Tournament: all | Round: 9 | Opponent: x | Judge: x
Debaters may not say that all shells should be evaluated at the end of the 2NR, not the 2AR, AND say that the aff can’t read theory spikes in the aff.

Topicality interpretations must be disclosed on the NDCA LD wiki under the debater’s name at last ten minutes before the round.

Debaters may not read counterplans that fiat an increase in nuclear power from the government. To clarify, the CP can still result in an increase, but it can’t necessarily happen because of the way the CP fiats.

Debaters may not read extinction impacts, or read weighing arguments that say extinction impacts should be preferred.

All theory interpretations must have an interpretation advocate, defined as an author who has publicly defended the interp in writing.
Palmer 15 Chris (coach for Lexington) “A theory of theory” azuen 3-3-15 http://www.azuen.net/2015/03/03/a-theory-of-theory/ JW
So I propose ... do the same.

Debaters may not say that legal actions are not binding, universal bans are morally prohibited because of particularism, and that the aff violates self-ownership by shutting down nuclear reactors which is bad because of humanity’s intrinsic worth.

If the neg reads a kritik of the aff advocacy, assumptions, or representations, they must have a text in the 1nc that clarifies their alternative advocacy

Debaters must link their role of the ballot warrants to a normative theory that determines what counts as good and bad. To clarify, they may not say that the role of the ballot prevents x without warranting why x is normatively bad.

Debaters may not defend a rejection of capitalism without a) specifying in their speech what this rejection entails, or b) specifying an alternate system to capitalism.

Tournament: all | Round: Quads | Opponent: x | Judge: x
If you have questions about anything, email me: wareham.jack@gmail.com

Tournament: x | Round: Quads | Opponent: x | Judge: x
Interpretation: at least an hour before the round begins, debaters must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read.

Interpretation: at least an hour before the round begins, debaters who have been in elim rounds of bid tournaments must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read.

1. Quality engagement – disclosure ensures nuanced argumentation about the aff because I know what the possibilities are and have time before the round to write answers. Gives me more time to craft specific strategies designed to maximally engage your position instead of going for generics which kill education because topics go stale.

2. Academic integrity – availability of cites on the wiki means I can check your evidence for powertagging and miscutting—prep time is not enough to understand the articles and their positions which means you’re more likely to get away with ev ethics violations. Impacts:
A. Outweighs other theory impacts—your role as an educator mandates you enforce academic rules just like a teacher would fail a plagiarized paper.
B. Fairness and education—no disclosure means people can spin and twist their evidence to say things it doesn’t say which gives you an advantage on the argument that shouldn’t exist. Also shuts off need for research because there’s no incentive to find good cards.

3. Research incentive – disclosure forces continued research on the topic.
Nails 13 Jacob “A Defense of Disclosure (Including Third-Party Disclosure)” NSD Update October 10th 2013 http://nsdupdate.com/2013/10/10/a-defense-of-disclosure-including-third-party-disclosure-by-jacob-nails/ JW
In theory, the ... long time ago.

Key to education—ensures we go in depth on topical issues instead of reusing old positions.

Tournament: Debate LA Challenge | Round: 1 | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Kumar, Castillo
I will defend the entire resolution but if you want me to specify further, ask in cross-ex.

Argumentation requires communicative reason giving with universal conclusions—this is essential to meaning and action.
Bohman and Rehg 7 James Bohman and William Rehg (professors of philosophy at St. Louis University) “Jurgen Habermas” May 17th 2007, substantially revised August 4th 2014 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/habermas/#HabDisThe JW
What is the ... on that below.

Actions causally contain the freedom to pursue a given end.
Engstrom Stephen (Professor of Ethics at UPitt) “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge” http://www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsem/engstrom_vortrag.pdf JW
Kant holds that ... the end itself.

Moreover, agents cannot reject their personality and ability to be free—ethics is only coherent when humanity is respected.
Kant Immanuel “The Metaphysics of Morals” Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy, 2nd Edition Mary J. Gregor, Roger J. Sullivan, Cambridge University Press 1996, 1797 NP 8/2/16
A human being ... free from blame.

Rights are only provisional in the state of nature. Respect for freedom requires we enter into a political system that can distribute property.
Korsgaard 8 Christine “Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution” The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology Oxford University Press http://www.klindeman.com/uploads/3/8/2/2/38221431/korsgaard_-_taking_the_law_into_our_own_hands.pdf JW
Kant also believes ...in a civil society. (MPJ 6:256) 

Thus, the standard is consistency with the mandates of the omnilateral will.

The constitutive nature of agency makes critiquing my framework impossible.
Ng 15 Karen Ng (Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University) “From the Critique of Reason to the Critique of Ideology: On the Relation between Life and Consciousness from Hegel to Critical Theory” 2015 JW
In order to ... critic to stand.

But, attempts to transcend the human condition make critique useless.
Ng 15 Karen Ng (Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University) “From the Critique of Reason to the Critique of Ideology: On the Relation between Life and Consciousness from Hegel to Critical Theory” 2015 JW
Now if one ... the first place.17

Commitment to universal reason is the only way to create social change.
Drescher 6 Gary L. Drescher (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT). “Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics.” Bradford Books. 5 May 2006.
Still, to the ... right and wrong.

Offense
First, public universities and colleges are founded and operated by the state.
Collegebound “Differences Between Public and Private Universities and Liberal Arts Colleges” http://www.collegebound.net/content/article/differences-between-public-and-private-universities-and-liberal-arts-colleges/18529/ JW
In the US, ... into comprehensive universities.

And, restricting freedom of speech puts the sovereign in contradiction with its supreme authority, undermining the omnilateral will.
Suprenant 15 Chris W. “Kant on the Virtues of a Free Society” April 7th 2015 https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/kant-virtues-free-society JW
The second point ... his own authority.

This offense is specific to political philosophy so the justification outweighs other turns.
Varden 10 on Kant Helga Varden (Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois) “A Kantian Conception of Free Speech” May 22nd 2010 Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World Volume 3 of the series AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice pp 39-55 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-90-481-8999-1_4 JW
It would be ... and their state.

Second, even immoral speech cannot be legally restricted because it doesn’t coerce other individuals inherently.
Varden 10 summarizes an argument from Kant Helga Varden (Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois) “A Kantian Conception of Free Speech” May 22nd 2010 Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World Volume 3 of the series AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice pp 39-55 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-90-481-8999-1_4 JW
2 Virtuous Versus Rightful ... view of right.

Empirically, counter-speech solves hate speech.
Davidson 16 Alexander (California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo) “The Freedom of Speech in Public Forums on College Campuses: A Single-Site Case Study on Pushing the Boundaries of the Freedom of Speech” A Senior Project presented to The Faculty of the Journalism Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Journalism June 2016
All experts agreed ... combat the issue.

Social science proves couterspeech – studies should outweigh.
Strossen 1 (Nadine, National President, American Civil Liberties Union; Professor of Law, New York Law School, 25 S. Ill. U. L. J. 243, “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit?”, lexis)
A study that ... prejudice and discrimination.

Underview 

Proving the res is permissible isn’t sufficient - negating an ought statement means proving prohibition-permissibility is aff ground.
Oxford Dictionary “ought, ought not” Oxford American Large Print Dictionary 2008 Oxford University Press NP 10/14/15.
usage: The verb ... suitability or appropriateness.

Tournament: Debate LA Challenge | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lynbrook VV | Judge: Agarwala, Paramo
Adopting the perspective of the oppressed is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our thought processes.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
AND
specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

Trust your basic intuition that oppression is bad. An assumption otherwise makes debate unsafe.
Teehan 14 Ryan Teehan (qualified to 2014 TOC) Comment on “2014 Tournament of Champions Student Protest” NSD Update April 26th 2014 http://nsdupdate.com/2014/04/26/nsd-update-coverage-toc-2014/
Honestly, I don't think that 99 of what has been said in this
AND
make it so that saying things that make debate unsafe has actual repercussions.

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
AND
and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

Material equality determines our view of individuals – comes before claims about history and epistemology.
Okereke ’07, Chukwumerije Okereke, Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia, "Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Governance", Routledge, 2007
Notwithstanding these drawbacks, these scholars provide very compelling arguments against mainstream conceptions of justice
AND
satisfy their aspirations for a better life. (WCED 1987: 43). 

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. Fairness.
Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.
Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).

3. The 1AC acknowledges the state is bad in many ways. However, the aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Contention

Most universities maintain speech codes that violate the constitution.
Moore 16 James R. Moore (Cleveland State University) “You Cannot Say That in American Schools: Attacks on the First Amendment” Social Studies Research and Practice Volume 11 Number 1 112 Spring 2016 http://www.socstrpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MS06579_Moore.pdf
The first amendment, a crucial component of American constitutional law, is under attack
AND
2013; Saxe V. State College Area School District, 2001).

Thus, the plan: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Allowing limitations on free speech because its “offensive” creates emotional trauma and more violence in the real world.
Lukianoff and Haidt 15 Jonathan Haidt (social psychologist and professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business) and Greg Lukianoff (president and CEO of the Foundatino of Individual Rights in Education) “The Coddling of the American Mind” The Atlantic September 2015 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a modern embodiment of this ancient wisdom. It is the
AND
there is something dangerous or damaging about discussing difficult aspects of our history.”

Hate groups are on the rise now.
Heller 16 Dave Heller “Examining the rise in hate groups” Newsworks December 6th 2016 http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/newsworks-tonight/99466-examining-the-rise-in-hate-groups) JW
More than 900 hate groups are operating around the U.S., including many
AND
campaign and the media for not doing enough to push back against hate.

Counter-speech can solve oppressive viewpoints while mobilizing college campuses to actually deal with violence instead of just shutting people up.
Calleros 95 (Charles, Winter, Professor of Law, Arizona State University, 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, “PATERNALISM, COUNTERSPEECH, AND CAMPUS HATE-SPEECH CODES: A REPLY TO DELGADO AND YUN”, lexis)
Delgado and Yun summarize the support for the counterspeech argument by paraphrasing Nat Hentoff:
AND
it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity.

Empirically, counter-speech solves hate speech.
Davidson 16 Alexander (California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo) “The Freedom of Speech in Public Forums on College Campuses: A Single-Site Case Study on Pushing the Boundaries of the Freedom of Speech” A Senior Project presented to The Faculty of the Journalism Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Journalism June 2016
All experts agreed that negative speech creates awareness that surrounds a certain topic. They
AND
there are people who use “good speech” to combat the issue.

Social science proves couterspeech – studies should outweigh.
Strossen 1 (Nadine, National President, American Civil Liberties Union; Professor of Law, New York Law School, 25 S. Ill. U. L. J. 243, “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit?”, lexis)
A study that was done by a professor at Smith College in Massachusetts demonstrated the
AND
can play a positive role in reducing present and future prejudice and discrimination.

Anti-hate speech legislation mutates into harmful forms of censorship.
Moore 16 James R. Moore (Cleveland State University) “You Cannot Say That in American Schools: Attacks on the First Amendment” Social Studies Research and Practice Volume 11 Number 1 112 Spring 2016 http://www.socstrpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MS06579_Moore.pdf
In many cases, hate speech codes are a modern surrogate for blasphemy laws;
AND
not impinge on students’ freedom of expression because they are offended by ideas.

Underview

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park JZ | Judge: Caldera, Antigua
Rejecting oppression is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our thought processes.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
AND
specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

Freedom is necessary to hold people responsible for actions-this is the foundation of moral philosophy.
Wolff 70 Robert Paul Wolff, In Defense of Anarchism, University of California Press 1970 JW 2/6/15
The fundamental assumption of moral philosophy is that people men are responsible for
AND
reflecting on motives, predicting outcomes, criticizing principles, and so forth.

Undermining structural violence is necessary for mutual recognition and thus freedom.
Duquette David A. Duquette (Professor of Philosophy St. Norton’s College) “Hegel: Social and Political Thought” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
According to Hegel, the relationship between self and otherness is the fundamental defining characteristic
AND
of provisional, incomplete resolution of the struggle for recognition between distinct consciousnesses.

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
AND
, and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. The aff uses state as heuristic, which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Inherency

Most universities maintain speech codes that violate the constitution.
Moore 16 James R. Moore (Cleveland State University) “You Cannot Say That in American Schools: Attacks on the First Amendment” Social Studies Research and Practice Volume 11 Number 1 112 Spring 2016 http://www.socstrpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MS06579_Moore.pdf
The first amendment, a crucial component of American constitutional law, is under attack
AND
, 2013; Saxe V. State College Area School District, 2001).

Plan Text

Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Adv = Counterspeech

Hate speech on the rise now—Trump.
Okeowo 16 Alexis (New Yorker staff writer) “HATE ON THE RISE AFTER TRUMP’S ELECTION” The New Yorker November 16th 2016 http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/hate-on-the-rise-after-trumps-election JW
Since Donald Trump won the Presidential election, there has been a dramatic uptick in
AND
. But his election has encouraged people to monitor and report such incidents.

Allowing open contestation of ideas without restriction leads to social progress—LGBTQ rights, feminism, and abolitionism prove.
Rauch 13 Jonathan (contributing editor at The Atlantic and National Journal and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.) “The Case for Hate Speech” The Atlantic November 2013 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/the-case-for-hate-speech/309524/ JW
A generation ago, the main obstacle to gay equality was not hatred, though
AND
of course. But no less do we need them to criticize us.

