Tournament: X | Round: 9 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
A. Interpretation - Debaters must disclose previously run constructive positions – all cases, off cases and theory arguments – at least 30 minutes before the round on the NDCA wiki. This means providing proper citations for all evidence including first three and last three words and tags as well as advocacy, standard, and interpretation texts.
A. Interpretation - If the negative reads an alternative advocacy, then he/she must defend it unconditionally.
A.Interpretation - Neg may not defend implementation of rejecting the Aff.

Tournament: X | Round: 9 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Email: homerunmvp@gmail.com
Facebook: Jack Stern (profile pic is a Google logo)

I LOVE RUNNING DISCLOSURE THEORY!!!  I'M A SOLO DEBATER WITH NO ONE ELSE FROM MY SCHOOL DOING CIRCUIT OR HELPING ME PREP BUT I STILL DISCLOSE, SO I DON'T WANT TO HEAR YOUR EXCUSES FOR NOT DISCLOSING.

A. Interpretation - Debaters must disclose previously run constructive positions – all cases, off cases and theory arguments – at least 30 minutes before the round on the NDCA wiki. This means providing proper citations for all evidence including first three and last three words and tags as well as advocacy, standard, and interpretation texts.

Tournament: College Prep | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker SP | Judge: Jackson Lallas

Part 1 is ROTB.

The wording of this res means that we have to evaluate the truth of its statement.

Freeley and Steinberg.  Austin J. Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law.  David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami. 1986. "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making." Found on Google Books.
Debate propositions may deal with controversies of fact, value, or policy. We
AND
not to simply affirm the desirability or worth of future change.'"

Prefer this on this res – not restricting speech isn't a policy, so debates are supposed to evaluate the res.

This is also consistent with the use of the word "ought" in the res.

Robinson, Richard.  Fellow in Philosophy, Oriel College of Oxford University.  July, 1971.  "Ought and Ought Not." Philosophy, Vol. 46, No. 177 (July 1971), pp. 193-202. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Institute of Philosophy. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3749920.
Many ought-sentences are not prescriptive~,~ at all, either prudentially or morally
AND
of a ~passed by~ law. They are expressing an ideal."

AND this is consistent with LD rules and semantics – the res is a hypothesis that must be evaluated - the judge must evaluate the truth of the res, not the desirability of it against its alternatives.

Zarefsky, David.  American communication scholar with research specialties in rhetorical history and criticism; professor at Northwestern; 1968 NDT top speaker. 1976. "Argument as Hypothesis Testing," Paper presented at the Ann Speech Communication Association Francisco, California, December.
Finally, the hypothesis-testing model directs that the judge make a yes-
AND
central principles of the proposition and the universe of non-propositional alternatives.

Thus, the ROTB is to evaluate the truth of the statement: "Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech."  Thus, I defend the res as a general principle being true.  But, if I need to defend a specific plan, I'll defend implementation of the res.

Part 2 is framework.

Morality begins with recognizing humans as beings with practical reason; without this, we're prevented from finding a starting point for deriving morality.

Engstrom, Stephen.  Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh.  2008.  "Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge."
In addition to the idea of universal legislation as the form of practical cognition,
AND
persons, or subjects with wills, sharing the power of practical reason.

Conceptions of self under practical reason give rise to obligations that define morality – there is no morality without the self.

Korsgaard, Christine M. Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University.  November 17, 1992.  "The Sources of Normativity," from The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Cambridge University.
It is the conceptions of ourselves that are most important to us that give rise
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said that it did: that our autonomy is the source of obligation.

Thus, I value Respecting Individual Liberty.

Prefer this:

1. Epistemologically a priori to standards.

Fried, Charles.  Educated at Princeton, Oxford and Columbia Law School, Charles Fried, the Beneficial Professor of Law, has been teaching at Harvard Law School since 1961. September 2005.  "The Nature and Importance of Liberty," http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Vol29_No1_Fried.pdf.
I would say that what is important about us, what makes us moral human
AND
if the other person has not chosen voluntarily to enlist in that campaign.

2. Respecting the liberty of individuals rejects arbitrary discrimination and promotes equality.

Weil, Simone.  French philosopher and political activist. Translated by Arthur Wills and John Petrie. Originally published in 1955; English version published in 1958. "Oppression and Liberty." http://www.mercaba.org/SANLUIS/Filosofia/autores/ContemporC3A1nea/Weil20(Simone)/Oppression20and20Liberty.pdf.
Man is not made to be the plaything of the blind collectivities that he forms
AND
man by man, nothing is so beautiful or so sweet as friendship.

3. Morality must be intrinsically binding without contingent – this means agency comes first because it's inevitable.

Ferrero, Luca. University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee. January 12, 2009.  "Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency," Version 3.05.  Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV.
The norms of rationality and morality have special authority; they are categorically binding.
AND
oughts of rationality and morality, we are bound by them sans phrase.

4. Analytic

5. My framework is key to fairness –

a. Ground – Analytic

b. Resolvability – Analytic

c. Topic Lit – Analytic

Part 3 is freedom.

