Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rowland Hall AA | Judge: Scott Pettit

Alta AC R1 OAKWOOD AW

I affirm

I will defend and spec whatever you want in CX but its not relevant to the aff
I reserve the right to clarify
There is an interp under which the aff lies so T interps should be checked and we should use reasonability to avoid silly debates 

Pt 1: Framework

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy through competing util claims. Prefer this

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate means blanket state bad and reps claims aren’t relevant.

Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact" Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17^th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
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the resolution: The US ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers.

Therefore, the value criterion, or the way to achieve morality, is maximizing expected wellbeing through policy action.  Justification 1. Maintaining equality is necessary under any conception of morality.

Gosepath  explains
This fundamental idea of equal respect for all persons and of the equal worth or equal dignity of all human beings (Vlastos 1962) is accepted as a minimal standard by all leading schools of modern Western political and moral culture. Any political theory abandoning this notion of equality will not be found plausible today. In a period in which metaphysical, religious and traditional views have lost their general plausibility (Habermas 1983, p. 53, 1992, pp. 39-44), it appears impossible to peacefully reach a general agreement on common political aims without accepting that persons must be treated as equals. As a result, moral equality constitutes the ‘egalitarian plateau’ for all contemporary political theories (Kymlicka 1990, p.5).  

Justification 2. Util is the best option to ensure equal treatment of all people.

CUMMISKEY writes:_{I
f the moral law is based on the value of rational beings and their ends
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, util is the best moral theory since it evaluates those end states.  

Justification 3. Policymakers cannot act upon non-consequentialist moral principles—they must only use principles they can justify to the public—they must maximize overall expected wellbeing.

Woller  
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
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offs implied by their polices are somehow to the overall advantage of society.

Justification 4. Actor Specificity – States Use Util – it’s the only moral system available to policy makers – proves only my framework can evaluate the resolution

Goodin Robert Goodin, fellow in philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, 1990, p. 141-2
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
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want to use it at all – to chose general rules or conduct. 

Also means we must within reason minimize existential threats if we are all dead we cannot pursue moral truth.

Pt 2: Advocacy

I contend that The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing clearly established standards doctrine but if that is an issue I also defend the topic as a general principle.

Solvency

The Supreme Court is going to limit qualified immunity by way of the plan and affirmation of the topic.

Constitutional challenges are inevitable Hill 06:

(Lisa Hill, Senior ARC Fellow in Politics at the University of Adelaide, Low Voter Turnout in the United States: Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?, Journal of Theoretical Politics 2006 18: 207, http://jtp.sagepub.com/content/18/2/207)
Potential constitutional barriers are also an obvious concern. It does seem inevitable that qualified
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may not look so favourably upon legislation of a considerably more controversial nature.

Also it must be limited because the very notion of qualified immunity is based on a false legal premise: Reinhardt 15

Stephen (circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit) "The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences" 113 Mich. L. Rev. 1219 (2015) JW
As in the habeas context, the doctrinal evolution of qualified immunity was not inevitable
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has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.

Next

Overturning laws on unconstitutional or unlawful grounds reaffirms the legitimacy of the Supreme Court which is incredibly important.

Rosenfeld 04:
(Professor of Constitutional Law, Constitutional Adjudication in Europe and the United States: Paradoxes and Contrast International Journal of Constitutional Law Volume 2, Number 2, October 650-1 TC)
In theory at least, common law adjudication need not involve repudiation of precedents,
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constitutional adjudicator seems more delicate and precarious than that of her continental counterpart.   

And enforcing controversial decisions like repealing the qualified immunity doctrine builds legal legitimacy  LAW 09:

(David S., Professor of Law and Political Science – Washington University, "A Theory of Judicial Power and Judicial Review", Georgetown Law Journal, March, 97 Geo. L.J. 723, Lexis)
Part IV of this Article discusses a counterintuitive implication of a coordination-based account
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Brown v. Board of Education 27 and Cooper v. Aaron. 28

Pt 3: Advantages

Adv 1: US militarism

1. Qualified immunity standards mean courts don’t even have to decide whether the police violated the constitution, which causes large amounts of rights violations and undermines the authority of courts Reinhardt 15:

Stephen (circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit) "The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences" 113 Mich. L. Rev. 1219 (2015)
Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified im- munity
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to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.

2. A strong judiciary is key to check executive abuses – deference spills over to affect conduct of war which saves lives and reaffirms American Legitimacy. Blank and Guiora 10:

(Laurie R. is the Director of Emory Law's International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Amos N. is a Professor of Law at the University of Utah's SJ Quinney College of Law, Judicial Abdication in Times of War: Lessons Not Yet Learned, Jurist, 13 September 2010, http://jurist.org/forum/2010/09/judicial-abdication-in-times-of-war-lessons-not-yet-learned.php)
"The Constitution entrusts the President - not the Judiciary - with the conduct of
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the court is abdicating its role in enforcing our domestic and international obligations.

Adv 2: Strengthens Democracy

1. Perception of legal legitimacy is low now Reinhardt 15:

Stephen (circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit) "The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences" 113 Mich. L. Rev. 1219 (2015) JW
III. Particularly Unfortunate Consequences This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the
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wrong, is that justice in this nation is stacked against them.164

2. Judicial activism from things like the plan is a model for constitutional democracy Horowitz, Journal of Democracy Writer 06:

(Donald L., "Constitutional Courts: A Primer For Decision Makers", http://muse.jhu.edu.floyd.lib.umn.edu/journals/journal'of'democracy/v017/17.4horowitz.html, 7/1/09)
Judicial review is a growing institution. Originating in the United States two centuries ago
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2001), and Spain (1992), is the constitutional-court model.

3. Democracy prevents very bad things from occurring we must ensure that it is preserved at all costs because it is the root cause of global peace. Diamond 95:

(Larry, a professor, lecturer, adviser, and author on foreign policy, foreign aid, and democracy, "Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and instruments, issues and imperatives : a report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict", December 1995, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/di.htm)
This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
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with its provisions for legality, accountability, popular sovereignty, and openness.

Adv 3: Rule of Law

1. Civil liability is the only recourse against constitutional violations from police officers. Strong qualified immunity that exists now prevents consistency with the law Reinhardt 15:

Stephen (circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit) "The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences" 113 Mich. L. Rev. 1219 (2015) JW
Unfortunately, the Court’s actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
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relieved of its duty to compensate the victim of a constitutional violation.130

2. Judicially supported rule of law is key to global peace. Rhyne:

Charles S. Rhyne, ("Law Day Speech for Voice of America delivered on the first Law Day". http://www.abanet.org/publiced/lawday/rhyne58.html) 1958.
Law and courts exist to protect every citizen of the United States in his person
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for any profession and that no greater service to mankind can be performed. 

Adv 4: Police Brutality

1. The "clearly established" clause of qualified immunity allows police brutality to continue with no deterrence—limitation is needed.

Wright 15 Sam (public interest lawyer) "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity" November 3^rd 2015 Above the Law http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/ JW
Under ArrestRecently, police have been killing and otherwise abusing people of color with what
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want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen.

2. Qualified immunity sets a precedent for dismissal of civil rights suits, which maintains the legitimacy of the police state.

Carter 15 Tom (World Socialist Website) "US Supreme Court expands immunity for killer cops" International Committee of the Fourth International November 12^th 2015
With the death toll from police brutality continuing to mount, the US Supreme Court
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idiots on the street chanting ‘time to kill a cop!’"