Counterspeech solves hate speech—empirical examples prove.
Calleros 95 (Charles, Winter, Professor of Law, Arizona State University, 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, “PATERNALISM, COUNTERSPEECH, AND CAMPUS HATE-SPEECH CODES: A REPLY TO DELGADO AND YUN”, lexis)
Delgado and Yun summarize the support for the counterspeech argument by paraphrasing Nat Hentoff:
AND
it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity.

Social science proves counterspeech solves.
Strossen 1 (Nadine, National President, American Civil Liberties Union; Professor of Law, New York Law School, 25 S. Ill. U. L. J. 243, “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit?”, lexis)
A study that was done by a professor at Smith College in Massachusetts demonstrated the
AND
can play a positive role in reducing present and future prejudice and discrimination.

This solves better than speech codes:

A. Speech codes just drive hatefulness underground, which makes it impossible to address and more pernicious.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Bigoted speech is symptomatic of a huge problem in our country; it
AND
institution accomplished nothing in the way of exposing the bankruptcy of racist ideas. 

B. Allowing limitations on free speech because its “offensive” creates emotional trauma and more violence in the real world.
Lukianoff and Haidt 15 Jonathan Haidt (social psychologist and professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business) and Greg Lukianoff (president and CEO of the Foundatino of Individual Rights in Education) “The Coddling of the American Mind” The Atlantic September 2015 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a modern embodiment of this ancient wisdom. It is the
AND
there is something dangerous or damaging about discussing difficult aspects of our history.”

C. Speech codes can be used against minorities—setting free speech precedents is key to social activism.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Free speech rights are indivisible. Restricting the speech of one group or
AND
the ACLU's successful defense of civil rights demonstrators in the 1960s and '70s. 

D. Empirics prove—speech codes get used to target minorities.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Historically, defamation laws or codes have proven ineffective at best and counter
AND
if we infringe on the rights of any persons, we'll be next."

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Triples | Opponent: Randolph AP | Judge: Gosain, Sigalow, Staunton
Inherency

Most universities maintain speech codes that violate the constitution.
Moore 16 James R. Moore (Cleveland State University) “You Cannot Say That in American Schools: Attacks on the First Amendment” Social Studies Research and Practice Volume 11 Number 1 112 Spring 2016 http://www.socstrpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MS06579_Moore.pdf
The first amendment, a crucial component of American constitutional law, is under attack
AND
, 2013; Saxe V. State College Area School District, 2001).

Plan Text

Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Adv 1 = Counterspeech

Hate speech on the rise now—Trump.
Okeowo 16 Alexis (New Yorker staff writer) “HATE ON THE RISE AFTER TRUMP’S ELECTION” The New Yorker November 16th 2016 http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/hate-on-the-rise-after-trumps-election JW
Since Donald Trump won the Presidential election, there has been a dramatic uptick in
AND
. But his election has encouraged people to monitor and report such incidents.

Allowing open contestation of ideas without restriction leads to social progress—LGBTQ rights, feminism, and abolitionism prove.
Rauch 13 Jonathan (contributing editor at The Atlantic and National Journal and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.) “The Case for Hate Speech” The Atlantic November 2013 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/the-case-for-hate-speech/309524/ JW
A generation ago, the main obstacle to gay equality was not hatred, though
AND
of course. But no less do we need them to criticize us.

Counterspeech solves hate speech—empirical examples prove.
Calleros 95 (Charles, Winter, Professor of Law, Arizona State University, 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, “PATERNALISM, COUNTERSPEECH, AND CAMPUS HATE-SPEECH CODES: A REPLY TO DELGADO AND YUN”, lexis)
Delgado and Yun summarize the support for the counterspeech argument by paraphrasing Nat Hentoff:
AND
it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity.

Social science proves counterspeech solves.
Strossen 1 (Nadine, National President, American Civil Liberties Union; Professor of Law, New York Law School, 25 S. Ill. U. L. J. 243, “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit?”, lexis)
A study that was done by a professor at Smith College in Massachusetts demonstrated the
AND
can play a positive role in reducing present and future prejudice and discrimination.

Adv 2 = Speech Codes are Bad

Speech codes just drive hatefulness underground, which makes it impossible to address and more pernicious.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Bigoted speech is symptomatic of a huge problem in our country; it
AND
institution accomplished nothing in the way of exposing the bankruptcy of racist ideas. 

Speech codes can be used against minorities—setting free speech precedents is key to social activism.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Free speech rights are indivisible. Restricting the speech of one group or
AND
the ACLU's successful defense of civil rights demonstrators in the 1960s and '70s. 

Framework

Rejecting oppression is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our thought processes.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
AND
specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

Solutions to oppression must be discussed through pragmatic approaches within hegemonic power structures.
Kapoor 8, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139)
There are perhaps several other social movement campaigns that could be cited as examples of
AND
made it difficult for the state to quash them or deflect their claims.

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for the harms you discuss.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
AND
, and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Legal debates are key to short-term survival of oppressed populations. Whether the law is good or bad, legal education is crucial to empowerment.
Arkles et al 10 (Gabriel Arkles, Pooja Gehi and Elana Redfield, The Role of Lawyers in Trans Liberation: Building a Transformative Movement for Social Change, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 8 Seattle J. Soc. Just. 579, Spring / Summer, 2010, LN)
While agenda-setting by lawyers can lead to the replication of patterns of elitism
AND
going to continue to have to navigate government agencies and organizations to survive.

The aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

And, material equality determines our view of individuals – comes before claims about history and epistemology. Okereke ’07,
Chukwumerije Okereke, Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia, "Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Governance", Routledge, 2007
Notwithstanding these drawbacks, these scholars provide very compelling arguments against mainstream conceptions of justice
AND
satisfy their aspirations for a better life. (WCED 1987: 43). 

Inequality creates flawed epistemic conclusions, making normative decision making impossible.
Medina 11 Medina, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35
Foucault invites us to pay attention to the past and ongoing epistemic battles among competing
AND
until past epistemic battles are reopened and established frameworks become open to contestation.

Major political gains for blacks have been achieved within civil society- the alt risks throwing out the possibility of a less violent future.
Winant 15 (2015, Howard, Professor of Sociology at UC-Santa Barbara, “The Dark Matter: Race and Racism in the 21st Century,” Critical Sociology 2015, Vol. 41(2) 313–324)
The World-Historical Shitpile of Race Structural racism – an odious stinkpile of shit
AND
democracy, inclusion, equality, and justice in the US and elsewhere.

Even if the state is bad, legal debates are key to critiquing law.
Harris and Maeda 4 (Prof @ UC Davis School of Law; Professor of Critical Theory and Social Justice @ Occidental) (Angela Harris and Donna Maeda, Power and Resistance in Contemporary Legal Education, in Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy, Project MUSE)
Efforts by progressive students to transform hierarchies indicate the importance of constant resistance, and
AND
, grounded in the knowledge of the necessity of constant struggle and resistance.

Tournament: Debate LA Challenge | Round: 4 | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Smith, Randall
Only the devil and I know the whereabouts of my treasure, and the one of us who lives the longest should take it all.
  --Edward Teach, aka, Captain Blackbeard

In the 17th and 18th century, pirates joined together on ships to form radically egalitarian and democratic communities free from sovereign control.
Land 7 Chris (Chris studies his PhD at Warwick Business School under the tutelage of Gibson Burrell and Martin Corbett. This project was an examination of the interrelations between language, technology and subjectivity – key elements in the production of organisation – through an analysis of William S. Burroughs novels and Deleuze and Guattari’s more philosophically inspired work. Since then he has worked at the Universities of Coventry, Essex, Innsbruck (Austria) and St Gallen (Switzerland). He joined the University of Leicester in January 2015 and is currently the Head of the Management and Organization Division in the School of Business. He is a founding member of the CAMEo Research Institute where he leads on the Cultural Publics Programme.) “Flying the black flag: Revolt, revolution and the social organization of piracy in the ‘golden age’” Management and Organizational History, 2:2, 169-192 2007 JW
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ... it was desired.

In the golden age of piracy, the ocean was a symbol of freedom, a smooth space free from government intrusion and nationalism. Pirates were maritime nomadic marauders that escaped the state through a lens of unintelligibility by travelling between secret coves. They had absolute freedom—no government restrictions preventing them from doing anything, including speaking. Eventually, the rhizomatic space of the sea was ordered and regulated by the government, and the age of piracy ended.
Kuhn 9 Gabriel (Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck) Life Under the Jolly Roger: Reflections on Golden Age Piracy  https://thebasebk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Kuhn-Life-Under-the-Jolly-Roger-Reflections-on-Golden-Age-Piracy.pdf JW
If it is ... lives at home.23

Vote affirmative to embrace the political strategy of the pirate.

Piracy created a nomadic war machine that directly challenged state and capitalist oppression.
Kuhn 9 Gabriel (Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck) Life Under the Jolly Roger: Reflections on Golden Age Piracy  https://thebasebk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Kuhn-Life-Under-the-Jolly-Roger-Reflections-on-Golden-Age-Piracy.pdf JW
Piracy has always ... to striate space.17

Before the omnipresent technology of the 21st century, truly autonomous zones free from government control were entirely possible and actualized by pirate coves—creating anarchist mini-utopias that rejected all forms of government intervention. While these spaces are not presently possible, we should reclaim certain sites as Temporary Autonomous Zones to allow true rejection of oppression. The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best actualizes a Temporary Autonomous Zone within debate.
Bey 91 Hakim (pseudonym under which Peter Lamborn Wilson writes) “T. A. Z.: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism” 1991 http://hermetic.com/bey/taz3.html#labelTAZ JW
Pirate Utopias THE ... act of realization.

Micro-fascism structures other forms of oppression by operating on the individual body to produce overall systems of domination.
Deleuze and Guatarri 80 Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari “A Thousand Plateus” pp. 214-215
It is not ... or inversely proportional.

Actions that striate smooth spaces constitute intellectual and physical violence—the real world is fluid, not static.
Hipwell 4 William Hipwell (Professor of Geography, Kyungpook National University, South Korea) “A Deleuzian critique of resource-use management politics in Industria) The Canadian Geographer 48, no. 3, 2004
For Deleuze, static ...have good instincts.

My argument isn’t that we should act just like pirates.  The 1AC’s politics does not claim ownership of the pirates, but uses their legacy as an inspiration for a movement.
Kuhn 9 Gabriel (Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck) Life Under the Jolly Roger: Reflections on Golden Age Piracy  https://thebasebk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Kuhn-Life-Under-the-Jolly-Roger-Reflections-on-Golden-Age-Piracy.pdf JW
In short, the ... a short time.”43

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: LHP SS | Judge: OConnor
Prefer reflective equilibrium as a procedure to evaluate the framework debate.

Rule consequentialism coheres with our intuitive beliefs.
Hooker Brad Hooker (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading) “Rule Consequentialism” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2008 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism-rule/ JW
We have seen that rule-consequentialism evaluates rules on the basis of the expected
AND
well (Urmson 1953; Brandt 1967; Hospers 1972; Hooker 2000).

Thus, the standard is consistency with rule consequentialism. Prefer the standard:

1. Morality must be universalizable.
   Pettit Phillip “Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability” The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
   Every prescription as to what an agent ought to do should be capable of being
   AND
   , indeed, that no other agent is ever likely to confront them.

Only consequentialism can be universalized.
Pettit 2 Phillip “Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability” The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
There is no difficulty in seeing how the universalizability challenge is supposed to be met
AND
swears non-consequentialist allegiance, may be to flout that pattern oneself.

2. Actor specificity

Even if act util is true—use rule util as a decision procedure.
Chappell 05 on Mackie “Indirect Utilitarianism” June 11 2005 Philosophy, et cetera http://www.philosophyetc.net/2005/06/indirect-utilitarianism.html
J.L. Mackie (p.91) offers six utilitarian reasons for
AND
that there is no real chance that actions will even approximate to them.

ROTB

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. Fairness.
Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.
Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).

Inherency

Most universities maintain speech codes that violate the constitution.
Moore 16 James R. Moore (Cleveland State University) “You Cannot Say That in American Schools: Attacks on the First Amendment” Social Studies Research and Practice Volume 11 Number 1 112 Spring 2016 http://www.socstrpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MS06579_Moore.pdf
The first amendment, a crucial component of American constitutional law, is under attack
AND
, 2013; Saxe V. State College Area School District, 2001).

Plan Text

Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Adv 1 = Counterspeech

Hate speech on the rise now—Trump.
Okeowo 16 Alexis (New Yorker staff writer) “HATE ON THE RISE AFTER TRUMP’S ELECTION” The New Yorker November 16th 2016 http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/hate-on-the-rise-after-trumps-election JW
Since Donald Trump won the Presidential election, there has been a dramatic uptick in
AND
. But his election has encouraged people to monitor and report such incidents.

Allowing open contestation of ideas without restriction leads to social progress—LGBTQ rights, feminism, and abolitionism prove.
Rauch 13 Jonathan (contributing editor at The Atlantic and National Journal and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.) “The Case for Hate Speech” The Atlantic November 2013 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/the-case-for-hate-speech/309524/ JW
A generation ago, the main obstacle to gay equality was not hatred, though
AND
of course. But no less do we need them to criticize us.

