Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas Academy MX | Judge: Aimun Khan
Winter and Leighton systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.
Winter and Leighton: Winter, Deborah DuNann Professor of Psychology, Whitman College, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.  

Finally, to recognize ... building lasting peace.  

Therefore, society has an obligation to correct these injustices.  Anthropocentrism is the root cause of injustices in society, so we have to solve for anthropocentrism to solve oppression.  Lazarus writes:
“Pursuing ‘Environmental Justice’: The Distributional Effects of Environmental Protection,” 1993, Georgetown Law Faculty Publications.
Richard J. Lazarus, Georgetown University Law Center

Environmentalists also need ... reference for environmentalism.

There are no ontological boundaries between humans and nature.  Acknowledging the interrelatedness of humans and nature through discourse is necessary to solving harms to both nature and humankind.  Nelson writes:
“Deep Ecology,” July 18, 2001. Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy
Michael Paul Nelson (Ph.D. in philosophy, Lancaster University) , environmental scholar, writer, teacher, speaker, and consultant who holds the Ruth H. Spaniol Chair in Natural Resources and is a Professor of environmental philosophy and ethics at Oregon State University

Once ontological boundaries ... for ecological consciousness’’ (Fox 1995, p. 225).

Debate serves to create discourse on social change, so critical discussions are important to have.  Debate is a space for having discussions on solving oppression.  Giroux writes:
“Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization,” Winter 2004, Teacher Education Quarterly.
Henry A. Giroux, Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, University Park

The search for ... and gendered inequalities.

The role of the judge is to vote for the debater who better advocates for discourse on combatting anthropocentrism that is prevalent in the education system.  Lupinacci and Parkins write:
“(Un)Learning Anthropocentrism: An EcoJustice Framework for Teaching to Resist Human-Supremacy in Schools,” November 18, 2015. The Educational Significance of Human and Non-Human Animal Interactions: Blurring the Species Line.
John Lupinacci (Ph.D. of Philosophy in Education Studies, Eastern Michigan University), Assistant Professor of Cultural Studies and Social Thought in Education at Washington State University; Alison Happel-Parkins (Ph.D., Georgia State University), Asst Professor, Counselor Education Psych Research at the University of Memphis

A primary premise ... inclusive living systems. 

Discourse on policymaking is needed to combat anthropocentrism to prevent it from limiting the morality we can achieve from our policies.  Katz and Oechsli write:
“Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics, Development, and the Amazon,” 1993.  New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Eric Katz and Lauren Oechsli, Members of the Science, Technology, and Society Program _{New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark. Katz is currently Vice President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics}

If a policy ... anthropocentric instrumental reasoning.

Advantage 1

The nuclear industry uses anthropocentrism to justify their disregard for non-human lives.  Gunter writes:
“Licensed to kill: How the nuclear power industry destroys endangered marine wildlife and ocean habitat to save money,” February 22, 2001.
 Linda Gunter, Safe Energy Communication Council (SECC) Paul Gunter, Nuclear Information and Resource Service (NIRS) Scott Cullen, Standing for Truth About Radiation (STAR) Nancy Burton, Esquire

Sea turtles, fish, … diversity of wildlife.

Fish have emotions, meaning that the np industry’s treatment of marine life is oppression of the fish community.  Griffiths writes:
“Fish have feelings too: Expert claims creatures experience pain in the same way humans do - and should be treated better,” June 19, 2014.  Daily Mail.
Sarah Griffiths, Freelance Science + Tech Reporter for The Daily Mail, MailOnline, T3 and Wired
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2662297/Fish-feelings-Expert-claims-creatures-experience-pain-way-humans-better-treated.html

Fishing may not ... should be reconsidered.

Advantage 2

The nuclear industry disregards the interests of Native Americans.  Public Citizen writes:
“Radioactive Racism: The History of Targeting Native American Communities with High Level Atomic Waste Dumps ,“ 1987. Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
by Public Citizen, group advocating for equality in democracy
https://www.citizen.org/documents/radioactiveracism.pdf

Low-income and minority ... of tribal sovereignty. 

The disregard for indigenous peoples by civilized humans is also present in Taiwan.  Hsieh writes:
“Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity-Based Movement of Plan Indigenous in Taiwan,” 2006. Routledge.
Dr. Jolan Hsieh, Associate Professor in the Department of Ethnic Relations and Cultures, College of Indigenous Studies, National Dong Hwa University

Especially important is ... their future generations.

Parkins Indigenous groups often lack the financial or political capital to challenge such injustice.
Parkins writes: Parkins, John  Department of Resource Economics, University of Alberta “Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power.” 2011.  