3. Police brutality undermines US diplomacy power.

Pullen 14 Bethany "The Achilles Heel of U.S. Public Diplomacy: Race Relations and Police Violence" http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/achilles-heel-us-public-diplomacy-race-relations-and-police-violence September 8^th 2014 JW
It is a contradiction that has plagued America since the very beginning. It was
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by the State Department, nor any public commitment to promoting legislative changes. 

4. Absent continued diplomacy, conflict becomes inevitable

Grygiel 8 Jakub (George H. W. Bush Associate Professor at The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) May 1^st 2008 "The Diplomacy Fallacy" American Interest http://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/05/01/the-diplomacy-fallacy/
These three conditions and current trends affecting them obviously do not suffice as a complete
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from recognition that a diplomatic solution to a conflict of interest is impossible.

Adv 5: Crime

Crime is high now—low trust in police is the root cause.

The Week 15 "Violent crime surges in US cities: is 'Ferguson effect' to blame?" June 3^rd 2015 http://www.theweek.co.uk/63860/violent-crime-surges-in-us-cities-is-ferguson-effect-to-blame JW
Violent crime is increasing in several of the largest cities in the US, bucking
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do its job and for the community to do its part as well."

The plan is key to rebuilding trust between police and civilians offsetting the perception that police are unaccountable.

De Stefan 16 Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law; B.A., Ramapo College of New Jersey) ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850 2017 http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1861andcontext=student'scholarship JW
Altering the qualified immunity doctrine is an excellent way to begin the path to restoring
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immediate way to rebuild trust and begin healing the citizen- police relationship.

Police legitimacy is nearing an irreversible collapse—rebuilding trust now is key.

Ryback 8/5 R.T. Ryback "Police, race and crime: We're not a point of no return on trust, but we're close" Star Tribune August 5^th 2016 http://www.startribune.com/police-race-and-crime-we-re-not-a-point-of-no-return-on-trust-but-we-re-close/389346501/ JW
A few weeks ago, right after the shooting of Philando Castile and the Dallas
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parts of our cities where we have all failed to solve deeper issues. 

Police legitimacy is key to preventing crime.

NIJ 16 National Institute of Justice "Race, Trust and Police Legitimacy" July 14^th 2016 http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/legitimacy/pages/welcome.aspx JW
Research consistently shows that minorities are more likely than whites to view law enforcement with
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factors, including the level of crime within one's neighborhood. ~1~

SCENARIO ONE IS SOFT POWER:

The US has soft power now.

Nye 15 Joseph (Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Author, Is the American Century Over?) "Charting the Next American Century" March 4^th 2015 Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/united-states/charting-next-american-century/p36194~~#ER JW
NYE: This is what I think is crucial, which is the United States
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or entity, that has as much soft power as the United States.

Lowering crime is key to maintaining soft power.

Falk 12 Richard (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights) "When soft power is hard" Al Jazeera July 28^th 2012 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/201272212435524825.html
This unabashed avowal of imperial goals is the main thesis of the article, perhaps
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appear that the adage, "disease unknown, cure unknown", applies.

Soft power solves multiple existential threats.

Lagon 11 Mark P. (International Relations and Security Chair at Georgetown University's Master of Science in Foreign Service Program and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the former US Ambassador-at-Large to Combat Trafficking in Persons at the US Department of State) "The Value of Values: Soft Power Under Obama" World Affairs Journal Sept/Oct 2011 http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/value-values-soft-power-under-obama~~#ER
Despite large economic challenges, two protracted military expeditions, and the rise of China
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and soft power better than the United States, something is seriously amiss.

SCENARIO TWO IS ECON:

The U.S. economy is on the brink of huge damages.

Whitefoot 16 John (editor at Lombardi Financial, specializing in low-priced investment opportunities. He contributes to Lombardi’s Profit Confidential and Daily Gains Letter newsletters. John has been a financial writer since the late 1990s and has written on everything from penny stocks to blue chip stocks to the broader issues that affect the stock market. John has profiled more than 1,000 low-priced stocks, researching and covering numerous sectors including health care, media, manufacturing, IT, education, hospitality, natural resources, and retail.) "This One Number Shows How Bad the U.S. Economy Really Is" Profit Credential May 8^th 2016 http://www.profitconfidential.com/economy/this-one-number-shows-how-bad-the-u-s-economy-really-is/ JW
Has the U.S. Economy Really Recovered? Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen
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raise interest rates in June—maybe even for the rest of 2016.

Crime tanks economic growth—data proves.

Goulas 12 Eleftherios Goulas and Athina Zervoyianni (University of patras, Greece, Economy Department) "Economic Growth and Crime: Does Unicertainty matter?" April 2012 The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis http://www.rcfea.org/RePEc/pdf/wp51'12.pdf
Although there is a growing body of literature on the link between crime and macroeconomic
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may well be a further reduction in growth rates in the coming years.

Best statistical models show economic decline leads to conflict.

Royal 10 Jedediah (Director of cooperative threat reduction, US DoD) "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises" Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer 2010 p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: NA | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
email me @ arloweiner19@students.oakwoodschool.org or FB message me

Tournament: NA | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Interpretation: debaters must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read at least an hour before the round begins.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
sorry if i read this aff against you

SO 2016 ILAW AC Ver 2 Oakwood AW

Part 1: Framework

I affirm. International Law is best:

1) Governments are necessarily …can’t be resolved.

2) Contracts preclude the …to generating obligations.

3) The standard of assessment is instutionalized in a practice, not the desirability of states of affairs that promote the practice. NARDIN: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097279?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
International Ethics and International Law
Terry Nardin Review of International Studies Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 19-30

The argument that ... behaving lawfully.

This means for any prioritization to count as resolutional action, it must be done within the practice of international law. Rules of international law define what it means to be a country in the international arena, even if states have different domestic ends. NARDIN 2: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097279?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
International Ethics and International Law
Terry Nardin Review of International Studies Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 19-30

Any description of ...a morality ofcoexistence.

The standard is consistency with international law. Prefer additionally:

1. Moral theories that impose absolute rules fail because there is nothing inherent neither to the rule nor in the interpretation of the rule that can determine how to follow the rule. LANGSETH:

Langesth, Jonathan. "Wittengenstein’s Account of Rule-Following and Its Implications"http://www.bsu.edu/libraries/beneficencepress/stance/2008_spring/12Wittgenstein.pdf.
This section shows that rules themselves do not determine how they are to be followed
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be posited to apply this same idea to any rule-governed activity.

Three Impacts: A) Social practices are only interpreted through laws. Langseth 2

Over time and language is used

D) Moral framework debate is irresolvable and uneducational - all arguments only function within a particular framework. Frameworks determine what counts as evidence or rationality, making it impossible to rationally debate between frameworks to be clear this is not aff framework choice this is aff framework suggestion. JOYCE Accuracy and Coherence: Prospects
for an Alethic Epistemology of Partial Belief: James M. pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cpTUE5ybfRmXi3Ry9wsPdu3evfGxM0DqO5tnrq6VeVGkR5ryM7WftjBp7EsGX9cFepPQoesXpCCMXVxVO22ULg_0FSqQcjDKkiqaGeS8dHpjOCbH46pFyJylVFf4IKS8gWOf5Y_Ju7E10dK3Q8_j7ySprvYKwctKswvWZwf6ydYomRD46gt25HKhXHx7FWONx1kDQguum5yokxCQIYGfcte-evERSkOtLBAi-MVSa7lKYfM83nPhCwu0azZbH4z5AOATsIoandattredirects=0====
This distinction between or the other.