Counterspeech solves hate speech—empirical examples prove.
Calleros 95 (Charles, Winter, Professor of Law, Arizona State University, 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, “PATERNALISM, COUNTERSPEECH, AND CAMPUS HATE-SPEECH CODES: A REPLY TO DELGADO AND YUN”, lexis)
Delgado and Yun summarize the support for the counterspeech argument by paraphrasing Nat Hentoff:
AND
it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity.

Adv 2 = Emotional Trauma

Allowing limitations on free speech because its “offensive” creates emotional trauma and more violence in the real world.
Lukianoff and Haidt 15 Jonathan Haidt (social psychologist and professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business) and Greg Lukianoff (president and CEO of the Foundatino of Individual Rights in Education) “The Coddling of the American Mind” The Atlantic September 2015 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
Because there is a broad ban in academic circles on “blaming the victim,”
AND
there is something dangerous or damaging about discussing difficult aspects of our history.”

Adv 3 = Speech Codes Backfire

Speech codes can be used against minorities—setting free speech precedents is key to social activism.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Free speech rights are indivisible. Restricting the speech of one group or
AND
the ACLU's successful defense of civil rights demonstrators in the 1960s and '70s. 

Empirics prove—speech codes get used to target minorities.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Historically, defamation laws or codes have proven ineffective at best and counter
AND
if we infringe on the rights of any persons, we'll be next."

Underview
Prefer a comparing worlds paradigm.
Nelson Adam Nelson (Director of Lincoln-Douglas Debate at the Harker School) “Towards a Comprehensive Theory of LD” The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Theory Journal April 15th 2008 http://ldtheoryjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/towards-comprehensive-theory-of-ld-adam.html JW
And the truth-statement ... the same way.

Tournament: Debate LA Challenge | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake EE | Judge: panel
Adopting the perspective of the oppressed is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our thought processes.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
AND
specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
AND
, and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. The 1AC acknowledges the state is bad in many ways. However, the aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Offense

Professors on public college campuses use trigger warnings constantly.
Kamenetz 16 Anya (Anya Kamenetz is NPR's lead education blogger. She joined NPR in 2014, working as part of a new initiative to coordinate on-air and online coverage of learning.) “Half Of Professors In NPR Ed Survey Have Used 'Trigger Warnings'” NPR September 7th 2016 http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/09/07/492979242/half-of-professors-in-npr-ed-survey-have-used-trigger-warnings
This school year, the University of Chicago has put the debate over "trigger
AND
last fall, that their institutions had any official policies about their use.

Thus, the plan: Public colleges and universities ought not require or suggest that professors and faculty use trigger warnings.

The plan falls under the purview of the topic—the Court has interpreted colleges as deserving special amounts of protection because they are marketplaces of ideas.
Doll 16 Jordan (Honors, Oberlin College Politics Department) “Trauma and Free Speech in Higher Education: Do Trigger Warnings Threaten First Amendment Rights?” Spring 2016 JW
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
AND
to engage with a work because it is too triggering for some students.

Trigger warning suggestions and requirements are currently chilling freedom of expression on campus.
AAUP 14 American Association of University Professors “On Trigger Warnings” This report was drafted by a subcommittee of Committee A on Academic Freedom and Tenure in August 2014 and has been approved by Committee A. https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings JW
A current threat to academic freedom in the classroom comes from a demand that teachers
AND
interference with academic freedom; faculty judgment is a legitimate exercise of autonomy.

Generalized trigger warnings in classroom settings hinder discussion by diverting dialogue from important issues.
Filipovic 14 Jill (blogger at Feministe. She holds a JD and BA from New York University) “We’ve gone too far with ‘trigger warnings’” Guardian march 5th 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/05/trigger-warnings-can-be-counterproductive
It is true that everything on the above list might trigger a PTSD response in
AND
it should particularly trouble the feminist and anti-racist bookworms among us.

Trigger warnings are fracturing coalitions to prevent oppression and violence in society—their justifications rest on oversimplified definitions of trauma.
Halberstam 14 Jack Halberstam “You Are Triggering me! The Neo-Liberal Rhetoric of Harm, Danger and Trauma” July 5th 2014 http://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/you-are-triggering-me-the-neo-liberal-rhetoric-of-harm-danger-and-trauma/
At this point, we should recall the “four Yorkshire men” skit from
AND
been pushed aside in the recent wave of the politics of the aggrieved.

The overemphasis on creating a safe space pits those with unified causes against each other while ignoring the power structures that cause the traumatic events that they want to avoid talking about.
Halberstam 14 Jack Halberstam “You Are Triggering me! The Neo-Liberal Rhetoric of Harm, Danger and Trauma” July 5th 2014 http://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/you-are-triggering-me-the-neo-liberal-rhetoric-of-harm-danger-and-trauma/
Claims about being triggered work off literalist notions of emotional pain and cast traumatic events
AND
ekki-ekki-ekki-PTANG. Zoom-Boing, z’nourrwringmm.”

Trigger warnings create a hierarchy of trauma by identifying certain experiences as more or less traumatic. You don’t see trigger warnings for war films but you do for one’s about gendered violence even though both are horrifying.
Filipovic 14 Jill (blogger at Feministe. She holds a JD and BA from New York University) “We’ve gone too far with ‘trigger warnings’” Guardian march 5th 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/05/trigger-warnings-can-be-counterproductive
That should concern those of us who love literature, but it should particularly trouble
AND
upsetting, triggering or even emotionally devastating content comes with a warning sign.

A consensus of psychologists agree exposure is good and trigger warnings are bad. Trigger warnings cause more trauma than they’re meant to prevent.
Waters 14 Florence Waters “Trigger warnings: more harm than good?” The Telegraph October 4th 2014 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/11106670/Trigger-warnings-more-harm-than-good.html
Prof Metin Basoglu, a psychologist internationally recognised for his trauma research, agreed to
AND
only feed the more bullying side of the less-than-delicate.

Underview

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: LHP AA | Judge: Castillo, Antigua
1AC

Fwk

Adopting the perspective of the oppressed is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our thought processes.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
AND
specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
AND
, and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. The 1AC acknowledges the state is bad in many ways. However, the aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Inherency

Professors on public college campuses use trigger warnings constantly.
Kamenetz 16 Anya (Anya Kamenetz is NPR's lead education blogger. She joined NPR in 2014, working as part of a new initiative to coordinate on-air and online coverage of learning.) “Half Of Professors In NPR Ed Survey Have Used 'Trigger Warnings'” NPR September 7th 2016 http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/09/07/492979242/half-of-professors-in-npr-ed-survey-have-used-trigger-warnings
This school year, the University of Chicago has put the debate over "trigger
AND
last fall, that their institutions had any official policies about their use.

Plan Text

Public colleges and universities ought not require that professors and faculty use trigger warnings.

The plan falls under the purview of the topic—the Court has interpreted colleges as deserving special amounts of protection because they are marketplaces of ideas.
Doll 16 Jordan (Honors, Oberlin College Politics Department) “Trauma and Free Speech in Higher Education: Do Trigger Warnings Threaten First Amendment Rights?” Spring 2016 JW
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
AND
to engage with a work because it is too triggering for some students.

Trigger warning suggestions and requirements are currently chilling freedom of expression on campus.
AAUP 14 American Association of University Professors “On Trigger Warnings” This report was drafted by a subcommittee of Committee A on Academic Freedom and Tenure in August 2014 and has been approved by Committee A. https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings JW
A current threat to academic freedom in the classroom comes from a demand that teachers
AND
interference with academic freedom; faculty judgment is a legitimate exercise of autonomy.

Adv 1 = Discussions

Instead of avoiding tricky conversations, we should open up spaces for meaningful discourse—this requires a concerted effort to reject trigger warnings, which are absent in the real world.
Haidt 15 Jonathan Haidt (social psychologist and professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business) and Greg Lukianoff (president and CEO of the Foundatino of Individual Rights in Education) “The Coddling of the American Mind” The Atlantic September 2015 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
Attempts to shield students from words, ideas, and people that might cause them
AND
, universities would help fortify the faculty against student requests for such warnings.

Generalized trigger warnings in classroom settings hinder discussion by diverting dialogue.
Filipovic 14 Jill (blogger at Feministe. She holds a JD and BA from New York University) “We’ve gone too far with ‘trigger warnings’” Guardian march 5th 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/05/trigger-warnings-can-be-counterproductive
It is true that everything on the above list might trigger a PTSD response in
AND
it should particularly trouble the feminist and anti-racist bookworms among us.

Adv 2 = Coalitions

The overemphasis on creating a safe space pits those with unified causes against each other while ignoring the power structures that cause the traumatic events that they want to avoid talking about.
Halberstam 14 Jack Halberstam “You Are Triggering me! The Neo-Liberal Rhetoric of Harm, Danger and Trauma” July 5th 2014 http://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/you-are-triggering-me-the-neo-liberal-rhetoric-of-harm-danger-and-trauma/
Claims about being triggered work off literalist notions of emotional pain and cast traumatic events
AND
ekki-ekki-ekki-PTANG. Zoom-Boing, z’nourrwringmm.”

Trigger warnings create a hierarchy of trauma by identifying certain experiences as more or less traumatic. You don’t see trigger warnings for war films but you do for one’s about gendered violence even though both are traumatic.
Filipovic 14 Jill (blogger at Feministe. She holds a JD and BA from New York University) “We’ve gone too far with ‘trigger warnings’” Guardian march 5th 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/05/trigger-warnings-can-be-counterproductive
That should concern those of us who love literature, but it should particularly trouble
AND
upsetting, triggering or even emotionally devastating content comes with a warning sign.

A consensus of psychologists agree exposure is good and trigger warnings are bad. Trigger warnings cause more trauma than they’re meant to prevent.
Waters 14 Florence Waters “Trigger warnings: more harm than good?” The Telegraph October 4th 2014 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/11106670/Trigger-warnings-more-harm-than-good.html
Prof Metin Basoglu, a ... of the less-than-delicate.

Undermining structural violence is necessary for mutual recognition and thus freedom.
Duquette David A. Duquette (Professor of Philosophy St. Norton’s College) “Hegel: Social and Political Thought” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
According to Hegel... between distinct consciousnesses.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Millburn CS | Judge: panel
Professors on public college campuses use trigger warnings constantly.
Kamenetz 16 Anya (Anya Kamenetz is NPR's lead education blogger. She joined NPR in 2014, working as part of a new initiative to coordinate on-air and online coverage of learning.) “Half Of Professors In NPR Ed Survey Have Used 'Trigger Warnings'” NPR September 7th 2016 http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/09/07/492979242/half-of-professors-in-npr-ed-survey-have-used-trigger-warnings
This school year, the University of Chicago has put the debate over "trigger
AND
last fall, that their institutions had any official policies about their use.

Plan Text

Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not require that professors and faculty use trigger warnings.

The plan falls under the purview of the topic—the Court has interpreted colleges as deserving special amounts of protection because they are marketplaces of ideas.
Doll 16 Jordan (Honors, Oberlin College Politics Department) “Trauma and Free Speech in Higher Education: Do Trigger Warnings Threaten First Amendment Rights?” Spring 2016 JW
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
AND
to engage with a work because it is too triggering for some students.

Trigger warning requirements are currently chilling freedom of expression on campus.
AAUP 14 American Association of University Professors “On Trigger Warnings” This report was drafted by a subcommittee of Committee A on Academic Freedom and Tenure in August 2014 and has been approved by Committee A. https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings JW
A current threat to academic freedom in the classroom comes from a demand that teachers
AND
interference with academic freedom; faculty judgment is a legitimate exercise of autonomy.

Adv 1 = Discussions

Instead of avoiding tricky conversations, we should open up spaces for meaningful discourse—this requires a concerted effort to reject trigger warnings, which are absent in the real world.
Haidt 15 Jonathan Haidt (social psychologist and professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business) and Greg Lukianoff (president and CEO of the Foundatino of Individual Rights in Education) “The Coddling of the American Mind” The Atlantic September 2015 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
Attempts to shield students from words, ideas, and people that might cause them
AND
, universities would help fortify the faculty against student requests for such warnings.

The overemphasis on creating a safe space pits those with unified causes against each other while ignoring the power structures that cause the traumatic events that they want to avoid talking about.
Halberstam 14 Jack Halberstam “You Are Triggering me! The Neo-Liberal Rhetoric of Harm, Danger and Trauma” July 5th 2014 http://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/you-are-triggering-me-the-neo-liberal-rhetoric-of-harm-danger-and-trauma/
Claims about being triggered work off literalist notions of emotional pain and cast traumatic events
AND
ekki-ekki-ekki-PTANG. Zoom-Boing, z’nourrwringmm.”

A consensus of psychologists agree exposure is good and trigger warnings are bad. Trigger warnings cause more trauma than they’re meant to prevent.
Waters 14 Florence Waters “Trigger warnings: more harm than good?” The Telegraph October 4th 2014 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/11106670/Trigger-warnings-more-harm-than-good.html
Prof Metin Basoglu, a psychologist internationally recognised for his trauma research, agreed to
AND
only feed the more bullying side of the less-than-delicate.

