Tournament: damus | Round: 8 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
this is my first tournament on this topic, so i might read an unbroken case not on the wiki. anything broken will be on here. if you have any questions fb message me or email me at nikkibayat19@students.oakwoodschool.org

Tournament: na | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
Habermas NC
1NC
Framework

Agents lack the ability to fully ground knowledge since people come to their own conclusions, so our perspectives is the most indicative of truth.
Anker 09 Michael Anker "The Ethics of Unvertainty: Aporetic Openings" 2009 Atropos Press MW
As mentioned and affirmed, all things (concepts, words, objects, subjects
AND
furthermore affirms the uncertainty of an indeterminate subject, object, and conceptual becoming

Each agent has their own experience that makes their ethics unique, so ethics should focus in closing the gap between agents
Nagel 86 Thomas Nagel "The View from Nowhere" 1986 Oxford University Press https://www.scribd.com/doc/168073579/Nagel-The-View-From-Nowhere-pdf MW
In the pursuit of this goal, however, even at its most successful,
AND
any objective conception of reality must include an acknowledgment of its own incompleteness. 

NC framework outweighs AC. It their framework were true it could only be understood and acted upon through interactions within the community. Any ethic must facilitate inclusion to derive a truth.
Habermas 98 Jurgen Habermas "The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory" MIT Press 1998 MW
In the absence of a substantive agreement on particular norms, the participants must now
AND
good, from the form and perspectival structure of unimpaired, intersubjective socialization.

Justifying an ethical theory means nothing if the agent isn't included in the discussion. We can only understand and create ethics through discourse.
Habermas 2 Jurgen Habermas "The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory" MIT Press 1998
Social interactions mediated by the use of language oriented to mutual understanding are constitutive for
AND
seated than the tangible vulnerability of bodily integrity, though connected with it.

The state only has power to make decisions from the communicative process.
Flynn, (Jeffery, Communicative Power in Habermas's Theory of Democracy, Middlebury College, Vermont, European Journal of Political Theory)
Habermas argues that the attempt to interpret popular sovereignty in procedural terms must be '
AND
administrative power is only legitimate if bound to this discursively generated communicative power.

Thus the standard is ensuring equal inclusion in discourse
Contention

Hate speech is a huge problem on college campuses
Ma 95 Alice K. Ma "Campus Hate Speech Codes: Affirmative Action in the Allocation of Speech Rights" California Law Review Volume 83 Issue 2 http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1679andcontext=californialawreview MW
It should not be surprising, therefore, that hate crime and hate speech permeate
AND
a right which must be made available to all on equal terms.28

Hate speech preempts the ability for agents to be in an equal discursive position
Lawrence 90 Charles Lawrence III "If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech On Campus." Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3. June 01, 1990. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372554?seq=1~~#page_scan_tab_contents MW
Face-to-face racial insults, like fighting words, are undeserving of
AND
survival techniques of suppressing and disguising rage and anger at an early age. 

College Speech codes create an increase of free speech. 3 warrants
Garrett 02 Deanna M. Garrett Deanna M. Garrett graduated from the University of Virginia in 1997 with a bachelor's degree in Religious Studies and a minor in Biology. She is a second-year HESA student and a Graduate Assistant in the Department of Residential Life. "Silenced Voices:  Hate Speech Codes on Campus" University of Vermont July 29, 2002 http://www.uvm.edu/~~vtconn/?Page=v20/garrett.html MW
Advocates of hate speech codes contend that the inclusion of racist, sexist, and
AND
shock" of racist speech systematically preempts response. (p. 143)

Tournament: harvard westlake | Round: 3 | Opponent: na | Judge: na

1NC: Omnilateral Will (Short)

In engaging in any activity, we can always ask why we engage in it. For example, if you’re playing chess I can ask why you moved the pawn forward one. If you give any answer other than "because I’m playing chess," there’s regress because I can question your answer with another "why" to infinity. And, the constitutive feature of being an agent is rational reflection. To even question whether we want to be agents concedes the authority of agency because we’re reflecting on our desires. Thus, practical reflection is an inescapable aspect of agency. Next, rational reflection requires that the maxims we act upon be universalizable. Any reasoner would know that two plus two equals four because there is no a priori distinction between agents so norms must be universally valid. And- willing coercion is a contradiction in conception because you extend your own freedom while simultaneously undermining your ability to act in the first place. In order to prevent coercion individuals must submit to the omnilateral will.