IMPACT CALC

To say something is permitted is not to say that there is no possibility of a prohibition; rather it just matters that it is permitted under one locus of duty. A) This is true of obligations because the existence of an obligation doesn’t mean that there can’t be another obligation to do something else, as an obligation is just a locus of duty. B) Proving the resolution true under a specific index is sufficient to affirm regardless of any other type of index that negates. Rödl :https://voices.uchicago.edu/germanphilosophy/papers/

This view is myself to p.

Proving a legal obligation exists is sufficient to affirm independent of moral considerations. Legal obligations are a separate locus of duty. Glos The Normative Theory of Law George E. Glos http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2772andcontext=wmlr
Article 6

The mutual relation ...fight and kill).

And, an action is right if there isn’t a prohibition on it. Timmons  TIMMONS, MARK, 1951 FROM MORAL THEORIES: AN INTRODUCTION
https://books.google.com/books?id=qWGp1iK9IlACandpg=PA155andlpg=PA155anddq=an+action+is+correct+if+there+is+no+prohibition+on+it+timmonsandsource=blandots=lqjlPt2miiandsig=hO2CZKZMe05A3RowObWkWukpDJ4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwicr7egntfPAhUMHT4KHbvRA5wQ6AEIMjAG#v=onepageandq=an20action20is20correct20if20there20is20no20prohibition20on20it20timmonsandf=false====
When the term ...of these categories.

Advocacy

I contend Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit production of nuclear power if they have violated international law regarding production, waste disposal, construction, or environmental concerns pertaining to nuclear power production by revoking there license.

1st International law is key in all things nuclear energy related doings means a prohibition is the same so affirm ElBaradei:
Mr. ElBaradei is Assistant Director General and Director of the IAEA Division of External
AND
has yielded a mix of legally binding rules and advisory standards and regulations. 

====We could start with countries that don’t observe the NPT but it doesn’t really matter Stefanos ’13:====
Breaking Down the Top 5 International Laws, Treaties, and Conventions You’ll Hear Being Discussed in Committee by LSTEFANOS on NOVEMBER 25, 2013 http://bestdelegate.com/breaking-down-the-top-5-international-laws-treaties-and-conventions-youll-hear-being-discussed-in-committee/ Oakwood AW
Probably the most controversial law on the international agenda, the NPT works with the
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don’t let that stop you from bringing it up in DISEC or SPECPOL!

Underview

role of the judge and ballot is to vote for the debater who best defends the truth or falsity of the resolution

REST MAY CHANGE

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Finals | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
All my broken positions are on my wiki, also HEADS UP anything on Jack Warehams wiki is fair game. IF I AM BREAKING NEW I WILL TELL YOU, IF YOU INQUIRE. Also tell me what the 1NC ur reading is: Tell me...

1. ROTB text (if ur reading one)
   2. Exact CP and K alt texts
   3. Framework specifics/standard text of the NC or the K
   4. DA's (coal, drought, warming etc)
   5. FULL T INTERP TEXTS! (if you have bidirectional ones, tell me before the round what version of the aff is topical/ the one you want me to defend, Whole res, or plan? and i may take it into account to avoid a T debate) 

so yeah
I LOVE READING DISCLOSURE THEORY!
Interpretation: debaters must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name or another debaters WITH NOTIFICATION THAT UR READING FROM THEIR WIKI, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read at least an hour before the round begins.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quads | Opponent: X | Judge: X
NOTE: I will not be disclosing ANY unbroken positions in their entirety, FB message me if you want to hear past 2nr's or for a rough idea of what I will read against you.

Tournament: Minneapple | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Its the first tournament of the topic so coming up to me in prelims and asking me what I'm reading is very annoying and you probably won't get an answer and you need to chill and be fine with that. I will be breaking new almost every round and if I do read something it will go up on the wiki. Thats it. 

ROTB text (if ur reading one)
2. Exact CP and K alt texts
3. Framework specifics/standard text of the NC or the K
4. DA's (coal, drought, warming etc)
5. FULL T INTERP TEXTS! (if you have bidirectional ones, tell me before the round what version of the aff is topical/ the one you want me to defend, Whole res, or plan? and i may take it into account to avoid a T debate)
so yeah
I LOVE READING DISCLOSURE THEORY!
Interpretation: debaters must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name or another debaters WITH NOTIFICATION THAT UR READING FROM THEIR WIKI, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read at least an hour before the round begins.

Tournament: VOICES | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Anything I'm Reading is disclosed on either my or Jack Warehams Wiki so be aware anything on Jacks wiki is fair game. IF IM BREAKING NEW I WILL TELL YOU BEFORE THE ROUND IF YOU INQUIRE.

Tournament: Blake 2016 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dulles AW | Judge: David Umstot

JF 2017 Libertarianism AC

I affirm

I will defend and spec whatever you want in CX but its not relevant to the aff
I reserve the right to clarify
There is an acceptable interp under which the aff lies so if topicality is an
AND
say that I can’t cross apply something because something else is indicting it. 

Part 1: Framework

I contend that libertarianism and respecting self ownership is the most important.

1. All frameworks presuppose liberty. People can only be held responsible for unethical actions if they chose to do them, but choice itself requires that people can pick which actions to take without threat of force. For example, if someone holds a gun to my head and makes me steal someone’s apple, I am not truly culpable because I wasn’t free.

2. Moral uncertainty means you default to my framework - since things like physics have been consistently disproven intellectually, we can’t impose our conceptions of the good on people when we’re not sure we’re correct because absolute knowledge claims are often false.

3. Argumentative ethics – liberty is a priori justified by engaging in debate.

Kinsella Stephen (Center for the Study of Innovative Freedom) "New Rationalist Directions in Libertarian Rights Theory" Journal of Libertarian Studies Vol. 12 No. 2 pp. 313-26 Fall 1996 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=1018797
The first rationalist argument that I will discuss is Hans- Hermann Hoppe's path-
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liberty undercut their own position as soon as they begin to state it.

Impact analysis:

Only freedom violations are relevant as in free speech causes X is insufficient. A) Freedom is a property of agency, not a consequence. Adding two circles doesn’t make anything more circular than it was before, just like two humans aren’t more free than one human. B) We can’t be culpable for consequences—they’re determined by external forces also means that consequences are irrelevant. To be clear the aff is means based not ends based.

Hegel 20 George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel The Philosophy of Right 1820
The will has before it an outer reality, upon which it operates. But
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adopt only the first consequences, since they alone lie in the purpose.

Actions causally contain the freedom to pursue a given end which requires freedom of speech.

Engstrom Stephen (Professor of Ethics at UPitt) "Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge" http://www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsem/engstrom'vortrag.pdf JW
Kant holds that to set something as one’s end is to represent it in practical
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representation of an end there must correspond two components in the end itself.