ALL free speech at colleges is objectively good under lib – here are a bunch of reasons –

1. A free society means people are free to express their opinions whenever, whatever to allow the spread of ideas – if ideas are bad or offensive, society will reject them.

D'Amato, David S. Attorney and adjunct law professor whose writing has appeared at the Institute of Economic Affairs, the Future of Freedom Foundation, the Centre for Policy Studies, the Ludwig von Mises Institute, Liberty Fund's Online Library of Law and Liberty, the Foundation for Economic Education, and in major newspapers around the world. D'Amato is on the Board of Policy Advisors for the Heartland Institute and he is the Benjamin Tucker Research Fellow at the Molinari Institute's Center for a Stateless Society. He earned a JD from New England School of Law and an LLM in Global Law and Technology from Suffolk University Law School. November 16, 2015.  "The Most Liberal Value: Free Speech," Libertarianism.org. https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/most-liberal-value-free-speech.
It is right, even virtuous, to hate and resist narrow-minded bigotry
AND
, must decide, as always, whether they favor freedom or force.

2. Non-interference from authoritative agencies is especially applicable with free speech.

Husain, Naseem.  Contributor for Being Libertarian. September 24, 2016.  "Why Free Speech Matters The Most," Being Libertarian.  https://beinglibertarian.com/free-speech-matters/.
Of all of the rights that we are born with, the most sacred and
AND
especially if they seek to use the force of government to do so.

3. Any restriction on free speech is a form of censorship that opposes freedom.

Raof, Jonathon. Nova Southeastern University, Florida. December 14, 2009. "Libertarian Viewpoint on Freedom of Speech," Libertarian Viewpoint.  http://libertarianviewpoint.com/blog/freedom-of-speech/.
In a critical response to Free Speech Zones, libertarians and others claim Free Speech
AND
ultimately undermines the freedom inherent in what the protection of free speech represents.

4. Lib says people should have the right to offend others.

Brennan, Jason. Robert J. and Elizabeth Flanagan Family Associate Professor of Strategy, Economics, Ethics, and Public Policy at the McDonough School of Business and Associate Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University. 2012. "Libertarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know," Accessed on Google Books (Pg. 82).
In a free society, everyone has the right to offend others. A society
AND
. No so. It makes each person's sense of indignation a weapon.

5. Hearing opposing viewpoints is key to letting people go after their own life.

Badamchi, Devrim Kabasakal.  Professor @ Izmir University, Turkey. 2015. "Justifications of freedom of speech: Towards a double-grounded-non-consequentialist approach," Philosophy and Social Criticism. 2015, Vol. 41(9) 907–927.
Why is being justified in one's criticism significant for autonomy and free speech? I
AND
, which will be taken up later in this section of the article.

Part 4 is underview.

Hold your structural violence frameworks - libertarianism rejects racism and oppression, too.

McElroy, Wendy.  Canadian individualist anarchist and individualist feminist. September 18, 2014.  "Libertarianism and Racism," The Daily Bell.  http://www.thedailybell.com/editorials/wendy-mcelroy-libertarianism-and-racism/.
Libertarianism has been labeled "racist" by critics, including by some libertarians from
AND
. They can be realized only within a society based on private property."

Universities and colleges are moral agents who are guided by morality – my syllogism also applies to them.

Laurence, Ben.  Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the College, University of Chicago.  "An Anscombean Approach to Collective Action." http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/laurence/Anscombean_Collective_Action_Final.pdf.
But even if it is laying it on a bit thick to speak in this
AND
of its own, it can be the subject of a practical syllogism.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Adam Torson

Link

The link is Neg running a crime disad – you endorse a racist criminal justice system.

Welch, Kelly.  Villanova University, Pennsylvania. 2007. "Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling," Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. http://www.guerrillafunk.com/thoughts/captures/welch.pdf.
It may be more important to understand the images of crime conveyed by a society
AND
are also the reason the public has not more vehemently opposed these measures.

Impact

The impact is that we ignore the real criminal – American society.  Our conception of criminals is flawed from the start.

Jones, Terry.  Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare Inc., School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, United States of America. May, 1978.  "Blacks in the American Criminal Justice System: A Study of Sanctioned Deviance," The Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare: Vol. 5: Issue 3, Article 6.  http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1287andcontext=jssw.
American society and its basic institutions operate within a time tested framework of both class
AND
black city, gives a clear picture of what Blacks are up against.

Implication

The implication of this is drop the debater – this is an independent voter.  They only link themselves back into the AC by defending the very institution I'm critiquing – extend Brown that they're basically defending the KKK.  The AC causes us to change our views on the police and crime – this is a priori to going after these "criminals" that is really just code for "African Americans."

Tournament: Damus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Panny Shan

Part 1 is framing.

Debate serves as a space to have discourse on rejecting injustice in society.

Giroux, Henry A.  Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, University Park.  2004. "Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization," from Winter 2004, Teacher Education Quarterly.
The search for a new politics and a new critical language that crosses the critical
AND
society and world founded on systemic economic, racial, and gendered inequalities.

Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the best strategy for rejecting patriarchal institutions in society.

