Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge:
If you have questions about what I might read or my past strategies, feel free to message me on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/chrissun92)

Tournament: All | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
Interpretation: Each debater must disclose broken positions (AC, NC, DA, K, CP) on the NDCA wiki at least one hour before the start of this round. This disclosure must include, at the minimum, tags, citations for all evidence, and the first and last three words of each card.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge:
Fairness is a voting issue and always the most important pre-fiat impact. It precludes knowing who did the better debating on any layer. Massey et al:
"Pre-Fiat Arguments" Emily Massey (former coach of Walt Whitman, NSD instructor, Yale graduate, studying at Oxford, personal idol), Grant Reiter (former debater and coach), Geoff Kristoff (won Glenbrooks) 2/3/14 http://nsdupdate.com/2014/02/03/pre-fiat-arguments-by-Emily-Massey-grant-reiter-and-geoff-kristoff
Third, pre-fiat debaters... that pre-fiat layer.

Tournament: Lex | Round: 2 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
I am unable to self-referentially understand myself absent an understanding of my relations to others. Butler:
Butler, Judith. Giving an account of oneself. Oxford University Press. 2005. CS
The norms by… it is true.

Next, we must always be aware that there is a radical possibility of failure and conflict inherent in the heart of identity and responsibility. Denying this denies the basis of morality itself. Hagglund:
Hagglund, Martin. 2006. “The Necessity of Discrimination: Disjoining Derrida and Levinas.” diacritics 34 (1): 40–71.
The utopian dream… and for all. 

The solution to this conflict is agonism, wherein we recognize the inevitably of this conflict and ensure avenues for discussion to allow people to speak their own truth. Mouffe:
Chantal Mouffe, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. June 2000. “The Democratic Paradox”
Thanks to the… attempts at closure. 

She continues:
Chantal Mouffe, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. June 2000. “The Democratic Paradox”
I submit that… can be inscribed. 

Increasing these avenues isn’t the end goal of the framework, certain injustices are inevitable. Mouffe 2:
Chantal Mouffe, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. June 2000. “The Democratic Paradox”
To avoid any… democratic political association. 

My framework is most applicable to public colleges and universities. Jenks:
Jenks, Jeremiah W. "Free Speech in Universities." Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors (1915-1955) 13.2 (1927): 123-125.
A university, however… independently and fearlessly.

Agonistic pluralism prevents individuals from being alienated since it recognizes all perspectives as being legitimate. Mouffe 3:
Chantal Mouffe, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. June 2000. “The Democratic Paradox”
Envisaged from the… an ongoing confrontation.

Restricting speech suppresses topics of discussion and excludes disfavored viewpoints. Majeed ‘07:
Majeed, Azhar. "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, and Prevalence of Campus Speech Codes." Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy 7.2 (2009).
Second, speech codes… by “intellectual stagnation.” 

Censorship fail to create a true culture shift that the aff creates – I uniquely cultivate one in educational spaces. Majeed 2:
Majeed, Azhar. "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, and Prevalence of Campus Speech Codes." Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy 7.2 (2009).
As discussed in… First Amendment law. 

Constitutionally protected speech on universities uniquely solves. FIRE:
"State of the Law: Speech Codes." FIRE. N.p., n.d. Web.
The essentiality of… of American schools.”

Tournament: Lex | Round: 1 | Opponent: Valley TF | Judge: Rahul Gosain
Any rule can be interpreted an infinite number of ways. Langseth:
Langseth, Jonathan. "Wittgenstein’s Account of Rule-Following and Its Implications." Stance 1.April (2008): 38-43. Bsu.edu. Web. 6 Oct. 2014.
Over time and… language is used.

Laws determine acceptable social practices. Mihilzer:
JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE: WHAT THEY WERE, WHAT THEY ARE, AND WHAT THEY OUGHT TO BE, 2004
Because justification and… law prohibits it.

Ought refers to a relationship between the law and empirical conditions. Kelsen:
Pure Theory of Law, Hans Kelsen, 1934
Both cases involve… place at all. 

