Tournament: Blake | Round: Octas | Opponent: Valley TG | Judge: Panel

Interpretation: At least an hour before the round begins, debaters who have been in elim rounds of bid tournaments must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read.

Violation: they haven't disclosed any of this – cleared at badgerland and other tournaments.

Standards:

1. Quality engagement

2. Academic integrity

4. Small school inclusion – disclosure ensures equity of prepping resources.

Bietz 10 Mike (Coach for Harvard-Westlake) "The Case for Public Case Disclosure." NFL Rostrum, Vol. 84, Issue 9. May 2010. https://nationalforensicleague.org/DownloadHandler.ashx?File=/userdocs/publications/05-201020Complete20Rostrum.pdf

1. It harms the "little guy" because big teams will prep out
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   field for people who do not have the resources to travel as much.

Tournament: Contact | Round: 9 | Opponent: Contact | Judge: Contact
For cites, articles, pdfs, or whatever else you need:
grantbrowndebate@gmail.com

00 - Contact
0 - Procedral/Generic
1 - Sep-Oct
2 - Nov-Dec
3 - Jan-Feb
4 - Mar-Apr

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harrison RP | Judge: Russell, Kazteridis

Countries ought to enable the production of nuclear power if and only if they follow the Federal Dominion of Canada model.

It's competitive – regulation is distinct from prohibition.

The Federal Dominion of Canada model solves their offense – stringent standards and closure protocols. Requiring consultation with locals ensures enforcement.

Alberta Environment, 2008
 "Environmental Impacts of Different Uranium Mining Processes" ISBN No. 978-0-7785-8125-3, pg 51-54
Considerations for economic success in controlling emissions at a new uranium production facility will include
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of uranium mine developments in a manner that is both safe and clean.

Canadian-Indian mining deal employs thousands of aboriginal peoples with high-paying jobs – external impact and solves case.

Steven Chase and Kim Mackrael, 2015
"Canada, India agree to $350-million uranium supply deal", The Globe and Mail, Ottawa. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-india-agree-to-major-uranium-supply-deal/article23967494/
Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall, who played a major role in the deal, characterized
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not deny itself business in rapidly growing markets such as India and China.

Canada has the best uranium mining tech in the world – it's the cleanest and dangerous/older methods are being phased out – our ev postdates theirs by 5 years.

World Nuclear Association, 2016
World Nuclear Association is the international organization that supports nuclear power's regulation, manufacture, and industry. "Uranium Mining Overview", February 2016.
 As earlier in Australia, there was a period in the early 1990s when
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the Nunavut Territory has evident potential, as do several other significant deposits.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Quads | Opponent: Case Turns | Judge: Impact D

Demand Increase – Nukes K2 Meet

Energy demand will continue to increase –nuclear power provides a way to meet demand and curb emissions

Wilton '12 (A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPARISON OF SMALL MODULAR REACTORS BASED ON PASSIVE SAFETY FEATURES, PROLIFERATION RESISTANCE AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL by E.J.D. WILTON, MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENERGY SCIENCE, 26 December 2012, http://www.academia.edu/download/30898132/Thesis_SMR_E.J.D._Wilton_Final.pdf)
Traditional energy forecasting envisions a rapid increase in energy demand. According to the International
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in Africa, 12 are European and 11 are situated in Latin America.\

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Quads | Opponent: Case Turns | Judge: Impact D

Doublebind – Still Mining

Uranium and radioisotopes are mined for more than just nuclear power production – there's a double bind – either a) the plan doesn't stop all mining and doesn't solve or b) the plan does stop all mining and causes medical tech failure, famine, and stops environmental studies.

World Nuclear Association, 2014
The World Nuclear Association is the international organization that represents the global nuclear industry. Its mission is to promote a wider understanding of nuclear energy among key international influencers by producing authoritative information, developing common industry positions, and contributing to the energy debate. "What is Uranium? How Does it Work?"
Many people, when talking about nuclear energy, have only nuclear reactors (or
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to study the movement of surface water in streams and also of groundwater.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Quads | Opponent: Case Turns | Judge: Impact D

K2 Shift – Renewables Bad

Nukes is the key energy producer to shift to away from fossil fuels – renewables require fossil fuels and can't produce enough.

Brook et al 14(Barry W. Brook, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Volumes 1–2, December 2014, Pages 8–16)
Humanity must face the reality that it cannot depend indefinitely on combustion of coal,
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use of nuclear-derived process heat for industrial application should be encouraged.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Quads | Opponent: Case Turns | Judge: Impact D

Warming

Renewables won't solve warming – only nukes do

Kirsch 9 (Steve Kirsch, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, "Add a Gigawatt a Day to Keep the Climate Crisis at Bay," 8/18/9) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-kirsch/add-a-gigawatt-a-day-to-k_b_261728.html, date accessed: 9/25/14)
As far as I know, only one member of the press has asked the
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). But we won't let them. Where is our sense of urgency?

Allowing warming to continue perpetuates racist inequalities

Hoerner '8—Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative (J. Andrew, "A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S." July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)
Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us. One
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points and raising the average African American income by 3 to 4 percent.

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harrison RP | Judge: Russell, Kazteridis

The Canadian-Indian nuclear mining deal is groundbreaking and needed to facilitate nuclear power growth in India.

Steven Chase and Kim Mackrael, 2015
"Canada, India agree to $350-million uranium supply deal", The Globe and Mail, Ottawa. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-india-agree-to-major-uranium-supply-deal/article23967494/
Canada and India are back in the nuclear business together after a decades-long
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limited. New Delhi would presumably extend this accommodation to other country's suppliers. 

Prohibiting nuclear power trades off with massive structural violence – hundreds of millions of poor Indians will be pulled out of poverty by Indian reactors.

James Conca, 2015
 Conca is a Trustee of the Herbert M. Parker Foundation and consult on strategic planning for the EPA, He has been a member of Sierra Club, Greenpeace, the NRDC, and the Environmental Defense Fund for over 25 years, He also has been a member of the American Nuclear Society. "Nuclear Options – Obama In India", Forbes.
But the nuclear deal was the big one. When India developed their own atomic
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The government's plan is ambitious but doable, especially with United States' assistance.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Quads | Opponent: Case Turns | Judge: Impact D

Tech Innovation - China

Regulations are growing and new technological innovation through green mining solves harms – China proves.

Terrascope, 2013
Terrascope is a learning community for Massachusetts Institution of Technology freshman to solve complex, real-world problems, the class of 2016's focus was the Future of Strategic Natural Resources. "Environmentally Sensitive 'Green' Mining" http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/solutions/greenmining.html\
Before the most recent regulations set by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in
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it addresses some of the most common causes of mining-related waste.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Quads | Opponent: Case Turns | Judge: Impact D

Nukes Sustainable

Nuclear is sustainable

Brook et al 14 (Barry W. Brook, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Volumes 1–2, December 2014, Pages 8–16)
2. History, development and sustainability of nuclear energy The practical generation of nuclear
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energy needs economically for as long as human civilization will endure ~3~.