Thus the standard is consistency with libertarian self ownership: Prefer additionally because

1. All goods stem from liberty; It’s impossible to value without liberty; Fried 

   http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Vol29_No1_Fried.pdf * Beneficial Professor of Law, Harvard University; Associate Justice, Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, 1995-1999; Solicitor General of the United States, 1985–1989. This piece comprises Professor Fried’s notes for a chapter in a book on liberty that will be published in late 2006 by W.W. Norton. Beneficial Professor of Law, Harvard University; Associate Justice, Supreme, Judicial Court of Massachusetts, 1995 1999; Solicitor General of the United States, 1985-1989. This piece comprises Professor Fried’s notes for a chapter in a book on liberty that will be published in late 2006 by W.W. Norton. THE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE  OF LIBERTY

I would say that what is important about us, what makes us moral human beings, is our individual capacities to think, reason, choose, and value. It is what Kant called our freedom and rationality.2 Individuals, therefore, are the elementary particles of moral discourse. Our value is our taking individual responsibility for our lives, and our choices. And if a person is to count as a person and here we have the difficult questions about the beginning and the end of life then we are all equally valuable in this same way. It is from that base of our equal responsibility for ourselves that we choose our goods: that we choose what to make of the only life we will ever have. My liberty, then, is my ability to choose that life. No one has the right to interfere with that choice, except as it is to further his own good. But that good of the other is worth no more than mine because he is not worth any more than I am. There is, therefore, a right of mutual noninterference: an equal right. By the same token, nobody can interfere with or draft another person to help him achieve his own good if the other person has not chosen voluntarily to enlist in that campaign. 

2. Self-ownership and liberty provides the necessary framework for action and exercise of reason, making it a starting point for ethics and a prerequisite to answering other ethical questions. Boaz  writes:
  David Boaz (Executive vice president, Cato Institute). “Libertarianism: A Primer.” Simon and Schuster. pp 61-62. 1997.

Any theory of rights has to begin somewhere. Most libertarian philosophers would begin the argument earlier than Jefferson did. Humans, unlike animals, come into the world without an instinctive knowledge of what their needs are and how to fulfill them. As Aristotle said, man is a reasoning and deliberating animal; humans use the power of reason to understand their own needs, the world around them, and how to use the world to satisfy their needs. So they need a social system that allows them to use their reason, to act in the world, and to cooperate with others to achieve purposes that no one individual could accomplish. Every person is a unique individual. Humans are social animals—we like interacting with others, and we profit from it— but we think and act individually. Each individual owns himself or herself. What other possibilities besides self—ownership are there?  • Someone – a king or a master race – could own others. Plato and Aristotle did argue that there were different kinds of humans, some more competent than others and thus endowed with the right and responsibility to rule, just as adults guide children. Some forms of socialism and collectivism are—explicitly or im- plicirly—-based on the notion that many people are not compe- ' tent to make decisions about their own lives, so that the more  talented should make decisions for them. But that would mean there were no universal human rights, only rights that some have and others do not, denying the essential humanity of those who are deemed to be owned.  • Everyone owns everyone, a fully-fledged communist system. In such a system, before anyone could take an action, he would need to get permission from everyone else. But how could each other person grant permission without consulting everyone else? You’d have an infinite regress, making any action at all logically impossible. ln practice, since such mutual ownership is impossible, this system would break down into the previous one: some- one, or some group, would own everyone else. That is what happened in the communist states: the party became a dictato- rial ruling elite.  Thus, either communism or aristocratic rule would divide the world into factions or classes. The only possibility that is humane, logical, and suited to the nature of human beings is self-ownership. Obviously, this discussion has only scratched the surface of the question of self-ownership; in any event, I rather like Jefferson’s simple declaration: Natural rights are self-evident. 

AND: It is impossible to use consequentialist grounds on the topic and it is not relevant to the framework if we cause allegedly more violations of freedom because its impossible to weigh in terms of free speech Goldberg 16:

====FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM Author(s): Erica Goldberg Source: Columbia Law Review, Vol. 116, No. 3 (APRIL 2016), pp. 687-756 Published by: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43783393 Accessed: 15-12-2016 06:32 UTC Oakwood AW====
Any kind of balancing test that determines whether speech may be constitutionally regulated poses serious challenges to foundational First Amendment principles. The very act of balancing tends to be both subjective and indeterminate - it is difficult to quantify the relevant harms and benefits, and it is equally difficult to sensibly weigh them against one another. In the context of the First Amendment, balancing has the potential to undermine strong free speech protections and our neutral principles underlying the First Amendment. Courts should thus avoid determining whether balancing harms caused by speech against the harms to speech can regulate speech. 

Part 2: Offense

Contention: Freedom Violations

1. Removing restrictions prevents prohibiting speech which is an essential freedom—restrictions in the status quo prevent people from acting on their agency no matter how miniscule the restrictions is.

Lambert 16 (Saber, writer @ being libertarian, "The Degradation of Free Speech and Personal Liberty," April 9, 2016, https://beinglibertarian.com/the-degradation-of-free-speech-and-personal-liberty///LADI)
Many individuals in society claim that they live in a free nation full of individual
AND
is often paralleled to a form of dictatorship – no matter how miniscule.

2. Turns social justice arguments—lack of free speech re-create the majority/minority divide that means the minority loses out on having their voice heard which is an infringement on their liberty.

Cartwright 3 (Will, "Mill on Freedom of Discussion," Richmond Journal of Philosophy 5 (Autumn 2003), http://www.richmond-philosophy.net/rjp/back'issues/rjp5'cartwright.pdf//LADI)
Though freedom of discussion was widely accepted even in Mill’s own day, he thinks
AND
balance of risks here makes this argument less persuasive than the other two.

3. Debate and discourse is never intrinsically violent so affirmation is easy.

Anderson 6 — Amanda Anderson, Caroline Donovan Professor of English Literature and Department Chair at Johns Hopkins University, Senior Fellow at the School of Criticism and Theory at Cornell University, holds a Ph.D. in English from Cornell University, 2006 ("Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Volume 48, Number 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Project MUSE, p. 285-287)
Let's first examine the claim that my book is "unwittingly" inviting a resurrection
AND
is clearly, and indeed necessarily, significant room for further elaboration here.

4. Arguments aren’t harmful in-and-of themselves. The burden of rejoinder is necessary for dialogue to occur, and there’s always a risk something offensive could be said, which proves that dialogue and limits on speech are zero sum.

Anderson 6 — Amanda Anderson, Caroline Donovan Professor of English Literature and Department Chair at Johns Hopkins University, Senior Fellow at the School of Criticism and Theory at Cornell University, holds a Ph.D. in English from Cornell University, 2006 ("Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Volume 48, Number 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Project MUSE, p. 289)
Probyn's piece is a mixture of affective fallacy, argument by authority, and bald
AND
of ideas, that your claim to injury somehow damns your opponent's ideas.

Underview

EXTEMP

Tournament: Minneapple | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Pt 1: Framework

ROTB

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate thus the ROTB is to evaluate the topic through competing policy actions. Coverstone 5:
Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Pt 1: Util

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid. Sinhababu:
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
AND
favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness. Prefer the standard:

1. Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate.
   Fairness is a voter
   Education is a voter 

AND: Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.
Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) “Personal Identity” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/#PsyApp JW
Whatever psychological continuity may amount to, a more serious worry for the Psychological Approach
AND
, you are both hungry and not hungry at once: a contradiction.

This means consequentialism – moral theories can’t focus on individuals since there’s nothing that unifies them across time. Only states of affairs can have value. 

With that noted we also need to look to what’s constitutive of how the US wills so anything within normal US means should be prioritized as policy.

Pt 2: Advocacy 

Text: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers. 

Solvency

The Supreme Court is going to limit qualified immunity by way of the plan and affirmation of the topic. 

Constitutional challenges are inevitable Hill 06:
(Lisa Hill, Senior ARC Fellow in Politics at the University of Adelaide, Low Voter Turnout in the United States: Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?, Journal of Theoretical Politics 2006 18: 207, http://jtp.sagepub.com/content/18/2/207)
Potential constitutional barriers are also an obvious concern. It does seem inevitable that compulsory
AND
may not look so favourably upon legislation of a considerably more controversial nature.