Fwk

The standard is minimizing oppression.

1. Rejecting oppression is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our perception of normative ideals.
   Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
   Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
   AND
   specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

2. Inequality creates flawed epistemic conclusions, making normative decision making impossible.
Medina 11 Medina, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35
Foucault invites us to pay attention to the past and ongoing epistemic battles among competing
AND
until past epistemic battles are reopened and established frameworks become open to contestation.

3.  Freedom is necessary to hold people responsible for actions-this is the foundation of moral philosophy.
Wolff 70 Robert Paul Wolff, In Defense of Anarchism, University of California Press 1970 JW 2/6/15
The fundamental assumption of moral philosophy is that people men are responsible for
AND
reflecting on motives, predicting outcomes, criticizing principles, and so forth.

Undermining structural violence is necessary for mutual recognition and thus freedom.
Duquette David A. Duquette (Professor of Philosophy St. Norton’s College) “Hegel: Social and Political Thought” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
According to Hegel, the relationship between self and otherness is the fundamental defining characteristic
AND
of provisional, incomplete resolution of the struggle for recognition between distinct consciousnesses.

4. Trust your basic intuition that oppression is bad. An assumption otherwise makes debate unsafe.
Teehan 14 Ryan Teehan (qualified to 2014 TOC) Comment on “2014 Tournament of Champions Student Protest” NSD Update April 26th 2014 http://nsdupdate.com/2014/04/26/nsd-update-coverage-toc-2014/
Honestly, I don't think that 99 of what has been said in this
AND
make it so that saying things that make debate unsafe has actual repercussions.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Underview

1. Aff gets 1AR theory

2. Prefer a comparing worlds paradigm. 

A. Truth testing kills reciprocity.
Nelson Adam Nelson (Director of Lincoln-Douglas Debate at the Harker School) “Towards a Comprehensive Theory of LD” The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Theory Journal April 15th 2008 http://ldtheoryjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/towards-comprehensive-theory-of-ld-adam.html JW
And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof
AND
. It is about time LD started treating such arguments the same way.

B. Debate has no constitutive rules- every debate is functionally a new version of the activity.
Enoch David Enoch “Shmagency Revisited” JW
But one may want to reject this initial claim, even with regard to chess
AND
except perhaps in terms of inescapability, to which we will return shortly).

C. Truth testing violates LD rules-prefer this since it directly quotes the event description and doesn’t rely on inference.
Nelson Adam Nelson (Director of Lincoln-Douglas Debate at the Harker School) “Towards a Comprehensive Theory of LD” The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Theory Journal April 15th 2008 http://ldtheoryjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/towards-comprehensive-theory-of-ld-adam.html JW
But the NFL’s new Lincoln Douglas Debate Event Description explicitly repudiates truth-testing
AND
the truth of part of the resolution is sufficient to earn the ballot.

3. SCOTUS ruled that “any” implies limitations on the object they refer to.
Von Eintel 11 Kai Von Fintel, 7-6-2011, "Justice Breyer, Professor Austin, and the Meaning of 'Any'," Language Log, http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3248 MG
In a recent interview, Supreme Court Justice Breyer lists the five books that have
AND
1, 5 (1997), we must look beyond that word itself.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Millburn CS | Judge: panel
Professors on public college campuses use trigger warnings constantly.
Kamenetz 16 Anya (Anya Kamenetz is NPR's lead education blogger. She joined NPR in 2014, working as part of a new initiative to coordinate on-air and online coverage of learning.) “Half Of Professors In NPR Ed Survey Have Used 'Trigger Warnings'” NPR September 7th 2016 http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/09/07/492979242/half-of-professors-in-npr-ed-survey-have-used-trigger-warnings
This school year, the University of Chicago has put the debate over "trigger
AND
last fall, that their institutions had any official policies about their use.

Plan Text

Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not require that professors and faculty use trigger warnings.

The plan falls under the purview of the topic—the Court has interpreted colleges as deserving special amounts of protection because they are marketplaces of ideas.
Doll 16 Jordan (Honors, Oberlin College Politics Department) “Trauma and Free Speech in Higher Education: Do Trigger Warnings Threaten First Amendment Rights?” Spring 2016 JW
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
AND
to engage with a work because it is too triggering for some students.

Trigger warning requirements are currently chilling freedom of expression on campus.
AAUP 14 American Association of University Professors “On Trigger Warnings” This report was drafted by a subcommittee of Committee A on Academic Freedom and Tenure in August 2014 and has been approved by Committee A. https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings JW
A current threat to academic freedom in the classroom comes from a demand that teachers
AND
interference with academic freedom; faculty judgment is a legitimate exercise of autonomy.

Adv 1 = Discussions

Instead of avoiding tricky conversations, we should open up spaces for meaningful discourse—this requires a concerted effort to reject trigger warnings, which are absent in the real world.
Haidt 15 Jonathan Haidt (social psychologist and professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business) and Greg Lukianoff (president and CEO of the Foundatino of Individual Rights in Education) “The Coddling of the American Mind” The Atlantic September 2015 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
Attempts to shield students from words, ideas, and people that might cause them
AND
, universities would help fortify the faculty against student requests for such warnings.

The overemphasis on creating a safe space pits those with unified causes against each other while ignoring the power structures that cause the traumatic events that they want to avoid talking about.
Halberstam 14 Jack Halberstam “You Are Triggering me! The Neo-Liberal Rhetoric of Harm, Danger and Trauma” July 5th 2014 http://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/you-are-triggering-me-the-neo-liberal-rhetoric-of-harm-danger-and-trauma/
Claims about being triggered work off literalist notions of emotional pain and cast traumatic events
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ekki-ekki-ekki-PTANG. Zoom-Boing, z’nourrwringmm.”

A consensus of psychologists agree exposure is good and trigger warnings are bad. Trigger warnings cause more trauma than they’re meant to prevent.
Waters 14 Florence Waters “Trigger warnings: more harm than good?” The Telegraph October 4th 2014 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/11106670/Trigger-warnings-more-harm-than-good.html
Prof Metin Basoglu, a psychologist internationally recognised for his trauma research, agreed to
AND
only feed the more bullying side of the less-than-delicate.

Fwk

The standard is minimizing oppression.

1. Rejecting oppression is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our perception of normative ideals.
   Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
   Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
   AND
   specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

2. Inequality creates flawed epistemic conclusions, making normative decision making impossible.
Medina 11 Medina, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35
Foucault invites us to pay attention to the past and ongoing epistemic battles among competing
AND
until past epistemic battles are reopened and established frameworks become open to contestation.

3.  Freedom is necessary to hold people responsible for actions-this is the foundation of moral philosophy.
Wolff 70 Robert Paul Wolff, In Defense of Anarchism, University of California Press 1970 JW 2/6/15
The fundamental assumption of moral philosophy is that people men are responsible for
AND
reflecting on motives, predicting outcomes, criticizing principles, and so forth.

Undermining structural violence is necessary for mutual recognition and thus freedom.
Duquette David A. Duquette (Professor of Philosophy St. Norton’s College) “Hegel: Social and Political Thought” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
According to Hegel, the relationship between self and otherness is the fundamental defining characteristic
AND
of provisional, incomplete resolution of the struggle for recognition between distinct consciousnesses.

4. Trust your basic intuition that oppression is bad. An assumption otherwise makes debate unsafe.
Teehan 14 Ryan Teehan (qualified to 2014 TOC) Comment on “2014 Tournament of Champions Student Protest” NSD Update April 26th 2014 http://nsdupdate.com/2014/04/26/nsd-update-coverage-toc-2014/
Honestly, I don't think that 99 of what has been said in this
AND
make it so that saying things that make debate unsafe has actual repercussions.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Underview

1. Aff gets 1AR theory

2. Prefer a comparing worlds paradigm. 

A. Truth testing kills reciprocity.
Nelson Adam Nelson (Director of Lincoln-Douglas Debate at the Harker School) “Towards a Comprehensive Theory of LD” The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Theory Journal April 15th 2008 http://ldtheoryjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/towards-comprehensive-theory-of-ld-adam.html JW
And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof
AND
. It is about time LD started treating such arguments the same way.

B. Debate has no constitutive rules- every debate is functionally a new version of the activity.
Enoch David Enoch “Shmagency Revisited” JW
But one may want to reject this initial claim, even with regard to chess
AND
except perhaps in terms of inescapability, to which we will return shortly).

C. Truth testing violates LD rules-prefer this since it directly quotes the event description and doesn’t rely on inference.
Nelson Adam Nelson (Director of Lincoln-Douglas Debate at the Harker School) “Towards a Comprehensive Theory of LD” The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Theory Journal April 15th 2008 http://ldtheoryjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/towards-comprehensive-theory-of-ld-adam.html JW
But the NFL’s new Lincoln Douglas Debate Event Description explicitly repudiates truth-testing
AND
the truth of part of the resolution is sufficient to earn the ballot.

3. SCOTUS ruled that “any” implies limitations on the object they refer to.
Von Eintel 11 Kai Von Fintel, 7-6-2011, "Justice Breyer, Professor Austin, and the Meaning of 'Any'," Language Log, http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3248 MG
In a recent interview, Supreme Court Justice Breyer lists the five books that have
AND
1, 5 (1997), we must look beyond that word itself.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cypress Bay LC | Judge: panel
Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
AND
favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

Moral uncertainty means we should prevent extinction—it’s irreversible and prevents ethical deliberation or value.
Bostrom 13 Nick Bostrom (Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford) “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority” Global Policy Volume 4 . Issue 1 . February 2013 http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.pdf JW
Keeping our options alive These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

Plan Text

Resolved: the State Courts of the United States ought to limit qualified immunity in cases of police ignorance of the law as established by Heien v. North Carolina.

State courts can and should decline to follow the opinion of the Supreme Court—Heien V. North Carolina is detrimental to rights of citizens.
Coburn ’16 ARTICLE: THE SUPREME COURT'S MISTAKE ON LAW ENFORCEMENT MISTAKE OF LAW: WHY STATES SHOULD NOT ADOPT HEIEN V. NORTH CAROLINA. NAME: MADISON COBURN Madison Coburn, Staff Editor, Mississippi Law Journal; J.D. Candidate 2017, University of Mississippi School of Law. The author wishes to thank her family and Dean Jack Wade Nowlin of the University of Mississippi School of Law. Without Dean Nowlin's patience, guidance, and support, this Article would not have been possible.. Copyright © 2016 Wake Forest University School of Law. All Rights Reserved. Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy
As Justice Brennan famously observed, "examples abound where state courts have
AND
should afford citizens greater privacy protections than the Supreme Court did in Heien.

Advantage 1 = the War on Drugs

Unchecked qualified immunity makes expansion of the police state and drug wars inevitable—Heien v. North Carolina is at the core of the modern war on drugs.
Meads ’16 The War Against Ourselves: Heien v. North Carolina, the War on Drugs, and Police Militarization. Mallory Meads B.S. 2012, University of Florida; J.D. Candidate 2016, University of Miami School of Law . University of Miami Law School. 2016.
Heien v. North Carolina, 143 another case dealing with the War on Drugs
AND
price that our society must pay in order to preserve its freedom.”158

Perpetuation of the war on drugs means terrorism is self-sustaining; it creates funding and recruit for radical groups. Glenny ‘16
Misha Glenny. To win the war on terror, forget the war on drugs. 2016. https://www.ft.com/content/808c348e-a4db-11e5-a91e-162b86790c58
The terms may no longer be politically correct but western governments continue to wage both
AND
only bad politics to resist drug law reform — it is downright immoral.

Extinction.
Rhodes 9 Richard (a visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and currently he is an affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. Rhodes is the author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award) “Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety” December 14th 2009 JW
The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
AND
nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message.

The drug war causes mass incarceration and creates the predominant mode of racist social control—there is no more damaging act against communities of color currently than the war on drugs. Alexander ‘06
Alexander, Director of the Civil Rights Clinic at Stanford Law School 2006  Michelle, Federalism, Race, and Criminal Justice, Chapter pp. 219-228
Most Americans today can look back and see slavery and Jim Crow laws for what
AND
manifestation of deliberate indifference-or downright hostility-to communities of color. 

The AFF doesn’t reduce police effectiveness, established proper standard of conduct is key to a well-functioning police system. Coburn ‘16
ARTICLE: THE SUPREME COURT'S MISTAKE ON LAW ENFORCEMENT MISTAKE OF LAW: WHY STATES SHOULD NOT ADOPT HEIEN V. NORTH CAROLINA. NAME: MADISON COBURN Madison Coburn, Staff Editor, Mississippi Law Journal; J.D. Candidate 2017, University of Mississippi School of Law. The author wishes to thank her family and Dean Jack Wade Nowlin of the University of Mississippi School of Law. Without Dean Nowlin's patience, guidance, and support, this Article would not have been possible.. Copyright © 2016 Wake Forest University School of Law. All Rights Reserved. Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy
Of course, there is a cost to the benefit of applying the exclusionary rule
AND
on even a valid statute is not enough to trigger the exclusionary rule.