Public colleges and universities are extensions of the state, and therefore must follow the Constitution. Farlex:
The Free Dictionary by Farlex. “Colleges and Universities legal definition of Colleges and Universities.” The Free Dictionary, Farlex
Three general types… with certain exceptions

The very concept of a “constitution” is something that public colleges are obligated to follow. Searle:
Searle, John R. "How to Derive "Ought" from "Is"".
Once we recognize… to pay it. 

The Constitution is the primary aim of the US government and dictates all legal action within the US. Kahn:
Kahn, Paul.  Why The United States Is So Opposed.  December 2003.  Crimes of War Project.
In the American… against the Constitution.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anderson JT | Judge: David McGinnis
Physical facts and empirical realities, like desires and consequences, cannot be the basis of morality because we’re not responsible for descriptive characteristics of the world. Furrow:
Dwight Furrow. “Moral Agency.” Ethics. 2005.
This is because… morality requires freedom.

Next, agents can act by and will universal rules that are valid for everybody. Rational agents must view themselves as the cause of their actions, which means they must identify with principles and cannot act on non-universal rules, Korsgaard 2:
Christine M. Korsgaard “Self-Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant”
The first step… of the action.

Implies you’d affirm – as state entities, public higher education ensuring free speech prevents contradictions in the sovereign’s ultimate purpose and initial instantiation. Suprenant:
Surprenant, Chris W. "Kant on the Virtues of a Free Society." Libertarianism.org. N.p., 7 Apr. 2015. Web.

From the perspective of external freedom, immoral speech in itself has no bearing on my choice to act – my volition is independent and reflective of myself. Varden:
Varden, Helga. "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech." Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World. Springer Netherlands, 2010. 39-55. *brackets in original CS
This distinction between… view of right.

Further, the Constitution permits speech to the extent that it does not physically endanger others – hence the impermissibility of screaming “fire” in a theater. That implies that you’d affirm. Varden 2:
Varden, Helga. "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech." Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World. Springer Netherlands, 2010. 39-55. *brackets in original CS
Second, it is… on this view.

Under equal freedom, only hindrances to initial hindrances of freedom are permissible – anything else violates the standard. Ripstein:
Ripstein, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press. 2009. Pg. 54-55.
Second, Kant’s conception… the original right. 

No matter their nature, speech codes destroy productive discourse that enable discussions that can actually change the college atmosphere. ACLU:
American Civil Liberties Union. “Hate Speech on Campus.” ACLU. CS
And the ACLU… not social change."

Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harrison LC | Judge: Danny Li
Same framework as SeptOct

Racism and qualified immunity are inextricably linked – intrinsic to immunity is discrimination. To solve, we shouldn’t measure the aff’s success in terms of number of lives changed but overall ability to redirect policy orientation. Hassel ’99:
Hassel, Diana. Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law, “Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity,” Missouri Law Review Vol. 64, 1999.
The focus on… protected and how.

Victims of rights violations are coerced by qualified immunity not to pursue litigation to seek recourse. Chen:
Chen, Alan. "Qualified Immunity Limiting Access to Justice and Impeding Development of the Law." American Bar Association, n.d. Web. CS
Although most lawyers… a policeman’s wrongs. 

Qualified immunity destroys accountability for police officers- limitations are key. Bernick ’15:
Bernick, Evan. "To Hold Police Accountable, Don't Give Them Immunity." FEE Freeman Article. N.p., 06 May 2015. Web.
The sad fact… about police misconduct.

Same Mills card as SeptOct

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SP | Judge: Chris Castillo
QI is a question of whether the fact that someone is a police officer, in contrast to the ordinary citizen, should have greater independence with their actions. Mukherji:
Mukherji, Aditi. "What Is Qualified Immunity?" Injured. N.p., 17 Apr. 2013. Web.
Qualified immunity shields… of constitutional violations.

Only agents are intrinsically valuable since facts about the world only have value relative to agents. Hill:
Thomas Hill, Jr. “Self-regarding suicide: A modified Kantian view,” in Autonomy and Self-Respect, Cambridge University Press, 1991, 102-103.
The second argument… their own sakes.