It will be limited because the very notion of qualified immunity is based on a false legal premise: Reinhardt 15
Stephen (circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit) “The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences” 113 Mich. L. Rev. 1219 (2015) JW
As in the habeas context, the doctrinal evolution of qualified immunity was not inevitable
AND
has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.

Rollback

Overturning law on unconstitutional or unlawful grounds reaffirms the legitimacy of the Supreme Court.
Rosenfeld 04:
(Professor of Constitutional Law, Constitutional Adjudication in Europe and the United States: Paradoxes and Contrast International Journal of Constitutional Law Volume 2, Number 2, October 650-1 TC)
In theory at least, common law adjudication need not involve repudiation of precedents,
AND
constitutional adjudicator seems more delicate and precarious than that of her continental counterpart.   

Enforcing controversial decisions like repealing the qualified immunity act builds legitimacy Law 09:
(David S., Professor of Law and Political Science – Washington University, “A Theory of Judicial Power and Judicial Review”, Georgetown Law Journal, March, 97 Geo. L.J. 723, Lexis)
Part IV of this Article discusses a counterintuitive implication of a coordination-based account
AND
Brown v. Board of Education 27 and Cooper v. Aaron. 28

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2016 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Amos Alonzo Stagg BA | Judge: Leah Shapiro

1AC Glenbrooks Round 1 Oakwood AW

I affirm

1. I will defend and spec whatever you want in CX but its not relevant to the aff

2. I reserve the right to clarify

3. There is an interpretation under which the aff lies so T shells that can always be bidirectional aren’t relevant and even if they are, just reevaluate the aff under their interpretation

Pt 1: Rules of the Game

1. The standard of assessment is instutionalized in a practice, not the desirability of states of affairs that promote the practice. NARDIN:

International Ethics and International Law: Terry Nardin: Review of International Studies: Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 19-30 https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097279?seq=1~~#page'scan'tab'contents**
The argument that the purpose-practice distinction is spurious, which underlies this moral
AND
as a product of obedience but as an integral aspect of behaving lawfully.

2. The rules of LD prove truth testing.

Impacts:

Pt 2: Framework

====Property requires the existence of the general will—rights in the state of nature are provisional, and disputes could only be resolved through unilateral coercion. Individual rights claims are impossible absent political society; so resisting the general will is a contradiction and we must be omnilateral. Korsgaard ’08:====
(Christine, "Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution," in The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology) OS bracketed for gender
Kant also believes that there is a sense in which we have rights in the
AND
, is to settle the particular dispute in question in some lawful way.

Even if there are specific cases in which qualified immunity creates just outcomes, the state must first ensure that there are just procedures. Korsgaard 8:

Christine "Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution" The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology Oxford University Press http://www.klindeman.com/uploads/3/8/2/2/38221431/korsgaard'-'taking'the'law'into'our'own'hands.pdf JW
This reading, however, does not sit well with the obviously Platonic character of
AND
, and, normatively speaking, we must stand by their actual results.

Moral framework debate is irresolvable and uneducational - all arguments only function within a particular framework. Frameworks determine what counts as evidence or rationality, making it impossible to rationally debate between frameworks to be clear this is not aff framework choice this is aff framework suggestion. JOYCE :

Accuracy and Coherence: Prospects
for an Alethic Epistemology of Partial Belief: James M. pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cpTUE5ybfRmXi3Ry9wsPdu3evfGxM0DqO5tnrq6VeVGkR5ryM7WftjBp7EsGX9cFepPQoesXpCCMXVxVO22ULg'0FSqQcjDKkiqaGeS8dHpjOCbH46pFyJylVFf4IKS8gWOf5Y'Ju7E10dK3Q8'j7ySprvYKwctKswvWZwf6ydYomRD46gt25HKhXHx7FWONx1kDQguum5yokxCQIYGfcte-evERSkOtLBAi-MVSa7lKYfM83nPhCwu0azZbH4z5AOATsIoandattredirects=0====
This distinction between what is accepted from within an institution, and "stepping out
AND
count as evidence that would sway the debate one way or the other.

IMPACT CALC

To say something is permitted is not to say that there is no possibility of a prohibition; rather it just matters that it is permitted under one locus of duty. A) This is true of obligations because the existence of an obligation doesn’t mean that there can’t be another obligation to do something else, as an obligation is just a locus of duty. B) Proving the resolution true under a specific index is sufficient to affirm regardless of any other type of index that negates. Rödl :

Categories of the Temporal. An inquiry into the forms of the finite understanding, Harvard University Press 2012. https://voices.uchicago.edu/germanphilosophy/papers/**
This view is untenable for reasons ~this is~ analogous to those we mounted
AND
believe p—thinking is true—is so affixing myself to p.

Proving a legal obligation exists is sufficient to affirm independent of moral considerations. Legal obligations are a separate locus of duty. Glos 

Glos The Normative Theory of Law George E. Glos http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2772andcontext=wmlr
Article 6
The mutual relation of law and ethics can profitably be investigated only if ethics is
AND
(norms according to which a soldier is bound to fight and kill).

Thus the burden is too link into the framework through truth claims, possibility claims, and freedom violations: Standard text’s aren’t relevant but if they become so here is the standard text: consistency with that that mandates of the Omnilateral will constrained by truth. I cannot be obligated to fly therefor obligation is constrained by truth.

Pt 3: Advocacy

Plan Text: I contend resolved: The US ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers when it is moral or consistent with the AC to do so. To be clear if there are instances in which affirming the topic is bad or contrary to the thesis of the AC then I do not defend those instances.

Contentions

1. Qualified immunity can violate a system of equal freedom. A system of freedom necessitates the rectification of injustice. Ripstein 6:

Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Toronto) "Private Order and Public Justice: Kant and Rawls" U Toronto, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 894431 Virginia Law Review, Vol. 92, No. 7, 2006 April 4th 2006 http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Ripstein/privateorder'publicjustice.pdf JW
Normatively, the law remains supreme even in the face of violation. Kant’s technical
AND
alone. Her hindrance to freedom is thus hindered by sealing it off.

2. Any legal system of rights necessitates the ability for a plaintiff to sue a defendant. Weinrib 02:

Ernest J. Weinrib "Corrective Justice in a Nutshell" The University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 2002), pp. 349-356 http://www.jstor.org/stable/825933**
In sophisticated systems of private law, the overarching justificatory categories expressive of correlativity are
AND
the same as the reasons that justify the existence of the defendant's duty.

3. Qualified immunity prevents the punishment of governmental officials who are sued for damages. Chen 15:

Alan K. Chen is the William M. Beaney Memorial Research Chair and professor of law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law, where he teaches courses in constitutional law, federal courts, and public interest law. An experienced civil rights litigator and former ACLU staff attorney, Professor Chen continues to do pro bono work in constitutional rights cases. "Qualified Immunity Liming Access to Justice and Impeding Development of the Law" Human Rights Magazine Home  2015 (Vol. 41)  Vol. 41, No. 1 - Lurking in the Shadows: the Supreme Court's Quiet Attack on Civil Rights http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human'rights'magazine'home/2015—vol—41-/vol—41—no—1—-lurking-in-the-shadows—the-supreme-court-s-qui/qualified-immunity-limiting-access-to-justice-and-impeding-devel.html JW
Savana sued the school personnel who conducted the search under 42 U.S.
AND
law." Safford, 557 U.S. at 378–79.