Adv 2 = policing

Granting qualified immunity when the police are ignorant hurts citizens and prevents clarification of law.
Justice Sotomayor (dissenting), 14
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Heien v North Carolina, CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA, December 15, 2014, Syllabus, https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-604_ec8f.pdf
I would hold that determining whether a search or seizure is reasonable requires evaluating an
AND
to justify a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. I respectfully dissent. 

Ignorance should not be an excuse for qualified immunity – harms victims of police abuse.
Perry, 16
Matthew Perry, 3-3-2016, "Qualified Immunity Must Go," Washington Square News, http://www.nyunews.com/2016/03/03/qualified-immunity-must-go/
“Ignorance of the law is no excuse.” It’s the first thing you learn
AND
we respect ourselves and our sovereignty at all, we must remove it.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy.

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. The 1AC acknowledges the state is bad in many ways. However, the aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

3. Fairness.

4. Legal debates are key to short-term survival of oppressed populations. Whether the law is good or bad, legal education is crucial to empowerment.
Arkles et al 10 (Gabriel Arkles, Pooja Gehi and Elana Redfield, The Role of Lawyers in Trans Liberation: Building a Transformative Movement for Social Change, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 8 Seattle J. Soc. Just. 579, Spring / Summer, 2010, LN)
While agenda-setting by lawyers can lead to the replication of patterns of elitism
AND
going to continue to have to navigate government agencies and organizations to survive.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Greenhill SK | Judge: Shatzkin
The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

The standard is maximizing happiness.

Moral uncertainty means we should prevent extinction—it’s irreversible and prevents ethical deliberation or value.
Bostrom 13 Nick Bostrom (Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford) “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority” Global Policy Volume 4 . Issue 1 . February 2013 http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.pdf JW
Keeping our options alive These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

The Advantage is Police Misconduct

Qualified immunity in right-to-record cases chills police recordings aimed at preventing misconduct—re-articulation is key.
Derrick 13 Geoffrey (Federal Defenders of San Diego, Inc.; American Civil Liberties Union, Fellow, Center for Appellate Litigation, New York, NY. J.D., magna cum laude, 2012, Boston University School of Law; B.S., 2007, Northwestern University) “Qualified Immunity and the First Amendment Right to Record Police” 22 B.U. Pub. Int. L.J. 243 September 9th 2013 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2202388 JW
Citizens nationwide have begun using cell phones to make audio and audio- visual recordings
AND
unguided discretion and better notify citizens about the extent of their recording rights.

Audio and visual recordings of police have the potential to drastically reduce police brutality—ensuring that officers understand the impact of technology is key.
Ly 14 Laura “Can cell phones stop police brutality?” November 19th 2014 http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/us/police-cell-phone-videos/ JW
Stanley said he believes authorities are simply still adjusting to the availability of new technology
AND
with cameras and 75 fewer use-of-force complaints overall.

Strongly established ‘right to record’ is key to preventing police misconduct—other methods of accountability fail.
Derrick 13 Geoffrey (Federal Defenders of San Diego, Inc.; American Civil Liberties Union, Fellow, Center for Appellate Litigation, New York, NY. J.D., magna cum laude, 2012, Boston University School of Law; B.S., 2007, Northwestern University) “Qualified Immunity and the First Amendment Right to Record Police” 22 B.U. Pub. Int. L.J. 243 September 9th 2013 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2202388 JW
The First Amendment enshrines the right of citizens to petition the government for a redress
AND
pate in a new form of twenty-first-century police accountability.

Two impacts:

1. Police brutality causes numerous physiological and psychological harms to minorities.
   Turner and Richardson 16 Erlanger A. Turner (Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Houston-Downtown) and Jasmine Richardson (BS earned her psychology degree from the University of Houston- Downtown (UHD)) “Racial Trauma is Real: The Impact of Police Shootings on African Americans” Psychology Benefits Society July 14th 2016 https://psychologybenefits.org/2016/07/14/racial-trauma-police-shootings-on-african-americans/ JW
   There have been many changes within the criminal justice system as a means to deter
   AND
   have long-term goals, and frequently view dying as an expected outcome

2. Police brutality undermines US diplomacy power.
Pullen 14 Bethany “The Achilles Heel of U.S. Public Diplomacy: Race Relations and Police Violence” http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/achilles-heel-us-public-diplomacy-race-relations-and-police-violence September 8th 2014 JW
It is a contradiction that has plagued America since the very beginning. It was
AND
by the State Department, nor any public commitment to promoting legislative changes. 

Absent continued diplomacy, conflict becomes inevitable
Grygiel 8 Jakub (George H. W. Bush Associate Professor at The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) May 1st 2008 “The Diplomacy Fallacy” American Interest http://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/05/01/the-diplomacy-fallacy/
These three conditions and current trends affecting them obviously do not suffice as a complete
AND
from recognition that a diplomatic solution to a conflict of interest is impossible.

Effective diplomacy solves nuke war.
Ross 99 Douglas (professor of political science at Simon Fraser University) “Canada’s functional isolationism and the future of weapons of mass destruction” International Journal lexis
Thus, an easily accessible tax base has long been available for spending much more
AND
community have any plausible hope of avoiding warfare involving nuclear or other WMD.

Plan Text

Resolved: the United States Supreme Court should mandate Saucier’s merits-first adjudicatory model for qualified immunity in First Amendment cases.
Derrick 13 Geoffrey (Federal Defenders of San Diego, Inc.; American Civil Liberties Union, Fellow, Center for Appellate Litigation, New York, NY. J.D., magna cum laude, 2012, Boston University School of Law; B.S., 2007, Northwestern University) “Qualified Immunity and the First Amendment Right to Record Police” 22 B.U. Pub. Int. L.J. 243 September 9th 2013 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2202388 JW
Mandating Saucier’s merits-first adjudicatory model in First Amendment cases where chilling is a
AND
different remedies . . . depending on the alternatives.”286

Underview

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Excessive focus on discourse and representations kills the liberal movements you seek to promote.
Chait 15 Jonathan Chait “How the language police are perverting liberalism.” NY Magazine January 275h 2015 http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html JW
Or maybe not. The p.c. style of politics has one serious
AND
confidence in the ultimate power of reason, not coercion, to triumph.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
AND
and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

Legal debates are key to short-term survival of oppressed populations. Whether the law is good or bad, legal education is crucial to empowerment.
Arkles et al 10 (Gabriel Arkles, Pooja Gehi and Elana Redfield, The Role of Lawyers in Trans Liberation: Building a Transformative Movement for Social Change, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 8 Seattle J. Soc. Just. 579, Spring / Summer, 2010, LN)
While agenda-setting by lawyers can lead to the replication of patterns of elitism
AND
going to continue to have to navigate government agencies and organizations to survive.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Ft Lauderdale JF | Judge: Matt Delateur
The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern ... in America today.

Adv 1 = Crime

Crime is high now—low trust in police is the root cause.
The Week 15 “Violent crime surges in US cities: is 'Ferguson effect' to blame?” June 3rd 2015 http://www.theweek.co.uk/63860/violent-crime-surges-in-us-cities-is-ferguson-effect-to-blame JW
Violent crime is ... part as well."

The plan is key to rebuilding trust between police and civilians offsetting the perception that police are unaccountable.
De Stefan 16 Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law; B.A., Ramapo College of New Jersey) ““No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:” How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct” Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850 2017 http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1861andcontext=student_scholarship JW
Altering the qualified ... the citizen- police relationship.

Police legitimacy is nearing an irreversible collapse—rebuilding trust now is key.
Ryback 8/5 R.T. Ryback “Police, race and crime: We're not a point of no return on trust, but we're close” Star Tribune August 5th 2016 http://www.startribune.com/police-race-and-crime-we-re-not-a-point-of-no-return-on-trust-but-we-re-close/389346501/ JW
A few weeks ... solve deeper issues. 

Police legitimacy is key to preventing crime.
NIJ 16 National Institute of Justice “Race, Trust and Police Legitimacy” July 14th 2016 http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/legitimacy/pages/welcome.aspx JW
Research consistently shows ... within one's neighborhood. 1

The US has soft power now.
Nye 15 Joseph (Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Author, Is the American Century Over?) “Charting the Next American Century” March 4th 2015 Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/united-states/charting-next-american-century/p36194#ER JW
NYE: This is ... the United States.

Lowering crime is key to maintaining soft power.
Falk 12 Richard (United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights) “When soft power is hard” Al Jazeera July 28th 2012 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/201272212435524825.html
This unabashed avowal ... cure unknown", applies.

Soft power solves multiple existential threats.
Lagon 11 Mark P. (International Relations and Security Chair at Georgetown University's Master of Science in Foreign Service Program and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the former US Ambassador-at-Large to Combat Trafficking in Persons at the US Department of State) “The Value of Values: Soft Power Under Obama” World Affairs Journal Sept/Oct 2011 http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/value-values-soft-power-under-obama#ER
Despite large economic ... is seriously amiss.

Adv 2 = Police Brutality

The “clearly established” clause of qualified immunity allows police brutality to continue with no deterrence—limitation is needed.
Wright 15 Sam (public interest lawyer) “Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity” November 3rd 2015 Above the Law http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/ JW
Under ArrestRecently, police ... to make it happen.

Qualified immunity sets a precedent for dismissal of civil rights suits, which maintains the legitimacy of the police state.
Carter 15 Tom (World Socialist Website) “US Supreme Court expands immunity for killer cops” International Committee of the Fourth International November 12th 2015
With the death ... kill a cop!’”

Police brutality causes numerous physiological and psychological harms to minorities.
Turner and Richardson 16 Erlanger A. Turner (Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Houston-Downtown) and Jasmine Richardson (BS earned her psychology degree from the University of Houston- Downtown (UHD)) “Racial Trauma is Real: The Impact of Police Shootings on African Americans” Psychology Benefits Society July 14th 2016 https://psychologybenefits.org/2016/07/14/racial-trauma-police-shootings-on-african-americans/ JW
There have been ... as an expected outcome

Police brutality undermines US diplomacy power.
Pullen 14 Bethany “The Achilles Heel of U.S. Public Diplomacy: Race Relations and Police Violence” http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/achilles-heel-us-public-diplomacy-race-relations-and-police-violence September 8th 2014 JW
It is a ... promoting legislative changes. 

Absent continued diplomacy, conflict becomes inevitable
Grygiel 8 Jakub (George H. W. Bush Associate Professor at The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) May 1st 2008 “The Diplomacy Fallacy” American Interest http://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/05/01/the-diplomacy-fallacy/
These three conditions ... interest is impossible.

Effective diplomacy solves nuke war.
Ross 99 Douglas (professor of political science at Simon Fraser University) “Canada’s functional isolationism and the future of weapons of mass destruction” International Journal lexis
Thus, an easily ... or other WMD.

Plan Text
Resolved: the United States will replace the ‘clearly established’ standard in qualified immunity doctrines with a ‘clearly unconstitutional’ standard. 

The plan solves by providing adequate civil rights protections while maintaining consistency with current law- that no-links disads.
Jeffries 10 John C. (University of Virginia School of Law) “What’s Wrong With Qualified Immunity?” University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 JW
A second suggestion ... is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84

Framework

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment ... not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness. Prefer the standard:

1. Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.
   Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) “Personal Identity” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/#PsyApp JW
   Whatever psychological continuity ... once: a contradiction.

2. Moral uncertainty means we should prevent extinction—it’s irreversible and prevents ethical deliberation or value.
Bostrom 13 Nick Bostrom (Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford) “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority” Global Policy Volume 4 . Issue 1 . February 2013 http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.pdf JW
Keeping our options ... any existential catastrophe.

Underview

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic ... distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake CE | Judge: panel
The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the topical aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern ... in America today.

Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.
Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a ... time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic ... distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Excessive focus on discourse and representations kills the liberal movements you seek to promote.
Chait 15 Jonathan Chait “How the language police are perverting liberalism.” NY Magazine January 275h 2015 http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html JW
Or maybe not. ... suggest new ideas.

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment ... not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

Inherency
Armenia has plans for new nuclear reactors but they’ve been postponed –they’re stuck with Metsamor for the foreseeable future.
Sahakyan 4-27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) “Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area” Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb_b_9788186.html JW
Armenia was supposed ... hasn’t even begun.

Armenia has existing legislation that vows to build new nuclear reactors.
Adamyan 14 Mane “THE CLOSURE OF METSAMOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: COSTS AND BENEFIT” AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA, A MASTER’S ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FOR PARTIAL FULFILLEMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS May 2014 https://dspace.aua.am/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/615/Mane_Adamyan.pdf?sequence=1 JW
In October 2009 ... the new NPP.

Plan Text
Resolved: the Republic of Armenia ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Meltdown Adv.
The Metsamor power plant – Armenia’s only form of nuclear power – is incredibly dangerous. Uses old tech and lies on earthquake territory.
Lavelle et al 11 Marianne Lavelle and Josie Garthwaite (National Geographic News) “Is Armenia's Nuclear Plant the World's Most Dangerous?” National Geographic News April 14th 2011 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/04/110412-most-dangerous-nuclear-plant-armenia/ JW
In the shadow ... mitigation at all."

Armenian Meltdown kills agriculture and threatens four other countries.
Sahakyan 4-27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) “Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area” Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb_b_9788186.html JW
So Armenia continues ... holding their breath.