In some ways ... undesirable land uses.  

Anthropocentrism is the cause of oppression against native communities.  The np industry devalues the interests of natives because of their anthropocentric ideology of civilized man at the center.  Crist and Kopnina write:
“Unsettling Anthropocentrism,” November, 2014. Dialectical Anthropology.
Dr. Eileen Crist (Ph.D. Boston University), Associate Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Virginia Tech; Dr. Helen Kopnina (Ph.D. Cambridge University,), a researcher in the fields of environmental education and environmental social sciences at Leiden University and The Hague University of Applied Science 

Anthropocentrism can be … and forward march.

Shankleman A nuclear ban leads to a shift to renewable energy.  Europe proves.
Shankleman writes: Shankleman, Jessica. Contributor, Bloomberg News “Germany Just Got Almost All of Its Power From Renewable Energy.” Bloomberg News, April 2016.

Clean power supplied ... of plant breakdowns.  

Renewable energies, unlike nuclear, are consistent with deep ecology and oppose anthropocentrism.  Dalile writes:
“Environmental Ethics: Between Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism,” 2012, Academia.edu.
Boushra Dalile,  Swinburne University of Technology

As mentioned earlier ... value of nature.

Deep ecology solves anthropocentrism.  Kose writes:
“AN ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM of ANTHROPOCENTRISM: DEEP ECOLOGY and ITS ETHICAL DIMENSIONS,“ July 2013. ETHOS: Dialogues in Philosophy and Social Sciences.
Songül Köse (Ph.D. Middle East Technical University), Research Asst., Akdeniz University, Department of Philosophy

Now we should ... on its own.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lynbrook NA | Judge: Fred Ditzian
V: Just state action
Systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.
Winter, Deborah and Dana C. Leighton. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.
“Finally to recognize… to building lasting peace”
Society has an obligation to correct these injustices.
“Justice, Inequality, and the Poor,” Winter, 2012.  National Affairs.
Dr. Ryan Messmore, founding Executive Director of the Millis Institute
http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/justice-inequality-and-the-poor
So in what... contribute to society.

VC: Promoting Social equality

Contention 1 is targeting of indigenous peoples.  

In the US, the nuclear industry targets oppressed Native American communities for dumping nuclear waste.  Public Citizen writes:
“Radioactive Racism: The History of Targeting Native American Communities with High Level Atomic Waste Dumps ,“ 1987. Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
by Public Citizen, group advocating for equality in democracy
https://www.citizen.org/documents/radioactiveracism.pdf

Low-income and … tribal sovereignty.

Nuclear dumping on indigenous homelands also occurs in Taiwan.  Hsieh writes:
“Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity-Based Movement of Plan Indigenous in Taiwan,” 2006. Routledge.
Dr. Jolan Hsieh, Associate Professor in the Department of Ethnic Relations and Cultures, College of Indigenous Studies, National Dong Hwa University

Especially important is … their future generations.

Nuclear racism against indigenous peoples is also present in Australia.  Green writes:
“The nuclear war against Australia's Aboriginal people,” July 14, 2014. Ecologist.
Jim Green, national anti-nuclear campaigner with Friends of the Earth Australia and Australian coordinator of the Beyond Nuclear Initiative
http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/2476704/the_nuclear_war_against_australias_aboriginal_people.html
Muckaty Traditional Owners … mining interests.

Indigenous groups often lack resources.
 Parkins, John  Department of Resource Economics, University of Alberta “Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power.” 2011. 

In some ways … undesirable land uses. 

A ban solves this harm  
Kyne, Dean , and Bob Bolin “Emerging Environmental Justice Issues in Nuclear Power and Radioactive Contamination.” 

Beyond the health … The global meat 

Contention 2 is nuclear racism against other minorities.

In South Africa, nuclear power is representative of and causes the historical oppression of minorities.  Chen writes:
“The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy,” March 23, 2011.  Color Lines.
Michelle Chen, Columnist, Global Justice
http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy

At every point … of thousands of years.

Banning NP encourages a shift to safer jobs and renewable energy.
Electricity Schönau “100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power.” 2009.
The electricity produced … Above all, however, it
Phasing out NP lead to a shift to renewables.
Shankleman, Jessica. Contributor, Bloomberg News “Germany Just Got Almost All of Its Power From Renewable Energy.” Bloomberg News, April 2016.