Kant Immanuel Kant (leading Kantian scholar) The Metaphysical Elements of Justice, trans. John Ladd. 1797. Indianapolis: Hackett Publsihing, 1999.
When I declare (by word or deed), "I will that an external
AND
a thing can be externally yours or mine only in a civil society.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will. Prefer the standard: all frameworks presuppose freedom. People can only be held responsible for unethical actions if they chose to do them, but choice itself requires that people can pick which actions to take without threat of force. For example, if someone holds a gun to my head and makes me steal someone’s apple, I am not truly culpable because I wasn’t free.

Impact analysis: Only freedom violations intrinsic to the structure of the action are relevant. 1. Freedom is a property of agency, not a consequence. Adding two circles doesn’t make anything more circular than it was before, just like two humans aren’t freer than one human. 2. We can’t be culpable for foreseen consequences.

Hegel 20 George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel The Philosophy of Right 1820
The will has before it an outer reality, upon which it operates. But
AND
adopt only the first consequences, since they alone lie in the purpose.

I contend that public entities have an obligation to restrict some constitutionally protected free speech.

First, speech acts that intend to incite revolution dissolve the authority of the sovereign and must be prohibited.

Varden 10 Helga Varden (Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois) "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" May 22^nd 2010 Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World Volume 3 of the series AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice pp 39-55 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-90-481-8999-1'4 JW
To understand Kant’s condemnation of seditious speech, remember that Kant, as mentioned above
AND
qua private citizens, it is a public crime (6: 331).

Second, hate speech relies on historical oppression, which obligates the state to intervene.

Varden 10 Helga Varden (Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois) "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" May 22^nd 2010 Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World Volume 3 of the series AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice pp 39-55 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-90-481-8999-1'4 JW
Kant’s distinction between public and private right can also be used to make sense of
AND
public debate and reflection followed by public regulation on behalf of all citizens.

1NC: Omnilateral Will (Long)

Justifying moral claims require adherence to the rules of the activity. A. Practice rules determine obligations—baseball players ought to hit home runs, but this doesn’t apply to someone playing chess. The activity we’re engaged in provides contextual background in deciding the normativity of our actions. B. Solves infinite regress—answering the question of why an agent ought to take an action is impossible because one can keep asking "why" to infinity—the only legitimate answer to a question about your chess move is that you’re playing chess.

Practical reflection is an inescapable aspect of agency.

Ferrero Luca Ferrero (University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee) "Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency" Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV January 12th 2009 pp. 6-8 JW
3.2 Agency is special under two respects. First, agency is the
AND
agencyʼs own distinctive operation: Agency is closed under itself.15

Impacts: A. Aff framework devolves to the NC—to even reflect about the legitimacy of your standard concedes the authority of agency since it’s in every action. B. The constitutive properties of action cannot be aggregated. Adding two circles together doesn’t make anything more circular because their circularity isn’t an additive consequence but something inherent to their form.

Next, rational reflection requires that the maxims we act upon be universalizable. Any reasoner would know that two plus two equals four because there is no a priori distinction between agents so norms must be universally valid. And- willing coercion is a contradiction in conception because you extend your own freedom while simultaneously undermining your ability to act in the first place. In order to prevent coercion individuals must submit to the omnilateral will.

Kant Immanuel Kant (leading Kantian scholar) The Metaphysical Elements of Justice, trans. John Ladd. 1797. Indianapolis: Hackett Publsihing, 1999.
When I declare (by word or deed), "I will that an external
AND
a thing can be externally yours or mine only in a civil society.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will. Prefer the standard: all frameworks presuppose liberty. People can only be held responsible for unethical actions if they chose to do them, but choice itself requires that people can pick which actions to take without threat of force. For example, if someone holds a gun to my head and makes me steal someone’s apple, I am not truly culpable because I wasn’t free.

Impact analysis: only freedom violations intrinsic to the structure of the action are relevant. A. Consequentialism is incoherent. 1. Every consequence causes another consequence in a chain of infinite events. That means either every action would have infinite value or there’s no way to weigh. 2. Consequentialism requires a heuristic to determine the probability of consequences occurring, but that means we must also calculate the probability of this heuristic to determine probability, and so on to infinity. B. We can’t be culpable for consequences—external forces determine them.