New reactors won’t solve – can still melt down and causes increased cancer rates.
Idayatova 5/20/16 Anakhanum “Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear plant can cause major radiation accident” Trend News Agency http://en.trend.az/world/turkey/2536379.html JW
Armenia's Metsamor nuclear ... reactor is built.

Harms to Armenian agriculture cause mass increases in poverty.
McKinley et al 2 Terry (Senior Policy Adviser on poverty and macroeconomic policies in the Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP, New York. He is the editor of UNDP’s global poverty report, Overcoming Human Poverty. He is the author of The Distribution of Wealth in Rural China, coauthor of Implementing a Human Development Strategy and editor of Macroeconomic Policies, Growth and Poverty Reduction. Much of his work in recent years has centered on China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Vietnam and the transition economies of the former Soviet Union and eastern and central Europe.) (this report is published with others, but the part I cut is just by Terry McKinley) “Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Armenia” A Report Commissioned by the Poverty Group, Bureau for Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme August 2002 http://www.ipc-undp.org/publications/reports/Armenia.pdf JW
In order to ... a propoor impact.

Generic statements allow for specification of definite singulars, i.e. a specific group.
Leslie Sarah Jane Leslie (Professor of Linguistics at Princeton University) “Generics” https://www.princeton.edu/~sjleslie/RoutledgeEncyclopediaEntry2.pdf
Generics are statements ... this practice here.)

Armenia has zero plans to acquire nuclear weapons and they don’t even make weapons domestically anyways.
NTI 15 Nuclear Threat Initiative “Armenia” http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/armenia/ JW
When the Soviet ... ballistic missiles domestically.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Andrews IB | Judge: Justin White
Armenia has plans for new nuclear reactors but they’ve been postponed –they’re stuck with Metsamor for the foreseeable future.
Sahakyan 4-27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) “Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area” Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb_b_9788186.html JW
Armenia was supposed to have a new nuclear power plant this year that would replace
AND
is the new plant not operational — work on it hasn’t even begun.

Armenia has existing legislation that vows to build new nuclear reactors.
Adamyan 14 Mane “THE CLOSURE OF METSAMOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: COSTS AND BENEFIT” AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA, A MASTER’S ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FOR PARTIAL FULFILLEMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS May 2014 https://dspace.aua.am/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/615/Mane_Adamyan.pdf?sequence=1 JW
In October 2009 the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia has adopted a law
AND
materials costs64, this study takes the initial price for the new NPP.

Plan Text

Resolved: the Republic of Armenia ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

The Metsamor power plant – Armenia’s only form of nuclear power – is incredibly dangerous. Uses old tech and lies on earthquake territory.
Lavelle et al 11 Marianne Lavelle and Josie Garthwaite (National Geographic News) “Is Armenia's Nuclear Plant the World's Most Dangerous?” National Geographic News April 14th 2011 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/04/110412-most-dangerous-nuclear-plant-armenia/ JW
In the shadow of Mount Ararat, the beloved and sorrowful national symbol of Armenia
AND
no water in it, and accident progression with no mitigation at all."

Armenian Meltdown kills agriculture and threatens four other countries.
Sahakyan 4/27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) “Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area” Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb_b_9788186.html JW
So Armenia continues to make due with the Metsamor plant. The International Atomic Energy
AND
And the region and the world will join Armenians in holding their breath.

New reactors won’t be built, not enough infrastructure.
McGinnity 15 Ian “Risky Business – Roadblocks to Building Armenia’s New Nuclear Power Plant” Regional Studies Center May 25th 2015 http://regional-studies.org/blog/445-250515#_edn4 JW
Most importantly, Armenia faces feeble prospects for long-term GDP growth and short
AND
of substantial assets that would satisfactorily pad potential investors against risk of failure.

Armenian nuclear reactors are close enough to urban areas to increase the spread of cancer among citizens. Even if a new reactor is built, the same structural harms will occur.
Idayatova 5/20/16 Anakhanum “Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear plant can cause major radiation accident” Trend News Agency http://en.trend.az/world/turkey/2536379.html JW
Armenia's Metsamor nuclear power plant is a major threat not only for the entire Caucasus
AND
extremely dangerous enterprise, even if a new type of reactor is built.

Banning nuclear power is key to preventing bankruptcy of the Armenian economy.
McGinnity 15 Ian “Risky Business – Roadblocks to Building Armenia’s New Nuclear Power Plant” Regional Studies Center May 25th 2015 http://regional-studies.org/blog/445-250515#_edn4 JW
Most importantly, Armenia faces feeble prospects for long-term GDP growth and short
AND
of substantial assets that would satisfactorily pad potential investors against risk of failure.

Harms to Armenian agriculture and preventing economic growth cause mass increases in poverty.
McKinley et al 2 Terry (Senior Policy Adviser on poverty and macroeconomic policies in the Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP, New York. He is the editor of UNDP’s global poverty report, Overcoming Human Poverty. He is the author of The Distribution of Wealth in Rural China, coauthor of Implementing a Human Development Strategy and editor of Macroeconomic Policies, Growth and Poverty Reduction. Much of his work in recent years has centered on China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Vietnam and the transition economies of the former Soviet Union and eastern and central Europe.) (this report is published with others, but the part I cut is just by Terry McKinley) “Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Armenia” A Report Commissioned by the Poverty Group, Bureau for Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme August 2002 http://www.ipc-undp.org/publications/reports/Armenia.pdf JW
In order to reduce Armenia’s widespread poverty, a development strategy and supporting public policies
AND
the government in equitably distributing the country’s agricultural wealth had a propoor impact.

Poverty necessarily oppresses individuals. Governments who stand idly are complicit in structural violence.
TLR 12 “Oppression Series Pt. 2: How Poverty is Oppressive by Its Nature” The Lion Review December 23rd 2012 https://thelionreview.com/2012/12/23/how-poverty-is-oppressive-by-its-nature/ JW
During the 2012 presidential campaign, rhetoric concerning the middle class overwhelmed all talk about
AND
just as evil as the person that purposely perpetuates poverty on a people.

Adopting the perspective of the oppressed is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our thought processes.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
AND
specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

Inequality creates flawed epistemic conclusions, making normative decision making impossible.
Medina 11 Medina, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35
Foucault invites us to pay attention to the past and ongoing epistemic battles among competing
AND
until past epistemic battles are reopened and established frameworks become open to contestation.

Structural violence excludes individuals from moral calculus—rejecting it comes first.
Winter and Leighton 99 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5)
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it.

Solutions to oppression must be discussed through pragmatic approaches within hegemonic power structures.
Kapoor 8, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139)
There are perhaps several other social movement campaigns that could be cited as examples of
AND
made it difficult for the state to quash them or deflect their claims.

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for the harms you discuss.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
AND
, and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit AS | Judge: panel
Metasomor can be used to make nuclear weapons
Azer News 9/13/16 S.Korea says Armenia poses nuke threat to entire region, http://www.azernews.az/region/102159.html, ml
The Armenian Metsamor ... face hastening self-destruction.”

Armenian nuclearization destabilizes the Caucuses and causes Iran prolif—risk is extremely high now
Petra Posega 5-30-16 Security Studies candidate with a degree in political science. She writes for platforms and magazines on four continents, including Geopolitics of Energy, Addleton and AEI Insights: An International Journal of Asia-Europe Relations, Dangerous Nuclear Security Failures in Russia's Backyard, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/dangerous-nuclear-security-failures-russias-backyard-16392?page=show, ml
Nuclear security is ... and sustainable way.

Central Asia conflict will escalate to US-Russian nuclear war.
McDermott 11—Roger McDermott, Honorary senior fellow, department of politics and international relations, university of Kent at Canterbury and senior fellow in Eurasian military studies, Jamestown Foundation December 6, 2011, “General Makarov Highlights the “Risk” of Nuclear Conflict,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews5Btt_news5D=38748andtx_ttnews5BbackPid5D=27andcHash=dfb6e8da90b34a10f50382157e9bc117
In the current ... to chew on.

Iran prolif causes nuke war – miscalc and rapid escalation.
Goldberg 12 Jeffrey (Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic.) “How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon: Jeffrey Goldberg” January 23rd 2012 Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg JW
Jan. 24 (Bloomberg) -- One of the ... It is not.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Lynbrook VV | Judge: panel
Nuclear waste products and uranium are being stolen from Armenia’s nuclear power plant now. That causes dirty bombs and nuclear terror.
Murinson 5/3 Alexander “The other nuclear threat” Washington Times May 3rd 2016  http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/3/alexander-murinson-armenias-nuclear-threat/ JW
The fourth Nuclear ... visionary after all.

One nuclear terror attack would cause mass death and wreck the economy.
Schwartz 2015 (Benjamin Worked at the Departments of State, Defense and Energy; Right of Boom: The Aftermath of Nuclear Terrorism; The Overlook Press; p. 1-2; kdf)
IN AN OTHERWISE ... or human error.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harrison RP | Judge: panel
The first two nuclear plants in Belarus are on the way now.
Nielsen ’12 Earthquake zone on EU border to host Belarus nuclear plant NIKOLAJ NIELSEN, 30. MAR 2012, https://euobserver.com/belarus/115329
The drive toward the site of Belarus' future nuclear power plant goes through tall pine
AND
"within allowable limits." It failed, and construction began in 2011.

Plan text

Resolved: the Republic of Belarus ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Accidents Adv.

The plant has not followed NPP safety protocol and Belarus has no intention of subjecting its plant to inspection—makes accidents inevitable.
UA Today ’16 http://uatoday.tv/society/belarus-nuclear-power-plant-disaster-waiting-to-happen-or-is-lithuania-blowing-dangers-out-of-proportion-669203.html Belarus Nuclear Power Plant: Disaster waiting to happen or is Lithuania overreacting?
Despite all the assurances from Minsk, Vilnius insisted the project was built violating numerous
AND
as a reminder, that everyone should fully understand responsibility for their actions.

The plants are not safe from either earthquake or aerial terror attack.
Backaitis ’12 Dangers from Proposed Belarus and Russian Nuclear Power Plants to Lithuania Dr. Stan (Stasys) Backaitis, P.E., SAE Fellow Lithuanian American Council 2012
The recent Fukushima nuclear accident has focused the international community on the need to evaluate
AND
Russian fighter jet actually crashed in Lithuania near the planned Kaliningrad NPP site.

There are ZERO net-benefits to plant construction—they don’t have the economy or infrastructure; means there’s only risk that something goes wrong.
Keller ’10 ON THE BELARUSIAN ENERGY DILEMMA: ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE NUCLEAR POWER OPTION BY JAMES WILLIAM KELLER THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010
Notwithstanding these fundamental issues, they are nevertheless tangential to the socioeconomic impacts which completion
AND
tagged for special funding for the EU‟s periphery through the EP.

The academic consensus is that the plants are a terrible idea—their construction is only desired because of authoritarian arrogance by the government.
Keller ’10 ON THE BELARUSIAN ENERGY DILEMMA: ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE NUCLEAR POWER OPTION BY JAMES WILLIAM KELLER THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010
Based on the foregoing analysis, and especially in light of the VNPP project which
AND
for defending Belarus which, by implication, defends him from being deposed.

Asymmetrical access to information regarding the build exists—the government controls all access to reasonable information; means the pro NPP position should face extreme scrutiny.
Novikau ’16 Nuclear power debate and public opinion in Belarus: From Chernobyl to Ostrovets Aliaksandr Novikau Northern Arizona University, USA Public Understanding of Science 1– 14 © The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0963662516647242
The nuclear power debate in Belarus demonstrates that nuclear risk communication in the country is
AND
concerns and proper responses during authentic dialogues, mutual trust can be gained.

Framework

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
AND
favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness. Prefer the standard:

3. Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.
Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) “Personal Identity” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/#PsyApp JW
Whatever psychological continuity may amount to, a more serious worry for the Psychological Approach
AND
, you are both hungry and not hungry at once: a contradiction.

4. Determinism is true: our bodies are controlled by biological principles only – there’s no room for free will.
Drescher Gary L. (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT) “Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics” Bradford Books May 5th 2006
One prominent notion is that we have both a ghostlike component (our consciousness or
AND
to deviate sometimes from the same rules that such particles otherwise always obey. 

Only consequentialism is consistent with determinism.
Greene and Cohen Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen (Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University) “For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything” November 26th 2004 Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B (2004)359,1775–1785 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693457/pdf/15590618.pdf JW
The forward-looking–consequentialist approach to punishment works with all three responses to
AND
requires compatibilism. Accordingly, the standard legal account of punishment is compatibilist.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. Fairness.

Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.
Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Excessive focus on discourse and representations kills liberalism.
Chait 15 Jonathan Chait “How the language police are perverting liberalism.” NY Magazine January 275h 2015 http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html JW
Or maybe not. The p.c. style of politics has one serious
AND
confidence in the ultimate power of reason, not coercion, to triumph.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: John Overing
The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern ... in America today.

The aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist ... and pessimistic activism.’’84

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment ... not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

Inherency
Production of cold fusion has begun – NASA is developing commercial tech for widespread usage.  
Anthony 13 Sebastian “NASA’s cold fusion tech could put a nuclear reactor in every home, car, and plane” ExtremeTech February 22nd 2013 http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/149090-nasas-cold-fusion-tech-could-put-a-nuclear-reactor-in-every-home-car-and-plane JW
The cold fusion ... cold fusion yet.