Pt 4: Underview

The role of the judge and ballot is to vote for the debater who best defends the truth or falsity of the resolution

It's out of your jurisdiction

3. Frameworks that put an emphasis on criticism liberation or emancipation from violence are self defeating Hägglund 2’

Martin Hägglund: Radical Atheism: Derrida and the Time of Life, Stanford: Stanford University Press, Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics, 2008. 
Emancipatory politics does not aspire to a telos of absolute liberation, but must always
AND
violence (since it may be negated by the coming of other futures).

4. Negating is impossible because the very notion of qualified immunity is based on a false legal premise. It is true that we need to limit it: Reinhardt 15

Stephen (circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit) "The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences" 113 Mich. L. Rev. 1219 (2015) JW
As in the habeas context, the doctrinal evolution of qualified immunity was not inevitable
AND
has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.

Tournament: Glenbrooks 2016 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Newark Science BA | Judge: Matt Delateur
The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern ... in America today.
Adv 1 = Crime
Crime is high now—low trust in police is the root cause.
The Week 15 “Violent crime surges in US cities: is 'Ferguson effect' to blame?” June 3rd 2015 http://www.theweek.co.uk/63860/violent-crime-surges-in-us-cities-is-ferguson-effect-to-blame JW
Violent crime is ... part as well."
The plan is key to rebuilding trust between police and civilians offsetting the perception that police are unaccountable.
De Stefan 16 Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law; B.A., Ramapo College of New Jersey) ““No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:” How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct” Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850 2017 http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1861andcontext=student_scholarship JW
Altering the qualified ... the citizen- police relationship.
Police legitimacy is nearing an irreversible collapse—rebuilding trust now is key.
Ryback 8/5 R.T. Ryback “Police, race and crime: We're not a point of no return on trust, but we're close” Star Tribune August 5th 2016 http://www.startribune.com/police-race-and-crime-we-re-not-a-point-of-no-return-on-trust-but-we-re-close/389346501/ JW
A few weeks ... solve deeper issues.
Police legitimacy is key to preventing crime.
NIJ 16 National Institute of Justice “Race, Trust and Police Legitimacy” July 14th 2016 http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/legitimacy/pages/welcome.aspx JW
Research consistently shows ... within one's neighborhood. 1
The US has soft power now.
Nye 15 Joseph (Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Author, Is the American Century Over?) “Charting the Next American Century” March 4th 2015 Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/united-states/charting-next-american-century/p36194#ER JW
NYE: This is ... the United States.
Lowering crime is key to maintaining soft power.
Falk 12 Richard (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights) “When soft power is hard” Al Jazeera July 28th 2012 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/201272212435524825.html
This unabashed avowal ... cure unknown", applies.
Soft power solves multiple existential threats.
Lagon 11 Mark P. (International Relations and Security Chair at Georgetown University's Master of Science in Foreign Service Program and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the former US Ambassador-at-Large to Combat Trafficking in Persons at the US Department of State) “The Value of Values: Soft Power Under Obama” World Affairs Journal Sept/Oct 2011 http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/value-values-soft-power-under-obama#ER
Despite large economic ... is seriously amiss.
Adv 2 = Police Brutality
The “clearly established” clause of qualified immunity allows police brutality to continue with no deterrence—limitation is needed.
Wright 15 Sam (public interest lawyer) “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity” November 3rd 2015 Above the Law http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/ JW
Under ArrestRecently, police ... to make it happen.
Qualified immunity sets a precedent for dismissal of civil rights suits, which maintains the legitimacy of the police state.
Carter 15 Tom (World Socialist Website) “US Supreme Court expands immunity for killer cops” International Committee of the Fourth International November 12th 2015
With the death ... kill a cop!’”
Police brutality causes numerous physiological and psychological harms to minorities.
Turner and Richardson 16 Erlanger A. Turner (Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Houston-Downtown) and Jasmine Richardson (BS earned her psychology degree from the University of Houston- Downtown (UHD)) “Racial Trauma is Real: The Impact of Police Shootings on African Americans” Psychology Benefits Society July 14th 2016 https://psychologybenefits.org/2016/07/14/racial-trauma-police-shootings-on-african-americans/ JW
There have been ... as an expected outcome
Police brutality undermines US diplomacy power.
Pullen 14 Bethany “The Achilles Heel of U.S. Public Diplomacy: Race Relations and Police Violence” http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/achilles-heel-us-public-diplomacy-race-relations-and-police-violence September 8th 2014 JW
It is a ... promoting legislative changes.
Absent continued diplomacy, conflict becomes inevitable
Grygiel 8 Jakub (George H. W. Bush Associate Professor at The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) May 1st 2008 “The Diplomacy Fallacy” American Interest http://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/05/01/the-diplomacy-fallacy/
These three conditions ... interest is impossible.
Effective diplomacy solves nuke war.
Ross 99 Douglas (professor of political science at Simon Fraser University) “Canada’s functional isolationism and the future of weapons of mass destruction” International Journal lexis
Thus, an easily ... or other WMD.
Plan Text
Resolved: the United States will replace the ‘clearly established’ standard in qualified immunity doctrines with a ‘clearly unconstitutional’ standard.
The plan solves by providing adequate civil rights protections while maintaining consistency with current law- that no-links disads.
Jeffries 10 John C. (University of Virginia School of Law) “What’s Wrong With Qualified Immunity?” University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 JW
A second suggestion ... is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84
Framework
Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment ... not egoistic hedonism.
Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness. Prefer the standard:
1 Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.
2 Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) “Personal Identity” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/#PsyApp JW
3 Whatever psychological continuity ... once: a contradiction.
2. Moral uncertainty means we should prevent extinction—it’s irreversible and prevents ethical deliberation or value.
Bostrom 13 Nick Bostrom (Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford) “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority” Global Policy Volume 4 . Issue 1 . February 2013 http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.pdf JW
Keeping our options ... any existential catastrophe.
Underview
Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic ... distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Tournament: SO 16 | Round: Quads | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

1AC – Armenia

ROTB

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the topical aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.

Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact" Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17^th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. Fairness.

Anything moots 6 minutes of 1ac offense – restarts the 1ar. They get a 13-7 minute advantage which means we have worse discussion, even if the subject of discussion is slightly better.

Independently, there is a huge spectrum of political theories – the k can be the radical on both sides of the spectrum and multifunctional aff offense is insufficient to interact with every one.

Preparation asymmetry – the aff says a ton of things all of which might have representational implications. Holding me accountable for things that are not just the plan lets them pick on issue and prep it all out so affs lose every round.

Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.

Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).

Focusing on reps is bad:

a. Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.

Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) "A Critique of the Academic Left" 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

b. Excessive focus on discourse and representations kills the liberal movements you seek to promote.

Chait 15 Jonathan Chait "How the language police are perverting liberalism." NY Magazine January 275h 2015 http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html JW
Or maybe not. The p.c. style of politics has one serious
AND
confidence in the ultimate power of reason, not coercion, to triumph.

Framework

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.

Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
AND
favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness. Prefer the standard:

1. Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. Any standard is an interpretation of the word ought-thus framework is functionally a topicality argument about how to define the terms of the resolution. Definitions should be subject to theoretical contestation in the same way other words should be. My framework interprets ought as maximizing happiness. Prefer this definition:

A. Ground- every impact functions under util whereas other ethics flow to one side exclusively, kills fairness since we both need arguments to win.

B. Topic lit- most articles are written through the lens of util because they’re crafted for policymakers and the general public who take consequences to be important, not philosophy majors. Key to fairness and education- the lit is where we do research and determines how we engage in the round.

