Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Contact me with questions at: arloweiner19@students.oakwoodschool.org or better yet FB message me, but if I'm not friends with you make sure to friend request me 1st.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

1NC: Crime DA

Crime is low now.

Cooke 15 Charles C. "Careful with the Panic: Violent Crime and Gun Crime Are Both Dropping" National Review November 30^th 2015 http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/427758/careful-panic-violent-crime-and-gun-crime-are-both-dropping-charles-c-w-cooke JW
Since Friday’s shooting in Colorado Springs, I have spoken to a number of people
AND
getting better. Let’s be circumspect about tinkering and prodding at our success.

Without qualified immunity, police will be unable to effectively enforce law.

King 16 Andrew (assistant prosecuting attorney) "KEEP QUALIFIED IMMUNITY…FOR NOW" July 1^st 2016 Mimesis Law http://mimesislaw.com/fault-20lines/keep-qualified-immunity-for-now/11010 JW
If you want to see active policing plummet, tell law enforcement officers they will
AND
. Let’s figure out a better one before tearing down the old one.

Qualified immunity is key to deterring crime—multiple warrants.

Rosen 5 Michael (attorney in San Diego at Fish and Richardson PC, an intellectual property law fIrm. In 2003-2004 he served as a law clerk to The Honorable Marilyn L. Huff, Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 2003) "A Qualified Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases, With Some Suggestions for its Improvement" Golden Gate University Law Review Volume 35 Issue 2 Article 2 January 2005 http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1899andcontext=ggulrev JW
It is hard to deny that the more time police officers spend at trial defending
AND
immunity can play in reducing unnecessary costs and in improving deterrence of crime.

Active policing reduces crime.

NIJ 16 National Institute of Justice "Five Things About Deterrence" May 2016 http://nij.gov/five-things/pages/deterrence.aspx JW
Does punishment prevent crime? If so, how, and to what extent?
AND
capital punishment increases, decreases, or has no effect on homicide rates."

Low crime is key to soft power.

Falk 12 Richard (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights) "When soft power is hard" Al Jazeera July 28^th 2012 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/201272212435524825.html
This unabashed avowal of imperial goals is the main thesis of the article, perhaps
AND
appear that the adage, "disease unknown, cure unknown", applies.

Soft power is high now.

Nye 15 Joseph (Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Author, Is the American Century Over?) "Charting the Next American Century" March 4^th 2015 Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/united-states/charting-next-american-century/p36194~~#ER JW
NYE: This is what I think is crucial, which is the United States
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or entity, that has as much soft power as the United States.

Soft power solves multiple existential threats.

Lagon 11 Mark P. (International Relations and Security Chair at Georgetown University's Master of Science in Foreign Service Program and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the former US Ambassador-at-Large to Combat Trafficking in Persons at the US Department of State) "The Value of Values: Soft Power Under Obama" World Affairs Journal Sept/Oct 2011 http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/value-values-soft-power-under-obama~~#ER
Despite large economic challenges, two protracted military expeditions, and the rise of China
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and soft power better than the United States, something is seriously amiss.

Impact – CJS Reform

Crime increases prevent imminent CJS reform.

American Interest 15 The American Interest "Violent Crime Wave Could Swamp Prison Reform" American Interest September 2^nd 2015 http://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/09/02/violent-crime-wave-could-swamp-prison-reform/
We aren’t criminologists at Via Meadia, so we won’t wade into the fierce debate
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boom may be. Posted: Sep 2, 2015 9:11 AM

Tournament: Minneapple | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

Pt 1: Framework

1^st Humans construct all meaning and value. Two warrants:

A) There are no overarching moral doctrines to guide morality – only those we impose in the state of nature. PARRISH 04:

1. Rick Parrish 2.  2004  3.  The Johns Hopkins University Press  4. Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract  5. 1/5/16 6. Pg 4-7. 7. Rick Parrish teaches at Loyola University New Orleans. His current research is focused on the play of violence and respect within justice. He can be reached at parrish@loyno.edu http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0andtype=summaryandurl=/journals/theory'and'event/v007/7.4parrish.html
   Perhaps the single most telling quote from Hobbes on this point comes from The Philosophical
   AND
   things by humans in acts of creation rather than discovered as extrinsic facts."

B) It is impossible to compare between normative claims since those claims start from functionally different claims, making it impossible to rationally debate between frameworks.JOYCE:

Joyce, Richard. Myth of Morality. Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p 45-47.
This distinction between what is accepted from within an institution, and "stepping out
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count as evidence that would sway the debate one way or the other.

This precludes any derivation of an argument since those arguments are functionally impossible to compare themselves, making debate impossible.

The conclusion is adherence to the sovereign: since the sovereign's role is to provide a common meaning to notions like morality, the question of morality is the SAME question as the nature of the sovereign. PARRISH 2:

1. Rick Parrish 2.  2004  3.  The Johns Hopkins University Press  4. Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract  5. 1/5/16 6. Pg 4-7. 7. Rick Parrish teaches at Loyola University New Orleans. His current research is focused on the play of violence and respect within justice. He can be reached at parrish@loyno.edu http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0andtype=summaryandurl=/journals/theory'and'event/v007/7.4parrish.html
   All of the foregoing points to the conclusion that in the commonwealth the sovereign's first
   AND
   directions"60 and fall inevitably into the violence of the natural condition."