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland AA | Judge: Pilcher, Smith

Their mapping of the world through nuclear power's radioactivity is an extension of a despotic scientism – an attempt at rationally imposed cartography on the chaotic and articulable nature of the world. In reality, matter and culture exceed our control through a self-organizing vitality – Ari, you can't control radiation – it's everywhere.

Jane Bennett, 2010
Bennett is a professor of political science at John Hopkins University, she is a founder of the critical-theory journal Theory and Event, and she is a specialist in ecological philosophy. "Vibrant Matter – A Political Ecology of Things" Duke University Press, Durham and London, pg 60-61.
I have so far been speaking of metal as if it existed independently of other
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no animating accessory. It is figured as itself the "active principle."

The vilification of nuclear power forms a perverse necrophilia. Confrontation with our self-ensured destruction presents a profound anxiety, for which our response is the projection of human fallibility onto technology. Stranded, separated from nature, we become both guilty of and fascinated with our technology. Through this, our psychological urges become projected onto an external object, ensuring an apathy in which never come to grips with our murderous desires and displace responsibility and a guilty-driven instinct for self-destruction that ensures environmental catastrophe.

—- projects internal fallibility onto nuclear power
—- impacts: ensures apathy "not human fault", necrophilia "destructive instinct" out of the mixture of fascination w/ our creations and guilt of our desire
Joseph Dodds, 2011
Dodds is a Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) and Associate
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of bringing about our extinction. (Searles 1972: 371±372)

The focus on embodied experience produces a liberal individualism by imposing form upon free-flowing expression. Prior to discourse, enunciation exists external to the "self" within a broader ecological webbing in which our position as speakers is merely a conduit of a larger field of affectivity.

Brian Massumi, 2002
Massumi is a Canadian social theorist and translator of French philosophy, he received his Ph.D from Yale University and has taught at Cornell, University of Montreal, EGS, UCLA, among other institutions. "A Shock to Thought: Expression After Deleuze and Guattari"
"There is a primacy of the collective assemblage of enunciation over language and words
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work were right to subtitle its project an "ethico-aesthetic paradigm." 

Vote negative to engage in ecopsychoanalysis. Ecological crisis requires an all-encompassing questioning of our unconscious assumptions, processes, and theories – lest a pathology for sameness ensure destruction. Ecopsychoanalysis adopts a view of the subject as embedded within a complex and interconnected ecological webbing, deconstructing individual psychoanalysis in favor of a process of fluid and experimental becoming. Within this imminent and virtual view, disaster and subjectivity presents a transformative potential for engagement within the earth's non-linear flows.

Joseph Dodds, 2011
Dodds is a Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) and Associate Fellow (AFBPsS) of the British Psychological Society, a Candidate Member of the Czech Psychoanalytical Society (IPA), and a Chartered Scientist (CSci) with the Science Council, UK, and on the management committee of the Climate Psychology Alliance (CPA). He is also a member of numerous other professional organizations and an academic reviewer for several journals. He is a psychotherapist in private practice with over a decade of clinical experience, and at UNYP teaches the courses 'Experimental Psychology', 'Social Psychology', 'Living in Social and Political Crisis', and 'Psychology of Art'. He also lectures at Charles University's CIEE Study Center and the Anglo-American University. Joseph Dodds holds a BSc in Psychology and Neuroscience from Manchester University, an MA and an MPhil in Psychoanalytic Studies from Sheffield University, as well as numerous other professional qualifications. Dr Dodds' research interests include the dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience, and the application of psychological and insight into the domains of society, art and nature. "Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos Complexity Theory, Deleuze|Guattari and Psychoanalysis for a Climate in Crisis", Routledge, pg 198-201.
The metaphor of an acrobat on a high wire referred to by Bateson (2000
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, and as a species among the interconnected life systems of the Earth.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 1 | Opponent: WDMV JM | Judge: Thomas Mayes

An intriguing set of individuals once said that there was only one debate to be had – that of being vs becoming – perhaps they were correct. Or entirely wrong – we can't be sure.

What does it mean to be "tabula rasa"? If such a concept exists, why do policy coaches become so confused by the strategic decisions of Lincoln-Douglas debaters? Why do groups outside of debate become concerned of our fast-talking, jargon language? The answer is simple – Tabula Rasa is dead, has been dead, and will be put to death. Our community has become determined in advance, already-always rigidly defined into predetermined models – without predetermined conceptions, none of the affirmatives arguments would be legitimate.

The par-excellence representation of such a process is the theoretical framing arguments of the affirmative. Rhetorical preservation of community through standards and exclusion necessitates the death of community. Community cannot be produced – the very concept of community is impossible. The refusal to accept the impossibility of community – a community that is not one, unified, or whole – is the thesis of our argument.

Benjamin Noys, 2k
"Georges Bataille" pg 53-56.
He does not offer us a distanced 'safe' Nietzsche, but offers us a
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makes community possible and as that which makes it impossible to achieve communion.

Their rhetorical strategies of theoretical framing are testament to their hierarchical understandings of community. Imposition of objective models is the cornerstone of the violent logic that expels difference and takes arms against deviance. Even if we don't produce a new model of community – perhaps that is the point – our dancing around the will to order should be sufficient.

Michael Strysick, 1997
"The End of Community and the Politic of Grammar" Cultural Critique, pg 195-215.
Community gains nothing from attempting to build and rebuild immanent, avowable empires. Violence
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to realize that all are "other" and none are the same. 

Vote negative to efface the singular construct of community in favor an open, fragmented, and imperfect community. We propose no set of alternatives, regulations, or functions – we instead call back to the basis of community – the stasis point of impossible possibility that enables its coming.

Jean-Luc Nancy, 1986
"The Inoperable Community" pg xxxviii-xli.
Finitude, or the infinite lack of infinite identity, if we can risk such
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which is to say, without community, deprived of our finite existence. 

We will defend a model of communication based around sacrifice. Communication can only function through this sacrifice – to be open beyond yourself, to the risk of another – their inability to leave themselves vulnerable ensures the destruction of community. It also seems logical that you should make sure to sacrifice the affirmative on the altar of debate at this point…

Georges Bataille, 1945
"On Nietzsche" pg 18-19.
Thus "communication," without which nothing exists for us, is guaranteed by crime
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being suspended in the beyond of oneself, at the limit of nothingness. 

The production of a model with the end-goal of removing all negative elements devours itself. Their framing ensures that debate becomes so concerned with fairness as to makes debating itself impossible – you've heard of cancer right? How cells over defend themselves and end up eliminating both the good and the bad? It's like that – but for debate.

Jean Baudrillard, 1993
"The Transparency of Evil; Essays on Extreme Phenomena" Translated by James Benedict, Verso London, New York. Page 106.
The uninterrupted production of positivity has a terrifying consequence.  Whereas negativity engenders crisis and
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its own death warrant.  This is the theorem of the accursed share.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit AS | Judge: Martin Sigalow

The indulgence in sentimentality and grievability based in reflections on structural pain ensures an attachment to the political affective economy. This reinforces liberalisms ability to compartmentalize and recreate suffering while generating a cruelly optimistic attachment to victimhood.