Cold fusion technology is advancing rapidly.
NET 3/28 (New Energy Treasure) “Race to Commercialize Cold Fusion Is Afoot” March 18th 2016 https://newenergytreasure.com/2016/03/18/race-to-commercialize-cold-fusion-is-afoot/ JW
There’s a tight ... we shall see.

Cold fusion tech is real and being advanced every month. Soon it will be ready for commercial use.
Bailey and Borwein 15 David H. Bailey (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (retired) and University of California, Davis) and Jonathan Borwein (Laureate Professor of Mathematics, University of Newcastle, Australia) “Cold Fusion Heats Up: Fusion Energy and LENR Update” The Huffington Post August 28th 2015 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-h-bailey/post_10010_b_8052326.html JW
Yet lately a ... in his system.

Plan Text
Resolved: countries ought to prohibit the production of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions technologies.

Explosions Adv.
Cold fusion technology is a ticking time bomb – each reactor is functionally a mini-nuclear-weapon that will explode.
Smith 5/31 Jeff “The problem with Cold Fusion and How small can a nuclear reaction be?” Veterans Today May 31st 2016 http://www.veteranstoday.com/2016/05/31/the-problem-with-cold-fusion-and-how-small-can-a-nuclear-reaction-be/ JW
How small can ... history repeats itself.

Heating Adv.
When cold fusion tech becomes affordable and widespread, it will cause large increases in malaria and exacerbate the effects of climate change.
Gibbs 12 Mark (I've been in the IT industry since the time of the dinosaurs (ICL anyone?). I've written books about the Internet and networking, consulted for all sorts of companies, and been a contributor and columnist for Network World for 18 years (check out my Backspin and Gearhead columns). I created and co-founded Netratings (now wholly owned by Nielsen) and have CTO'ed for a couple of startups) “Cold Fusion and Unintended Consequences” Forbes November 20th 2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2012/11/20/cold-fusion-and-unintended-consequences/2/#b23fcca402e4 JW
We might also ... help one bit.

Malaria kills hundreds of thousands a year.
WHO 15 World Health Organization “10 facts on malaria” November 2015 http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/malaria/en/ JW
About 3.2 billion ... of malaria deaths.

Warmer temperatures cause more poverty and disease.
Bullard 15 Gabe (Gabe Bullard is a journalist who produces text and audio. He currently works at National Geographic. Gabe was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University in the 2015 class. As a fellow, he studied many things, most of them related to history, culture, and journalism.) “See What Climate Change Means for the World’s Poor” National Geographic December 1st 2015 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/151201-datapoints-climate-change-poverty-agriculture/ JW
Climate change has ... for the rest.

Personal identity doesn’t exist.
Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) “Personal Identity” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/#PsyApp JW
Whatever psychological continuity ... once: a contradiction.

Tournament: Bronx RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: LHP AA | Judge: panel
The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the topical aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.
Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).

AND: critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Excessive focus on discourse and representations kills the liberal movements you seek to promote.
Chait 15 Jonathan Chait “How the language police are perverting liberalism.” NY Magazine January 275h 2015 http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html JW
Or maybe not. The p.c. style of politics has one serious
AND
confidence in the ultimate power of reason, not coercion, to triumph.

Framework

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
AND
favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

inherency

Iran intends to build multiple new nuclear power plants.
MEM 8/16 Middle East Monitor “Iran intends to build two new nuclear power stations” August 15th 2016 https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160815-iran-intends-to-build-two-new-nuclear-power-stations/ JW
Representative of the Committee on Defence and Foreign Affairs in the Iranian Parliament Sayed Hussain
AND
the two sides in the field of the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

Plan Text

Resolved: the Islamic Republic of Iran ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Prolif Adv.

Even after the deal, Iran has thousands of centrifuges which can be used for building nuclear weapons.
Tirone 16 Jonathan “Iran’s Nuclear Program” Bloomberg Quick Take February 4th 2016 https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/irans-uranium-enrichment JW
Under the deal, Iran maintains the ability to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes.
AND
enough fissile material for a bomb from a few months to a year.

Iran’s cheating on the deal and attempting to build nukes using their nuclear reactors – new reports prove.
Rafizadeh 8/4 Majid (Iranian-American political scientist and Harvard University scholar, is president of the International American Council. Rafizadeh serves on the board of Harvard International Review at Harvard University. He is also a member of the Gulf project at Columbia University. Rafizadeh served as a senior fellow at Nonviolence International Organization based in Washington DC. He has been a recipient of several scholarships and fellowship including from Oxford University, Annenberg University, University of California Santa Barbara, and Fulbright Teaching program. Dr. Rafizadeh has obtained several degrees including Doctorate (Ph.D) in Government and International Affairs, Masters in Global and International Studies, Masters in Journalism and Communication, Masters in Linguistic and teaching, and Bachelors in Linguistic and languages ( English, Arabic, Persian). He served as ambassador, conducted research at Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and taught at University of California Santa Barbara through Fulbright Teaching Scholarship) “Iran Is Cheating on the Nuclear Deal, Now What?” Gatestone Institute August 4th 2016 https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/8543/iran-nuclear-cheating JW
One year into the nuclear deal, two credible and timely intelligence reports reveal that
AND
be emboldened to violate international laws and the terms of the nuclear agreement.

The Iran deal made America abandon non-prolif policy.
Abrams 15 Elliott (senior fellow for Mideast studies at the Council on Foreign Relations) “Iran Got a Far Better Deal Than It Had Any Right to Expect” National Review July 15th 2015 http://www.nationalreview.com/article/421223/iran-got-far-better-deal-it-had-any-right-expect-elliott-abrams JW
How far we have come. Initially U.S. policy aimed at a
AND
strike against the Iranian nuclear-weapons program much harder and more dangerous.

The deal ensures Iran will get nukes – it’s just a matter of time.
Robbins 15 Jeff (served as Chief Counsel to the Democratic Senators on the United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Twice appointed as a United States Delegate to the United Nations Human Rights Commission under President Clinton, he is an attorney in Boston) “It’s Simple: Under This Deal, Iran Will Have Nuclear Weapons in Little Over a Decade” July 29th 2015 Observer http://observer.com/2015/07/its-simple-under-this-deal-iran-will-have-nuclear-weapons-in-little-over-a-decade/ JW
The core problems with the Iran deal are profound, but are waved aside by
AND
This is the hard fact for which the White House has no answer.

Iran prolif causes nuke war – miscalc and rapid escalation.
Goldberg 12 Jeffrey (Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic.) “How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon: Jeffrey Goldberg” January 23rd 2012 Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg JW
Jan. 24 (Bloomberg) -- One of the arguments often made in favor
AND
arguing that a nuclear Iran is a containable problem. It is not.

Israel Strike Adv.

Israel will strike Iran because of their nuclear facilities – they see it as necessary to their survival.
Bosma 15 John “Thinking About the Unthinkable: An Israel-Iran Nuclear War” August 23rd 2015 American Thinker http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2015/08/thinking_about_the_unthinkable_an_israeliran_nuclear_war_.html JW
But it also augurs the possibility of a nuclear war coming far sooner than one
AND
of every one of them – including our president and Secretary of State.

Netanyahu is ready to strike and bomb nuclear facilities.
DePetris 15 Daniel (analyst at Wikistrat, Inc., a geostrategic consulting firm, and a freelance researcher. He has also written for CNN.com, Small Wars Journal and The Diplomat) “Israel's Master Plan to Crush Iran's Nuclear Program” The National Interest July 22nd 2015 http://nationalinterest.org/feature/israels-master-plan-crush-irans-nuclear-program-13392?page=3 JW
Although there may finally be a comprehensive, verifiable agreement that the United States and
AND
high-risk but potentially high-reward last option for the Israelis.

Israel attack on Tehran causes millions of deaths, mass instability and outweighs every other nuclear threat – best models prove. This answers your impact defense
Turse 13 Nick “What Would Happen if Israel Nuked Iran” Mother Jones May 13th 2013 http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/05/nuclear-strike-tehran-israel JW
Iranian cities—owing to geography, climate, building construction, and population densities
AND
me. "People don't want to face this. They're in denial."

Tournament: Bronx RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hunter NP | Judge: panel
Netanyahu is ready to strike and bomb nuclear facilities.
DePetris 15 Daniel (analyst at Wikistrat, Inc., a geostrategic consulting firm, and a freelance researcher. He has also written for CNN.com, Small Wars Journal and The Diplomat) “Israel's Master Plan to Crush Iran's Nuclear Program” The National Interest July 22nd 2015 http://nationalinterest.org/feature/israels-master-plan-crush-irans-nuclear-program-13392?page=3 JW
Although there may ... for the Israelis.

Iran will close the Strait of Hormuz in response to a strike – that shuts down huge portions of the global oil trade.
Ebel 10 Robert (senior adviser in the Energy and National Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where he offers his views on world oil and energy issues, with particular emphasis on the former Soviet Union and the Persian Gulf. He was project director for a number of nuclear-related reports, including the Global Nuclear Materials Management project, and for the three-volume report,  e Geopolitics of Energy into the 21st Century, cochaired by Senator Sam Nunn and Dr. James Schlesinger. At CSIS he is also codirector of the Caspian Sea Oil Study Group and of the Oil Markets Study Group.) “Geopolitics of the Iranian Nuclear Energy Program: But Oil and Gas Still Matter” Center for Strategic and International Studies March 2010 https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/100312_Ebel_IranNuclear_web.pdf JW
Contemplation of any ... for such actions.

Iran can easily close the Strait of Hormuz if they try – causes US recession and oil shocks.
Huessy 6/8 Peter (president of his own defense consulting firm, GeoStrategic Analysis, and senior defense consultant at the Air Force Association) “The Strait of Hormuz in Danger” Defense News June 8th 2016 http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/commentary/2016/06/08/strait-hormuz-danger-navy/85599208/ JW
Every day, two-thirds ... oil pass daily.

Oil shocks cause extinction.
Lendman 7 Stephen Lendman, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization.  “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?” Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm
With the world's ... would have survived.

US is key to global economy; growth solves multiple existential threats.
Haass 13 Richard (President of the Council on Foreign Relations) “The World Without America” April 30th 2013 http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/repairing-the-roots-of-american-power-by-richard-n~-~-haass
Let me posit ... the planet’s inhabitants.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chaminade JB | Judge: Nick Steele
Legal debates are key to short-term survival of oppressed populations. Whether the law is good or bad, legal education is crucial to empowerment.
Arkles et al 10 (Gabriel Arkles, Pooja Gehi and Elana Redfield, The Role of Lawyers in Trans Liberation: Building a Transformative Movement for Social Change, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 8 Seattle J. Soc. Just. 579, Spring / Summer, 2010, LN)
While agenda-setting by ... organizations to survive.

Expertism means my epistemology is sound – the alternative devolves into stereotypes and biases that collapses epistemology and turns the kritik
Snjezana 10
(Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences “Trusting Experts: Trust, Testimony, and Evidence”. Received: 2010-02-19. Original scientific article. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Omladinska 14, 51000, Scholar)
Let us define ... of our reason. 

No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars
Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ‘9
(Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434)
Even when hostile ... a security dilemma.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chaminade JB | Judge: Nick Steele
Safety Adv.

More meltdowns are bound to happen – the impact is mass death and tech can’t solve.
Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) “Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
F. Safety While the ... a safe one.14

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Octas | Opponent: Gilmour SW | Judge: panel
The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated consequences of the topical aff policy. Prefer this

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
   Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
   An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
   AND
   that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

2. Fairness

Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.
Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
I can’t engage, that’s the only type of education unique to debate.

AND: critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
AND
of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Excessive focus on discourse and representations kills liberalism.
Chait 15 Jonathan Chait “How the language police are perverting liberalism.” NY Magazine January 275h 2015 http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html JW
Or maybe not. The p.c. style of politics has one serious
AND
confidence in the ultimate power of reason, not coercion, to triumph.

The aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Framework

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
AND
favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

Plan Text

Resolved: the Republic of Turkey will prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Adv 1 = accidents

Turkey’s building nuclear power plants now – high risk of meltdown, accidents, and biodiversity loss.
Demircan 15 Pinar (Pinar is a Turkish activist-researcher, working on climate and energy issues at Yesil Gazete. She is Project coordinator of Nukleersiz.org. Particularly after the Fukushima accident, she has been focusing on anti-nuclear struggles, where her earlier decade-long experience of working with Japanese companies has helped. She has undertaken several initiatives recently to spread awareness about Fukushima in Turkey and mobilise opinion against the proposed Japan-Turkey nuclear agreement.) Pinar Demircan is being interviewed by DiaNuke.org “Turkey’s nuclear obsession is dangerous and entirely misplaced” October 27th 2015 http://www.dianuke.org/turkey-nuclear-obsession-dangerous-and-entirely-misplaced-pinar-demircan/ JW
In Turkey, we the opponents of nuclear energy often raise the question: How
AND
to the west, that of Kozan, joins the sea Akkuyu Bay.