If there is no sovereign, we can’t understand any relevant assertions of language, so all assertions would be true that’s Parrish 1 – other things being false. This is because the truth-value of a definition is ultimately arbitrary. We may be able to bicker over technicalities, but the only real way to determine what a word means is an appeal to authority. Unless there is an ultimate authority in the form of a sovereign that can express its will, there is only interpretive chaos. This also means that the contextualization of the aff as limit is without a brightline since there is no logical cutoff point for which we can stop caring about qualified immunity. And if there is no sovereign, then we can’t understand who is right with competing claims. Which means the NC fw is a side constraint to the aff.

And, individuals don’t have rights against the state meaning that they cannot hold police as state actors accountable, so even if we do the aff it is useless because indaviduals ought not open civil suit against the police. FEINBURG 70:

Première publication dans The journal of Value Inquiry, Vol.4 (1970), pp.243-57; repris dans Joel Feinberg, Rights, justice, and the bounds of Liberty, Priceton University Press, Priceton, 1980, pp.159-184. La version originale de cet article contient des italiques omis par cette version numérique.
Feinberg, Joel (a political and social philosopher who did groundbreaking work in the fields of individual rights and the authority of the state), and Jan Narveson. "The nature and value of rights." The Journal of Value Inquiry 4.4 (1970): pg 247. URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.10072FBF00137935 Date Accessed: Feb 13 2016
Surely, one might ask, rights have to come in somewhere, if we
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in the words of David: "To Thee only have I sinned."

States define moral force, so, conditions that restrict sovereign choice are bad by definition since whenever they would come up they would be defined as wrong. But that’s just what rights are, so my framework means we can’t have rights.

Thus the standard is consistency with the power of the sovereign

Contentions

1. Qualified immunity allows police to carry out there duty to the state and gives them power without being accountable. Schott 12:

Qualified Immunity: How it Protects Law Enforcement Officers By Richard G. Schott J.D. September 2012 https://leb.fbi.gov/2012/september/qualified-immunity-how-it-protects-law-enforcement-officers
Law enforcement personnel expose themselves to risks every day. Those risks include the possibility
AND
the Air Force in violation of his First Amendment and other statutory rights.

2. This means that qualified immunity is integral in police performing duty towards the state without being held accountable which means better control over citizenry, we need to limit legislative power of the people, the state needs an unconditional monopolization on force Fichte 2:

J.G. Fichte, "Foundations of Natural Right: According to the Principles of the Wissenschaftslehre". Edited by Frederick Neuhouser, Cornell University. Translated by Michael Baur, Fordham University. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
This common will must be equipped with a power — and indeed a superior power
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to keep~; and therefore there exists the most perfect equilibrium of right.

3. Violations of soverign power necessarily come 1^st because only those can affect how we act in ethical situations meaning its only possible to give credence to police over citizenry.

Tournament: Alta | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
All my broken positions are on my wiki, also anything on Jack Warehams wiki is fair game. IF I AM BREAKING NEW I WILL TELL YOU, IF YOU INQUIRE. Also I only disclose past NR's or the 1NC strat if you disclose; Tell me; 

1. ROTB text (if ur reading one)
   2. EXACT PLAN TEXT (if ur reading a plan)
   3. Framework specifics/standard text
   4. Advantages

If I'm affirming i against you tell me;

1. ROTB text (if ur reading one)
   2. Exact CP and K alt texts
   3. Framework specifics/standard text of the NC or the K
   4. DA's (coal, drought, warming etc)
   5. FULL T INTERP TEXTS! (if you have bidirectional ones, tell me before the round what version of the aff is topical/ the one you want me to defend, Whole res, or plan? and i may take it into account to avoid a T debate also goes for spec shells)
   so yeah

So yeah I LOVE READING DISCLOSURE THEORY!
Interpretation: debaters must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name or another debaters WITH NOTIFICATION THAT UR READING FROM THEIR WIKI, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read at least an hour before the round begins.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
All my broken positions are on my wiki, also HEADS UP anything on Jack Warehams wiki is fair game. IF I AM BREAKING NEW I WILL TELL YOU, IF YOU INQUIRE. Also I only disclose past NR's or the 1NC strat if you tell me; 

1. ROTB text (if ur reading one)
   2. EXACT PLAN TEXT (if ur reading a plan)
   3. Framework specifics/standard text
   4. Advantages
   so yeah
   But tell me what that 1AC is. I LOVE READING DISCLOSURE THEORY!
   Interpretation: debaters must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name or another debaters WITH NOTIFICATION THAT UR READING FROM THEIR WIKI, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read at least an hour before the round begins.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quads | Opponent: X | Judge: X
NOTE: I will not be disclosing ANY unbroken positions in there entirety, FB message me if you want to hear past 2nr's or for a rough idea of what I will read against you.

Tournament: Minneapple | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Its the first tournament of the topic so coming up to me in prelims and asking me what I'm reading is very annoying and you probably won't get an answer and you need to chill and be fine with that. I will be breaking new almost every round and if I do read something it will go up on the wiki. Thats it. 

But you should tell me what ur reading
tell me...

1. ROTB text (if ur reading one)
   2. Exact CP and K alt texts
   3. Framework specifics/standard text of the NC or the K
   4. DA's (coal, drought, warming etc)
   5. FULL T INTERP TEXTS! (if you have bidirectional ones, tell me before the round what version of the aff is topical/ the one you want me to defend, Whole res, or plan? and i may take it into account to avoid a T debate) 

so yeah
I LOVE READING DISCLOSURE THEORY!
Interpretation: debaters must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name or another debaters WITH NOTIFICATION THAT UR READING FROM THEIR WIKI, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read at least an hour before the round begins.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

Part 1: Framework

1. All goods stem from liberty; It’s impossible to value without liberty; Fried 

I would say …that campaign. 