Strick 14 ~Simon, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Center for Literary and Cultural Research Berlin, American Dolorologies, 2014, p. 132-6~
The concluding argument concerns late modern figurations of the body in pain. Spectacles of
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becoming compassionate and revolving primarily around the recognition of bodies in pain.3 

The tarrying on victimhood and social connectivity as a site of identity formulation rather than a point of departure ensures self-repression. We should instead adopt a minoritarian style of becoming which refuses human subjectivity in favor of deviant assemblages which come together into ecological gatherings.

Patricia MacCormack, 2009
MacCormack is a professor of Continental Philosophy at Anglia Ruskin University, she researches continental philosophy, feminism, queer theory, posthumanism, body modification, among other subjects. She is a visiting Leverhulme Fellow at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "Vitalistic Feminethics: Materiality, Mediation and the End of Necrophilosophy" in "Deleuze and Law – Forensic Futures" edited by Rosi Bradotti, Claire Colebrook, and Patrick Hanafin.
Benhabib's formulation of a context-specific ethics – interactive not legislative (Benhabib,
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(Braidotti, 2006, p. 206, cites Becker and Jahn).

Vote negative to affirm fabulation. Rather than tarrying on the past, we engage in a mode of becoming towards the future, distorting historical conditions in favor of affective imaginaries. The virtuality of thought becomes intertwined with reality, producing an imagination so power as to summon material progress that overturns majoritarian domination in favor of minoritarian styles of joyful creativity.

Daniel Hjorth, 2009
Professor at the Department of Management, Politics, and Philosophy at Copenhagen Business School. "Imagination – Fabulation" delivered as a key note presentation at the ESU Conference in Benevento, Italy.
Mind, as well as matter, is an attribute of life and not some
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the power to be affected and the power to affect are important forces.

The role of the ballot is to vote for who best methodologically actualizes affect.

Affects – or feelings and intensities – structure our world. Selfhood becomes shaped by external forces, ensuring a non-sovereign existence. Therefore, the cornerstone of ethics and possibility becomes based in our capacity to open ourselves to being both affected and affect others in a larger webbing.

Michael Hardt, 2015
Hardt is a professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University, he has written extensively on the work of Deleuze, Spinoza, Berlant, and other philosophers, he has also published a post-Marxist trilogy alongside Antonio Negri including the titles Empire, Commonwealth, and Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. "The Power to be Affected" International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society Vol. 28, Issue 3, pg 215-222
Lauren Berlant's work is filled with explorations of the passions, the many ways in
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an equivalence between the two powers: to affect and to be affected.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harrison RP | Judge: Chris Theis

The aff's consumption and reappropriation of native epistemology offers us only what we have already heard and want to continue to hear – if the aff is so important to an accurate understanding of indigeneity, why are they still on the land?

Arvin, Tuck, and Morrill ' 13 (Maile, Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California at San Diego, Eve, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz, Angie, University of California, San Diego, PhD in progress—ethnic studies, "Decolonizing Feminism: Challenging Connections between Settler Colonialism and Heteropatriarchy," Feminist Formations, Vol. 25 No. 1 (Spring), 19-21LH)
The non-Indigenous desire to play Indian may seem like a passing trend,
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communities, and expect Native peoples to have to weigh similarly complex considerations.

The 1AC is a ventriloquist, translating the pain of the oppressed – their pain-centered politics make damaged subjectivity the stasis for identity – They enable the subaltern to speak, but only in terms of their suffering, enabling self-hatred

Tuck and Yang – '14 – Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations, SUNY New Paltz and Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies, UC San Diego (Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, "R-Words: Refusing Research," Humanizing Research, https://faculty.newpaltz.edu/evetuck/files/2013/12/Tuck-and-Yang-R-Words_Refusing-Research.pdf, p. 226-229, MM)
Elsewhere, Eve (Tuck, 2009, 2010) has argued that educational research
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, and not the origins of the disciplines that we attend to now.

Settler colonialism is integral to the formation of slavery and its afterlife—anti-black racism is an inadequate frame absent understanding the role of colonialism

King 13
~2013, Tiffany Jeannette King, "IN THE CLEARING: BLACK FEMALE BODIES, SPACE AND SETTLER COLONIAL LANDSCAPES", PhD Dissertation~
We must consider that Settler colonialism shapes and constitutes Black life, specifically slavery and
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slavery co-constitute one another is an essential component of this dissertation.

Vote negative to refuse metaphorical decolonization and embrace the material work of decolonization – their move to settler innocence ensures that their theory never becomes action.

Tuck and Yang 12 – Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations, SUNY New Paltz and Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies, UC San Diego (Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, "Decolonization is not a metaphor" Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40.
Alongside this work, we have been thinking about what decolonization means, what it
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, we also include a discussion of interruptions that unsettle innocence and recognize incommensurability

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Valley TG | Judge: Leuvano, Casas

1

The affirmative begins with a model of subjecthood that is understood as an a priori property of existence – this is produced based on preconceived designs to uphold the illusion of a structured mechanistic subject. This underpins a process of psycho-cultural self-destruction in pursuit of an unrealizable ideal while foreclosing a focus on the machinic production of subjectivity.

Stephen J. Arnott, 2001
"Liminal Subjectivity and the Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm of Felix Guattari", Limen 1/2001 – journal for theory and practice of liminal phenomena.  
Before we begin this task in earnest, it will be necessary to say something
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use of profanity and words such as incest, masochism and so on.

Their mapping of the world through nuclear power's radioactivity is an extension of a despotic scientism – an attempt at rationally imposed cartography on the chaotic and articulable nature of the world. In reality, matter and culture exceed our control through a self-organizing vitality – this is the idea that "all humans have ownership of nature" – none of us do.

Jane Bennett, 2010
Bennett is a professor of political science at John Hopkins University, she is a founder of the critical-theory journal Theory and Event, and she is a specialist in ecological philosophy. "Vibrant Matter – A Political Ecology of Things" Duke University Press, Durham and London, pg 60-61.
I have so far been speaking of metal as if it existed independently of other
AND
no animating accessory. It is figured as itself the "active principle."

Refusal to confront human fault of disasters is the keystone of the Anthropocene. Humanity, abject from nature, utilizes necropolitics to manage disposability along lines of difference – ensuring a drive towards extinction of all forms of life that underpins ecological and structural violence.

Rosi Braidotti, 2013
Braidotti was the founding Director of the Netherlands research school of Women's Studies, she is currently Distinguished University Professor at Utrecht University and founding Director of the Centre for the Humanities as well as the founding Professor in Women's Studies. "The Posthuman", Polity Press, pg 111-113.
We saw in the previous chapter that the posthuman predicament understood as the bio-
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of social sustainability that I have also explored elsewhere (Braidotti, 2006). 

Vote negative to engage in ecopsychoanalysis. Ecological crisis requires an all-encompassing questioning of our unconscious assumptions, processes, and theories – lest a pathology for sameness ensure destruction. Ecopsychoanalysis adopts a view of the subject as embedded within a complex and interconnected ecological webbing, deconstructing individual psychoanalysis in favor of a process of fluid and experimental becoming. Within this imminent and virtual view, disaster and subjectivity presents a transformative potential for engagement within the earth's non-linear flows.

