A Statistical Analysis of LD Elimination Round Panels by Steven Adler http://nsdupdate.com/2015/03/30/are-judges-just-guessing-a-statistical-analysis-of-ld-elimination-round-panels-by-steven-adler/
   Yet a plausible objection ….  late elimination rounds:

Also means presumption and permissibility flow aff- I did the better debating if the round is tied. But nothing in the case triggers presumption. 

2. Analytic

3. Analytic
Part 5 is Method

1. The aff deploys a heuristic to learn scenario planning- even if politics and colleges are bad, scenario analysis of policies is pedagogically valuable- it enhances creativity, deconstructs biases and teaches advocacy skills
   Barma et al 16 – (May 2016, Advance Publication Online on 11/6/15, Naazneen Barma, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Brent Durbin, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government at Smith College, Eric Lorber, JD from UPenn and PhD in Political Science from Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, Rachel Whitlark, PhD in Political Science from GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, “‘Imagine a World in Which’: Using Scenarios in Political Science,” International Studies Perspectives 17 (2), pp. 1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using_scenarios_in_political_science_isp_2015.pdf)
   What Are Scenarios …  in international affairs.

More analytics

Tournament: HWL | Round: 2 | Opponent: Brentwood DW | Judge: Connor Riano
Patriotic Correctness runs rampant- dissent is charged with treason and lines of critical thought are silenced. Higher education has been coopted by the military industrial complex, reducing the roles of teachers to mere technicians. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the advocacy that best takes back the university from militarism. Educators should reject the call of abstraction and open up everything for contestation.
Giroux 13, Henry, Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University, 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19654-public-intellectuals-against-the-neoliberal-university
Increasingly, as universities …. world around them.

Part 2 Advocacy
Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech that criticizes the military’s policies.
Wilson 15, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, “Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies,” Routledge, Nov 30, 2015
After 9/11 the ….  important than ever.

Part 3 Offense
Patriotic correctness silences anti-military dissent. The material consequence of the aff is allowing academics to criticize drone strikes and NOT face militaristic wrath. In the status quo, people suspended and underwent post-tenure review. Only the aff can result in a world where professors and academics can freely think and talk about militarism.
Wilson 2, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, “Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies,” Routledge, Nov 30, 2015
Compared to earlier “…  supreme after 9/11.

Anti-military dissent has been silenced throughout history, which prevents higher education from being the uniquely key institution that can create a cultural shift away from militarism by teaching students to refuse complicity with militarism
Jaschik and Giroux 07, Henry Giroux and Scott Jaschik, 'The University in Chains', (Interview), 2007, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/08/07/giroux
Q: How do you think …  for a viable democracy.

2 impacts
A. Cultural shift-
 The aff teaches students to refuse the myth of militarism- this creates a cultural shift away from the glorification of violence
Chatterjee and Maira 14 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
State warfare and militarism … anti-American” ideologies.

Militarism is part of the culture, making people disposable- justifying and creating everyday violence against the Middle Eastern Other. The aff allows student and professors to refuse this culture.
Chatterjee and Maira 2 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
The strategic co-optation …. ell as the campus climate in general.
a. .
B. Political Spillover
Academics have used state resources and their own academic freedom to create positive policy change proving that liberalizing the university creates concrete material impacts
Slaughter 88 Sheila Slaughter, associate professor in the Center for the Study of Higher Education and director of the Division of Educational Foundations and Administration, The University of Arizona, “Academic Freedom and the State: Reflections on the Uses of Knowledge,” The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 59, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1988), pp. 241-262 JW
In the 1960s and … create new theologies.

Tournament: Harrison RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Milburn CS | Judge: Panel
Part 1 is Framing

1. Ideal theory fails to guide action in this unjust world
   MILLS 05: Charles W. Mills, “Ideal Theory” as Ideology, 2005
   Now how can this ideal….  if it ever did arrive.

2. Ideal theory strips away questions of particularities and isolates a universal feature of agents. This normalizes a single experience and epistemicologically skews ethical theorizing.
Mills 05, Charles, 2005, Ideal Theory” as Ideology,
The crucial common claim…  at may be misleading.
Non-ideal theory necessitates consequentialism since instead of following rules that assume an already equal playing field; we take steps to correct material injustice.

Thus the role of the ballot is vote for the advocacy that best minimizes oppression.
Prefer

1. Means based theories collapses into consequentialism in order to explain necessary enablers.
   Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Sinnott- Armstrong, Walter. “An Argument For Consequentialism” Dartmouth College. Philosophical Perspectives, 6, Ethics, 1992.
   The simplest deontological theory ….. giving up deontology.

2. Anayltic
Part 2 is Advocacy 

Plan text, Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech that criticizes the military’s policies. 

Part 3 is Offense

Patriotic Correctness on campuses runs rampant- dissent is charged with treason and lines of critical thought are silenced. Higher education has been coopted by the military industrial complex, reducing the roles of teachers to mere technicians. Members of college campuses are routinely fired if they criticize the military, causing a chilling effect on such discussion. Multiple empirical examples prove:  
Wilson 15, John K., Ph.D candidate with dissertation on the history of academic freedom in America and author of three books, “Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies,” Routledge, Nov 30, 2015
Compared to earlier “wartime” … supreme after 9/11.

This is devastating because higher education is the uniquely key institution that can provide spaces for conversations and action that snowball into cultural shifts away from militarism.
Jaschik and Giroux 07, Henry Giroux and Scott Jaschik, 'The University in Chains', (Interview), 2007, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/08/07/giroux
Q: How do you think ….  for a viable democracy.

2 impacts
A. Cultural shift-
 The aff teaches students to refuse the myth of militarism- this creates a cultural shift away from the glorification of violence
Chatterjee and Maira 14
Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
State warfare and … “anti-American” ideologies.

Militarism is part of the culture, making people disposable- justifying and creating everyday violence against the Middle Eastern Other. The aff allows student and professors to refuse this culture.
Chatterjee and Maira 2 Piya Chatterjee, Backstrand Chair and Professor of Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Scripps College, Sunaina Maira,  Professor of Asian American Studies at UC Davis, “The Imperial University: Academic Repression and Scholarly Dissent,” University of Minnesota Press, 2014 JW
The strategic co-optation of the language of pluralism for academic containment is nowhere more evident than in the assault on progressive scholarship in Middle East studies and postcolonial studies and in the intense culture wars over Islam, the War on Terror, and Israel-Palestine. The 9/ 11 attacks and the ….. s the campus climate in general.
B. Political Spillover
Academics have used state resources and their own academic freedom to create positive policy change proving that liberalizing the university creates concrete material impacts
Slaughter 88 Sheila Slaughter, associate professor in the Center for the Study of Higher Education and director of the Division of Educational Foundations and Administration, The University of Arizona, “Academic Freedom and the State: Reflections on the Uses of Knowledge,” The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 59, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1988), pp. 241-262 JW
In the 1960s and 1970s, … o create new theologies. 