Next, liberty can only be properly protected by self-ownership, meaning the ability to exercise control of ones actions, so long as they don’t violate anyone else’s rights because external ownership means that the individual has no guarantee that their liberty will be protected.

2. Argumentation logically entails one’s exclusive property rights over one’s body.

Hoppe :
It must be considered the ultimate defeat for an ethical proposal if one can demonstrate
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so would already implicitly have to accept the very norm which he was disputing

3. Argumentation ethics necessarily leads to the rights of self-ownership and property acquisition. Kinsella 

Argumentation is a …to admit its truth).
This o/w the AC: as long as there is moral contestation of
AND
. Thus, the state cannot violate this right by use of coercion. 

And, states can’t interfere with the choices of individuals since:

When states interfere with people’s individual choices, they aggregate value, which is impossible since value is agent relative, i.e. value requires a valuer, and can’t be measured.
Interference with individual’s action implies that individuals aren’t automatically capable of choosing the correct moral
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Thus, the standard is consistency with libertarian self-ownership. Prefer:

1. Self-ownership provides the necessary framework for action and exercise of reason, making it a starting point for ethics and a prerequisite to answering other ethical questions. Boaz  writes:

Any theory of …rights are self-evident. 

2. Moral uncertainty means you default to my framework. A. if we are uncertain about values we should refrain from imposing them on people for risk of being wrong-and allow people to pursue their own ends at all costs so we don’t interfere with incorrect morality B. allowing people to pursue their ends allows them to explore their own conception of the good which increases the chance we will find an actual morality.

Part 2: Offense

1. Taxpayer Contention

I contend that the government cannot force taxation of person or business-2 warrants.

Otteson 2 James R. Otteson (professor of philosophy and economics at Yeshiva University) "Kantian Individualism and Political Libertarianism" The Independent Review, v. 13, n. 3, Winter 2009 12/31/14 JW
Poor relief and charitable activities, however, cannot be supported on these grounds because
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by his inherent personality" (Metaphysics of Morals, 1991, 155).

Dismantling nuclear power plants requires nuclear planners forced by the government to gouge there customers for decommissioning trusts NEI ‘15

Fact Sheets The Facts About Nuclear Decommissioning Trust Funds a href='/CorporateSite/media/filefolder/Policy/Fuel/Nuclear-Decommissioning-Trust-Funds'Fact-Sheet'March-2015.pdf?ext=.pdf' The Facts About Nuclear Decommissioning Trust Funds /a The Facts About Nuclear Decommissioning Trust Funds: No Reason to Change the Tax Rate on Earnings Oakwood AW
 "Payments made by electric utilities to decommissioning funds represent amounts collected from their
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to the marginal rate the customers would pay if they retained these funds.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

Deterrence theory is the root cause of nuclear fear making nuclear weapons a source of threat construction

Bondgraham 09 (Darwin, sociologist affiliated with UC Santa Barbara and a board member of the Los Alamos Study Group. "The ‘Nuclear Threat,’ and Other Mystical Approaches of Arms Control." pgs 15-16, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 15 2016
Critical examination of these concepts and what they mean to the established powers acting through
AND
of threat, coercion, and intimidation rather than of military victory."xlii

Nuclear fear justifies extinction with the death of the other

Masco ‘13 (Joseph P., Prof. of Anthropology and Social Sciences @ The University of Chicago, "Terror as normality" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 69(6), pp. 26–32) ZB Oakwood AW Cut August 10 2016
The SIOP target list would continue to grow through the 1980s, eventually including tens
AND
what would it take today to consider an actual end to such ends? 

The alternative is to recreate the policy of the 1AC on the grounds of a defetishizing critique

Santana 9
(Anne Harrington de Santana, She has a PhD from Department of Political Science from University of Chicago, "U.S. Nuclear Policy and Fetishism of Force," 13 March 2009, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 29 2016
The success of a defetishizing critique is independent of the success of the positive prescriptions
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evaluate some of the current policy proposal in light of these methodological commitments.

Links

Nuke Fetishization

Their idea that Nuclear weapons can protect us is fueled by a nuclear fetish which leaves us vulnerable

Santana 9
(Anne Harrington de Santana, She has a PhD from Department of Political Science from University of Chicago, "U.S. Nuclear Policy and Fetishism of Force," 13 March 2009, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 29 2016
Defetishizing critique is "a procedure of showing that what appears as a given is
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acknowledge that there is something about nuclear weapons that exceeds a materialist explanation.

Nuclear weapons complete the fetishism of force

Santana 9
(Anne Harrington de Santana, She has a PhD from Department of Political Science from University of Chicago, "U.S. Nuclear Policy and Fetishism of Force," 13 March 2009, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 29 2016
The fetishism of force is specific to the 19thand 20th century development of the nation
AND
, I privilege the structural nature of fetishism more particular to Marx’s usage.   

These social functions ensure nuclear development

Santana 9
(Anne Harrington de Santana, She has a PhD from Department of Political Science from University of Chicago, "U.S. Nuclear Policy and Fetishism of Force," 13 March 2009, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 29 2016
As the culmination of the fetishism of force, nuclear weapons function as a fetish
AND
to even the limited achievements such as the North Korean test in 2006.

Nuke Mystification

The mystification of nuclear weapons forecloses critical interrogation leading to a perpetuation of the hegemonic power structures - only demystification creates political opportunities to shift away from nuclear weapons

Bondgraham 09 (Darwin, sociologist affiliated with UC Santa Barbara and a board member of the Los Alamos Study Group. "The ‘Nuclear Threat,’ and Other Mystical Approaches of Arms Control." pgs 4-5, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 15 2016
Although created in the forge of science and technology, few subjects have been more
AND
scholars, or a new generation of antinuclear, anti-imperial scholars.