Joseph Dodds, 2011
Dodds is a Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) and Associate Fellow (AFBPsS) of the British Psychological Society, a Candidate Member of the Czech Psychoanalytical Society (IPA), and a Chartered Scientist (CSci) with the Science Council, UK, and on the management committee of the Climate Psychology Alliance (CPA). He is also a member of numerous other professional organizations and an academic reviewer for several journals. He is a psychotherapist in private practice with over a decade of clinical experience, and at UNYP teaches the courses 'Experimental Psychology', 'Social Psychology', 'Living in Social and Political Crisis', and 'Psychology of Art'. He also lectures at Charles University's CIEE Study Center and the Anglo-American University. Joseph Dodds holds a BSc in Psychology and Neuroscience from Manchester University, an MA and an MPhil in Psychoanalytic Studies from Sheffield University, as well as numerous other professional qualifications. Dr Dodds' research interests include the dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience, and the application of psychological and insight into the domains of society, art and nature. "Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos Complexity Theory, Deleuze|Guattari and Psychoanalysis for a Climate in Crisis", Routledge, pg 198-201.
The metaphor of an acrobat on a high wire referred to by Bateson (2000
AND
, and as a species among the interconnected life systems of the Earth.

The role of the ballot is to vote for who best methodologically enables actuality ecology. Rather than focusing on victimhood, this minoritarian strategy embraces a collective becoming towards deviancy. Understanding the world through affect enables a coming-together that moves past human subjecthood in favor of an ecological connection together. This molecular strategy connects the abstract subjectivity and material progress into a synthesis which can affect the material world.

Patricia MacCormack, 2009
MacCormack is a professor of Continental Philosophy at Anglia Ruskin University, she researches continental philosophy, feminism, queer theory, posthumanism, body modification, among other subjects. She is a visiting Leverhulme Fellow at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "Vitalistic Feminethics: Materiality, Mediation and the End of Necrophilosophy" in "Deleuze and Law – Forensic Futures" edited by Rosi Bradotti, Claire Colebrook, and Patrick Hanafin.
Benhabib's formulation of a context-specific ethics – interactive not legislative (Benhabib,
AND
(Braidotti, 2006, p. 206, cites Becker and Jahn).

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep JW | Judge: Taylor, White, Cunningham

Interpretation

The affirmative should defend the desirability of countries prohibiting the production of nuclear power through a policy implementable advocacy.

This does not require a specific form but only isolates what the content of the affirmative should contain – the affirmative must defend a policy action but can perform or present such an advocacy in any way they so desire – she can have activism, but it has to be through a methodology of roleplaying as a policy-maker.

'Resolved' denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an
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," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

'Prohibit' is a verb meaning to formally forbid by law

Google Dictionary, 2016
"Prohibit"
pro·hib·it
prəˈhibit,prōˈhibit/Submit
verb
verb
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a cash shortage prohibited the visit"
antonyms: facilitate, allow

They violate – they defend a rhetorical mechanism to enact solvency – not a fiated implementation.

Vote negative

Extra Topicality

Extra-topicality is an independent voting issue – they don't just ban nuclear energy, they also instill activism through their performance. This explodes the potential limits in the debate – it justifies affirmatives that ban nuclear energy and have another plank. Which makes any advocacy topical as long as they attach a discussion of nuclear power.

Examples:

Ban nuclear power + give back land

Ban nuclear power + ban nuclear weapons

Ground and Strategy

They destroy our ground and strategy – and disadvantages, kritiks, counterplans, or NCs we will read will always be no-linked or permuted because they can just say activism solves it in the future, or we're not specific enough to rhetorical strategies. This makes all of our arguments fall flat and gives the 1AR a leg up. Ground and strategy are key to fairness because it controls the internal link to our ability to contest the affirmative.

Agonistic Constraints

Dogmatic assertions of identity such as activism destroy the possibility of agonistic democracy – constraints and procedural guidelines are necessary.

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
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need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

Debate inevitably involves exclusions—making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits.  The process of policy-based debating outweighs their activism.

Amanda ANDERSON '6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor for the Humanities at Brown University, 6 ~The Way We Argue Now, Princeton University Press, p. 25-28~
Whether such a procedural approach actually helps to yield any substantive normative guidance is an
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by the principles of recognition and respect that underpin democratic institutions and practices.

Policy-Making

Attitude and information are not enough—tying demands to legal goals and political actors are necessary to affect genuine change

Hodson 2010 - professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto
(Derek, "Science Education as a Call to Action," Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 10.3)
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
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justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.

Debating the process of implementation is necessary to make us organizationally relevant—this is the key internal link to effective change

Algoso 2011 – writes on international development, aid, politics, management, complexity
(May 31, Dave, "Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter" http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)
 Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle
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right program for you and use your time well, can do both.

TVA

There's a topical version of the affirmative – you can defend that banning nuclear power has a result of activism increasing. It solves all of your offense.

Competitive Equity

The role of the ballot is to vote for who provides the best methodology for upholding competitive equity.

Fairness and likewise competitive equity are voting issues – topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Evaluate the T debate under competing interpretations – it's key to generate clear models of debate and ground because otherwise the aff's interpretation can be a moving target. Reasonability is arbitrarily defined and causes a race to the bottom for the "most reasonable" position.

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland AA | Judge: Pilcher, Smith

2

Interpretation and Violation

The affirmative should defend the desirability of countries prohibiting the production of nuclear power.

This does not require a specific form but only isolates what the content of the affirmative should contain – the affirmative must defend a policy action but can perform or present such an advocacy in any way they so desire.

'Resolved' denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an
AND
," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

'Prohibit' is a verb meaning to formally forbid by law

Google Dictionary, 2016
"Prohibit"
pro·hib·it
prəˈhibit,prōˈhibit/Submit
verb
verb
AND
a cash shortage prohibited the visit"
antonyms: facilitate, allow

Limits

Limits – they explode the potential affirmatives which structurally favors the affirmative because they can prep out specific responses while permuting counterplans and alternatives – screws the neg through massive prep skews and ability to engage.

Agonistic Constraints

Substantive constraints on the debate are key to actualize effective pluralism and agonistic democracy

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
AND
need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

Debate inevitably involves exclusions—making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits.  This process outweighs the content of the aff

Amanda ANDERSON '6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor for the Humanities at Brown University, 6 ~The Way We Argue Now, Princeton University Press, p. 25-28~
Whether such a procedural approach actually helps to yield any substantive normative guidance is an
AND
by the principles of recognition and respect that underpin democratic institutions and practices.

Competitive Equity/Fairness

The role of the ballot is to vote for who provides the best methodology for upholding competitive equity.

Fairness and likewise competitive equity are voting issues – topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Evaluate the T debate under competing interpretations – it's key to generate clear models of debate and ground because otherwise the aff's interpretation can be a moving target. Reasonability is arbitrarily defined and causes a race to the bottom for the "most reasonable" position.