Clean power …  of plant breakdowns.
Good for environment. Greenpeace.
Greenpeace. “Nuclear Power: A Dangerous Waste of Time.” Greenpeace International, January 2009.
The nuclear power … at far too high a price.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart Danielle Dosch | Judge: Jackson Lallas
Winter and Leighton systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.
Winter and Leighton: Winter, Deborah DuNann Professor of Psychology, Whitman College, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.  

Finally, to recognize... building lasting peace.  

The purpose of debate is to teach students to reject injustices in society.  Giroux:
“Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization,” Winter 2004, Teacher Education Quarterly.
Henry A. Giroux, Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, University Park

The search for... and gendered inequalities.

The purpose of debate is to teach students skills that are applicable to the real world.  Wade:
“Chapter 8: Critical Thinking through Debate: Skills, Dispositions, and Teaching Strategies,” July 17, 2016.  Using Debate in the Classroom:
Encouraging Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration.
Walter Patrick Wade, University of Singapore, PhD of Communication Studies from Northwestern University

While students need... in each round" (AUDL, 2015).

Minimizing structural violence supersedes any ideal theories like util or deontology because oversimplifying ethics to one theory threatens any real discussion.  Curry:
“ The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century,” December 2014.  Academia.edu.
Tommy J. Curry, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Philosophy, Texas AandM University

Despite the pronouncement... contemporary moral parameters.

South Africa doesn’t need nuclear power; its renewable resources are ready to be used, but only can be implemented if nuclear is out of the picture.  Greenpeace:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 6.1.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

South Africa is at... not be justified. 

This also gives South Africa its best chance to minimize coal and fossil fuel usage.  Greenpeace:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 6.3.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

To achieve a... leader in Africa.

Part 2 is the advocacy.

Thus, the plan: “South Africa will prohibit the production of nuclear power.”  My advocate is Thomas in 2015:
“Why nuclear power would be a bad option for South Africa,” June 10, 2015.  The Conversation.
Steve Thomas, Professor of Energy Policy, University of Greenwich
http://theconversation.com/why-nuclear-power-would-be-a-bad-option-for-south-africa-42499

It would be... of radioactive waste.

In South Africa, nuclear power is representative of and causes the historical oppression of minorities.  Chen:
“The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy,” March 23, 2011.  Color Lines.
Michelle Chen, Columnist, Global Justice
http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy

At every point... massive security state.

The government continues the apartheid via nuclear power.  Minority populations are subjected to its harms, then silenced and ignored.  Fig:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 5.3.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

Nuclear power doesn’t... worried about contamination.

The nuclear industry intentionally disregards their workers as a form of racism.  Gilbert:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 5.3.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

Even though working... pensions from Koeberg.

Parkins Oppressed groups often lack the financial or political capital to challenge such injustice.
Parkins writes: Parkins, John  Department of Resource Economics, University of Alberta “Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power.” 2011.  

In some ways... undesirable land uses.

Contention 2 is nuclear corruption.

South Africa’s entire nuclear program is corrupt.  Gosam:
“Zuma, the Guptas and the Russians — the inside story,” February 2, 2016.  Rand Daily Mail.
Lily Gosam, writer for Rand Daily Mail
http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/02/zuma-the-guptas-and-the-russians~-~-the-inside-story

CORRUPTION GOES NUCLEAR I wish to... whom was Nene.

This corruption encourages oppression and disproportionately harms the poor.  Annan:
Kofi Annan, 2004, UNCAC.
https://www.unodc.org/ropan/en/AntiCorruptionARAC/unodc-and-corruption.html

Corruption is an... aid and investment.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Quarry Lane PN | Judge: Willie Johnson
Util Aff
Moral rules are derived from humans’ internal experiences, the most basic of which being that humans act in an interest of achieving the most happiness.  Hazlitt writes:
“The Foundations of Morality,” 1964. The Foundation for Economic Education.
Henry Hazlitt,  journalist who wrote for The Wall Street Journal, The Nation, The American Mercury, Newsweek, and The New York Times

To repeat and to ... ought to follow.

Since, we must look towards humans’ internal experiences to deduce what moral theory we should use, and when we look at the experiences of humans, we see that the most basic experiences that we can deduce are the goodness of pleasure and the badness of pain, we see that these are the moral rules we should follow.  Sinhababu writes:
“The Epistemic Argument For Hedonism,” 2013, National University of Singapore.
Neil Sinhababu, Associate Professor, University of Singapore

Phenomenal introspection, a ... of the process.

The purpose of debate is to prepare debaters for the real world by teaching advocacy skills.  Mitchell writes:
“Pedagogical Possibilities for Argumentative Agency in Academic Debate,” 1998, Argumentation and Advocacy, 1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p41-60
Gordon R. Mitchell, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh

As two prominent ... and advocacy skills.