Foreign policy elites use this mystification to justify increasing nuclear capacities, making the military the "defender" of democracy.  That results in anti-democratic practices because elites can go against public opinion- Latin America interventions prove

Bondgraham 09 (Darwin, sociologist affiliated with UC Santa Barbara and a board member of the Los Alamos Study Group. "The ‘Nuclear Threat,’ and Other Mystical Approaches of Arms Control." pgs 7-9, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 15 2016
In bluntly characterizing the US system of government as a democracy, and especially by
AND
arsenal, when really this is no better than a raison d'etat.xxvi 

Deterrence Theory

Deterrence theory is the root cause of nuclear fear making nuclear weapons a source of threat construction

Bondgraham 09 (Darwin, sociologist affiliated with UC Santa Barbara and a board member of the Los Alamos Study Group. "The ‘Nuclear Threat,’ and Other Mystical Approaches of Arms Control." pgs 15-16, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 15 2016
Critical examination of these concepts and what they mean to the established powers acting through
AND
of threat, coercion, and intimidation rather than of military victory."xlii

Deterrence theory is the mature expression of fetishism of force

Santana 9
(Anne Harrington de Santana, She has a PhD from Department of Political Science from University of Chicago, "U.S. Nuclear Policy and Fetishism of Force," 13 March 2009, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 29 2016
In so far as Rational Deterrence Theory provided the intellectual framework through which Cold War
AND
the same time leaving U.S. cities more vulnerable than ever before

Nonproliferation

A focus on nonproliferation shifts away from disarmament which results in the perpetuation of the nuclear stockpile- eliminating the pretentious link between disarmament and nonproliferation is key to challenge our approach to nuclear weaponry

Falk 15 (Richard, an international law and international relations scholar who taught at Princeton University for forty years. Since 2002 he has lived in Santa Barbara, California, and taught at the local campus of the University of California in Global and International Studies and since 2005 chaired the Board of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. "The Nuclear Challenge: 70 Years After Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1)" https://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2015/08/18/the-nuclear- challenge-70- years-after- hiroshima-and- nagasaki-1/, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 28 2016
The liberal version of this deceptive Faustian Bargain is the claim that the NPT and
AND
abolition of nuclear weaponry in a period of not more than seven years.

The fetish of nuclear weapons defines our international relations and the NPT codified the nuclear hierarchy

Santana 9
(Anne Harrington de Santana, She has a PhD from Department of Political Science from University of Chicago, "U.S. Nuclear Policy and Fetishism of Force," 13 March 2009, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 29 2016
The hegemonic interpretation of the new technologies that had been used to produce the atomic
AND
a structure of social relations defined historically by the originating event of WWII.

Impact

War - Theory

The "nuclear threat" does not represent an existential threat, but rather leads geopolitical violence that transcends the nation-state and is caused by the existence of nuclear weapons.

Bondgraham 09 (Darwin, sociologist affiliated with UC Santa Barbara and a board member of the Los Alamos Study Group. "The ‘Nuclear Threat,’ and Other Mystical Approaches of Arms Control." pgs 10-12, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 15 2016
The mystifying aspects of NTI's work (as well as most other leading arms control
AND
, but there are not so common interests in the nuclear age.xxxiii 

Nuclear fear normalizes the notion of extinction and makes nuclear war possible

Masco ‘13 (Joseph P., Prof. of Anthropology and Social Sciences @ The University of Chicago, "Terror as normality" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 69(6), pp. 26–32) ZB Oakwood AW Cut August 10 2016
The Cold War nuclear stand-off installed existential threat as a core structure of
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closer in an attempt to fix its location with ever more precision.  

War – Empirics

The discourse of nuclear fear leads to preemptive wars, imperialism, and other atrocities

Masco 13 (Joseph Masco, PhD, UC San Diego 1999, Professor of Anthropology and of the Social Sciences at University of Chicago, writes and teaches courses on science and technology, U.S. national security culture, political ecology, mass media, and critical theory. He is the author of The Nuclear Borderlands: The Manhattan Project in Post-Cold War New Mexico (Princeton University Press, 2006), which won the 2008 Rachel Carson Prize from the Society for the Social Studies of Science and the 2006 Robert K. Merton Prize from the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology of the American Sociology Association. His work as been supported by the American Council of Learned Societies, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Wenner-Gren Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. His current work examines the evolution of the national security state in the United States, with a particular focus on the interplay between affect, technology, and threat perception within a national public sphere. Imperial Debris: On Ruins and Ruination, Edited by Ann Laura Stoler, pp. 278-281) ZB Oakwood AW Cut August 10 2016
Reclaiming the emotional history of the atomic bomb is crucial today, as nuclear fear
AND
the psychosocial space defined by the once and future promise of nuclear ruins. 

The discourse of nuclear fear leads to preemptive wars, imperialism, and other atrocities

Masco 13 (Joseph Masco, PhD, UC San Diego 1999, Professor of Anthropology and of the Social Sciences at University of Chicago, writes and teaches courses on science and technology, U.S. national security culture, political ecology, mass media, and critical theory. He is the author of The Nuclear Borderlands: The Manhattan Project in Post-Cold War New Mexico (Princeton University Press, 2006), which won the 2008 Rachel Carson Prize from the Society for the Social Studies of Science and the 2006 Robert K. Merton Prize from the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology of the American Sociology Association. His work as been supported by the American Council of Learned Societies, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Wenner-Gren Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. His current work examines the evolution of the national security state in the United States, with a particular focus on the interplay between affect, technology, and threat perception within a national public sphere. Imperial Debris: On Ruins and Ruination, Edited by Ann Laura Stoler, pp. 278-281) ZB Oakwood AW Cut August 10 2016
Reclaiming the emotional history of the atomic bomb is crucial today, as nuclear fear
AND
the psychosocial space defined by the once and future promise of nuclear ruins. 