Part 4 is Theory

1.  All theory arguments have an implicit aff flex standard because It’s harder to affirm from
   Adler 15, Are Judges Just Guessing? A Statistical Analysis of LD Elimination Round Panels by Steven Adler http://nsdupdate.com/2015/03/30/are-judges-just-guessing-a-statistical-analysis-of-ld-elimination-round-panels-by-steven-adler/
   Yet a plausible …  late elimination rounds:

2. analytic

3. Spec-ing a type of speech is good-
SCOTUS ruled that “any” implies limits on the object they refer to.
Von Eintel 11 Kai Von Fintel, 7-6-2011, "Justice Breyer, Professor Austin, and the Meaning of 'Any'," Language Log, http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3248
When I see the …  beyond that word itself.
A. analytic
B. Analytic
c. Research overload is good- Gives us the skills to shift through massive data in the information era
McCandless 10, David, award-winning writer, designer and author August 2010,  David McCandless: The beauty of data visualization, http://www.ted.com/talks/david_mccandless_the_beauty_of_data_visualization.html#
It feels like ..  look really cool.

4. Evaluate the debate through comparative worlds.
A. Truth testing kills fairness since it imposes an absolute burden of proof.
Nelson 08 Adam Nelson (Director of Lincoln-Douglas Debate at the Harker School) “Towards a Comprehensive Theory of LD” The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Theory Journal April 15th 2008 http://ldtheoryjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/towards-comprehensive-theory-of-ld-adam.html
And the truth-statement ….  the same way.

Tournament: Glenrbooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oakwood AW | Judge: Regan
FW
Non-ideal theory is the most epistemologically sound starting point for moral decisions- other methods foreclose viewpoints.
Mills 05, Charles, 2005, Ideal Theory” as Ideology,
The crucial common …  male-dominated philosophical literature.

Thus the standard is minimizing oppression. 

Prefer 

Debate should deal with the real-world consequences of oppression.
Curry 14, Tommy, The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century, Victory Briefs, 2014,
Despite the pronouncement ….. contemporary moral parameters.
Inherency
Previously, to disregard qualified immunity, courts first determined if officers violated clearly established constitutional law and then determined if it was reasonable for the officer to act the way they did. Pearson v Callahan in 2009 allowed lower courts to decide the order in which they answered those questions, which has led to lower courts skipping the first question—stats prove.
Walker 15Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 JW
On the other hand, …. stagnation theory discussed in Part I.D

Plantext
Thus the plan text—Resolved: Using White v. Pauly, a case in that is currently in the 10th circuit court of appeals, the Supreme Court of the United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by forcing lower courts to give reason for exercising Pearson constitutional discretion, effectively overturning the precedent set in Pearson v. Callahan.
Walker 2 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 JW
Whereas the core ….  for not doing so.”235

Advantage 1: Decision-Making
A requirement would lead to better judicial rulings-multiple warrants
Walker 3 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 PW
The reasons for reason ..  be somewhat mitigated.

Advantage 2: Judicial Legitimacy
Judicial Legitimacy is low now- the court is in danger.
Posner 15, Eric, The Supreme Court’s Loss of Prestige, 2015, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2015/10/the_supreme_court_is_losing_public_approval_and_prestige.html
The Supreme Court …  70 percent range.

Providing reasons is the keystone of court legitimacy
Walker 4 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 PW
Not only does reason …  the liberal, administrative state.”269

Judicial Legitimacy is key to the Court’s power
Gibson et al 14, James Gibson, Department of Political Science Professor of African and African American Studies Director, Program on Citizenship and Democratic Values Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy and Michael Nelson, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science Graduate Student Associate, Center for Empirical Research in the Law, 2014, http://mjnelson.wustl.edu/papers/AnnualReview.pdf
The Supreme Court …  accepted by the Nation (865-866).

Court power is key to check back the legislator from hugely oppressive laws- Brown v. Board proves.
Somin 16, Ilya, The Supreme Court Is a Check on Big Government, Protection for Minorities, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/07/06/is-the-supreme-court-too-powerful/the-supreme-court-is-a-check-on-big-government-protection-for-minorities
The Supreme Court …  of such outrages.

Most recent empirics of late elim rounds show huge neg side bias  
Adler 15 brackets for clarity, Are Judges Just Guessing? A Statistical Analysis of LD Elimination Round Panels by Steven Adler http://nsdupdate.com/2015/03/30/are-judges-just-guessing-a-statistical-analysis-of-ld-elimination-round-panels-by-steven-adler/
Yet a plausible objection …  late elimination rounds:

The aff deploys the state as a heuristic to learn scenario planning- even if politics is bad, scenario analysis of politics is pedagogically valuable- it enhances creativity, deconstructs biases and teaches advocacy skills
Barma et al 16 – (May 2016, Advance Publication Online on 11/6/15, Naazneen Barma, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Brent Durbin, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government at Smith College, Eric Lorber, JD from UPenn and PhD in Political Science from Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, Rachel Whitlark, PhD in Political Science from GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, “‘Imagine a World in Which’: Using Scenarios in Political Science,” International Studies Perspectives 17 (2), pp. 1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using_scenarios_in_political_science_isp_2015.pdf)
What Are Scenarios ….  in international affairs.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Valley TF | Judge: Yatesh Singh
Part 1 is Framework:
I affirm—all brackets for offensive language or clarity.
The role of the judge is to endorse the best tangible policy that minimizes oppression
Curry 14, Tommy, The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century, Victory Briefs, 2014,
Despite the pronouncement …. moral parameters.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater whose advocacy best breaks down militarism. Three warrants—

1. Militarism dominates status quo policies, manifesting itself through a politics of disposability that smothers ethical and critical dialogue. Educational spaces are key to fighting back.  
   Giroux 05, Henry, Held positions at Boston University, Miami University, and Penn State, The Curse of Totalitarianism and The Challenge of Critical Pedagogy, 2005, http://philosophersforchange.org/2015/10/13/the-curse-of-totalitarianism-and-the-challenge-of-critical-pedagogy
   The forces of free-market ….  human dwelling place”?7 