Moghadam, Valentine.  Feminist scholar and author. 2001. "Violence and Terrorism: Feminist Observations on Islamist Movements, State, and the International System," from Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 21.1-2, Project Muse.
Our world desperately needs new economic and political frameworks in order to end the vicious
AND
by feminine values. An important proposal is the institutionalization of peace education.

The evil dehumanization of women continues via the systematic exclusion of women in power relations.

Steven, Taylor.  Ph.D Transpersonal Psychology @ Liverpool John Moores University, Senior lecturer in psychology @ Leeds Metropolitan University.  2012.  "Out of the Darkness," from RSpec.
There have been attempts to explain the oppression of women in biological terms. For
AND
an effort to offset the discontent and sense of lack created by humania.

Structures of society can be reformed, but we need to purge our lack of concern and acknowledge the ongoing injustice before change is even possible.

Winter and Leighton.  Winter, Deborah DuNann ~Professor of Psychology, Whitman College~, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. ~Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University~. "Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century." New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Part 2 is inherency.

Our government excludes women and the feminist movement from inclusion.

Marshall, Catherine. Professor at the University of North Carolina. 2005. "Feminist Critical Policy Analysis: A perspective from post-secondary education," pg. ix-x.
Policy researchers and analysts have gained and retained legitimacy by focusing on the problems and
AND
books name the field: feminist critical policy analysis leap at the challenge.

This is evidenced by domestic violence - historical context shows nothing short of police INDIFFERENCE.

Wetendorf, Diane. 2000.  "The Impact of Police-Perpetrated Domestic Violence," from Domestic Violence by Police Officers, ed. D.C. Sheehan, 375-382. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2000.
Twenty years ago domestic violence advocates were considered radical when they suggested that a woman
AND
and "lovers' quarrels" was not police work, but social work.

The problem is more than that of disinterest – police intentionally contribute to and ignore domestic violence even when THEY ARE THE PERPETRATORS.

Wetendorf 2, Diane. 2000.  "The Impact of Police-Perpetrated Domestic Violence," from Domestic Violence by Police Officers, ed. D.C. Sheehan, 375-382. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2000.
The final obstacle to overcome is police officers' reluctance to consider domestic violence a crime
AND
the traitor. The forces gather to silence her and to protect him.

Part 3 is harms.

First is domestic violence - a form of oppression against women that is a microcosm of the society we live in.

Tracy, Steven R.  Professor, Theology and Ethics PhD, University of Sheffield, England ThM, Western Seminary MDiv,Western Seminary BA, Arizona State University Diploma, Pastoral Studies, Moody Bible Institute.  September 2007.  "Patriarchy and Domestic Violence: Challenging Common Misconceptions," JETS 50/3 (September 2007) 573–94.
While women are also often initiators of intimate partner violence and initiate violent acts almost
AND
it is clear that male violence against females is an enormous social problem.

The state as it is prevents solving ontologically for a multitude of issues – social change is impossible without the AC.

Dillon and Reid, Michael and Julian. Prof of Politics and Prof of International Relations. 2000. "Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency," Alternatives: Social Transformation and Humane Governance 25.1.
As a precursor to global governance, governmentality, according to Foucault's initial account,
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evolved in biophilosophical and biomolecular as well as Foucauldian "biopower" ways.

Man's subjugation of woman is the cause of war and domination.

Workman, Thom.  Political Science at University of New Brunswick.  January 1996.  "Pandora's Son's: The Paradox of Patriarchy and War," YCISS Paper no. 31, p. 7, January 1996.
The practices of war emerge within gendered understandings that inflect all spheres of social life
AND
It is hardly surprising that the language of sexuality and war is seamless.

Part 4 is the advocacy.

Thus, the plan: "The United States Federal Government shall be completely restructured to include the voices of women and feminists."

Part 5 is solvency.

First, giving women a voice in politics is key – solves patriarchy in society.

Enloe, Cynthia.  Professor of Women's Studies at Clark University.  2004.  "The Curious Feminist," pg. 129-139.
Asking feminist questions openly, making them an explicit part of serious foreign policy discussion
AND
, both in the United States and abroad, an effective public voice. 

Qualified immunity serves only to diffuse conflict, but the AC endorses having actual discourse on the issues that inhibit change.

Hassel, Diana.  Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law.  1999. "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity," Missouri Law Review Vol. 64, 1999.
Current qualified immunity doctrine serves as a means to diffuse conflict. Without a clear
AND
margins, but fundamental recasting of the terms of the debate is unlikely.

This means that the AC does endorse a limitation on qualified immunity – key to solving domestic violence because police use qualified immunity as a shield to hide behind and conceal their APATHY towards domestic violence.

Harper, Laura S.  September 1990.  Lawyer in Dallas, Texas.  "Battered Women Suing Police for Failure to Intervene: Viable Legal Avenues After Deshaney v. Winnibago County Department of Social Services," 75 Cornell L. Rev. 1392 (1990). http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol75/iss6/4
Because qualified immunity entitles an officer to "immunity from suit," a defendant-
AND
as an authoritative guide to their conduct in responding to domestic violence situations.