The inability of the nuclear stockpile to create security results in a self-fulfilling prophecy of violence- Iraq proves

Bondgraham 09 (Darwin, sociologist affiliated with UC Santa Barbara and a board member of the Los Alamos Study Group. "The ‘Nuclear Threat,’ and Other Mystical Approaches of Arms Control." pgs 13-14, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 15 2016
In a world in which two states (US and Russia) possess ~95
AND
latter definition is more in agreement with prevailing legal interpretations of "threat."

Warming

The fear of a nuclear war trades off with efforts to deal with climate change

Masco 8
(Joseph P. Masco, he has a PhD from Department of Anthroplogy and Social Sciences from University of San Diego, "Bad Weather: On Planetary Crisis," 14 November 2008, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 9 2016
In other words, the Katrina as Hiroshima discourse is an act of translation,
AND
biosphere requires nothing less than a post-national vision of American power.

Warming outweighs Nuclear War

Masco 8
(Joseph P. Masco, he has a PhD from Department of Anthroplogy and Social Sciences from University of San Diego, "Bad Weather: On Planetary Crisis," 14 November 2008, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 9 2016
Recent studies of large-scale nuclear war (5000- to 10,000
AND
a security discourse that frequently identified nuclear war itself as the "unthinkable." 

Security Failure

Nuclear weapons provide no material protection and causes security to fail

Santana 9
(Anne Harrington de Santana, She has a PhD from Department of Political Science from University of Chicago, "U.S. Nuclear Policy and Fetishism of Force," 13 March 2009, PDF, ~RA~) Oakwood AW Cut August 29 2016
The third theme is personalization. By this Pietz is referring to "the material
AND
of belief which may or may not correspond to the level of reality.

Alt Extensions

Affinity Politics

Affinity politics is key to stop the reproduction of hegemonic security

Davis 15 (Sasha, Professor of Geography and Environmental Science @ University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, "The Empire’s Edge: Militarization, Resistance and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific", pg. 22- 3, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 20 2016
As far as tactics, the affinity-seeking power of the newest social movements
AND
security comes from a nity and connection rather than domination and military violence.

Scholarship Key

Scholarship is key to shed light on US nuclear internal struggles and policy formation- only that creates solutions to solve proliferation

Bondgraham 09 (Darwin, sociologist affiliated with UC Santa Barbara and a board member of the Los Alamos Study Group. "The ‘Nuclear Threat,’ and Other Mystical Approaches of Arms Control." pgs 19-20, PN) Oakwood AW Cut August 15 2016
There is also a lack of attention on the fragmented political forces in the United
AND
budget is approximately as large as the rest of the world's combined.lii

Debate Key

Using public spaces like debate forces people to be confronted with the mystery and stigma of nuclear weapons

Masco 5 (Joseph Masco, PhD, UC San Diego 1999, Professor of Anthropology and of the Social Sciences at University of Chicago, writes and teaches courses on science and technology, U.S. national security culture, political ecology, mass media, and critical theory. He is the author of The Nuclear Borderlands: The Manhattan Project in Post-Cold War New Mexico (Princeton University Press, 2006), which won the 2008 Rachel Carson Prize from the Society for the Social Studies of Science and the 2006 Robert K. Merton Prize from the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology of the American Sociology Association. His work as been supported by the American Council of Learned Societies, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Wenner-Gren Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. His current work examines the evolution of the national security state in the United States, with a particular focus on the interplay between affect, technology, and threat perception within a national public sphere. "The Billboard Campaign: The Los Alamos Study Group and the Nuclear Public Sphere", 2005, http://publicculture.dukejournals.org/content/17/3/487.citation) ZB Oakwood AW Cut August 10 2016
In the domestic realm of U.S. politics, the nuclear weapons complex
AND
forced activists to seek an alternative public sphere to mobilize for change.

Tournament: Alta | Round: Triples | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

A. Interpretation: The aff must specify a comprehensive role of the ballot and clarify how the round will play out under that role of the ballot in the form of a text in the 1AC. To clarify, the aff must:

1. Clarify how we determine what a legitimate advocacy is and how offense links back to the role of the ballot, such as whether topicality constrains the aff advocacy or not.

2. Every plank of the ROB must be warranted, just like the standard text for a normative ethical theory, and what area of debate must be warranted i.e. which assumptions we should accept and which we shouldn’t.

3. Clarify what theoretical objections do and do not link to the aff, and whether or not the aff comes before theory.

4. Describe how to weigh and compare between competing advocacies i.e. whether the role of the ballot is solely determined by the flow or another method of engagement.