Turkey’s a huge biodiversity hotspot.
Şekercioğlu 11 Çağan Şekercioğlu of University of Utah and KuzeyDoğa Society “Turkey’s Conservation Crisis: Global Biodiversity Hotspots Under Threat” December 31st 2011 National Geographic http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/12/31/turkeys-globally-important-biodiversity-in-crisis/ JW
For me, 2011 started with a great post by David Braun, so I
AND
developing conservation capacity, and the expansion of a nascent Turkish conservation ethic.

Hotspots are key to global biodiversity.
Conservation International 13 “Hotspots” 2013 http://www.conservation.org/how/pages/hotspots.aspx
Life on Earth faces a crisis of historical and planetary proportions. Unsustainable consumption in
AND
percent of all terrestrial vertebrate species are endemic to the 34 biodiversity hotspots.

Every species loss pushes us closer to the brink.
Diner 94 David N. (Major, U.S. Army) "The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who's Endangering Whom?" Judge Advocate Officer Graduate Course (April 1994) www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA456541andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf
Biologically diverse ecosystems are characterized by a large number of specialist species, filling narrow
AND
from an aircraft's wings, mankind may be edging closer to the abyss.

Extinction.
Takacs 96 David (Environmental Humanities Prof @ CSU Monteray Bay) “The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise” pg. 200-201 1996
So biodiversity keeps the world running. It has value and of itself, as
AND
end of the next century - not with a bang but a whimper.

Adv 2 = terrorism

Turkish nuclear power is uniquely vulnerable to terrorist attacks and materials can be stolen for dirty bombs.
Ergun et al 14 Doruk Ergun and Can Kasapoglu (research fellows at EDAM) “Securing Turkey’s Prospective Nuclear Energy Program: A Strategic Nuclear Security Risk Analysis” Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies the article doesn’t specify the date, but all the dates-accessed in the bibliography are from 2014, and the article doesn’t cite anything later than 2014 http://edam.org.tr/document/NuclearBook3/edam_nucphysec2015_ch1.pdf JW
In order to meet its rising energy demand and diversify energy sources, Ankara is
AND
a realistic understanding of the threat landscape that the country is faced with.

Terrorism is the most likely existential threat.
Rhodes 9 Richard (a visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and currently he is an affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. Rhodes is the author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award) “Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety” December 14th 2009 JW
The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
AND
by a retaliatory nuclear strike

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: San Marino ED | Judge: Michael Fried
Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.
Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment ... not egoistic hedonism.

This outweighs other frameworks.
Sinhababu 2 Neil (National University of Singapore) “The epistemic argument for hedonism” http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
A full moral ... to every agent.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness.

No uniqueness for disads—nuclear power will naturally phase out without a prohibition.
Romm 8/4 Joe (Founding Editor of Climate Progress, “the indispensable blog,” as NY Times columnist Tom Friedman describes it.) “Nuclear Power Is Losing Money At An Astonishing Rate” Think Progress August 4th 2016 https://thinkprogress.org/nuclear-power-is-losing-money-at-an-astonishing-rate-e9473d62acc5#.l778f6k4l JW
Half of existing ... costs nuclear has.

Thus, the plan:
Resolved: the United States federal government will prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Fish Adv.

Nuclear power kills billions of aquatic creatures.
Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) “Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
Nuclear plants do ... drinking water treatment."411

Fish feel pain – best evidence goes aff. Sandcastles prove.
Griffiths 14 Sarah “Fish have feelings too: Expert claims creatures experience pain in the same way humans do - and should be treated better” June 19th 2014 Daily Mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2662297/Fish-feelings-Expert-claims-creatures-experience-pain-way-humans-better-treated.html JW
Fishing may not ... vertebrate,’ he said.

Cyberattack Adv.

Cyberattacks on our grids are inevitable—Ukraine proves.
Morgan 16 Steve (Steve Morgan is the Founder and CEO at Cybersecurity Ventures and Editor-In-Chief of the Cybersecurity Market Report. The Cybersecurity Market Report is published quarterly and covers the business of cybersecurity, including global market sizing and industry forecasts from consolidated research by IT analyst firms, emerging trends, employment, the federal sector, hot companies to watch, notable MandA, investment and IPO activity, and more) “Major Cyber Attack On U.S. Power Grid Is Likely” Forbes February 7th 2016 http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemorgan/2016/02/07/campaign-2016-major-cyber-attack-on-u-s-power-grid-is-likely/#5339e6a6610f. JW
In his New ... breached in Ukraine.

The threat of cyber-attack is real – multiple countries and terrorists are acquiring capabilities
Habiger 10 (Eugue, Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, 2/1, p. 11-19)
However, there are ... a major war.

Cyberattack causes nuclear reactor failure and is the largest existential threat. Grids are vulnerable now.
Huff 14 Ethan (staff writer for Natural News) “Nuclear power + grid down event = global extinction for humanity” August 12th 2014 Natural News http://www.naturalnews.com/046429_nuclear_power_electric_grid_global_extinction.html# JW
If you think ... (possibly) be mitigated."

Fukushima proves.
Hodges 14 Dave (The Common Sense Show features a wide variety of important topics that range from the loss of constitutional liberties, to the subsequent implementation of a police state under world governance, to exploring the limits of human potential. The primary purpose of The Common Sense Show is to provide Americans with the tools necessary to reclaim both our individual and national sovereignty) “Nuclear Power Plants Will Become America’s Extinction Level Event” The Common Sense Show April 18th 2014 http://www.thecommonsenseshow.com/2014/04/18/nuclear-power-plants-will-become-americas-extinction-level-event/ JW
Lessons Learned from ... conditions were present.

Underview

Proving the res is permissible isn’t sufficient - negating an ought statement means proving prohibition-permissibility is aff ground.
Oxford Dictionary “ought, ought not” Oxford American Large Print Dictionary 2008 Oxford University Press NP 10/14/15.
usage: The verb ... suitability or appropriateness. 

Put away your Kant NC. Nuclear power necessarily violates freedom, so countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.
Martin 15 Brian (PhD in theoretical physics and is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong) “Nuclear Power and Civil Liberties” August 2015 EnergyScience Coalition Briefing Paper No. 23 http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/15energyscience.pdf JW
Military attack. Any ... about energy policy.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern ... in America today.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 7 | Opponent: Stuyvesant KF | Judge: Gorthey
Resolved: the United States federal government will prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Advantage 1 – Water 

Continued reliance on nuclear power causes water scarcity—uranium mining and reactor operation are both water-intensive.
Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) “Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
With electricity demand expected to grow by approximately fifty percent in the next twenty-
AND
plant-which uses about twenty billion gallons of water every year.373

Nuclear power plants contaminate water, destroy biodiversity, and harm local economies
Sovacool and Cooper 8. Benjamin K. Sovacool and Christopher Cooper, Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post-Kyoto Energy Challenges, (D r. Benjamin K Sovacool is a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University ofSingapore. He is also an Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He has worked in advisory and research capacities at the U.S. National Science Foundation's Electric Power Networks Efficiency and Security Program, Virginia Tech Consortium on Energy Restructuring, Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and U.S. Department of Energy's Climate Change Technology Program.  Mr. Christopher Cooper is Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, and the former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices (NNEC), a New York-based nonprofit interest group devoted to analyzing utility policy and making recommendations for increasing efficiency and expanding the use of renewable resources.) 33 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 1 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2. NP 8/10/16.
Nuclear plants do not just use water-they also contaminate it at multiple points
AND
of rivers, lakes, and estuaries and complicate drinking water 411 treatment."

Nuclear power contaminates drinking water of millions of Americans
EA 12. Environment America, 1-24-2012, "Nuclear Power Plants Threaten Drinking Water for 49 Million Americans," No Publication, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/nuclear-power-plants-threaten-drinking-water-49-million-americans, accessed 9-17-2016. NP 9/17/16.
Washington, D.C. – The drinking water for 49 million Americans could
AND
and the production clean, renewable energy such as wind and solar power.

Two impacts: 

A) lack of fish increases coastal poverty which is a form of marginalization.
Campbell et al 6 J. Campbell, E. Whittingham and P. Townsley IMM Ltd., Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom “responding to coastal poverty” 2006 http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Coastal_Zones/Hoanh_1845931076-Chapter21.pdf JW
At the interface between land and sea, the coast is arguably one of the
AND
face increased marginalization and displacement from the coastal resources on which they depend.

B) Contamination of drinking water exacerbates inequality and harms minority communities
Ross 16. Tracey Ross, Danyelle Solomon, 2-9-2016, "Flint Isn’t the Only Place With Racism in the Water," Nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/flint-isnt-the-only-place-with-racism-in-the-water/, accessed 9-17-2016. NP
Last month, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder (R) delivered his fifth State of
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Advantage 2 - Accidents

More nuclear meltdowns are bound to happen – the impact is mass death and tech can’t solve.
Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) “Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
F. Safety While the Chair of the Public Information Committee of the American Nuclear
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any rapid expansion of nuclear power, let alone a safe one.14

Accidents harm minority communities most – marginalized communities are the ones closest to reactors
Alldred and Shrader-Frechette 9. Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants by Mary Alldred and Kristin Shrader-Frechette. (Doctoral student Alldred is in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, in Stony Brook, New York. Dr. Shrader-Frechette is O’Neill Fam- ily Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, and Director of the Center for Envi- ronmental Justice and Children’s Health, all at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.) ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Volume 2, Number 2, 2009 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/env.2008.0544. NP 8/13/16.
EXAMINING POSSIBLE environmental injustice (EIJ) asso- ciated with siting commercial US nuclear
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100 radioisotopes routinely emitted by re- actors.1,4,5

Nuclear power will always cause accidents to happen – this is a form of structural violence.
Loy 13 David (A Zen Buddhist teacher and author, David Loy is a board member of Ecological Buddhism. He co-edited the book A Buddhist Response to the Climate Emergency (2009).) “The Three Nuclear Poisons” Huffington Post April 1st 2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-loy/the-three-nuclear-poisons_b_2983534.html JW
When we think of aggression (or “ill will”), it’s usually some sort
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eliminated and the forces of nature cannot be completely controlled or even anticipated.

Framework

Adopting the perspective of the oppressed is the only way to account for dominant ideologies that skew our thought processes.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since obviously
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specifi c experience in distorting our perceptions and conceptions of the social order.

Solutions to oppression must be discussed through pragmatic approaches within hegemonic power structures.
Kapoor 8, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139)
There are perhaps several other social movement campaigns that could be cited as examples of
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made it difficult for the state to quash them or deflect their claims.

Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for the harms you discuss.
Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) “A Critique of the Academic Left” 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction.  It’s
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of shelters, the distribution of medicines, etc., etc., etc.

Oppression is created by social systems so only a focus on material conditions can solve.
Johnson no date Allan Johnson (PhD in sociology, he joined the sociology department at Wesleyan University) http://www.cabrillo.edu/~lroberts/AlanJohnsonWhatCanWeDO001.pdf JW
Privilege is a feature of social systems, not individuals. People have or don't
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, and behave as individuals, how we see ourselves and one another.

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
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that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Legal debates are key to short-term survival of oppressed populations. Whether the law is good or bad, legal education is crucial to empowerment.
Arkles et al 10 (Gabriel Arkles, Pooja Gehi and Elana Redfield, The Role of Lawyers in Trans Liberation: Building a Transformative Movement for Social Change, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 8 Seattle J. Soc. Just. 579, Spring / Summer, 2010, LN)
While agenda-setting by lawyers can lead to the replication of patterns of elitism
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going to continue to have to navigate government agencies and organizations to survive.

The aff uses state as heuristic which doesn’t affirm its legitimacy but allows enhanced governmental resistance.
Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti (Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech) “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
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position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

And, material equality determines our view of individuals – comes before claims about history and epistemology. Okereke ’07,
Chukwumerije Okereke, Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia, "Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Governance", Routledge, 2007
Notwithstanding these drawbacks, these scholars provide very compelling arguments against mainstream conceptions of justice
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satisfy their aspirations for a better life. (WCED 1987: 43). 

Inequality creates flawed epistemic conclusions, making normative decision making impossible.
Medina 11 Medina, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35
Foucault invites us to pay attention to the past and ongoing epistemic battles among competing
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until past epistemic battles are reopened and established frameworks become open to contestation.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Evanston ES | Judge: Chippada
Nuclear power plants are vulnerable to attacks – causes huge blackouts that devastate the economy.
Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) “Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
G. Security Nuclear plants ... must be stored onsite." °

US is key to global economy; growth solves multiple existential threats.
Haass 13 Richard (President of the Council on Foreign Relations) “The World Without America” April 30th 2013 http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/repairing-the-roots-of-american-power-by-richard-n~-~-haass
Let me posit ... the planet’s inhabitants.

Nuclear facilities allow terrorists to acquire plutonium—they can make nukes and dirty bombs.
Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) “Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
3. Fissile Material Availability ... nuclear weapons proliferation.562

That’s the most likely existential threat.
Rhodes 9 Richard (a visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and currently he is an affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. Rhodes is the author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award) “Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety” December 14th 2009 JW
The response was ... sending a message.

Tournament: Bronx RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Valley TF | Judge: panel
I will defend implementation of the entire resolution. I’m willing to specify in cross-ex.

Read with util framework, fish advantage, cyberattacks advantage