Starting Points Good – Viscosity

Minoritarian thought requires protocols of experimentation – a particular style and starting point for which to begin becoming.

Ronald Bogue, 2011
Bogue is a Professor Emeritus at Franklin College, University of Georgia. "Deleuze and Guattari and the Future of Politics: Science Fiction, Protocols and the People to Come" Deleuze Studies, Volume 5, Issue Supplement, Edinburgh University Press, pg 77-97
Fabulation does not presume an ideal, nor does it have an external goal as
AND
as revolutionary action and passion' (Deleuze and Guattari 1983: 63).3

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harrison RP | Judge: Russell, Kazteridis
A: The affirmative must defend the immediate implementation of the prohibition of nuclear energy. 

B: They defend 10 years

C: 

1. Ground

2. Advocacy shift

Gary Galles, 2009
Galles is a Professor of Economics at Pepperdine. "Vagueness as a Political Strategy", http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/
The problem with such vagueness is that any informed public policy decision has to be
AND
, it virtually ensures bad policy, if Americans' welfare is the criterion.

Fairness is a voting issue
Drop the debater
Competing Interps
No RVI

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: New Trier PT | Judge: Sean Fee

1

Counterplan: The United States should

Increase funding for hiring new police officers

And introduce CompStat technology into departments

It's effective in significantly reducing crime and causing internal reform – empirics prove.

Inimai M. Chettiar, 2015
Chettiar is the director of the Justice Program at New York University Law School's Brennan Center. "More Police, Managed More Effectively, Really Can Reduce Crime"
Can simply adding more police officers to the streets, or changing the ways in
AND
the other factors that combined to produce the historic drop in crime rates.

The counterplan only works with centralized police processes that ensure individual police play less of a role.  Limiting QI is decentralization which forces individual police to be held responsible – that tanks strong bureaucratic management which is key to CompStat.

James J. Willis et al, 2003
James J. Willis, Stephen D. Mastrofski, David Weisburd. "COMPSTAT IN PRACTICE: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THREE CITIES", Police Foundation, pg 21-22. https://www.policefoundation.org/publication/compstat-in-practice-an-in-depth-analysis-of-three-cities/
More importantly, in the absence of other structures, our observations showed that line
AND
I don't think of increases in street arrests, I think of accountability."

CompStat can be used to map instances of police misconduct – enables departments to limit behavior that produces lawsuits and ensures accountability - that solves the case while saving billions.

Robert Hennelly, 2015
"Poisonous cops, total immunity: Why an epidemic of police abuse is actually going unpunished" http://www.salon.com/2015/05/13/poisonous_cops_total_immunity_why_an_epidemic_of_police_abuse_is_actually_going_unpunished/
"There's just no effort to track nationally the allegations of police misconduct that these
AND
and obtain evidence that helps us to separate legitimate claims from frivolous suits."

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: New Trier PT | Judge: Sean Fee

2

The courts aren't clogged now – but management has to be done carefully.

John Bates, 2015
Bates is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, "Annual Report 2014," USCourts.gov, http://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/annual-report-2014
Judge John D. Bates. It was a great privilege to be only the
AND
his accomplished leadership skills, will continue the tradition of excellent public service.

Limiting qualified immunity greatly spikes frivolous lawsuits

Andrew King, 07/01/16
 "KEEP QUALIFIED IMMUNITY…FOR NOW", Mimesis Law. http://mimesislaw.com/fault-lines/keep-qualified-immunity-for-now/11010
Addressing his third suggestion first, it's not a terrible idea on the face of
AND
. Let's figure out a better one before tearing down the old one.

That tips the scale – collapses the federal judiciary – it overburdens dockets and expansion won't keep pace. Outweighs the case – destroys the foundation of American justice and ensures unequal treatment – turns under their framework of processual application.

John Oakley, 1996
Oakley is a Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of California Davis. "The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 543, p. 52—63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1048447
Personal effects: The hidden costs of greater workloads. The hallmark of federal justice
AND
would raise the most serious questions of the future course of the nation.

Tournament: Millard West | Round: Quads | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge

DA

Insurance is provided via group plans in the status quo – qualified immunity shields insurers from overwhelming financial consequences. Limiting qualified immunity kills that – it makes rates go too high and forces departments to switch to individual plans. That tanks loss-prevention incentive because individual premiums are too small.

Radley Balko and John Rappaport, 05/01/16
Balko runs "The Watch" a criminal justice blog for the Washington Post, he is also a published author on issues of criminal justice. Rappaport is a professor of law at the University of Chicago."How the insurance industry could reform American policing", The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2016/03/01/how-the-insurance-industry-could-reform-american-policing/
This part of the argument is a little bit speculative, but I think it's
AND
lot of money — not to mention lives — in the long run.

Less police increases crime – the mere presence is important even if they are not arresting.

Inimai M. Chettiar, 2015
Chettiar is the director of the Justice Program at New York University Law School's Brennan Center. "More Police, Managed More Effectively, Really Can Reduce Crime"
Can simply adding more police officers to the streets, or changing the ways in
AND
they are not arresting or stopping anyone, can be a crime deterrent. 

Crime causes disproportionate psychological and physical violence – it creates dangerous cycles of poverty.

Lynn Langton and Jennifer Truman, 2014
BJS Statisticians. "Socio-emotional Impact of Violence Crime", United States Department of Justice, Special Report. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/sivc.pdf
In 2009–12, 68 of victims of serious violent crime—rape
AND
the reliability and stability of estimates and facilitates comparisons of detailed victimization characteristics.

Insurance providers can spur reform. However, lack of loss-prevention incentives kills that pathway and without insurance policies police will just pay with taxpayer dollars.

Martin Kaste, 04/01/16
"When It Comes To Police Reform, Insurance Companies May Play A Role" http://www.npr.org/2016/04/01/472564258/when-it-comes-to-police-reform-insurance-companies-may-play-a-role
For all the talk in the last couple of years about reforming police, there
AND
from pushing hard on a law enforcement agency to reform," Schwartz says.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart DD | Judge: Panel

Legal structures are predicated on a negative ontology of disability constructed around a lack. The very foundation of Western jurisprudence requires the subjection of debility in order to perfect ability – commodifying subjects into units of use-value while enacting psychic violence on those who strive for an ideal they by definition can never achieve.

Fiona Kumari Campbell, 2005
Campbell is a Senior Lecturer in Disability Studies at the School of Human Services and Social Work Griffith University (Brisbane) and Adjunct Professor in Disability Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. "Legislating Disability: Negative Ontologies and the Government of Legal Identities" in "Foucault and Government of Disability" edited by Shelley Termain, University of Michigan Press, Pg 118-120
With respect to disability, it would seem that such "legal actions" give
AND
the introduction of the legal category of voluntary/elective/chosen disability.

The prison industrial complex is sustained by the psychiatric management of deviant bodies – the mentally ill, physically disabled, and disposable. Analysis focused on merely racialized or gender-based violence obfuscates the ideological neoliberal ordering of the penal system around the signifier of "madness" and the medicalization of difference.