B. Violation:

C. Standards:

1. Engagement – If I...offense. Few impacts:

a) Education – when two ships pass in the night we don’t learn anything, education is derived from analyzing and comparing each other’s arguments, so this theory argument is specifically legitimate. Not being able to crystallize on one issue is the definition of bad education. CHOKSHI:

Niraj Chokshi is a former staff editor at TheAtlantic.com, where he wrote about technology. He is currently freelancing How Do We Stop the Internet From Making Us Stupid? JUN 8 2010 http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/06/how-do-we-stop-the-internet-from-making-us-stupid/57796/
When it comes to focus, turning on the spotlight may not matter as much
AND
superficial thinking, how do we fight back? Carr offers some advice:

b) Resolvability – if there...a gateway issue.

c) Link turns your... position can create.

d) Having clearly defined parameters and guidelines on the role of the ballot debate is a prerequisite to debate itself. SHIVELY:

Shively, Michael ~Prof Politics at Texas AandM~. "Partisan Politics and Political Theory" (p.181-2)
The ambiguists must say "no" to—they must reject and limit—
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

All rules aren’t the same – agreement on the meanings of terms is not only necessary for debate but enables resistance. SHIVELY 2:

Shively, Michael ~Prof Politics at Texas AandM~. "Partisan Politics and Political Theory" (p.181-2)
The point may seem trite, as surely the ambiguists would agree that basic terms
AND
good arguments. Such agreements are simply implicit in the act of argumentation.

2. Strategy Skew – You...in your position.

Further, warranting every...access the ballot.

Narrowing the debate to a specific question is key to effective discussion and decision-making, there’s real-world evidence. STEINBERG and FREELEY: 

Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
a particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion

Framing: You can’t...in the AC.

D. Voter:

Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook NA | Judge: Liz Letak

Creating the role of the judge as an educator that needs to enforce certain social norms forces the judge into the coercive role that makes any attempts at meaningful education pointless and actually reintrenches an authoritarian logic of violence

Thomas Rickert, "Hands Up, You’re Free": Composition in a Post-Oedipal World, 2001
An example of the connection between violence and pedagogy is implicit in the notion of
AND
also opens up a cynical distance toward the writing pro duced in class. 

Outweighs: a) any substantive This turns case.

Thomas Rickert, "Hands Up, You’re Free": Composition in a Post-Oedipal World, 2001
This essay will employ Deleuze's and Zizek's theories to illustrate the limitations of writing pedagogies
AND
observes, "nothing is more aggressive than the desire to serve the other

Outweighs: a) even if critical b) even if it...pedagogy from its warrants.

Drop the Debater
A. The abuse has...Discourse damage is irreversible.
B. Drop the debate...future oppressive practices

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

DA

Producing ultra pure Plutonium 238 requires irradiation from nuclear reactors US patents:

Process for producing ultra-pure plutonium-238 US 6896716 B1 https://www.google.com/patents/US6896716** Oakwood AW

A method for producing ultra-pure Pu-238 is provided. The method comprises the steps of short-term irradiating Am-241 targets with a high, thermal neutron flux greater than 6.5×10¹⁴neutrons cm⁻²s⁻¹and more preferably greater than 1×1015neutrons cm⁻²s⁻¹for a predetermined period of time preferably from 20 days to 30 days and more preferably approximately 25 days to convert a substantial fraction of the Am-241 to Cm-242, e.g., approximately 0.555 g of Cm-242 per g of Am-241 charged, thereafter promptly chemically separating the produced Cm-242, preferably within 10 days to 20 days of the irradiation cycle of the Am-241 targets and more preferably within about 15 days of the irradiation cycle of the Am-241 targets, and recovering the ultra-pure Pu-238 decay product of the separated Cm-242.

====Nuclear power is key to space exploration FEB ‘15====
The Financial Express (Bangladesh) December 31, 2015 Thursday Space fuel: Plutonium-238 created after 30-Year wait LENGTH: 413 words DATELINE: Bangladesh LANGUAGE: ENGLISH PUBLICATION-TYPE: Newspaper http://www.lexisnexis.com.shs-13.scarsdaleschools.k12.ny.us:2048/hottopics/scholastic/** Oakwood AW
Two years ago, NASA began funding a new effort to produce plutonium-238
AND
30 milliliters) - or enough to characterize the substance, he said. 

The politics of the aff stipulating nuclear power is bad is just that, politics, in reality in the context of space exploration nothing could be further from the truth Rudo:

Nuclear Propulsion and What It Means to Space Exploration STANDARD END written by Brian Rudo on March 05, 2003 http://www.redcolony.com/art.php?id=0303050~~#Nuclear'Propulsion'and'What'It'Means'to'Space'Exploration** Oakwood AW
Public disfavor with anything nuclear has extended itself into space. When the Cassini probe
AND
be propelled by nuclear electric propulsion, with power generated from nuclear fission.

====And a ban at this point is uniquely bad FEB ‘15====
The Financial Express (Bangladesh) December 31, 2015 Thursday Space fuel: Plutonium-238 created after 30-Year wait LENGTH: 413 words DATELINE: Bangladesh LANGUAGE: ENGLISH PUBLICATION-TYPE: Newspaper http://www.lexisnexis.com.shs-13.scarsdaleschools.k12.ny.us:2048/hottopics/scholastic/** Oakwood AW
Bangladesh, Dec. 31 — Scientists have produced a powder of plutonium-238
AND
for space missions. However, Russia has also stopped producing the material.

Also the programs for using this tech are just now coming to fruition we really shouldn’t stop at this point RIAN 3/21:

Russia's Rosatom Receives First Batch of Fuel for Space Nuclear Engine Corporation BYLINE: РИА Новости,РИАН LENGTH: 145 words LANGUAGE: ENGLISH PUBLICATION-TYPE: Newswire JOURNAL-CODE: 244 http://www.lexisnexis.com.shs-13.scarsdaleschools.k12.ny.us:2048/hottopics/scholastic/ March 21, 2016 Monday Oakwood AW
MOSCOW, March 21 (Sputnik) - Russia's Rosatom state-run nuclear energy
AND
of space tasks, including research programs of the Moon and distant planets.