2. Militarism epistemologically corrupts political thought, meaning the aff is a prior question for other role of the ballots.
Pieterse 07, Jan, professor of sociology at the University of Illinois, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug, Political and Economic Brinkmanship, ,” p. 473-4
Brinkmanship and producing ….  for postwar planning (Packer, 2005; Lang, 2004).
3. Militarism leads to a laundry list of bad impacts and causes epistemic biasing in favor of false solutions. We have reached the tipping point—the aff is try or die.
CACC 11, Admin, Rejecting Militarism, 2011, Canadians for Emergency action on Climate Change, http://climatesoscanada.org/blog/2011/02/15/rejecting-militarism/, Resources: 1 http://www.fcnl.org/budget/budget-proposal11.htm 2 Miriam Pemberton with Jonathan Glyn, Military vs. Climate Security: The 2011 Budgets Compared. Institute for Policy Studies. http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/military_vs_climate_security_the_2011_budgets_compared 3 Many resources can be found on the various market mechanisms and other false solutions, here: www.climatesos.org/resources 4 Anita Dancs, Mary Orisich, Suzanne Smith, The Military Costs of Securing Energy (National Priorities Project – October 2008) 5 http://www.iacenter.org/o/world/climatesummit_pentagon121809/ 6 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barry-sanders/the-green-zone-the-worst-_b_70173.html 7 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html 8 http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0327-21.htm 9 http://www.actforclimatejustice.org/2010/03/the-impact-of-militarism-on-climate-change-must-no-longer-be-ignored/ (and personal communication with the author) 10 http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-10-27/the-economic-crisis-and-the-hidden-cost-of-the-wars/full/ 11 http://www.kabulpress.org/my/spip.php?article32304 12 http://www.peace-action.org/Peace20Action20Military20Spending20Primer.pdf 13 Will R. Turner, et al. (2010). Climate change: helping nature survive the human response. Conservation Letters, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123523083/abstract?CRETRY=1andSRETRY=0 http://esciencenews.com/articles/2010/08/06/the.worst.impact.climate.change.may.be.how.humanity.reacts.it 14 http://www.foei.org/en/media/archive/2010/developed-countries-attempt-to-launder-aid-money-through-world-bank-and-call-it-climate-funds, http://www.foe.org/un-advisory-group-climate-finance-report-falls-flat, http://www.ituc-csi.org/climate-finance-closing-the.html?lang=en 15 2003 Pentagon report: http://www.climate.org/PDF/clim_change_scenario.pdf About the report authors: http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=doug_randall_1 16 http://www.indymedia.org/pt/2009/12/932387.shtml More resources: Top 25 Censored Stories: US Department of Defense is the Worst Polluter on the Planet http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/2-us-department-of-defense-is-the-worst-polluter-on-the-planet/ Al Jazeera Video: Empire – The new arms race (The world has entered a new arms race, but what justifies this global military addiction?) http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_contentandtask=viewandid=31andItemid=74andjumival=5796 Why large scale biofuels production worsens global warming, not reduce it: www.biofuelwatch.org.uk Cost of War Calculator http://www.stwr.org/special-features/cost-of-war-calculator.html
Militarism, through wars …..  and climate change.
Part 2 is Harms:

The reasonableness standard of qualified immunity is nearly impossible to overcome in the status quo because it doubles up with the 4th amendement reasonableness standard.
Hassel 09, Diana, EXCESSIVE REASONABLENESS, Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law, 2009, https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf
B. Qualified Immunity Meanwhile, the Court was refining ….. merged into one inquiry.59

The lack of accountability spills over to create a politics of disposability. Neighborhoods become a war zone and state violence is justified.
Giroux 16, Henry, The Racist Killing Machine in the Age of Anti-Politics, 2016, http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/08/the-racist-killing-machine-in-the-age-of-anti-politics/
The killing machine ….  entertainment, and policy.
Part 3 is the Plan
Resolved: The United States Supreme Court shall reverse the Harlow V. Fitzgerald ruling, establishing an objective reasonableness standard for qualified immunity for police officers that only applies when there has been a change in the law, not merely a new application of an established doctrine. All decisions in conflict with this ruling shall be declared null and void.
Part 4 is Solvency
The plan stops the absolute defense of qualified immunity, rupturing state violence and militarism. It also still allows police a limited defense stopping any chilling effect.
Hassel 2, Diana, EXCESSIVE REASONABLENESS, Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law, 2009, https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf
The Court’s development ….  the victim possible. 

Even if insurers absorb the cost, insurance companies will hold the police accountable themselves.
Rappaport 16, John, Assistant professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Cops can ignore Black Lives Matter protesters. They can’t ignore their insurers, 2016, . https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cops-can-ignore-black-lives-matter-protesters-they- cant-ignore-their-insurers/2016/05/04/c823334a-01cb-11e6-9d36-33d198ea26c5_story.html
The arrangement …. everage over them.
AND
analytics

Tournament: Voices | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Marino KW | Judge: Tinuola Dada
Framework
I affirm

This debate should center on tangible policies that address oppression.     
Curry 14, Tommy, The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century, Victory Briefs, 2014,
Despite the pronouncement…. the living wage? 

Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater whose advocacy best breaks down the technocratic elite and reasserts democratic debate. This means the aff comes epistemically prior to other frameworks.
Thorpe and Welsh 08, Charles and Ian, Anarchist Studies, Volume 16, Number 1, “Beyond Primitivism: Toward a Twenty-First Century Anarchist Theory and Praxis for Science”, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/charles-thorpe-and-ian-welsh-beyond-primitivism-toward-a-twenty-first-century-anarchist-theory
The authoritarian and ….knowledge from life.

Advocacy
I advocate the countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. I defend normal means—countries will phase out nuclear power similar to how Germany has.  Lucas 12 explains:
Lucas 12 Caroline Lucas, MP for Brighton Pavilion and a member of the cross-party parliamentary environment audit committee, “Why we must phase out nuclear power,” The Guardian, February 17, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power
Fukushima, like Chernobyl 25 ….  an airplane crash.

Contention 1 is centralization of power

Nuclear power was chosen by government elites because it enabled authoritarian control over civilian energy sources- this justifies massive amounts of state control, capitalism and oppression.
Martin et al 84, Brian and Jill Bowling, Val Plumwood and Ian Watson, Strategy against nuclear power, 1984, http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/86sa.html
Why was the …. socially destructive research. 

This is supercharged by the fact that nuclear reactors require centralized infrastructure for waste disposal and regulation.
Paperiello 11 , Regional administrator of Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2011
(CJ, “Essential infrastructure: national nuclear regulation”, Health Phys., January, Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21399415,
In order for …. in nuclear power.

Any shift to renewables is a reason to vote aff- it removes state control and reintroduces democracy.  
Winner 86 Langdon Winner, 1986, "The Whale and the Reactor," University of Chicago Press, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/AoS/WhaleAndReactor.pdf*
Arguments to the effect ….power and authority. 

Voting aff also causes spillover to attacking vulnerable points of state control and capitalism. Only long term-concrete demands can solve.
Martin et al 84, Brian and Jill Bowling, Val Plumwood and Ian Watson, Strategy against nuclear power, 1984, http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/86sa.html

What is a strategy anyway? …. behind nuclear power. 

Contention 2 is technocratic elites 

False epistemological viewpoints make us think that nuclear power is the silver bullet technology- this justifies securitization and state violence.
Kaur 11, Raminder, Senior Lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Sussex,  A ‘Nuclear Renaissance’, Climate Change and the State of Exception, 2011, http://www.dianuke.org/a-E28098nuclear-renaissanceE28099-climate-change-and-the-state-of-exception/
Because of the …. and green’ energy. 

Contention 3 is impact calculus

Tournament: Voices | Round: Finals | Opponent: Harker SP | Judge: Panel
Contention 1 is framework:
Analytics

The implication is that ethics must be universizable
Stephen Engstrom 1, Universal Legislation as the Form of Practical Knowledge, Manuscript, Pgs. 8-9
As I mentioned, ….  be practical knowledge. 

If ethics must be universizable, we cannot will maxims that hurt freedom. This would be contradictory.
Stephen Engstrom 2 , “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”. (www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsemengstrom_vortrag.pdf‎),
Given the preceding …..hat same freedom

Thus the standard is respecting a system of equal and outer freedom.
prefer
analytics

Contention 2 is offense:
Negating is a violation of equal and outer freedom. 2 warrants:

Willing the use of finite, natural resources like uranium is incompatible with equal outer freedoms. The institution of property is such that it provides one with the ability to employ usable things fully to achieve one’s purposes, so the destruction of property involves a contradiction in willing.
Ataner,   KANT ON FREEDOM, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. ATTILA ATANER, B.A., J.D. McMaster University MASTER OF ARTS (2012) Hamilton, Ontario (Philosophy).
We can also …  maintained in perpetuity.
2. Just the normal operation of nuclear power plants can lead to health defects
Perrow 13 Charles Perrow, emeritus professor of sociology at Yale University and visiting professor at Stanford University, “Nuclear denial: From Hiroshima to Fukushima,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2013 Premier
Even the normal …. 21 percent (Baker and Hoel, 2007).