Inductive reasoning fails, so reject distinctions contingent on states of affairs and predictive calculations. Hume:
Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, http://18th.eserver.org/hume-enquiry.html#4
That there are… point in question.

Appeals to legal distinctions by themselves are not morally relevant. Schapiro:
Shapiro, Scott J. Authority (2000). Stanford/Yale Jr. Faculty Forum Research Paper 00-05; Cardozo Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 24. SSRN. http://ssrn.com/abstract=233830 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.233830
It is sometimes… on undefeated reasons.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
My interp protects participants from research overload which materially affects our lives outside of the round. Harris
Scott Harris. “This ballot.” 5 April 2013. CEDA Forums. http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=4762.0;attach=1655
Debates about what… my everyday existence.

Philosophical education is key to developing any coherent judgment and understanding the world. Russell
Russell, Bertrand. "Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy." The Value of Philosophy. Paul Graham, n.d. Web.
The value of… of instinctive wishes. 

Determinism is false because it is self-refuting. Boyd
Boyd, Greg. "Three Arguments Against Determinism." Reknew. N.p., n.d. Web. Mar. 2011.
If free will… “true” or “false.”

Determinism is paradoxical. Boyd 2
Boyd, Greg. "Three Arguments Against Determinism." Reknew. N.p., n.d. Web. Mar. 2011.
On this basis… must be false.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Derek Zhang | Judge:
-Resolved: The People's Republic of China will prohibit the production of its overseas cold fusion reactors.
-Resolved: Canada ought to end subsidization of the nuclear industry and prohibit mining of uranium for production of nuclear power.
-Resolved: The Republic of India should prohibit the production of nuclear power. Implementation by normal means. Reserve the right to clarify.
-Thus I advocate a general prohibition on the production of nuclear power in the United States. I can clarify in cross-ex
-Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in outer space.

FYI, some of my affs don’t have advocacy texts

Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bridgewater RK | Judge: Carolyn Lau
Norms and characteristics I use to define myself don’t solely belong to me – thus, the account of myself is never truly mine. Butler:
Butler, Judith. Giving an account of oneself. Oxford University Press. 2005. CS
The norms by… it is true.

Thus, because I will encounter this problem, I recognize that the Other will too, and so I am obliged to fully understand the Other as I recognize the limits of my own knowledge. Butler 2:
Butler, Judith. Giving an account of oneself. Oxford University Press. 2005. CS
Can a new… opacity to themselves.

Therefore, ethical inclusion must entail never-ending attempts to understand the Other and reconcile differences, even while I recognize the Other’s ever-changing nature and our ultimately permanent distinctions. Butler 3:
Butler, Judith. Giving an account of oneself. Oxford University Press. 2005. CS
If the identity... for its death.

Natives are viewed as a disposable group, meaning a prohibition is key to their recognition. Scientific American ’10:
"Reservations about Toxic Waste: Native American Tribes Encouraged to Turn Down Lucrative Hazardous Disposal Deals." Scientific American. N.p., 31 Mar. 2010. Web. CS
Native tribes across… do the same.

Eliminating nuclear power eliminates the root cause for why the natives are treated as unworthy. NIRS ’01:
"Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty and Nuclear Waste - NIRS." Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty and Nuclear Waste - NIRS. N.p., 15 Feb. 2001. Web. CS
The NRC, which… environmental justice (EJ) violation.

Workers are deemed ungrievable – they’re exploited as a result of their social position and the utter disregard for their well-being. Alldred ’09:
Alldred, Mary. Ph.D. candidate, Stony Brook Ecology Department “Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants.” Environmental Injustice, Volume 2 (Number 2), 2009. CS
In stages (2)–(5)... of 50 mSv.

Historical injustice commits us to undoing what has caused a current problem. Mills:
 “White Time: The chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory” Du Bois Review. 2014
Would it be… their moral consideration.

I advocate that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Solutions to critical issues must be discussed through pragmatic approaches within hegemonic power structures. Kapoor:
Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139)
There are perhaps… deflect their claims.