If CP

PIC Text: Do the aff with the exception of nuclear thermal propulsion reactors used for space exploration NEI ’16:

http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-Energy-Applications/Space-Exploration Oakwood AW
Unmanned spacecraft rely on radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for the power they need
AND
, where spacecraft are too far from the sun to use solar power.

Mars ADV

Key to mars exploration Rudo:

Nuclear Propulsion and What It Means to Space Exploration STANDARD END written by Brian Rudo on March 05, 2003 http://www.redcolony.com/art.php?id=0303050~~#Nuclear'Propulsion'and'What'It'Means'to'Space'Exploration Oakwood AW
Also at times called nuclear rocketry is another, more practical method that uses propellant
AND
both successfully built full-scale functioning rocket engines using nuclear thermal propulsion.

Mars exploration is key to gathering information for eventual colonization – it’s the first step, NASA ’09:

NASA 2009. (National Aerospace and Space Adminstration, oversees space RandD) 10/30/09. "A Mars Rover Named "Curiosity""http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/30oct'curiosity/ Oakwood AW
If you found your grandmother's diary, tattered and dust covered, up in the
AND
we need to use to find out." Now – where's that diary? 

Mars is the only option – efforts to colonize are crucial for long-term survival.

Schulze-Makuch and Davies ‘10 , Oakwood AW
There are several ...for all humanity.  

Framing + Impact

Ten to the thirty-second power lives are lost each second we delay space colonization. Bostrom  Oakwood AW

Suns are illuminating ... lives per second.  

Space colonization is key-it’s time to leave Earth or face extinction. Fox:

Fox News 10 (Fox News, "Abandon Earth or Face Extinction, Stephen Hawking Warns – Again", http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/08/09/abandon-earth-face-extinction-warns-stephen-hawking/, 6/9/10) Oakwood AW
It's time to abandon Earth, warned the world's most famous theoretical physicist. In
AND
species should be safe, as we spread into space," he said.

And, dispersal of humanity across space is key to reducing existential threats to Earth – other species extinction cases prove. Sowers:

Sowers, 2 (George Sowers, transhumanist, "The Transhumanist Case for Space," April 2002, http://www.georgesowers.com/Other'pdf/The'trans'case'for'space.pdf) Oakwood AW
What can we do to maximize our odds of survival, irrespective of what those
AND
far less exposed to extinction by our own stupidity or just bad luck.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quads | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Interpretation: The aff debater may not specify a particular country or group of countries in the plan text, they must defend all countries.

Interpretation: The Aff must defend prohibiting nuclear power in multiple countries. 

Interpretation: The Aff must specify one country as an actor

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

Nuke War DA

====Taiwan is dangerously energy dependent nuclear power is their last hope super charges likelihood of the DA’s occurring Liao and Jhou ‘13====
https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-severe-energy-security-challenges/  OP-EDTaiwan’s Severe Energy Security Challenges Huei-Chu Liao and Sih Ting Jhou Thursday, September 12, 2013 Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW
Taiwan depends on imports for near 98 percent of its energy consumption, and almost
AND
Middle East. Data from Energy Statistics Handbook, 2012, BOE, MOEA

Also demand for energy in Taiwan is growing at a dangerous rate WE ARE ON THE THRESHOLD ONLY THE CP SOLVES BOE ‘13

https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-severe-energy-security-challenges/  OP-EDTaiwan’s Severe Energy Security Challenges Huei-Chu Liao and Sih Ting Jhou Thursday, September 12, 2013 Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW
The Bureau of Energy (BOE) in the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA
AND
very difficult to achieve meaningful reductions in energy consumption in the near future.

Taiwan needs nuclear power but their plants are being shut down, a ban could destroy everything means that affirming instantly triggers the DA’s no turns or way around it Shapiro ‘13

Don Shapiro (1 March 2013). "Taiwan Economy: Near-term Uptick, Longer-term Challenges". The Brookings Institution. Retrieved 20 August 2015. Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW
Former president Lee Teng-hui in 2013 stated that Taiwan could not afford to
AND
party aimed to phase out nuclear power in Taiwan by 2025.^~31~

====MULTIPLE SENARIOS  ====

====1. Taiwan economic crisis means China and Taiwan reunification SCAS ’10 ====

====https://www.gwu.edu/~~sigur/assets/docs/asia'report/March10'Taiwan'Economic'Crisis.pdf TAIWAN, ASIA, AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS THE SIGUR CENTER FOR ASIAN STUDIES ASIA REPORT ISSUE NO. 8, MARCH 2010 Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW====
Finally , Y ang ...the world stage. 

====2. Tensions are growing Taiwan rejoining China will cause nuclear war White ‘15====
Would America Risk a Nuclear War with China over Taiwan? http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/would-america-risk-nuclear-war-china-over-taiwan-12808 Hugh White May 5, 2015 THE BUZZ Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW
After a decade of relative harmony, tensions between Beijing and Taipei are rising again
AND
The possibility of nuclear attacks on US cities would have to be considered. 

We have THE STRONGEST LINK: US and China on the brink of nuclear war – economic decline leads to nuclear war Symonds 5/30 2016

====(Peter, 5/30/2016, Peter Symonds is part of the WSWS (World Socialist Web Site) international editor board and The World Socialist Web Site is published by the International Committee of the Fourth International, the leadership of the world socialist movement, the Fourth International founded by Leon Trotsky in 1938, World Socialist Web Site, "The danger of nuclear war between the US and China", https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2016/05/30/pers-m30.html**) Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW====
Last week’s G7 throughout the region.