Fairness is a voter since debate is a competitive activity-no debater ought to have an advantage otherwise you’re picking the better cheater. Education is a voter since it’s why schools fund debate and also provides portable skills for the real world. This is a framework warrant, not a reason to drop the debater.

2. No intent foresight distinction – by willing any action with knowledge that it could cause X harm, we necessarily intend X to happen because we could always decide not to act. Thus, means-based frameworks devolve to the aff.

3. Actor specificity. Policymaking must be consequentialist since collective action results in conflicts that only util can resolve. Side constraints paralyze state action since policy makers have to consider tradeoffs between multiple people. States lack intentionality since they're composed of multiple individuals—there is no act-omission distinction for them since they create permissions and prohibitions in terms of policies so authorizing action could never be considered an omission since the state assumes culpability in regulating the public domain.

4. Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.

Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) "Personal Identity" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/~~#PsyApp JW
Whatever psychological continuity may amount to, a more serious worry for the Psychological Approach
AND
, you are both hungry and not hungry at once: a contradiction.

This means consequentialism – moral theories can’t focus on individuals since there’s nothing that unifies them across time. Only states of affairs can have value.

5. Determinism is true: our bodies are controlled by biological principles only – there’s no room for free will.

Drescher Gary L. (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT) "Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics" Bradford Books May 5^th 2006
One prominent notion is that we have both a ghostlike component (our consciousness or
AND
to deviate sometimes from the same rules that such particles otherwise always obey. 

Only consequentialism is consistent with determinism.

Greene and Cohen Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen (Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University) "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything" November 26^th 2004 Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B (2004)359,1775–1785 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693457/pdf/15590618.pdf JW
The forward-looking–consequentialist approach to punishment works with all three responses to
AND
requires compatibilism. Accordingly, the standard legal account of punishment is compatibilist.

6. Morality must be universalizable.

Pettit Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
Every prescription as to what an agent ought to do should be capable of being
AND
, indeed, that no other agent is ever likely to confront them.

Only consequentialism can be universalized.

Pettit 2 Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
There is no difficulty in seeing how the universalizability challenge is supposed to be met
AND
swears non-consequentialist allegiance, may be to flout that pattern oneself.

Inherency

Armenia has plans for new nuclear reactors but they’ve been postponed –they’re stuck with Metsamor for the foreseeable future.

Sahakyan 4-27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) "Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area" Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb'b'9788186.html JW
Armenia was supposed to have a new nuclear power plant this year that would replace
AND
is the new plant not operational — work on it hasn’t even begun.

Armenia has existing legislation that vows to build new nuclear reactors.

Adamyan 14 Mane "THE CLOSURE OF METSAMOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: COSTS AND BENEFIT" AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA, A MASTER’S ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FOR PARTIAL FULFILLEMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS May 2014 https://dspace.aua.am/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/615/Mane'Adamyan.pdf?sequence=1 JW
In October 2009 the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia has adopted a law
AND
materials costs64, this study takes the initial price for the new NPP.

Plan Text

Resolved: the Republic of Armenia ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Meltdown Adv.

The Metsamor power plant – Armenia’s only form of nuclear power – is incredibly dangerous. Uses old tech and lies on earthquake territory.

Lavelle et al 11 Marianne Lavelle and Josie Garthwaite (National Geographic News) "Is Armenia's Nuclear Plant the World's Most Dangerous?" National Geographic News April 14^th 2011 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/04/110412-most-dangerous-nuclear-plant-armenia/ JW
In the shadow of Mount Ararat, the beloved and sorrowful national symbol of Armenia
AND
no water in it, and accident progression with no mitigation at all."

Armenian Meltdown kills agriculture and threatens four other countries.

Sahakyan 4/27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) "Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area" Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb'b'9788186.html JW
So Armenia continues to make due with the Metsamor plant. The International Atomic Energy
AND
And the region and the world will join Armenians in holding their breath.

New reactors won’t solve – can still melt down and cause increased cancer rates.

Idayatova 5/20/16 Anakhanum "Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear plant can cause major radiation accident" Trend News Agency http://en.trend.az/world/turkey/2536379.html JW
Armenia's Metsamor nuclear power plant is a major threat not only for the entire Caucasus
AND
extremely dangerous enterprise, even if a new type of reactor is built.

Harms to Armenian agriculture cause mass increases in poverty.

McKinley et al 2 Terry (Senior Policy Adviser on poverty and macroeconomic policies in the Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP, New York. He is the editor of UNDP’s global poverty report, Overcoming Human Poverty. He is the author of The Distribution of Wealth in Rural China, coauthor of Implementing a Human Development Strategy and editor of Macroeconomic Policies, Growth and Poverty Reduction. Much of his work in recent years has centered on China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Vietnam and the transition economies of the former Soviet Union and eastern and central Europe.) (this report is published with others, but the part I cut is just by Terry McKinley) "Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Armenia" A Report Commissioned by the Poverty Group, Bureau for Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme August 2002 http://www.ipc-undp.org/publications/reports/Armenia.pdf JW
In order to reduce Armenia’s widespread poverty, a development strategy and supporting public policies
AND
the government in equitably distributing the country’s agricultural wealth had a propoor impact.

Prolif Adv.

Metasomor can be used to make nuclear weapons

Azer News 9/13/16 ~S.Korea says Armenia poses nuke threat to entire region, http://www.azernews.az/region/102159.html, ml~
The Armenian Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) poses a nuclear threat and the
AND
smuggling of nuclear materials, we will all face hastening self-destruction."

Armenian nuclearization destabilizes the Caucuses and causes Iran prolif—risk is extremely high now

Petra Posega 5-30-16 ~Security Studies candidate with a degree in political science. She writes for platforms and magazines on four continents, including Geopolitics of Energy, Addleton and AEI Insights: An International Journal of Asia-Europe Relations, Dangerous Nuclear Security Failures in Russia's Backyard, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/dangerous-nuclear-security-failures-russias-backyard-16392?page=show, ml~
Nuclear security is seemingly at the forefront of global attention, but the large framework
AND
would be stabilizing the Caucasus in a just, fair and sustainable way.

Central Asia conflict will escalate to US-Russian nuclear war.

McDermott 11—Roger McDermott, Honorary senior fellow, department of politics and international relations, university of Kent at Canterbury and senior fellow in Eurasian military studies, Jamestown Foundation ~December 6, 2011, "General Makarov Highlights the "Risk" of Nuclear Conflict," Eurasia Daily Monitor, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx'ttnews5Btt'news5D=38748andtx'ttnews5BbackPid5D=27andcHash=dfb6e8da90b34a10f50382157e9bc117~~
In the current election season the Russian media has speculated that the Defense Minister AnatoliySerdyukov
AND
than the old dogs of the Cold War would wish to chew on.

Iran prolif causes nuke war – miscalc and rapid escalation.

Goldberg 12 Jeffrey (Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic.) "How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon: Jeffrey Goldberg" January 23^rd 2012 Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg JW
Jan. 24 (Bloomberg) — One of the arguments often made in favor
AND
arguing that a nuclear Iran is a containable problem. It is not.

Terror Adv.

Nuclear waste products and uranium are being stolen from Armenia’s nuclear power plant now. That causes dirty bombs and nuclear terror.

Murinson 5/3 Alexander "The other nuclear threat" Washington Times May 3^rd 2016  http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/3/alexander-murinson-armenias-nuclear-threat/ JW
The fourth Nuclear Security Summit was recently hosted in America’s capital by President Obama.
AND
Mr. Obama’s Nuclear Security Summit will prove useful and visionary after all.

Terrorism is the most likely existential threat.