Hegel 20 George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel The Philosophy of Right 1820
The will has before it an outer reality, upon which it operates. But
AND
adopt only the first consequences, since they alone lie in the purpose.

I contend that public entities have an obligation to restrict some constitutionally protected free speech.

First, speech acts that intend to incite revolution dissolve the authority of the sovereign and must be prohibited.

Varden 10 Helga Varden (Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois) "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" May 22^nd 2010 Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World Volume 3 of the series AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice pp 39-55 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-90-481-8999-1'4 JW
To understand Kant’s condemnation of seditious speech, remember that Kant, as mentioned above
AND
qua private citizens, it is a public crime (6: 331).

Second, hate speech relies on historical oppression, which obligates the state to intervene.

Varden 10 Helga Varden (Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois) "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" May 22^nd 2010 Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World Volume 3 of the series AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice pp 39-55 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-90-481-8999-1'4 JW
Kant’s distinction between public and private right can also be used to make sense of
AND
public debate and reflection followed by public regulation on behalf of all citizens.

AT: Free Speech Good Turns

O/V

1. The resolution says "any constitutionally protected speech."

Collins English Dictionary defines "any" Collins English Dictionary Complete and Unabridged, "any" 12th Edition 2014 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/any JW
one, some, or several, as specified, no matter how much or many, what kind or quality, etc: any cheese in the cupboard is yours; you may take any clothes you like.

That means the aff has to prove that all forms of constitutional speech should be protected. If I prove that there is at least one form of constitutional speech that should be prohibited, you vote neg.

2. All freedoms entail some limitations under the omnilateral will, even in a libertarian government. I have the freedom to swing my arm, but it ends at your nose because that would interfere with your freedom. Both of the contention arguments prove a similar violation of freedom occurs—I’ll prove that in extensions. The NC is just a more nuanced version of their turn.

AT: Speech is in space and time (some BS)

1. Speech can inherently interfere with others ends. If you’re standing on the edge of a cliff and I shout "BOO" behind you causing you to fall over, I’ve violated your freedom. When you use hate speech, you inherently rely on historical oppression to get your point across which violates the freedom of the recipient of your speech. Similarly, when you incite revolution, you intend to create harm and dissolve the conditions of the body politic, which dissolve freedom. Both of my contention arguments meet their libertarian interpretation.

Speech does have the power to coerce.

Varden 10 Helga Varden (Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois) "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" May 22^nd 2010 Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World Volume 3 of the series AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice pp 39-55 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.10072F978-90-481-8999-1'4 JW
Third, speech must be distinguished from uses of words that debilitate others in virtue
AND
above arises from the fact that there is more than speech going on.

AT: Libertarianism

1. Libertarianism is bad—it creates conditions that allow others to be completely dependent on others. For example, exploitation occurs when an employer pays their employee two dollars an hour but they have no choice but to work for them, it makes one person dependent on the other which is a violation of freedom. Only the AC framework provides the general conditions for freedom.

2. The AC framework is just a more nuanced version of the NC. I’m not consequentialist because I don’t talk about the effect of freedom, but the framework is about ensuring a rational structure for the government to be consistent with everyone’s independence.

Intent 1^st

The intent foresight distinction exists – harms are foreseen if they aren’t intrinsic to the nature of our action.

Quinn Warren S. Quinn "Actions, Intentions, and Consequences: The Doctrine of Double Effect" Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 4. (Autumn, 1989), pp. 334-351. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0048-39152819892329183A43C3343AAIACTD3E2.0.CO3B2-P JW
This clear distinction between the intentional structures of the contrasting cases is the key to
AND
we can identify the things they uncontroversially intend as contributing to their goal.

Kant ROTB

1NC: Oppression Method

Kantianism is the best methodology to reject oppression.

1. Their position is in a double bind. Either a) they agree with the NC that rationality governs all norms of society, in which case they have no grounds to kritik it because it establishes all notions of truth and their argument is like a snake biting its own tail, or b) they attempt to transcend my framework’s rational norms, but they don’t have a robustly justified alternative conception of truth, morality and politics, making their position nihilist. Nihilism is net worse because it would allow atrocities like slavery to be perpetrated.