3. Nuclear waste disposal destroys the environment. WILPF 07
Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom (WILPF), October 2007; WILPF is part of the international women’s peace organization established in 1915 to 'bring together women of different political beliefs and philosophies who are united in their determination to study, make known and help abolish the causes and the legitimization of war'.  There are WILPF groups in 42 countries including the U.S.; http://www.wilpf.org.au/PDFs/Nuclear_Awareness_WILPF_2007.pdf
Large quantities of …  with their property

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cypress Woods CJ | Judge: Terrence
Occasional switch out for util fw
Non-ideal theory is the most epistemologically sound starting point for moral decisions- other methods foreclose viewpoints.
Mills 05, Charles, 2005, Ideal Theory” as Ideology,
The crucial common claim… male-dominated philosophical literature.

Debate cannot be a discussion of ideal theory- it must be a discussion of tangible policies that reorient value.   
Curry 14, Tommy, The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century, Victory Briefs, 2014,
Despite the pronouncement…. worker, Blacks, and

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kinkaid JY | Judge: Alberto Tohme
Revisionary intuitionism is true and concludes util:
Yudkowsky 08, Eliezer, research fellow of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, The ‘Intuitions’ Behind ‘Utilitarianism, 2008, http://lesswrong.com/lw/n9/the_intuitions_behind_utilitarianism/