If you still don't think that my Aff Is topical, there is no topical version of my AC – the government in its current state can't solve the AC.

Youngs, Gillian. Professor of Digital Economy and Academic Director of the Institute of Advanced Broadcasting at the University of Wales. 2004. ""Feminist International Relations: A Contradiction in Terms? Or: Why Women and Gender Are Essential to Understanding the World 'We' Live in," from International Affairs, JSTOR.
Let us for simplicity's sake take the masculinist nature of states as referring to the
AND
be explained in dynamic gender terms, not taken as given.
w

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Adam Torson

Part 1 is framing.

Systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.

Winter and Leighton.  Winter, Deborah DuNann ~Professor of Psychology, Whitman College~, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. ~Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University~. "Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century." New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Debate serves as a space to have discourse on rejecting injustice in society.

Giroux, Henry A.  Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, University Park.  2004. "Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization," from Winter 2004, Teacher Education Quarterly.
The search for a new politics and a new critical language that crosses the critical
AND
society and world founded on systemic economic, racial, and gendered inequalities.

Ideal theory fails – oversimplifying ethics to one theory threatens any real discussion.

Curry, Tommy J.  Ph.D., Associate Professor of Philosophy, Texas AandM University. December 2014.  "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century,"  Academia.edu.
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Thus, the standard is minimizing structural violence.  This means that the ROTB is to endorse the best liberation strategy for the oppressed.

Prefer implementable concrete policy solutions over hypothetical ones – the state is inevitable and using it empowers debaters.

Coverstone, Alan H.  masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach. November 17, 2005.  "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Part 2 is advantages.

Contention 1 is rights violations.

The "clearly established" requirement of QI allows courts to abuse the defense and unfairly grant it to officers without sufficient justification.

de Stefan, Lindsay.  JD Candidate, Seton Hall University School of Law. 2017.  "No Man is Above the Law and No Man is Below It: How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct," Seton Hall Law Student Scholarship.  http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1861andcontext=student_scholarship.
But perhaps somewhat ironically, the concept of a "clearly" established right is
AND
—seemingly in every set of circumstances with which it has been presented.

The "clearly established" element of QI makes it function like absolute immunity.

Chen, Alan K. William M. Beaney Memorial Research Chair and professor of law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law, where he teaches courses in constitutional law, federal courts, and public interest law. 2015. "Qualified Immunity Limiting Access to Justice and Impeding Development of the Law," Human Rights Magazine.  http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/2015—vol—41-/vol—41—no—1—-lurking-in-the-shadows—the-supreme-court-s-qui/qualified-immunity-limiting-access-to-justice-and-impeding-devel.html.
Savana is far from alone. Every year, the federal courts turn away the
AND
Immunity, 55 Emory L.J. 229, 262 (2006).

The impact of this is that qualified immunity lets police officers get away with rights violations and murder.

Chemerinsky, Erwin.  Dean of the School of Law at UC Irvine. August 26, 2014.  "How the Supreme Court Protects Bad Cops," New York Times.  http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/opinion/how-the-supreme-court-protects-bad-cops.html.
The Supreme Court has used this doctrine ~QI~ in recent years to deny
AND
how many more riots will it take before the Supreme Court changes course?

Contention 2 is police state.

The police are systematically racist – they're intertwined with the KKK to this day.

Brown, Jared. coordinates a $25 million initiative at the United Negro College Fund designed to cultivate the next generation of African American innovators and entrepreneurs; serves as operations director at Black upStart, an early stage social enterprise that supports entrepreneurs through the ideation and customer validation processes; is a leading voice in the field of black entrepreneurship with publications appearing in Black Enterprise, Generation Progress at the Center for American Progress, and the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation.  October 3, 2016.  "The Criminal Justice System is Racist by Design," Black Enterprise.  http://www.blackenterprise.com/news/politics/criminal-justice-system-racist-design/.
Among the earliest documented roles of police, or patrollers, was to punish slaves
AND
. "These are operational systems and policies and practices that exist today."

QI uniquely serves to uphold racism by allowing police to get away with violence against blacks.

Carbado, Devon W.  Professor of Law at UCLA. 2016. "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes." The Georgetown Law Journal. http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf.
The following summarizes the features of the model. A variety of social forces converge
AND
to exercise care with respect to when and how they deploy violent force.

Part 3 is the plan.

Thus, the plan: "The United States Federal Government shall limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing the 'clearly established' requirement."

Wright, Sam. Public interest lawyer who has spent his career exclusively in nonprofits and government. November 3, 2015.  "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity," Above the Law. http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/?rf=1.
Instead, police officers have recourse to the broad protections of the judicially established doctrine
AND
show that that conduct's illegality has already been clearly established in the courts?

Part 4 is solvency.

Limiting QI is key to larger institutional reform.

Bernick, Evan.  Assistant Director of the Center for Judicial Engagement at the Institute for Justice. May 16, 2015.  "To Hold Police Accountable, Don't Give Them Immunity," Foundation for Economic Education.  https://fee.org/articles/to-hold-police-accountable-dont-give-them-immunity/.
The sad fact is that it is often effectively impossible to hold police officers accountable
AND
granted, discovery stops, and there is no trial on the merits.