Because the goal of debate is to learn advocacy skills, utilitarianism is the best standard because it is used by policymakers.  Goodin writes:
“Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy,” 1995.  Cambridge University Press.
Robert Goodin, fellow in philosophy at Australian National Defense University

My larger argument ... rules or conduct.

Utilitarianism upholds equality better than any other ethical theory.  Sen writes:
 “Equality of What?” 1992, Inequality Reexamined.
 Amartya Sen, Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University

But what about ... all individuals' interests."

Utilitarianism uses the principle stated in the card above of weighting all people equally to include impacts on future generations.  Mulgan writes:
“Utilitarianism and our obligations to future people,” February 2014. The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism, pp. 325-347.
Tim Mulgan, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Auckland, and Professor of Moral and Political Philosophy at the University of St Andrews

For the utilitarian ... our present interests.

I defend the advocacy, “Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power via a nuclear phaseout.”  Ross defends my solvency:
“Avoiding Apocalypse: Congress Should Ban Nuclear Power.,” December 14, 2011.  University at Buffalo.
Timothy J. Ross, UB Law
http://www.law.buffalo.edu/content/dam/law/restricted-assets/pdf/environmental/papers/ross12.pdf

From the above ... abolishing nuclear power.

Advantage one is reactor meltdowns.

First is inherency.  With just the current number of nuclear power plants, a nuclear accident is likely to occur once every 10 to 20 years.  Lelieveld 12 writes:
“Probability of contamination from severe nuclear reactor accidents is higher than expected,” May 22, 2012.  Max Planck Society.
Prof. Dr. Johannes Lelieveld, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz
https://www.mpg.de/5809418/reactor_accidents

Catastrophic nuclear accidents ... nuclear power plants.

Second is the link.  By banning nuclear power production, the Aff prevents nuclear meltdowns, thus solving for this.

Third is the internal link.  Even a single nuclear meltdown would contaminate tens of millions of people.  Lelieveld 12 writes:
If a single nuclear ... 21 million people.

Fourth is the impact.  Just by looking at Chernobyl, we can see the catastrophic impacts of a reactor meltdown.  Grossman 10 writes:
“Chernobyl Death Toll: 985,000, Mostly from Cancer,” September 4, 2010.  Global Research.
Prof. Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York College
http://www.globalresearch.ca/new-book-concludes-chernobyl-death-toll-985-000-mostly-from-cancer/20908

Considering health data ... same virtually forever.”

Advantage two is nuclear terrorism.

First is inherency.  Terrorist groups, specifically Daesh, target nuclear power plants, and do so with the intent of causing massive damage.  Sengupta 16 writes:
“ISIS nuclear attack in Europe is a real threat, say experts,” June 10, 2016.  The Times of India.
Kim Sengupta, Defence and Diplomatic Editor at The Independent
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/ISIS-nuclear-attack-in-Europe-is-a-real-threat-say-experts/articleshow/52685406.cms

The threat of ... catastrophic consequences."

Due to the lackluster security at nuclear plants, terrorists would be likely to succeed if they attacked a nuclear plant.  Lyman 04 writes:
“Chernobyl on the Hudson?  The Health and Economic Impacts of a Terrorist Attack at the Indian Point Nuclear Attack,” September, 2004, Riverkeeper.
Edwin S. Lyman, PhD, Union of Concerned Scientists

Public concern about ... aviation security challenges.”

Second is the link.  Affirming shuts down all nuclear plants, thus making the risk of one of these attacks non existent.  This is the only way to combat the threat of a potential attack on a nuclear plant.

Third is the internal link.  Nuclear terrorism leads to nuclear war between states.  Ayson 10 writes:
“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” 2010.  Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July.
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington

But these two … the so-called n+1 problem.

Fourth is the impact.  Nuclear war leads to extinction.  Starr 14 writes:
“The Lethality of Nuclear Weapons: Nuclear War has No Winner,” May 30, 2014, Global Research.
Steven Starr, Director of Clinical Laboratory Science Program, University of Missouri-Columbia
http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-lethality-of-nuclear-weapons-nuclear-war-has-no-winner/5385611

Nuclear war has ... animal forms of life.

Last is weighing.  Under utilitarianism, impacts that affect more people are weighed the most heavily.  Bostrom writes:
“Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” 2012. Global Policy, Vol 4, Issue 1 (2013): 15-31
Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School , University of Oxford
http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html

We might also ... entire human population.