I haven’t said much about metaethics – the nature of morality – because that has a forward dependency on a discussion of the Mind Projection Fallacy that I haven’t gotten to yet. I used to be very confused about metaethics. After my confusion finally cleared up, I did a postmortem on my previous thoughts. I found that my object-level moral reasoning had been valuable and my meta-level moral reasoning had been worse than useless. And this appears to be a general syndrome – people do much better when discussing whether torture is good or bad than when they discuss the meaning of “good” and “bad”. Thus, I deem it prudent to keep moral discussions on the object level wherever I possibly can. Occasionally people object to any discussion of morality on the grounds that morality doesn’t exist, and in lieu of jumping over the forward dependency to explain that “exist” is not the right term to use here, I generally say, “But what do you do anyway?” and take the discussion back down to the object level. Paul Gowder, though, has pointed out that both the idea of choosing a googolplex dust specks in a googolplex eyes over 50 years of torture for one person, and the idea of “utilitarianism”, depend on “intuition”. He says I’ve argued that the two are not compatible, but charges me with failing to argue for the utilitarian intuitions that I appeal to. Now “intuition” is not how I would describe the computations that underlie human morality and distinguish us, as moralists, from an ideal philosopher of perfect emptiness and/or a rock. But I am okay with using the word “intuition” as a term of art, bearing in mind that “intuition” in this sense is not to be contrasted to reason, but is, rather, the cognitive building block out of which both long verbal arguments and fast perceptual arguments are constructed. I see the project of morality as is a project of renormalizing intuition. We have intuitions about things that seem desirable or undesirable, intuitions about actions that are right or wrong, intuitions about how to resolve conflicting intuitions, intuitions about how to systematize specific intuitions into general principles. Delete all the intuitions, and you aren’t left with an ideal philosopher of perfect emptiness, you’re left with a rock. Keep all your specificintuitions and refuse to build upon the reflective ones, and you aren’t left with an ideal philosopher of perfect spontaneity and genuineness, you’re left with a grunting caveperson running in circles, due to cyclical preferences and similar inconsistencies. “Intuition”, as a term of art, is not a curse word when it comes to morality – there is nothing else to argue from. Even modus ponens is an “intuition” in this sense – it‘sjust that modus ponens still seems like a good idea after being formalized, reflected on, extrapolated out to see if it has sensible consequences, etcetera. So that is “intuition”. However, Gowder did not say what he meant by “utilitarianism”. Does utilitarianism say… That right actions are strictly determined by good consequences? That praiseworthy actions depend on justifiable expectations of good consequences? That probabilities of consequences should normatively be discounted by their probability, so that a 50 probability of something bad should weigh exactly half as much in our tradeoffs? That virtuous actions always correspond to maximizing expected utility under some utility function? That two harmful events are worse than one? That two independent occurrences of a harm (not to the same person, not interacting with each other) are exactly twice as bad as one? That for any two harms A and B, with A much worse than B, there exists some tiny probability such that gambling on this probability of A is preferable to a certainty of B? If you say that I advocate something, or that my argument depends on something, and that it is wrong, do please specify what this thingy is… anyway, I accept 3, 5, 6, and 7, but not 4; I am not sure about the phrasing of 1; and 2 is true, I guess, but phrased in a rather solipsistic and selfish fashion: you should not worry about being praiseworthy. Now, what are the “intuitions” upon which my “utilitarianism” depends? This is a deepish sort of topic, but I’ll take a quick stab at it. First of all, it’s not just that someone presented me with a list of statements like those above, and I decided which ones sounded “intuitive”. Among other things, if you try to violatinge “utilitarianism”, you runs into paradoxes, contradictions, circular preferences, and other things that aren’tmsymptoms of moral wrongness so much as moral incoherence. After you think about moral problems for a while, and also find new truths about the world, and even discover disturbing facts about how you yourself work, you often end up with different moral opinions than when you started out. This does not quite define moral progress, but it is how we experience moral progress. As part of my experienced moral progress, I’ve drawn a conceptual separation between questions of type Where should we go? and questions of type How should we get there? (Could that be what Gowder means by saying I’m “utilitarian”?) The question of where a road goes – where it leads – you can answer by traveling the road and finding out. If you have a false belief about where the road leads, this falsity can be destroyed by the truth in a very direct and straightforward manner. When it comes to wanting to go to a particular place, this want is not entirely immune from the destructive powers of truth. You could go there and find that you regret it afterward (which does not define moral error, but is how we experience moral error). But, even so, wanting to be in a particular place seems worth distinguishing from wanting to take a particular road to a particular place. Our intuitions about where to go are arguable enough, but our intuitions about how to get there are frankly messed up. After the two hundred and eighty-seventh research study showsing that people will chop their own feet off if you frame the problem the wrong way, you start to distrust first impressions. When you’ve read enough research on scope insensitivity shows – people will pay only 28 more to protect all 57 wilderness areas in Ontario than one area, people will pay the same amount to save 50,000 lives as 5,000 lives… that sort of thing… Well, the worst case of scope insensitivity I’ve ever heard of was described here by Slovic: Other recent research shows similar results. Two Israeli psychologists asked people to contribute to a costly life-saving treatment. They could offer that contribution to a group of eight sick children, or to an individual child selected from the group. The target amount needed to save the child (or children) was the same in both cases. Contributions to individual group members far outweighed the contributions to the entire group. There’s other research along similar lines, but I’m just presenting one example, ’cause, y’know, eight examples would probably have less impact. If you know the general experimental paradigm, then the reason for the above behavior is pretty obvious – focusing your attention on a single child creates more emotional arousal than trying to distribute attention around eight children simultaneously. So people are willing to pay more to help one child than to help eight. Now, you could look at this intuition, and think it wasrevealing some kind of incredibly deep moral truth which shows that one child’s good fortune is somehow devalued by the other children’s good fortune. But what about the billions of other children in the world? Why isn’t it a bad idea to help this one child, when that causes the value of all the other children to go down? How can it be significantly better to have 1,329,342,410 happy children than 1,329,342,409, but then somewhat worse to have seven more at 1,329,342,417? Or you could look at that and say: “Thuse intuition is wrong: the brain can’t successfully multiply by eight and get a larger quantity than it started with. But it ought to, normatively speaking.” And once you realize that the brain can’t multiply by eight, then the other cases of scope neglect stop seeming to reveal some fundamental truth about 50,000 lives being worth just the same effort as 5,000 lives, or whatever. You don’t get the impression you’re looking at the revelation of a deep moral truth about nonagglomerative utilities. It’s just that the brain doesn’t goddamn multiply. Quantities get thrown out the window. If you have $100 to spend, and you spend $20 each on each of 5 efforts to save 5,000 lives, you will do worse than if you spend $100 on a single effort to save 50,000 lives. Likewise if such choices are made by 10 different people, rather than the same person. As soon as you start believing that it is better to save 50,000 lives than 25,000 lives, that simple preference of final destinations has implications for the choice of paths, when you consider five different events that save 5,000 lives. (It is a general principle that Bayesians see no difference between the long-run answer and the short-run answer; you never get two different answers from computing the same question two different ways. But the long run is a helpful intuition pump, so I am talking about it anyway.) The aggregative valuation strategy of “shut up and multiply” arises from the simple preference to have more of something – to save as many lives as possible – when you have to describe general principles for choosing more than once, acting more than once, planning at more than one time. Aggregation also arises from claiming that the local choice to save one life doesn’t depend on how many lives already exist, far away on the other side of the planet, or far away on the other side of the universe. Three lives are one and one and one. No matter how many billions are doing better, or doing worse. 3 = 1 + 1 + 1, no matter what other quantities you add to both sides of the equation. And if you add another life you get 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1. That’s aggregation. When you’ve read enough heuristics and biases research, and enough coherence and uniqueness proofs for Bayesian probabilities and expected utility, and you’ve seen the “Dutch book” and “money pump” effects that penalize trying to handle uncertain outcomes any other way, then you don’t see the preference reversals in the Allais Paradox as revealing some incredibly deep moral truth about the intrinsic value of certainty. It just goes to shows that the brain doesn’t goddamn multiply. The primitive, perceptual intuitions that make a choice “feel good” don’t handle probabilistic pathways through time very skillfully, especially when the probabilities have been expressed symbolically rather than experienced as a frequency. So you reflect, devise more trustworthy logics, and think it through in words. When you see people insisting that no amount of money whatsoever is worth a single human life, and then driving an extra mile to save $10; or when you see people insisting that no amount of money is worth a decrement of health, and then choosing the cheapest health insurance available; then you don’t think that their protestations reveal some deep truth about incommensurable utilities. Part of it, clearly, is that primitive intuitions don’t successfully diminish the emotional impact of symbols standing for small quantities – anything you talk about seems like “an amount worth considering”. And part of it has to do with preferring unconditional social rules to conditional social rules. Conditional rules seem weaker, seem more subject to manipulation. If there’s any loophole that lets the government legally commit torture, then the government will drive a truck through that loophole. So it seems like there should be an unconditional social injunction against preferring money to life, and no “but” following it. Not even “but a thousand dollars isn’t worth a 0.0000000001 probability of saving a life”. Though the latter choice, of course, is revealed every time we sneeze without calling a doctor. The rhetoric of sacredness gets bonus points for seeming to express an unlimited commitment, an unconditional refusal that signals trustworthiness and refusal to compromise. So you conclude that moral rhetoric espouses qualitative distinctions, because espousing a quantitative tradeoff would sound like you were plotting to defect. On such occasions, people vigorously want to throw quantities out the window, and they get upset if you try to bring quantities back in, because quantities sound like conditions that would weaken the rule. But you don’t conclude that there are actually two tiers of utility with lexical ordering. You don’t conclude that there is actually an infinitely sharp moral gradient, some atom that moves a Planck distance (in our continuous physical universe) and sends a utility from 0 to infinity. You don’t conclude that utilities must be expressed using hyper-real numbers. Because the lower tier would simply vanish in any equation. It would never be worth the tiniest effort to recalculate for it. All decisions would be determined by the upper tier, and all thought spent thinking about the upper tier only, if the upper tier genuinely had lexical priority. As Peter Norvig once pointed out, if Asimov’s robots had strict priority for the First Law of Robotics (“A robot shall not harm a human being, nor through inaction allow a human being to come to harm”) then no robot’s behavior would ever show any sign of the other two Laws; there would always be some tiny First Law factor that would be sufficient to determine the decision. Whatever value is worth thinking about at all, must be worth trading off against all other values worth thinking about, because thought itself is a limited resource that must be traded off. When you reveal a value, you reveal a utility. I don’t say that morality should always be simple. I’ve already said that the meaning of music is more than happiness alone, more than just a pleasure center lighting up. I would rather see music composed by people than by nonsentient machine learning algorithms, so that someone should have the joy of composition; I care about the journey, as well as the destination. And I am ready to hear if you tell me that the value of music is deeper, and involves more complications, than I realize – that the valuation of this one event is more complex than I know. But that’s for one event. When it comes to multiplying by quantities and probabilities, complication is to be avoided – at least if you care more about the destination than the journey. When you’ve reflected on enough intuitions, and corrected enough absurdities, you start to see a common denominator, a meta-principle at work, which one might phrase as “Shut up and multiply.” Where music is concerned, I care about the journey. When lives are at stake, I shut up and multiply. It is more important that lives be saved, than that we conform to any particular ritual in saving them. And the optimal path to that destination is governed by laws that are simple, because they are math. And that’s why I’m a utilitarian – at least when I am doing something that is overwhelmingly more important than my own feelings about it – which is most of the time, because there are not many utilitarians, and many things left undone.

Thus the standard is maximizing expected happiness.

Advocacy Text

I advocate the countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. I defend normal means—countries will phase out nuclear power similar to how Germany has. Lucas 12 explains: 

Lucas 12 Caroline Lucas, MP for Brighton Pavilion and a member of the cross-party parliamentary environment audit committee, “Why we must phase out nuclear power,” The Guardian, February 17, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power
Fukushima, like Chernobyl 25 years before it, has shown us that while the likelihood of a nuclear disaster occurring may be low, the potential impact is enormous. The inherent risk in the use of nuclear energy, as well as the related proliferation of nuclear technologies, can and does have disastrous consequences. The can only certain way be to eliminated this potentially devastating risk is to by phasinge out nuclear power altogether. Some countries appear to have learnt this lesson. In Germany, the government changed course in the aftermath of Fukushima and decided to go ahead with a previously agreed phase out of nuclear power. Many scenarios now foresee Germany sourcing 100 of its power needs from renewables by 2030. Meanwhile Italian citizens voted against plans to go nuclear with a 90 majority. The same is not yet true in Japan. Although only three out of its 54 nuclear reactors are online and generating power, while the Japanese authorities conduct "stress tests", the government hopes to reopen almost all of these and prolong the working life of a number of its ageing reactors by to up to 60 years. The Japanese public have made their opposition clear however. Opinion polls consistently show a strong majority of the population is now against nuclear power. Local grassroots movements opposing nuclear power have been springing up across Japan. Mayors and governors in fear of losing their power tend to follow the majority of their citizens. The European level response has been to undertake stress tests on nuclear reactors across the union. However, these stress tests appear to be little more than a PR exercise to encourage public acceptance in order to allow the nuclear industry to continue with business as usual. The tests fail to assess the full risks of nuclear power, ignoring crucial factors such as fires, human failures, degradation of essential infrastructure or the impact of an airplane crash.