Lawsuits spur changes in police behavior – a) they reveal misconduct, and b) they're punitive.

Schwartz, Joanna C.  Assistant Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law. 2012. ""What Police Learn from Lawsuits," Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 33, 2012.
Lawsuits are widely recognized to compensate and deter; this Article shows suits can also
AND
and dispositions of all cases, even those without financial and political ramifications.

The QI doctrine stops social change in its tracks.

Hassel, Diana.  Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law.  1999. "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity," Missouri Law Review Vol. 64, 1999.
Current qualified immunity doctrine serves as a means to diffuse conflict. Without a clear
AND
margins, but fundamental recasting of the terms of the debate is unlikely.

Even if the police officer defendant in lawsuits isn't found guilty, lawsuits keep police power in check.

Logan, Wayne A. Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law. 2011. "Police Mistakes of Law," Emory Law Journal, Vol. 61, 2011.
Judicial validation of police mistakes of law also undermines separation of powers. Since at
AND
in mind but failed to put into the plain language of the statute."

Regardless of the outcome, being able to take the case to trial at all is a win for the victim.

Weinrib, Ernest J. Ph.D.; Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of Toronto. 2002. "Corrective Justice in a Nutshell," The University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn, 2002), pp. 349-356. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/825933.pdf.
In sophisticated systems of private law, the overarching justificatory categories expressive of correlativity are
AND
the same as the reasons that justify the existence of the defendant's duty.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas Academy MX | Judge: Aimun Khan
Winter and Leighton systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.
Winter and Leighton: Winter, Deborah DuNann Professor of Psychology, Whitman College, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.  

Finally, to recognize ... building lasting peace.  

Therefore, society has an obligation to correct these injustices.  Anthropocentrism is the root cause of injustices in society, so we have to solve for anthropocentrism to solve oppression.  Lazarus writes:
“Pursuing ‘Environmental Justice’: The Distributional Effects of Environmental Protection,” 1993, Georgetown Law Faculty Publications.
Richard J. Lazarus, Georgetown University Law Center

Environmentalists also need ... reference for environmentalism.

There are no ontological boundaries between humans and nature.  Acknowledging the interrelatedness of humans and nature through discourse is necessary to solving harms to both nature and humankind.  Nelson writes:
“Deep Ecology,” July 18, 2001. Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy
Michael Paul Nelson (Ph.D. in philosophy, Lancaster University) , environmental scholar, writer, teacher, speaker, and consultant who holds the Ruth H. Spaniol Chair in Natural Resources and is a Professor of environmental philosophy and ethics at Oregon State University

Once ontological boundaries ... for ecological consciousness’’ (Fox 1995, p. 225).

Debate serves to create discourse on social change, so critical discussions are important to have.  Debate is a space for having discussions on solving oppression.  Giroux writes:
“Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization,” Winter 2004, Teacher Education Quarterly.
Henry A. Giroux, Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, University Park

The search for ... and gendered inequalities.

The role of the judge is to vote for the debater who better advocates for discourse on combatting anthropocentrism that is prevalent in the education system.  Lupinacci and Parkins write:
“(Un)Learning Anthropocentrism: An EcoJustice Framework for Teaching to Resist Human-Supremacy in Schools,” November 18, 2015. The Educational Significance of Human and Non-Human Animal Interactions: Blurring the Species Line.
John Lupinacci (Ph.D. of Philosophy in Education Studies, Eastern Michigan University), Assistant Professor of Cultural Studies and Social Thought in Education at Washington State University; Alison Happel-Parkins (Ph.D., Georgia State University), Asst Professor, Counselor Education Psych Research at the University of Memphis

A primary premise ... inclusive living systems. 

Discourse on policymaking is needed to combat anthropocentrism to prevent it from limiting the morality we can achieve from our policies.  Katz and Oechsli write:
“Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics, Development, and the Amazon,” 1993.  New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Eric Katz and Lauren Oechsli, Members of the Science, Technology, and Society Program _{New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark. Katz is currently Vice President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics}

If a policy ... anthropocentric instrumental reasoning.

Advantage 1

The nuclear industry uses anthropocentrism to justify their disregard for non-human lives.  Gunter writes:
“Licensed to kill: How the nuclear power industry destroys endangered marine wildlife and ocean habitat to save money,” February 22, 2001.
 Linda Gunter, Safe Energy Communication Council (SECC) Paul Gunter, Nuclear Information and Resource Service (NIRS) Scott Cullen, Standing for Truth About Radiation (STAR) Nancy Burton, Esquire

Sea turtles, fish, … diversity of wildlife.

Fish have emotions, meaning that the np industry’s treatment of marine life is oppression of the fish community.  Griffiths writes:
“Fish have feelings too: Expert claims creatures experience pain in the same way humans do - and should be treated better,” June 19, 2014.  Daily Mail.
Sarah Griffiths, Freelance Science + Tech Reporter for The Daily Mail, MailOnline, T3 and Wired
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2662297/Fish-feelings-Expert-claims-creatures-experience-pain-way-humans-better-treated.html

Fishing may not ... should be reconsidered.