Michael Rembis, 2014
"The New Asylums: Madness and Mass Incarceration in the Neoliberal Era" in "Disability Incarcerated Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada"
In a revealing article in the December 2010 issue of the Journal of American History
AND
(Foucault and Senellart 2008; Harvey 2005; Phillips-Fein 2009).

Propagation of violence is demarcated along lines of disqualification – the rendering of certain aesthetic characteristics as inferior and incapable of progress. These underpinnings of socially constructed disability is the master signifier that enables socially-constructed characteristics to justify disposability.

Tobin Siebers, 2009
Siebers is a Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism at the University of Michigan. "The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification", Lecture.
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
AND
represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Vote negative to embrace the Crip Killjoy - a refusal to play according to able-bodied logic. Instead, we embrace the wild extravagancy within the instability of the disabled – a crip willingness to release cruelly optimistic fantasies in favor of the reality of crip-life. Killing joy operates as both an internal personal catharsis and an external deployable strategy – deconstructing cultural institutions while carving spaces of possibility which resist forces of self-deprivation.

Merri Lisa Johnson and Robert McRuer, 2014
"Cripistemologies: Introduction", Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 8, Issue 2, (Article) Pg 135-137.
In "Prognosis Time," Puar describes an interdependent relationship between the neoliberal consumer subject
AND
the sharpness of this "cannot") opens up a world of possibility.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SP | Judge: Josh You

1

Legal structures are predicated on a negative ontology of disability constructed around a lack. The very foundation of Western jurisprudence requires the subjection of debility in order to perfect ability – commodifying subjects into units of use-value while enacting psychic violence on those who strive for an ideal they by definition can never achieve.

Fiona Kumari Campbell, 2005
Campbell is a Senior Lecturer in Disability Studies at the School of Human Services and Social Work Griffith University (Brisbane) and Adjunct Professor in Disability Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. "Legislating Disability: Negative Ontologies and the Government of Legal Identities" in "Foucault and Government of Disability" edited by Shelley Termain, University of Michigan Press, Pg 118-120
With respect to disability, it would seem that such "legal actions" give
AND
the introduction of the legal category of voluntary/elective/chosen disability.

Twentieth century theorizes policing as strictly reduced to criminology – crime and plain-clothes enforcement. This narrow-mindedness obfuscates the fluid structures of disciplinary power – ensuring the continuation of civility policing that regulates the citizenry to uphold an ideal national community.

Colleen Bell, 2015
Bell is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. "The police power in counterinsurgencies – Discretion, patrolling and evidence" in "War, Police and Assemblages of Intervention", Edited by Jan Bachmann, Colleen Bell and Caroline Holmqvist, pg 174-176.
The concept of police has a particular history. In the twentieth century the analysis
AND
official titles, a range of actors and institutions exercise the police power.

Propagation of violence is demarcated along lines of disqualification – the rendering of certain aesthetic characteristics as inferior and incapable of progress. These underpinnings of socially constructed disability is the master trope that enables socially-constructed characteristics to justify disposability.

Tobin Siebers, 2009
Siebers is a Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism at the University of Michigan. "The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification", Lecture.
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
AND
represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Vote negative to embrace the Crip Killjoy - a refusal to play according to able-bodied logic. Instead, we embrace the wild extravagancy within the instability of the disabled – a crip willingness to release cruelly optimistic fantasies in favor of the reality of crip-life. Killing joy operates as both an internal personal catharsis and an external deployable strategy – deconstructing cultural institutions while carving spaces of possibility which resist forces of self-deprivation.

Merri Lisa Johnson and Robert McRuer, 2014
"Cripistemologies: Introduction", Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 8, Issue 2, (Article) Pg 135-137.
In "Prognosis Time," Puar describes an interdependent relationship between the neoliberal consumer subject
AND
the sharpness of this "cannot") opens up a world of possibility.

The role of the ballot is to vote for who best methodologically actualizes affect.

Affects – or feelings and intensities – structure our world. Selfhood becomes shaped by external forces, ensuring a non-sovereign existence. Therefore, the cornerstone of ethics and possibility becomes based in our capacity to open ourselves to being both affected and affect others – you cannot chose how you relate or respond, you can only style your interactions.

Michael Hardt, 2015
Hardt is a professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University, he has written extensively on the work of Deleuze, Spinoza, Berlant, and other philosophers, he has also published a post-Marxist trilogy alongside Antonio Negri including the titles Empire, Commonwealth, and Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. "The Power to be Affected" International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society Vol. 28, Issue 3, pg 215-222
Lauren Berlant's work is filled with explorations of the passions, the many ways in
AND
an equivalence between the two powers: to affect and to be affected.

Tournament: Millard West | Round: 6 | Opponent: Fremont CC | Judge: Fred Robertson

1

Their discursive framing is backwards—ideology and consumption patterns are determined by material inequalities.  Cultural theory cedes politics by reducing praxis to flimsy 'transgressive' speech acts like the 1AC

Tumino '8 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, "Materiality in Contemporary Cultural Theory," The Red Critique, Fall/Winter 2008, accessed 1/21/10 http://www.redcritique.org/FallWinter2008/materialityincontemporaryculturaltheory.htm
One of the mainstays of contemporary cultural theory is the argument that the social is
AND
of the other can afford to focus on their desires in the market.

Racism and sexism are explicitly linked to class domination – our alt is a prerequisite to solve

Marsh '95 (James L., Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, "Critique, Action, and Liberation p. 282-283)
Next, we must consider the question concerning the relationship among racism, sexism,
AND
sell products indicates, capitalized sexism is not the same as precapitalist sexism. 

In response to these crises, vote negative in favor of classist politics.  Evaluate the debate as a dialectical materialist - you are a historian inquiring into why the 1AC is necessary - Marx's labor theory of value is the best possible description

Tumino '1 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before," Red Critique, Spring 2001, http://redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
to each according to their needs" (Marx) is the rule.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Greenhill SK | Judge: You, Fife, Zhou

1

Twentieth century theories of policing has been revived – policing is seen as strictly reduced to criminology – crime and plain-clothes enforcement. This narrow-mindedness obfuscates the fluid structures of disciplinary power – ensuring the continuation of civility policing.  This regulates the citizenry to uphold an ideal national community.

Colleen Bell, 2015
Bell is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. "The police power in counterinsurgencies – Discretion, patrolling and evidence" in "War, Police and Assemblages of Intervention", Edited by Jan Bachmann, Colleen Bell and Caroline Holmqvist, pg 174-176.
The concept of police has a particular history. In the twentieth century the analysis
AND
official titles, a range of actors and institutions exercise the police power.

The affirmative's model of structural violence assumes a coherent subject. This idea produces the subject based on preconceived designs to uphold an idea that forms self-destruction when we can never reach it.

Stephen J. Arnott, 2001
"Liminal Subjectivity and the Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm of Felix Guattari", Limen 1/2001 – journal for theory and practice of liminal phenomena.  
First – no grounds empirically for complete subjecthood
Second – subjectivity modeling enables new
AND
use of profanity and words such as incest, masochism and so on.