Contention 1 is Radiation
The most robust scientific evidence on this topic estimates that catastrophic nuclear meltdowns will occur every 10-20 years.
Lawrence 11, M.G., D. Kunkel, J. Lelieveld, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Global risk of radioactive fallout after nuclear reactor accidents, 2011, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/C13483/2011/acpd-11-C13483-2011-supplement.pdf

To evaluate the global risks, we can use empirical evidence to estimate the factors 5 (a) and (b) from above. In the past decades, four INES level 7 catastrophic nuclear meltdowns have occurred, one in Chernobyl and three reactors in Fukushima. Note that we are not considering INES 6 and lower level accidents with partial core melts such as Three Mile Island (USA), Mayak (a plutonium production and reprocessing plant in Siberia) and Sellafield (UK). The total number of operational reactor years 10 since the first plant in Obninsk (1954) until 2011 has been about 14 500 (IAEA, 2011; Supplement). This suggests that the probability of a major reactor accident, i.e. the combined probability of the factors (a) and (b), is much higher than estimated in 1990. Simply taking the four reactor meltdowns over the 14 500 reactor years would indicate a probability of 1 in 3625 per reactor per year, 275 times larger than the 1990 15 estimate (NRC, 1990). However, since we are at a junction in time with impacts of a catastrophic meltdown still unfolding, this direct estimate is high-biased, and we round it off to 1 in 5000 per reactor per year for use in our model simulations. This is actually only a factor of two higher than the estimated core melt probability noted above, factor (a). Based on the past evidence, this principally assumes that if a core melt 20 occurs, the probability of containment before substantial radioactivity release is very small. We thus argue that including the factors (b)–(e) can distort the risk perception. Our rounded estimate implies that with 440 reactors worldwide a major accident can be expected to occur about once every 1 to 2 decades, depending on whether we count Fukushima as a triple or a single event

These meltdowns are horrific, subjecting upwards of 30 million innocent people to radioactive contamination.
Lawrence 11, M.G., D. Kunkel, J. Lelieveld, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Global risk of radioactive fallout after nuclear reactor accidents, 2011, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/C13483/2011/acpd-11-C13483-2011-supplement.pdf
Major reactor accidents of nuclear power plants are rare, yet the consequences are catastrophic. But what is meant by “rare”? And what can be learned from the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents? Here we assess the cumulative, global risk of exposure to radioactivity due to atmospheric dispersion of gases and particles following severe nuclear accidents (the most severe ones on the International Nuclear Event Scale, INES 7), using particulate 137Cs and gaseous 131I as proxies for the fallout. Our results indicate that previously the occurrence of INES 7 major accidents and the risks of radioactive contamination have been underestimated. Using a global model of the atmosphere we compute that on average, in the event of a major reactor accident of any nuclear power plant worldwide, more than 90  of emitted 137Cs radiation would be transported beyond 50 km and about 50  beyond 1000 km distance before being deposited. This corroborates that such accidents have large-scale and transboundary impacts. Although the emission strengths and atmospheric removal processes of 137Cs and 131I are quite different, the radioactive contamination patterns over land and the human exposure due to deposition are computed to be similar. High human exposure risks occur around reactors in densely populated regions, notably in West Europe and South Asia, where a major reactor accident can subject around 30 million people to radioactive contamination. The recent decision by Germany to phase out its of nuclear reactors will reduce the national risk, though a large risk will still remain from the reactors in neighbouring countries.

Best case scenario for the neg is no meltdowns but even normally operating nuclear power plants significantly increase radiation risk. This means our impact is unavoidable. 

Alldred 9, Mary and Kristin Shrader-Frechette, 2012, Department of Ecology and Evolution at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, in Stony Brook, New York. Dr. Shrader-Frechette is O’Neill Fam- ily Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosoph, Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants, 2009,
http://www3.nd.edu/~kshrader/pubs/final-pdf-ej-nuke-siting-wi-Alldred_08-0544.pdf
Even when reactors operate normally, statistically significant increases in infant and fetal mortality near US reactors,1 in childhood leukemia near German reactors,2 and in cancer near UK reactors,3 suggest that (even without any accidents) those living near reactors could face higher health risks.1,4,5 2. In the event of a reactor accident, those living nearby also could be most at risk, as suggested by increases in lung cancers and leukemias after the 1979 Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania accident.6 3. Minority and poverty-level communities often include higher percentages of women and children, both of whom are more sensitive to ionizing radiation, yet most radiation standards are devised to protect only adult males.7,8 4. Because indigenous uranium miners, nuclear workers, and minorities and poor people living near radioactive-waste dumps have experienced EIJ (see later paragraphs), it is important to ask whether there also is reactor-siting-related EIJ. 5. Few scholars have addressed this question, although some citizens’ groups note higher percentages of minorities or poor people living near nuclear plants,9 and some scientists suggest children, minorities, and poverty-level people are more sensitive than others to the roughly 100 radioisotopes routinely emitted by reactors.1,4,5 gates whether the apparent EIJ at sites like the Grand Gulf, Mississippi reactor is representative of other US nuclear-siting cases. Although further studies are needed to fully evaluate apparent environmental injustices, the article concludes that, while reactor-siting-related EIJ is not obvious at census-tract levels, zip-code data suggest reactor-related EIJ threatens threaten poor people (p 0.001), at least in the southeastern United States.