Advantage 2

The nuclear industry disregards the interests of Native Americans.  Public Citizen writes:
“Radioactive Racism: The History of Targeting Native American Communities with High Level Atomic Waste Dumps ,“ 1987. Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
by Public Citizen, group advocating for equality in democracy
https://www.citizen.org/documents/radioactiveracism.pdf

Low-income and minority ... of tribal sovereignty. 

The disregard for indigenous peoples by civilized humans is also present in Taiwan.  Hsieh writes:
“Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity-Based Movement of Plan Indigenous in Taiwan,” 2006. Routledge.
Dr. Jolan Hsieh, Associate Professor in the Department of Ethnic Relations and Cultures, College of Indigenous Studies, National Dong Hwa University

Especially important is ... their future generations.

Parkins Indigenous groups often lack the financial or political capital to challenge such injustice.
Parkins writes: Parkins, John  Department of Resource Economics, University of Alberta “Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power.” 2011.  

In some ways ... undesirable land uses.  

Anthropocentrism is the cause of oppression against native communities.  The np industry devalues the interests of natives because of their anthropocentric ideology of civilized man at the center.  Crist and Kopnina write:
“Unsettling Anthropocentrism,” November, 2014. Dialectical Anthropology.
Dr. Eileen Crist (Ph.D. Boston University), Associate Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Virginia Tech; Dr. Helen Kopnina (Ph.D. Cambridge University,), a researcher in the fields of environmental education and environmental social sciences at Leiden University and The Hague University of Applied Science 

Anthropocentrism can be … and forward march.

Shankleman A nuclear ban leads to a shift to renewable energy.  Europe proves.
Shankleman writes: Shankleman, Jessica. Contributor, Bloomberg News “Germany Just Got Almost All of Its Power From Renewable Energy.” Bloomberg News, April 2016.

Clean power supplied ... of plant breakdowns.  

Renewable energies, unlike nuclear, are consistent with deep ecology and oppose anthropocentrism.  Dalile writes:
“Environmental Ethics: Between Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism,” 2012, Academia.edu.
Boushra Dalile,  Swinburne University of Technology

As mentioned earlier ... value of nature.

Deep ecology solves anthropocentrism.  Kose writes:
“AN ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM of ANTHROPOCENTRISM: DEEP ECOLOGY and ITS ETHICAL DIMENSIONS,“ July 2013. ETHOS: Dialogues in Philosophy and Social Sciences.
Songül Köse (Ph.D. Middle East Technical University), Research Asst., Akdeniz University, Department of Philosophy

Now we should ... on its own.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lynbrook NA | Judge: Fred Ditzian
V: Just state action
Systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.
Winter, Deborah and Dana C. Leighton. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.
“Finally to recognize… to building lasting peace”
Society has an obligation to correct these injustices.
“Justice, Inequality, and the Poor,” Winter, 2012.  National Affairs.
Dr. Ryan Messmore, founding Executive Director of the Millis Institute
http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/justice-inequality-and-the-poor
So in what... contribute to society.

VC: Promoting Social equality

Contention 1 is targeting of indigenous peoples.  

In the US, the nuclear industry targets oppressed Native American communities for dumping nuclear waste.  Public Citizen writes:
“Radioactive Racism: The History of Targeting Native American Communities with High Level Atomic Waste Dumps ,“ 1987. Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
by Public Citizen, group advocating for equality in democracy
https://www.citizen.org/documents/radioactiveracism.pdf

Low-income and … tribal sovereignty.

Nuclear dumping on indigenous homelands also occurs in Taiwan.  Hsieh writes:
“Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity-Based Movement of Plan Indigenous in Taiwan,” 2006. Routledge.
Dr. Jolan Hsieh, Associate Professor in the Department of Ethnic Relations and Cultures, College of Indigenous Studies, National Dong Hwa University

Especially important is … their future generations.

Nuclear racism against indigenous peoples is also present in Australia.  Green writes:
“The nuclear war against Australia's Aboriginal people,” July 14, 2014. Ecologist.
Jim Green, national anti-nuclear campaigner with Friends of the Earth Australia and Australian coordinator of the Beyond Nuclear Initiative
http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/2476704/the_nuclear_war_against_australias_aboriginal_people.html
Muckaty Traditional Owners … mining interests.

Indigenous groups often lack resources.
 Parkins, John  Department of Resource Economics, University of Alberta “Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power.” 2011. 

In some ways … undesirable land uses. 

A ban solves this harm  
Kyne, Dean , and Bob Bolin “Emerging Environmental Justice Issues in Nuclear Power and Radioactive Contamination.” 

Beyond the health … The global meat 

Contention 2 is nuclear racism against other minorities.

In South Africa, nuclear power is representative of and causes the historical oppression of minorities.  Chen writes:
“The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy,” March 23, 2011.  Color Lines.
Michelle Chen, Columnist, Global Justice
http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy

At every point … of thousands of years.