Rhodes 9 Richard (a visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and currently he is an affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. Rhodes is the author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award) "Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety" December 14^th 2009 JW
The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
AND
nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message.

Underview (Theory)

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quads | Opponent: X | Judge: X
I will spec whatever in CX but its not relevant to the aff and
I reserve the right to clarify 

Framework

The res is a question of permissibility, since ought implies sufficient reason from dictionary.com 

To say something is permitted or obligated is to say it is permitted under one locus of duty. Rodl  explains with an analogy to coherentism: Oakwood AW

This view is... myself to p. 

A legal obligation is sufficient to affirm independent of moral considerations. Legal obligations are a separate locus of duty. Glos : Oakwood AW

The mutual relation... fight and kill).

However, even if we look to ethical norms, we still care about laws. First is epistemology: We each have our own perspectives and are only able to perceive our own experiences. Nagel : Oakwood AW

In the pursuit ...its own incompleteness. 

I advocate an epistemological theory of omniperspectivism, which means that we justify beliefs through the maximization of perspectives.

Since our limited perception prevents us from universalizing, and thus being able to universally guide action, the only way to generate "ought" statements is to include as many perspectives as possible. Hudgens : Oakwood AW

Again, the definition ...other possibilities also.

Next, international law is the most omniperspectival method for governments Cronin  Oakwood AW

The end of ..."consensus-based" legal norms.

Thus, the standard is consistency with international law.

Prefer this standard additionally because:
First, following any...make such conclusions.

Advocacy

PLAN TEXT: I contend that countries ought to prohibit production of nuclear energy if they have violated international law regarding production, waste disposal, construction, or environmental concerns pertaining to nuclear power production by revoking there license. ====
1st Ilaw is key ElBaradei:
Mr. ElBaradei is Assistant Director General and Director of the IAEA Division of External
AND
has yielded a mix of legally binding rules and advisory standards and regulations. 

====countries that don’t observe the NPT Stefanos ’13:====
Breaking Down the Top 5 International Laws, Treaties, and Conventions You’ll Hear Being Discussed in Committee by LSTEFANOS on NOVEMBER 25, 2013 http://bestdelegate.com/breaking-down-the-top-5-international-laws-treaties-and-conventions-youll-hear-being-discussed-in-committee/ Oakwood AW
Probably the most controversial law on the international agenda, the NPT works with the
AND

Underview

WILL CHANGE ON A ROUND TO ROUND BASIS

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quads | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16
The Odyssey's treatment ... not egoistic hedonism.

This outweighs other frameworks.
Sinhababu 2 Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16
A full moral ... to every agent.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

No uniqueness for disads—nuclear power will naturally phase out without a prohibition.
Romm 8/4 Joe (Founding Editor of Climate Progress, “the indispensable blog,” as NY Times columnist Tom Friedman describes it.) “Nuclear Power Is Losing Money At An Astonishing Rate” Think Progress August 4th 2016 https://thinkprogress.org/nuclear-power-is-losing-money-at-an-astonishing-rate-e9473d62acc5#.l778f6k4l
Half of existing ... costs nuclear has.

Thus, the plan:
Resolved: the United States federal government will prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Fish Adv.

Nuclear power kills billions of aquatic creatures.
Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) “Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2
Nuclear plants do ... drinking water treatment."411

Fish feel pain – best evidence goes aff. Sandcastles prove.
Griffiths 14 Sarah “Fish have feelings too: Expert claims creatures experience pain in the same way humans do - and should be treated better” June 19th 2014 Daily Mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2662297/Fish-feelings-Expert-claims-creatures-experience-pain-way-humans-better-treated.html
Fishing may not ... vertebrate,’ he said.

Cyberattack Adv.

Cyberattacks on our grids are inevitable—Ukraine proves.
Morgan 16 Steve (Steve Morgan is the Founder and CEO at Cybersecurity Ventures and Editor-In-Chief of the Cybersecurity Market Report. The Cybersecurity Market Report is published quarterly and covers the business of cybersecurity, including global market sizing and industry forecasts from consolidated research by IT analyst firms, emerging trends, employment, the federal sector, hot companies to watch, notable MandA, investment and IPO activity, and more) “Major Cyber Attack On U.S. Power Grid Is Likely” Forbes February 7th 2016 http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemorgan/2016/02/07/campaign-2016-major-cyber-attack-on-u-s-power-grid-is-likely/#5339e6a6610f.Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16
The Odyssey's treatment ... not egoistic hedonism.

This outweighs other frameworks.
Sinhababu 2 Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
A full moral ... to every agent.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

No uniqueness for disads—nuclear power will naturally phase out without a prohibition.
Romm 8/4 Joe (Founding Editor of Climate Progress, “the indispensable blog,” as NY Times columnist Tom Friedman describes it.) “Nuclear Power Is Losing Money At An Astonishing Rate” Think Progress August 4th 2016 https://thinkprogress.org/nuclear-power-is-losing-money-at-an-astonishing-rate-e9473d62acc5#.l778f6k4l JW
Half of existing ... costs nuclear has.

Thus, the plan:
Resolved: the United States federal government will prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Underview

Proving the res is permissible isn’t sufficient - negating an ought statement means proving prohibition-permissibility is aff ground.
Oxford Dictionary “ought, ought not” Oxford American Large Print Dictionary 2008 Oxford University Press NP 10/14/15.
usage: The verb ... suitability or appropriateness. 

Put away your Kant NC. Nuclear power necessarily violates freedom, so countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.
Martin 15 Brian (PhD in theoretical physics and is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong) “Nuclear Power and Civil Liberties” August 2015 EnergyScience Coalition Briefing Paper No. 23 http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/15energyscience.pdf JW
Military attack. Any ... about energy policy.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern ... in America today.
In his New ... breached in Ukraine.

The threat of cyber-attack is real – multiple countries and terrorists are acquiring capabilities
Habiger 10 (Eugue, Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, 2/1, p. 11-19)
However, there are ... a major war.

Cyberattack causes nuclear reactor failure and is the largest existential threat. Grids are vulnerable now.
Huff 14 Ethan (staff writer for Natural News) “Nuclear power + grid down event = global extinction for humanity” August 12th 2014 Natural News http://www.naturalnews.com/046429_nuclear_power_electric_grid_global_extinction.html# JW
If you think ... (possibly) be mitigated."

Fukushima proves.
Hodges 14 Dave (The Common Sense Show features a wide variety of important topics that range from the loss of constitutional liberties, to the subsequent implementation of a police state under world governance, to exploring the limits of human potential. The primary purpose of The Common Sense Show is to provide Americans with the tools necessary to reclaim both our individual and national sovereignty) “Nuclear Power Plants Will Become America’s Extinction Level Event” The Common Sense Show April 18th 2014 http://www.thecommonsenseshow.com/2014/04/18/nuclear-power-plants-will-become-americas-extinction-level-event/ JW
Lessons Learned from ... conditions were present.

Underview

Proving the res is permissible isn’t sufficient - negating an ought statement means proving prohibition-permissibility is aff ground.
Oxford Dictionary “ought, ought not” Oxford American Large Print Dictionary 2008 Oxford University Press NP 10/14/15.
usage: The verb ... suitability or appropriateness. 

Put away your Kant NC. Nuclear power necessarily violates freedom, so countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.
Martin 15 Brian (PhD in theoretical physics and is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong) “Nuclear Power and Civil Liberties” August 2015 EnergyScience Coalition Briefing Paper No. 23 http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/15energyscience.pdf JW
Military attack. Any ... about energy policy.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern ... in America today.