Contention 2 is Animals 

Nuclear power kills billions of aquatic animals and can lead to ecosystem collapse.
Cooper et al 8, Chistopher and Benjamin Sovacool, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices, Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion respectively, Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges, p.61, http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040andcontext=wmelpr
Nuclear plants do not just use water-they also contaminate waterit at multiple points of the cooling cycle: at the point of intake, at the point of discharge, and during unexpected accidents. At the point of intake, nuclear plants bring water into the cooling cycle through filtering structures. To minimize the entry of debris, water is often drawn through screens.374 Seals, sea lions, endangered manatees, American crocodiles, sea turtles, fish, larvae, shellfish, and other riparian or marine organisms are frequently killed as they are trapped against the screens in a process known as impingement.375 Organisms small enough to pass through the screens can be swept up in the water flow where they are subject to mechanical, thermal and toxic stress in a process known as entrainment.376 Billions of smaller marine organisms, essential to the food web, are sucked into nuclear reactor systems and destroyed. Smaller fish, fish larvae, spawn, and a tremendous volume of other marine organisms are frequently pulverized by reactor condenser systems. One study estimated that more than 90 are scalded and discharged back into the water as lifeless sediment that clouds the water around the discharge area, blocking light from reaching the ocean or river floor, which further kills plant and animal life by curtailing photosynthesis and the production of oxygen. 377 During periods of low water levels, power plants induce even more environmental damage. Nuclear plants must extend intake pipes further into rivers and lakes, but as they approach the bottom of the water source, "they often suck up sediment, fish, and other debris... "371 Impingement and entrainment consequently account for substantial losses of fish and exact severe environmental consequences during the riparian environment's most vulnerable times. For example, federal environmental studies of entrainment during the 1980s at five power plants on the Hudson River in New York estimated grave year-class reductions in fish populations-the percent of fish killed within a given age class.3 79 One study concluded that the power plants were responsible for age reductions as high as 79 for some species.8 ° "An updated analysis of entrainment completed in 2000 at three of these plants estimated year-class reductions of 20 percent for striped bass, 25 percent for bay anchovy, and 43 percent for Atlantic tom cod. . ...,' Another study "evaluated entrainment and impingement impacts at nine . . . facilities along a 500 mile stretch of the Ohio River."3 2 The authors estimated that approximately 11.6 million fish were killed annually through impingement and 24.4 million fish from entrainment.3 The study calculated recreational related losses at about $8.1 million per year.3 4 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") calculated impingement losses at the Delaware Estuary Watershed at more than 9.6 million age-one equivalents of fish every year, or a loss of 332,000 pounds of fishery yield.385 The EPA calculated that entrainment related losses were even larger at 616 million fish, or a loss of sixteen million pounds of catch.38 Put into monetary value, the recreational fishing loss from impingement and entrainment at nuclear facilities was estimated to be about $5 million per year.38 ' Scientists also calculated that the cooling intake systems at the Crystal River Power Plant in Florida, ajoint nuclear and coal facility, kill about twenty-three tons of fish and shellfish every year.88 Top predators, such as gulf flounder and stingray "have either disappeared or changed their feeding patterns.3 8 9 In other parts of Florida, the economic losses induced from four power plants-Big Bend, PL Bartow, FJ Gannon, and Hookers Point-are estimated to be as high as $18.1 million.3s Similarly, in Southern California, marine biologists and ecologists found "that the San Onofre nuclear plant impinged nearly 3.5 million fish in 2003 .... 391 As a less noticed but equally important impact, water intake and discharge often alter natural patterns of water levels and flows. Such flows, part of the hydrological cycle, have a natural variability that differs daily, weekly, and seasonally.392 Plants and animals have adapted to these fluctuations, and such variability is a key component of ecosystem health.39 3 Withdrawals and discharges alter this natural cycle by removing water during drought conditions or discharging it at different times of the year with potentially serious, albeit not well-understood, consequences to ecosystem and habitat health.3 94 Interestingly, in some cases the environment has fought back, literally. "In September 1984, a flotilla ofjellyfish 'attacked' the St. Lucie nuclear plant in Florida, forcing both of its reactors to shut down for several days due to lack of cooling water."395 At the point of discharge, nuclear plant operators often treat cooling water with chlorine, anti-fouling, anti-microbial, and water conditioning agents "to limit the growth of mineral and microbial deposits that reduce... its heat transfer efficiency," 396 while "re-circulating water is treated with chlorine and biocides" to improve efficiency and eliminate nuisance organisms.39 7 What makes such treated water so effective in killing unwanted species, however, also makes it a potent "killer ofl nontarget organisms as well."398 Chlorine, biocides, and "their byproducts... present in discharged water plumes... are often toxic to aquatic life even at low concentrations."3 99 In addition, discharged cooling water is usually higher in temperature than intake waters, "making electric utilities the largest thermal discharger in the U.S."4 °° Significant temperature differences between the intake water and its discharge, or temperature deltas, "can contribute to destruction of vegetation, increased algae growth, oxygen depletion and strain the temperature range tolerance of organisms."4 °' Further, "impacts can be multiple and widespread, affecting numerous species at numerous life cycle stages."4 2 "In some cases, plants and animals are not able to survive in or adapt to higher temperature waters .. .403 In other cases, "warmer temperatures can send the wrong signals to species," disrupting natural cycles, while some species that thrive in warmer waters "move into the plume and then become susceptible to the 'cold shocks' that occur during periodic plant shutdowns."'4 ' In still other cases, the warmer temperature plumes attract invasive or unwanted species that drive out indigenous species and alter habitats, sometimes irreparably.4 5 Both spikes of high temperature and the persistent, increasing stress of fluctuations in temperature affect aquatic organisms.40 6 The problem is especially acute in "shallower waters that turn over more slowly and therefore have a harder time absorbing thermal impacts."4 °7 In some cases, the thermal pollution from nuclear plants can induce eutrophication-a process where the warmer temperatures that alters the chemical composition of the water, resulting in a rapid increase of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous.4 8 Rather than improving the ecosystem, such alterations usually cause "algal blooms, surface scums, floating plant mats" and other weedy growths that severely reduce water quality.40 9 In riparian environments, the enhanced growth of such choking algae and vegetation can collapse entire ecosystems.410 "This form of thermal pollution has been known to decrease the aesthetic and recreational value of rivers, lakes, and estuaries and complicate drinking water treatment." 

Biodiversity loss spills over and has a domino effect. Species extinction destroys biodiversity—means extinction.
Diner 94:
Diner, 1994 (Major David, JAG Corps, United States Army, Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, p. 170-173)
Like all animal life, humans live off of other species. At some point, the number of species could decline to the point at which the ecosystem fails, and then humans also would become extinct. No one knows how many *171 species the world needs to support human life, and to find out -- by allowing certain species to become extinct -- would not be sound policy. In addition to food, species offer many direct and indirect benefits to mankind. Ecological Value. -- Ecological value is the value that species have in maintaining the environment. Pest, n69 erosion, and flood control are prime benefits certain species provide to man. Plants and animals also provide additional ecological services -- pollution control, n70 oxygen production, sewage treatment, and biodegradation. n71 3. Scientific and Utilitarian Value. -- Scientific value is the use of species for research into the physical processes of the world. n72 Without plants and animals, a large portion of basic scientific research would be impossible. Utilitarian value is the direct utility humans draw from plants and animals. Only a fraction of the *172 earth's species have been examined, and mankind may someday desperately need the species that it is exterminating today. To accept that the snail darter, harelip sucker, or Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew n74 could save mankind may be difficult for some. Many, if not most, species are useless to man in a direct utilitarian sense. Nonetheless, they may be critical in an indirect role, because their extirpations could affect a directly useful species negatively. In a closely interconnected ecosystem, the loss of a species affects other species dependent on it. Moreover, as the number of species decline, the effect of each new extinction on the remaining species increases dramatically. 4. Biological Diversity. -- The main premise of species preservation is that diversity is better than simplicity. n77 As the current mass extinction has progressed, the world's biological diversity generally has decreased. This trend occurs within ecosystems by reducing the number of species, and within species by reducing the number of individuals. Both trends carry serious future implications. Biologically diverse ecosystems are characterized by a large number of specialist species, filling narrow ecological niches. These ecosystems inherently are more stable than less diverse systems. "The more complex the ecosystem, the more successfully it can resist a stress. . . .like a net, in which each knot is connected to others by several strands, such a fabric can resist collapse better than a simple, unbranched circle of threads -- which if cut anywhere breaks down as a whole." n79 By causing widespread extinctions, humans have artificially simplified many ecosystems. As biologic simplicity increases, so does the risk of ecosystem failure. The spreading Sahara Desert in Africa, and the dustbowl conditions of the 1930s in the United States are relatively mild examples of what might be expected if this trend continues. Theoretically, each new animal or plant extinction, with all its dimly perceived and intertwined affects, could cause total ecosystem collapse and human extinction. Each new extinction increases the risk of disaster. Like a mechanic removing, one by one, the rivets from an aircraft's wings, humankind may be edging closer to the abyss.
ot, humanity will face the grim consequences of its actions.” 