Even if that’s not true China will invade at the drop of a hat Taiwan – 6 reasons Tiezzi

Shannon Tiezzi, is Editor at The Diplomat. Her main focus is on China, and she writes on China’s foreign relations, domestic politics, and economy. Shannon previously served as a research associate at the U.S.-China Policy Foundation, where she hosted the weekly television show China Forum. She received her A.M. from Harvard University and her B.A. from The College of William and Mary. Shannon has also studied at Tsinghua University in Beijing, 11-03-15, Online: "http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/6-reasons-china-would-invade-taiwan/", Article: "6 Reasons China Would Invade Taiwan" Accessed on: 06-29-16AW
Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense submitted its 2015 report on mainland China’s military to the
AND
Sea) and to set up a code of conduct to reduce tensions.

Nuke war causes multiple scenarios for extinction Starr:

====Starr 2000 – Nuclear Engineer; http://cndyorks.gn.apc.org/news/articles/nwinter.htm Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW====
You would think the Northern Hemisphere.

Econ DA

1^st cross apply Shapiro 13 that no nuke power for Taiwan means their econ collapses

Next, Taiwan is the most important country in the global economy (multiple warrants) and even if it isn’t it is the controls the lynchpin to global economic destruction Chang ‘13

By Ta-tung Jacob Chang - 07/23/13 10:00 PM EDT http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/312985-the-importance-of-us-taiwan-economic-relations The importance of US-Taiwan economic relations Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW
Taiwan is one of the most dynamic nations in Asia. Taiwan shows how it
AND
of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the U.S.

3^rd Economic Collapse causes multiple scenarios of nuclear war Friedberg and Schoenfeld

(Aaron, professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School and Gabriel, senior editor of Commentary, is a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton, N.J., October 21, 2008, Wall Street Journal, "The Dangers of a Diminished America", http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html, June 27, 2012) Cut 8/23/16 Oakwood AW
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture
AND
disastrous effects of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

CP

====CP Text: Do the aff with the exception of Taiwan: Mutually exclusive because 1) the word countries in the res means multiple nations which would already exclude any one country ban 2) The existence of nuclear power production by way of the CP is the opposite of the resolution so any perm is a reason to negate. ====

Lastly the CP becomes an option in the 2nr

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quads | Opponent: X | Judge: X

Negate means …debate is structured.

The structure of action can only be explained through practical reason. Rodl 

Calculation from desire …be doing B.

This outweighs the aff framework.

A. 

B. 

This coopts actor specificity—societies are just collections of individuals acting through reasoning. Laurence 

It is …through their reasoning.

Rational agency requires you identify with the principle of choice that causes your action. Korsgaard 

The first step …on which you act.

Thus, the sufficient negative burden is to prove that the res is impossible here are a shit ton of reasons why.

1. To prohibit is to …is thus impossible.

2. Government people have …has been achieved.

3. To act in …produce again, etc.

4. There’s no way …about the principle.

5. Countries can’t will…by state power.

6. Countries are defined …nfringement of will.  

7. It’s impossible to ban production of Nuclear energy because its occurrence is natural and impossible to limit also nuclear power plants occur naturally Templeton ’14:

2 billion-year-old African nuclear reactor proves that Mother Nature still has a few tricks up her sleeve by Graham Templeton on May 1, 2014 at 10:42 am http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/181620-2-billion-year-old-african-nuclear-reactor-proves-that-mother-nature-still-has-a-few-tricks-up-her-sleeve Cut 8/12/16 Oakwood AW
We tend to think that humans are the only possible source of complex machinery on
AND
of research, but its depths are still producing lessons for US regulators.

Here is another example Mervine 11

Evelyn "Nature's Nuclear Reactors: The 2-Billion-Year-Old Natural Fission Reactors in Gabon, Western Africa" Scientific American July 13^th 2011 http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/natures-nuclear-reactors-the-2-billion-year-old-natural-fission-reactors-in-gabon-western-africa/ JW
Two billion years ago— eons before humans developed the first commercial nuclear power plants
AND
about 1,000 megawatts, which would power about ten million lightbulbs.

Also science confirms prohibition of nuclear energy is impossible it’s like banning oxygen our universe is filled with radiation and nuclear degradation US NRC:

Natural Background Sources http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/around-us/sources/nat-bg-sources.html Cut 8/12/16 Oakwood AW
The Earth itself is a source of terrestrial radiation. Radioactive materials (including uranium
AND
most of the dose that Americans receive each year from natural background sources.

8. Nuclear force is …to prohibit that.

Tournament: Minneapple NA | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Negate means …debate is structured.
The structure of action can only be explained through practical reason. Rodl
Categories of the Temporal. An inquiry into the forms of the finite understanding, Harvard University Press 2012. https://voices.uchicago.edu/germanphilosophy/papers/
Calculation from desire …be doing B.

This outweighs the aff framework.

A.
B.
This coopts actor specificity—societies are just collections of individuals acting through reasoning.
It is …through their reasoning.

Rational agency requires you identify with the principle of choice that causes your action. Korsgaard
(Christine, “Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution,” in The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology) OS bracketed for gender
The first step …on which you act.

Thus, the sufficient negative burden is to prove that the res is impossible here are a shit ton of reasons why.

1. A...impossible.
   2. Government...achieved.
   3. To ...etc.
   4. There’s...principle.
   5. Countries...policy.
   6. It’s...idea.
   7. We...reasoning.
   8. The universe is limitless and infinitely expanding, probably means that any limit is impossible and a useless exercise of moral reasoning. Dictionary.com 2016:
   9. Law’s...inconsistent.
   10. We...nullified.
   1. There...inconsistent
      12. They...nullified.