Tournament: all | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Hey, I'm Frances. You can contact me at franceszhuang7@gmail.com for cites or other questions. Ask me before reading whatever disclosure interp your coaches wrote for you

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 9 | Opponent: forgot | Judge: forgot
Counterplan text, resolved: Public colleges and universities in the united states ought not restrict any speech except for term papers produced by professionals who sell them to students who turn them in as original work for academic credit. DUKE clarifies competition:
Term Paper Companies and the Constitution, 1973 Duke Law Journal 1275-1317 (1974) Available at: http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol22/iss6/3
The preparation and sale of term papers involves not only written communication but also "
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protection as magazines which contain "nothing of any possible value to society."

The prevalence of students buying term papers from professionals, using "ghostwriting services", is incredibly high, and is a significant problem even in highly respected fields such as medicine. David Tomar, a former ghostwriter, writes:
David A. Tomar. Detecting and Deterring Ghostwritten Papers: A Guide to Best Practices. http://www.thebestschools.org/resources/detecting-deterring-ghostwritten-papers-best-practices/~~#Prevalence. FZ.
Before it is possible to prevent and police ghostwriting, one must understand the industry
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this: It is extremely easy for students to cheat using ghostwriting services.

Ghostwriting causes excessive medical prescription and drug dependence. McHenry 2010:
McHenry 10’-Leemon, "Of Sophists and Spin-Doctors: Industry-Sponsored Ghostwriting and the Crisis of Academic Medicine McHenry L," No Publication, http://msmonographs.org/article.asp?issn=0973-1229;year=2010;volume=8;issue=1;spage=129;epage=145;aulast=McHenry
There is little doubt that the ghostwritten publications are meant to influence physicians' prescribing habits
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on and over-use of drugs (House of Commons, 2005). 

Hundreds of thousands die from false reports made by ghostwriting.
Ellison No Date-, Shane xx-xx-xxxx, "How Big Pharma Lies To Doctors about The Medicine You are Taking," People's Chemist, https://thepeopleschemist.com/how-big-pharma-lies-to-doctors-about-the-medicine-you-are-taking/
Following doctor’s orders has become synonymous with danger. In my book, Over-The-Counter Natural Cures, I documented that every year, FDA- approved drugs kill twice as many people as the total number of U.S. deaths from the Vietnam War. Death by medicine flourishes because deceit, not science, governs a doctor’s prescribing habits. Working as a pharmaceutical chemist, I learned that the deceit comes in many forms. Medical ghostwriting and checkbook ‘science’ are the most prominent. Doctors rely on peer-reviewed medical journals to learn about prescription drugs. These journals include the Lancet, British Medical Journal, New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of the American Medical Association. It’s assumed that these professional journals offer the hard science behind any given drug. This assumption is wrong. Thanks to medical ghost-writing, medical journals can’t be trusted. Medical ghostwriting is the practice of hiring Ph.D.s to crank out drug reports that hype benefits while hiding negative side effects. Once complete, drug companies recruit doctors to put their name on the report as the authors. These reports are then published in the above mentioned medical journals. The carrot for this deceitful practice is money and prestige. Ghostwriters can receive up to $20,000 per report. Doctors receive prestige from having been published. As deplorable as medical ghostwriting sounds, it is more common than you think. Dr. Jeffrey Drazen, editor for the New England Journal of Medicine, insists that he cannot find drug review authors who do not have financial ties to drug companies. Dr. David Healy, of the University of Wales, predicts that 50 of the journals drug review articles are written by ghostwriters hired by Big Pharma.

Universities must take a harsh stance against cheating in order to ensure that education remains valuable and ethical. Professor Thomas writes in 2015:
Adele Thomas Prof of Management @ University of Johannesberg. Ghostwriters are Undermining Our Universities. August 22, 2015. http://www.newsweek.com/ghost-writers-are-undermining-our-universities-364897. FZ.
Universities exist to advance thought leadership and moral development in society. As such, their academics must be role models and must promote ethical behaviour within the academy. There should be a zero tolerance policy for academics who cheating. Extensive instruction should be provided to students about the pitfalls of cheating and they must be taught techniques to improve their academic writing skills. Universities must develop a culture of integrity and maintain this through ongoing dialogue about the values on which academia is based. They also need to develop institutional moral responsibility by really examining how student cheating is dealt with, confronting academics' resistance to reporting and dealing with such cheating, and taking a tough stand on student cheating. If this is done well then institutional values will become internalised and practised as the norm. Developing such cultures requires determined leadership at senior university levels.