The evidence decisively concludes aff that fish feel pain-
Singer 13, Peter, Fish: the forgotten victims on our plate, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/sep/14/fish-forgotten-victims
Let’s assume that all this fishing is sustainable, though of course it is not. It would then be reassuring to believe that killing on such a vast scale does not matter, because fish do not feel pain. But the nervous systems of fish are sufficiently similar to those of birds and mammals to suggest that they do. When fish experience something that would cause other animals physical pain, they behave in ways suggestive of pain, and the change in behaviors may last several hours. (It is a myth that fish have short memories.) Fish learn to avoid unpleasant experiences, like electric shocks. And painkillers reduce the symptoms of pain that they would otherwise show. Victoria Braithwaite, a professor of fisheries and biology at Pennsylvania State University, has probably spent more time investigating this issue than any other scientist. Her recent book Do Fish Feel Pain? shows that fish are not only capable of feeling pain, but also are a lot smarter than most people believe. Last year, a scientific panel to the European Union concluded that the preponderance of the evidence indicates that fish do feel pain. Why are fish the forgotten victims on our plate? Is it because they are cold-blooded and covered in scales? Is it because they cannot give voice to their pain? Whatever the explanation, the evidence is now accumulating that commercial fishing inflicts an unimaginable amount of pain and suffering. We need to learn how to capture and kill wild fish humanely – or, if that is not possible, to find less cruel and more sustainable alternatives to eating them.

Contention 3 is Energy

The original justification for nuclear power was the global need for alternative energy sources. But this project has been an utter failure—nuclear energy accounts for roughly 11 of global energy production.
WNGC, World Nuclear Generation and Capacity, 2016, http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Statistics/World-Statistics/World-Nuclear-Generation-and-Capacity
According to the Nuclear Energy Institute (link is external), as of July 2015, there were 438 nuclear power reactors operating in 30 countries, and 67 new plants were under construction in 15 countries. They provided about 11 of the world's electricity in 2014 (the latest year global data are available - Nuclear Energy Institute (link is external)).

Analytic

Contention 4 is big picture weighing
Analytic 

Kritik Underview 

Activist focus on meta-issues breeds utopianism, which leads to the failure of the movement, Occupy Wall Street and The Farm empirically confirms. Only the combination of thought and action can create change.  
Murray 14, PhD Candidate in the Program in Modern Thought and Literature at Stanford University, Prefiguration or Actualization? Radical Democracy and Counter-Institution in the Occupy Movement, http://berkeleyjournal.org/2014/11/prefiguration-or-actualization-radical-democracy-and-counter-institution-in-the-occupy-movement/
Many commentators have lauded the movement as an example of prefigurative politics, which they see as the cutting edge of contemporary radical politics.3 However, an overemphasis on the value of prefiguration can be debilitating, leading to a focus on internal movement dynamics at the expense of building a broader movement, and a focus on symbolic expressions of dissent as opposed to the development of alternatives to actually replace existing political, economic and social institutions. Occupy Wall Street (OWS) suffered this fate, partly due to the perception that the encampment and the decision-making procedures were prefigurative, and the perception that prefigurative politics itself will lead to revolutionary transformations in the political, economic and social structure. While Occupy Wall Street foundered on the prefigurative obsession with movement process, a group of activists, students and local residents in the San Francisco Bay Area have sought to overcome these challenges. Since 2012, they have worked under the banner of Occupy the Farm (OTF) to created an agricultural commons on a parcel of publicly owned land. Unlike OWS, OTF has worked to establish a counter-institution grounded in material resources and production, that is ultimately meant to increase participants’ autonomy from the state and capitalism. In this way it has been able to link radical democracy and economic justice in a material way, rather than merely symbolically. As it is generally practiced and conceptualized today, prefigurative politics is an inadequate framework for developing radical democratic political strategy. Instead of prefiguration, we should redirect our efforts toward developing and linking democratic counter-institutions that produce and manage common resources. Occupy the Farm illustrates some of the potential and the challenges of such a strateg

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Semis | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Panel
Advocacy Text
Pain is bad and motivates us to be ethical, thus the standard is maximizing expected well being. I advocate that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. This aff is whole rez but draws advantages from different countries—neg can read any disad it wants to any country it wants and we just weigh costs and benefits holistically. I defend normal means—countries will phase out nuclear power similar to how Germany has. Lucas 12:
Lucas 12 Caroline Lucas, MP for Brighton Pavilion and a member of the cross-party parliamentary environment audit committee, “Why we must phase out nuclear power,” The Guardian, February 17, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power
Fukushima, like Chernobyl …. an airplane crash.

Contention 1 is Armenia 

The Metsamor power plant – Armenia’s only form of nuclear power – is incredibly dangerous. It uses old tech, is unreliable, and lies on earthquake territory.
Lavelle et al 11 Marianne Lavelle and Josie Garthwaite (National Geographic News) “Is Armenia's Nuclear Plant the World's Most Dangerous?” National Geographic News April 14th 2011 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/04/110412-most-dangerous-nuclear-plant-armenia/
In the shadow …. a new one.

Lavelle 2 continues: But the VVER ….  mitigation at all."
Armenian Meltdown would cause massive life loss, kill agriculture, and threaten four other countries.
Sahakyan 2 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) “Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area” Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb_b_9788186.html
So Armenia continues ….. Georgia and Iran. 

Contention 2 is Taiwan

Taiwan is uniquely vulnerable – nuclear meltdown is only a matter of time – 2 warrants. Shyi-min 15   
In addition, many ….  of nuclear power.
Tech can’t solve. Chao 16  Deputy Minister of … April or May.

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And, best case scenario for the neg is no meltdowns but even normally operating nuclear power plants significantly increase radiation risk. This means our impact is unavoidable. 

Alldred 9, Mary and Kristin Shrader-Frechette, 2012, Department of Ecology and Evolution at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, in Stony Brook, New York. Dr. Shrader-Frechette is O’Neill Fam- ily Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosoph, Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants, 2009,
http://www3.nd.edu/~kshrader/pubs/final-pdf-ej-nuke-siting-wi-Alldred_08-0544.pdf
Even when reactors …. southeastern United States.

Contention 3 is Animals

Nuclear power kills billions of aquatic animals and can lead to ecosystem collapse.
Cooper et al 8, Chistopher and Benjamin Sovacool, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices, Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion respectively, Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges, p.61, http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040andcontext=wmelpr
Nuclear plants do ….  drinking water treatment." 

Evidence decisively concludes aff that fish feel pain-
Singer 13, Peter, Fish: the forgotten victims on our plate, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/sep/14/fish-forgotten-victims
Let’s assume that … to eating them.