Banning NP encourages a shift to safer jobs and renewable energy.
Electricity Schönau “100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power.” 2009.
The electricity produced … Above all, however, it
Phasing out NP lead to a shift to renewables.
Shankleman, Jessica. Contributor, Bloomberg News “Germany Just Got Almost All of Its Power From Renewable Energy.” Bloomberg News, April 2016.

Clean power …  of plant breakdowns.
Good for environment. Greenpeace.
Greenpeace. “Nuclear Power: A Dangerous Waste of Time.” Greenpeace International, January 2009.
The nuclear power … at far too high a price.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart DD | Judge: Jackson Lallas
Winter and Leighton systemic exclusion of particular groups arbitrarily denies due.
Winter and Leighton: Winter, Deborah DuNann Professor of Psychology, Whitman College, and Dana C. Leighton, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Southern Arkansas University. “Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century.” New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.  

Finally, to recognize... building lasting peace.  

The purpose of debate is to teach students to reject injustices in society.  Giroux:
“Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization,” Winter 2004, Teacher Education Quarterly.
Henry A. Giroux, Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, University Park

The search for... and gendered inequalities.

The purpose of debate is to teach students skills that are applicable to the real world.  Wade:
“Chapter 8: Critical Thinking through Debate: Skills, Dispositions, and Teaching Strategies,” July 17, 2016.  Using Debate in the Classroom:
Encouraging Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration.
Walter Patrick Wade, University of Singapore, PhD of Communication Studies from Northwestern University

While students need... in each round" (AUDL, 2015).

Minimizing structural violence supersedes any ideal theories like util or deontology because oversimplifying ethics to one theory threatens any real discussion.  Curry:
“ The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century,” December 2014.  Academia.edu.
Tommy J. Curry, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Philosophy, Texas AandM University

Despite the pronouncement... contemporary moral parameters.

South Africa doesn’t need nuclear power; its renewable resources are ready to be used, but only can be implemented if nuclear is out of the picture.  Greenpeace:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 6.1.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

South Africa is at... not be justified. 

This also gives South Africa its best chance to minimize coal and fossil fuel usage.  Greenpeace:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 6.3.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

To achieve a... leader in Africa.

Part 2 is the advocacy.

Thus, the plan: “South Africa will prohibit the production of nuclear power.”  My advocate is Thomas in 2015:
“Why nuclear power would be a bad option for South Africa,” June 10, 2015.  The Conversation.
Steve Thomas, Professor of Energy Policy, University of Greenwich
http://theconversation.com/why-nuclear-power-would-be-a-bad-option-for-south-africa-42499

It would be... of radioactive waste.

In South Africa, nuclear power is representative of and causes the historical oppression of minorities.  Chen:
“The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy,” March 23, 2011.  Color Lines.
Michelle Chen, Columnist, Global Justice
http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy

At every point... massive security state.

The government continues the apartheid via nuclear power.  Minority populations are subjected to its harms, then silenced and ignored.  Fig:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 5.3.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

Nuclear power doesn’t... worried about contamination.

The nuclear industry intentionally disregards their workers as a form of racism.  Gilbert:
“The True Cost of Nuclear Power in South Africa,” August 2011. Greenpeace.  Chapter 5.3.
Ferrial Adam, Dr. David Fig (chapters 2; 3.4; 4; 5), Dominique Gilbert (chapter 5.3), Mike Kantey (chapter 5.5), Fiona Musana, Nina Schulz, Melita Steele, Dr. Rianne Teule, Professor Steve Thomas (chapters 3.1-3.3; 3.5-3.7)

Even though working... pensions from Koeberg.

Parkins Oppressed groups often lack the financial or political capital to challenge such injustice.
Parkins writes: Parkins, John  Department of Resource Economics, University of Alberta “Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power.” 2011.  

In some ways... undesirable land uses.

Contention 2 is nuclear corruption.

South Africa’s entire nuclear program is corrupt.  Gosam:
“Zuma, the Guptas and the Russians — the inside story,” February 2, 2016.  Rand Daily Mail.
Lily Gosam, writer for Rand Daily Mail
http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/02/zuma-the-guptas-and-the-russians~-~-the-inside-story

CORRUPTION GOES NUCLEAR I wish to... whom was Nene.

This corruption encourages oppression and disproportionately harms the poor.  Annan:
Kofi Annan, 2004, UNCAC.
https://www.unodc.org/ropan/en/AntiCorruptionARAC/unodc-and-corruption.html

Corruption is an... aid and investment.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Quarry Lane PN | Judge: Willie Johnson
Util Aff
Moral rules are derived from humans’ internal experiences, the most basic of which being that humans act in an interest of achieving the most happiness.  Hazlitt writes:
“The Foundations of Morality,” 1964. The Foundation for Economic Education.
Henry Hazlitt,  journalist who wrote for The Wall Street Journal, The Nation, The American Mercury, Newsweek, and The New York Times

To repeat and to ... ought to follow.