Liberal subject formation is predicated on the imperative uphold a peaceful order that is enacted by the erasure of political difference through unending war fought on the basis of justifying particular modes of life as normal.

Brad Evans, 2010
Evans is a Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Leeds and Programme Director for International Relations, "Foucault's Legacy: Security, War, and Violence in the 21st Century," Security Dialogue vol.41, no. 4, August 2010, pg. 422-424.
Imposing liberalism has often come at a price. That price has tended to be
AND
underwrites the violence of contemporary liberal occupations is removed from the analytical arena.

Vote negative to embrace a methodology of vitalistic jurisprudence. Instead of a structural focus on governmentality, we present a bodily jurisprudence which focuses on processes of affectivity and the intensity of the subject. Such a bottom-up approach structures policy around the subject, preserving their complexity, and enabling a malleable yet political system.

Claire Colebrook et al, 2009
Claire Colebrook, Rosi Braidotti, and Patrick Hanafin, Colebrook is a professor of English at Penn State, Braidotti is a distinguished professor in the humanities at Utrecht University, and Hanafin is a professor of law at Birbeck University. "Rights of passage: law and the biopolitics of dying." In: Braidotti, R. and Colebrook, C. and Hanafin, Patrick (eds.) "Deleuze and Law: Forensic Futures." Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Publishers Limited, pg. 1
This volume engages with the impact of a thinking of law with Gilles Deleuze.
AND
Protevi argues that Deleuze's ontology gives us tools to examine thresholds of viability.

The role of the ballot is to vote for who best methodologically actualizes affect.

Affects – or feelings and intensities – structure our world. Selfhood becomes shaped by external forces, ensuring a non-sovereign existence. Therefore, the cornerstone of ethics and possibility becomes based in our capacity to open ourselves to being both affected and affect others – you cannot chose how you relate or respond, you can only style your interactions.

Michael Hardt, 2015
Hardt is a professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University, he has written extensively on the work of Deleuze, Spinoza, Berlant, and other philosophers, he has also published a post-Marxist trilogy alongside Antonio Negri including the titles Empire, Commonwealth, and Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. "The Power to be Affected" International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society Vol. 28, Issue 3, pg 215-222
Lauren Berlant's work is filled with explorations of the passions, the many ways in
AND
an equivalence between the two powers: to affect and to be affected.

Tournament: Millard West | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lincoln East JW | Judge: Scott Tomsu

NC

I value morality because the resolution is a normative question of what ought to happen.

Power is divided into two distinct forms - the first is constituent power which is used to resume or reform its object, the second is destituent power which is used to disable and deconstruct its object.

Constituent power is focused on productivity and use-value, based around utility and operates statically. Destituent power is focused on expansion and possibility, based around exploration and operates fluidly.

Utilizing destituent forms of power is crucial to dissolve predetermined social parameters and expand the possible ways of living within society – this is the distinction between eating for sustenance and feasting for celebration.

Giorgio Agamben, 2014
"What is a destituent power?" Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2014, Volume 32, page 65-74. Accessed: 3/4/16
6. On the concept of inoperativity. Inoperativity does not mean inertia, but
AND
the human body can do, opening it to a new possible use.

Deconstructing ideal notions of ethics and living that are produced by constituent power is necessary to expand our understanding of who is included in our ethical decision-making. We should instead embrace destituent power, which traces paths of complexity that focus on singularities rather than universal dichotomies of human and inhuman, positive and negative.

Claire Colebrook and Jason Maxwell, 2016
Colebrook is Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of English at Penn State University, Maxwell teaches and researches at Penn State University. "Agamben" Key Contemporary Thinkers. Accessed: 3/4/16
Agamben also writes of finding some way of thinking other than an opposition of being
AND
equally defined by attention to experiences of the threshold, or to singularity.

Therefore the criterion is consistency with destituent power.

Contention 1 is Constituent Power

The act of limiting qualified immunity is a form of constituent power – making piecemeal reforms to the criminal justice system. It is narrow-minded and limits our understanding of policing to crime and plain-clothes law enforcement. This is a form of misdirection that ignores the fluid structures of disciplinary power that much be resisted to allow different perspectives into our communities.

Colleen Bell, 2015
Bell is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. "The police power in counterinsurgencies – Discretion, patrolling and evidence" in "War, Police and Assemblages of Intervention", Edited by Jan Bachmann, Colleen Bell and Caroline Holmqvist, pg 174-176.
The concept of police has a particular history. In the twentieth century the analysis
AND
official titles, a range of actors and institutions exercise the police power.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Valley KK | Judge: Terrence Lonam

1

Interpretation and Violation

The affirmative should defend the desirability of the implementation of the United States limiting qualified immunity for police officers.

This does not require a specific form but only isolates what the content of the affirmative should contain – the affirmative must defend a policy action but can perform or present such an advocacy in any way they so desire.

'Resolved' denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an
AND
," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

Qualified immunity is a legal doctrine protecting officers from civil suits.

Legal Information Institute, No Date
"Qualified immunity" Cornell University Law School
Qualified immunity balances two important interests—the need to hold public officials accountable when
AND
plaintiff's right if it is clear that the right was not clearly established.

Vote negative

Limits – they explode the potential affirmatives – there are 350 million people each with individual policing relationships that are topical. That structurally favors the affirmative because they can prep out specific responses while permuting counterplans and alternatives – screws the neg through massive prep skews and ability to engage.

Topical version of the affirmative – they can read an affirmative that limits qualified immunity for police officers in instances of disability hate crimes – Bettendorf RN's aff proves.

Attitude and information are not enough—tying demands to legal goals and political actors are necessary to affect genuine change

Hodson 2010 - professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto
(Derek, "Science Education as a Call to Action," Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 10.3)
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
AND
justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.

Fairness and likewise competitive equity are voting issues – topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role which is an impact in itself.

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Stuyvesant KL | Judge: Mitali Mathur

Interpretation and Violation

The affirmative should defend the desirability of the implementation of the United States limiting qualified immunity for police officers.

This does not require a specific form but only isolates what the content of the affirmative should contain – the affirmative must defend a policy action but can perform or present such an advocacy in any way they so desire.

'Resolved' denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an
AND
," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

Qualified immunity is a legal doctrine protecting officers from civil suits.

Legal Information Institute, No Date
"Qualified immunity" Cornell University Law School
Qualified immunity balances two important interests—the need to hold public officials accountable when
AND
plaintiff's right if it is clear that the right was not clearly established.

Vote negative

Limits – they explode the potential affirmatives – there are 350 million people each with individual policing relationships that are topical. That structurally favors the affirmative because they can prep out specific responses while permuting counterplans and alternatives – screws the neg through massive prep skews and ability to engage.

Topical version of the affirmative – they can defend that qualified immunity will be limited for police officers in specific geographic areas such as Chinatown or in instances of Asian Hate Crimes.