2. The NC is a prerequisite to the aff framework- oppression means ‘unjust coercion’ but my framework actually defines what it means to coerce in the first place and consequences aren’t relevant.

3. Abstract reasoning empirically spurs social change- changes hearts and minds.

Goldstein 14 Rebecca Newberger Goldstein (Former professor of Philosophy at Rutgers and Columbia, PhD from Princeton). "Why Study Philosophy? 'To Challenge Your Own Point of View'." 27 February 2014. http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/02/why-study-philosophy-to-challenge-your-own-point-of-view/283954/t
It’s amazing how long it takes us, but we do make progress. And
AND
power. So it really takes hard, hard work to overcome that.

4. Universalizability recognizes that we can’t ignore other people- this is essential to inclusion of other agents.

Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32.
One of the most popular criticisms of Kant’s moral philosophy is that it is too
AND
choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents.

Good stuff

The constitutive nature of agency makes critiquing my framework impossible.

Ng 15 Karen Ng (Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University) "From the Critique of Reason to the Critique of Ideology: On the Relation between Life and Consciousness from Hegel to Critical Theory" 2015 JW
In order to determine exactly how the relation between life and consciousness can be methodologically
AND
encompassing, that there is simply no place for the critic to stand.

But, attempts to transcend the human condition make critique useless.

Ng 15 Karen Ng (Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University) "From the Critique of Reason to the Critique of Ideology: On the Relation between Life and Consciousness from Hegel to Critical Theory" 2015 JW
Now if one wants to reject this characterization, we are led into a second
AND
theory that ideology critique was meant to overcome in the first place.17

Commitment to universal reason is the only way to create social change.

Drescher 6 Gary L. Drescher (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT). "Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics." Bradford Books. 5 May 2006.
Still, to the extent that evolution has rigged us with a disposition toward empathy
AND
, the doctrine that there is no real distinction between right and wrong.

Tournament: damus | Round: 3 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
Political actions constitute themselves within an anti-black metaphysical equation. Reforms never work and things will not get better
Warren 15 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/578044/pdf JW
Perverse juxtaposition structure
AND
response to black suffering 

The idea that progress can be achieved eventually forms a "politics of hope" and uses the trick of time to sustain violence
Warren 2 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/578044/pdf JW
The politics of hope
AND
an anti-black world 

Anti blackness renders all political actions are meaningless and causes resentment
Warren 3 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/578044/pdf JW
Meaning itself is an
AND
within humanist grammars 

Anti-blackness structures all modern systems and methods of thought. Attempts to create freedom always fail
Warren 4
For the black nihilist
AND
to structuring thought 

The alternative is political apostasy, the only ethical action is self excommunication from metaphysical structures of violence
Warren 5
Political apostasy for
AND
spiritual practice

Tournament: damus | Round: 2 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
Crime is low now
Cooke 15 http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/427758/careful-panic-violent-crime-and-gun-crime-are-both-dropping-charles-c-w-cooke JW
Since Friday's shooting
AND
prodding at our success 

Without QI, police will be unable to effectively enforce law
King 16 http://mimesislaw.com/fault-20lines/keep-qualified-immunity-for-now/11010 JW
If you want
AND
down the old one 

QI is key to deterring crime- multiple warrants
Rosen 5 http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1899andcontext=ggulrev JW
It is hard
AND
deterrence of crime 

Active policing reduces crime
NIJ 16 http://nij.gov/five-things/pages/deterrence.aspx JW
Does punishment prevent
AND
effect on homicide rates 

Low crime is key to soft power
Falk 12 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/201272212435524825.html
This unabashed avowal
AND
cure unknown, applies

Soft power is high now
Nye 15 http://www.cfr.org/united-states/charting-next-american-century/p36194#ER JW
This is what I think
AND
as the United States 

Soft power solves multiple existential threats
Lagon 11 http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/value-values-soft-power-under-obama#ER
Despite large economic
AND
something is seriously amiss

Tournament: harvard westlake | Round: 3 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
this is my first tournament on the topic and will be breaking new cases that are not on the wiki!! fb message me if you have any questions

Tournament: alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
look at arlo and jacks wiki for broken cases