Since, we must look towards humans’ internal experiences to deduce what moral theory we should use, and when we look at the experiences of humans, we see that the most basic experiences that we can deduce are the goodness of pleasure and the badness of pain, we see that these are the moral rules we should follow.  Sinhababu writes:
“The Epistemic Argument For Hedonism,” 2013, National University of Singapore.
Neil Sinhababu, Associate Professor, University of Singapore

Phenomenal introspection, a ... of the process.

The purpose of debate is to prepare debaters for the real world by teaching advocacy skills.  Mitchell writes:
“Pedagogical Possibilities for Argumentative Agency in Academic Debate,” 1998, Argumentation and Advocacy, 1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p41-60
Gordon R. Mitchell, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh

As two prominent ... and advocacy skills.

Because the goal of debate is to learn advocacy skills, utilitarianism is the best standard because it is used by policymakers.  Goodin writes:
“Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy,” 1995.  Cambridge University Press.
Robert Goodin, fellow in philosophy at Australian National Defense University

My larger argument ... rules or conduct.

Utilitarianism upholds equality better than any other ethical theory.  Sen writes:
 “Equality of What?” 1992, Inequality Reexamined.
 Amartya Sen, Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University

But what about ... all individuals' interests."

Utilitarianism uses the principle stated in the card above of weighting all people equally to include impacts on future generations.  Mulgan writes:
“Utilitarianism and our obligations to future people,” February 2014. The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism, pp. 325-347.
Tim Mulgan, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Auckland, and Professor of Moral and Political Philosophy at the University of St Andrews

For the utilitarian ... our present interests.

I defend the advocacy, “Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power via a nuclear phaseout.”  Ross defends my solvency:
“Avoiding Apocalypse: Congress Should Ban Nuclear Power.,” December 14, 2011.  University at Buffalo.
Timothy J. Ross, UB Law
http://www.law.buffalo.edu/content/dam/law/restricted-assets/pdf/environmental/papers/ross12.pdf

From the above ... abolishing nuclear power.

Advantage one is reactor meltdowns.

First is inherency.  With just the current number of nuclear power plants, a nuclear accident is likely to occur once every 10 to 20 years.  Lelieveld 12 writes:
“Probability of contamination from severe nuclear reactor accidents is higher than expected,” May 22, 2012.  Max Planck Society.
Prof. Dr. Johannes Lelieveld, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz
https://www.mpg.de/5809418/reactor_accidents

Catastrophic nuclear accidents ... nuclear power plants.

Second is the link.  By banning nuclear power production, the Aff prevents nuclear meltdowns, thus solving for this.

Third is the internal link.  Even a single nuclear meltdown would contaminate tens of millions of people.  Lelieveld 12 writes:
If a single nuclear ... 21 million people.

Fourth is the impact.  Just by looking at Chernobyl, we can see the catastrophic impacts of a reactor meltdown.  Grossman 10 writes:
“Chernobyl Death Toll: 985,000, Mostly from Cancer,” September 4, 2010.  Global Research.
Prof. Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York College
http://www.globalresearch.ca/new-book-concludes-chernobyl-death-toll-985-000-mostly-from-cancer/20908

Considering health data ... same virtually forever.”

Advantage two is nuclear terrorism.

First is inherency.  Terrorist groups, specifically Daesh, target nuclear power plants, and do so with the intent of causing massive damage.  Sengupta 16 writes:
“ISIS nuclear attack in Europe is a real threat, say experts,” June 10, 2016.  The Times of India.
Kim Sengupta, Defence and Diplomatic Editor at The Independent
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/ISIS-nuclear-attack-in-Europe-is-a-real-threat-say-experts/articleshow/52685406.cms

The threat of ... catastrophic consequences."

Due to the lackluster security at nuclear plants, terrorists would be likely to succeed if they attacked a nuclear plant.  Lyman 04 writes:
“Chernobyl on the Hudson?  The Health and Economic Impacts of a Terrorist Attack at the Indian Point Nuclear Attack,” September, 2004, Riverkeeper.
Edwin S. Lyman, PhD, Union of Concerned Scientists

Public concern about ... aviation security challenges.”

Second is the link.  Affirming shuts down all nuclear plants, thus making the risk of one of these attacks non existent.  This is the only way to combat the threat of a potential attack on a nuclear plant.

Third is the internal link.  Nuclear terrorism leads to nuclear war between states.  Ayson 10 writes:
“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” 2010.  Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July.
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington

But these two … the so-called n+1 problem.

Fourth is the impact.  Nuclear war leads to extinction.  Starr 14 writes:
“The Lethality of Nuclear Weapons: Nuclear War has No Winner,” May 30, 2014, Global Research.
Steven Starr, Director of Clinical Laboratory Science Program, University of Missouri-Columbia
http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-lethality-of-nuclear-weapons-nuclear-war-has-no-winner/5385611

Nuclear war has ... animal forms of life.

Last is weighing.  Under utilitarianism, impacts that affect more people are weighed the most heavily.  Bostrom writes:
“Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” 2012. Global Policy, Vol 4, Issue 1 (2013): 15-31
Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School , University of Oxford
http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html

We might also ... entire human population.