Extra T – we'll isolate two violations a) they limit all immunity for police – not just qualified immunity b) their method of rage is an additional plank to the resolution. They justify an infinite number of affirmatives that combine limiting QI with a method which can be anything they want – that makes engagement impossible through prep explosion and predictability skew. They also tank negative ground – any counterplans, disadvantages, or kritiks are sidestepped by the fact that everything is limited. Extra T is an independent voting issue for fairness and engagement.

Attitude and information are not enough—tying demands to legal goals and political actors are necessary to affect genuine change

Hodson 2010 - professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto
(Derek, "Science Education as a Call to Action," Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 10.3)
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
AND
justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.

Fairness and likewise competitive equity are voting issues that come first – topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role which is an impact in itself.

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Even if we don't win our fairness first claims topicality is a form of engagement that presents an alternative model of how we should resist dominate structures of power – so it's offense under the role of the ballot.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart DD | Judge: Panel

Interpretation and Violation:

Corrections officers are distinct from police – they're not topical.

Jeff Roberts, 2013
"Patrol Officer vs. Sheriff's Deputy vs. Correctional Officer: Which Entry-Level Law Enforcement Job is Right for You?"
Correctional officers vs. patrol officers and sheriff's deputies
Correctional officers – often referred
AND
another 26,000 expected to be available by 2020 (see chart).

Vote negative —-

Limits – they explode limits by opening the topic to any government officials – that can include correction officers, district attornies, the military, and otherwise. That generates distinct literature bases that are completely distinct from police – prisons are different than the general population, military is distinct from civilian – which makes neg prep burdens incredibly high. Limits key to fairness because it controls our ability to engage.

Ground – we can't go for our counterplan, court clog, or disadvantages, police related kritiks, or topic counterplans we had prepped for outrounds because they don't defend police officers which our links are contingent on. Ground is key to fairness because it demarcates our ability to engage.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook NS | Judge: Bob Overing

1

Counterplan: The United States Federal Government will abolish the military academies.

It's competitive –

They function within the academies while we completely abolish them.

We use an alternative actor.

Competes through net-benefits.

It solves the aff – we abolish the site from which militaristic scholarship, academics, and otherwise are produced.

Military academies are useless bastions of privilege, cost tons of money, and aren't effective.

Scott Beauchamp, 2015
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-we-dont-need-west-point/2015/01/23/fa1e1488-a1ef-11e4-9f89-561284a573f8_story.html?utm_term=.01c6ea90a43b
Most Americans are familiar with the prestige that surrounds the United States military service academies
AND
Colin Powell, is a product of the ROTC, not West Point.

The government is on the brink of shutdown – Trump just signed an extension – money is the issue at stake which the counterplan resolves. The impact is massive structural violence, governmental dysfunction, and more.

Tara Golshan and Dylan Matthews, 04/27/17
"What a federal government shutdown actually means" http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/4/25/15407326/government-shutdown-explained
Congress is barreling toward a government shutdown deadline. The House and Senate have until
AND
their families, and grind a lot of government agencies to a halt.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hunter College NP | Judge: Panel

Discourse as a fuel for change is a neoliberal myth – it obscures the historical need for direct action.

Andrew Tillett-Saks, 2013
Tillett-Saks is a labor organizer and critical activist author for Truth-Out and Counterpunch. "Neoliberal Myths" Counterpunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/07/neoliberal-myths/
In the wake of the Brown University shout-down of Ray Kelly, champion
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greater freedom. To the contrary, direct action has always proved necessary. 

Absolute free speech comes at the cost of excluding marginalized groups on campuses – making tradeoffs with free speech is crucial to ensure the inclusion of minority students.

Reed E. McConnell, 2012
"Why Harvard's Hate Speech Policies Are Necessary" http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/4/18/hate-speech-libertarians/
There certainly should be dialogue around issues of racism, sexism, homophobia, and
AND
well thought-out and fair—and certainly not worthy of protest.

Idealistic understandings of deliberative democracy are incoherent and inherently paradoxical. Democracy mandates exclusion through formulating consensus that makes true free speech impossible and recreates arbitrary structures of power.

Chantal Mouffe, 1997
"Carl Schmitt and the Paradox of Liberal Democracy"
Let us examine this model of deliberative democracy closely. In their attempt to ground
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people by reducing it to one of its many possible forms of identification.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Newark Science BA | Judge: Panel

Case

Idolizing Assata obscures everyday radicalism which turns their case

James 99 Joy James Shadowboxing: Representations of Black Feminist Politics 1999 Presidential Professor of the Humanities and a professor in political science at Williams College Pg. 99-100
Although the Deacons of Defense protected nonviolent civil rights organizers in the 1950s and 1960s
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-and-file women, the weight of representation would include sexualization.

They dedicate no time for positive representations of black transwomen who experience a unique intersection of anti-blackness. Centering is key to understanding blackness as alive and resilient. Here are their names:

Kahn 15 ~Janaya J. Khan, Guest Contributor, "Op-Ed: Black Trans Women to the Front", The Feminist Wire. http://www.thefeministwire.com/2015/02/op-ed-black-trans-women-front/~~
The brutalization of Black trans women has been perpetuated by every group of people conceivable
AND
you are about the liberation of all Black people, you will too.

The focus on individual survival artificially brackets off collective questions and is redeployed by conservative ideology to justify structural violence

Giroux 2003 – McMaster University, Global Television Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies
(Henry A, Pedagogies of Difference, Race, and Representation: Film as a Site of Translation and Politics Pedagogies of Difference: Rethinking Education for Social Change, edited by Peter Pericles Trifonas, pg. 95-96)
Any attempt to address Baby Boy as a form of public pedagogy would have to
AND
disfigure the possibility of racial justice, democratic politics, and responsible citizenship.

Tournament: Lincoln Southeast | Round: Semis | Opponent: Lincoln Southwest AH | Judge: Panel

Universities are striking deals with the Koch brothers – the free market and laisse-faire enabling of speech has opened the door to institutional climate denialism that affects students, research, and politics.

Connor Gibson, 2014
"Climate Denial College: Students Push Back on Koch Attack on Academic Freedom" Greenpeace
We Sold Our Souls for Koch Control Covering a deal struck between Koch and Arizona
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at the entire University of North Carolina system, composed of 17 schools.

Rising right-wing populism's denial of climate change ensures it continues – they discredit political opponents, repeal international agreements, and promote bunk science. This is particularly damning in the United States which produces more than 14 of global emissions.

Young Voices of Europe, 2016 ("How Populists Put Climate Protection at Risk," Young people from France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Slovakia, Sweden and the United Kingdom share their ideas about the current state of Europe and the rise of right-wing populism and extremism, 11-25-16, http://young-voices.boellblog.org/2016/11/24/how-populists-put-climate-protection-at-risk/)
While the UN climate change conference in Marrakesh just closed its doors, US president
AND
a share of 25.36, according to the World Resources Institute.

Climate change is the biggest tangible threat – it knows no borders and individuals nations can have global effects. Hundreds of millions in the Global South are seeing the effects now and warming makes global infrastructure collapse inevitable.

Curtis Doebbler, 2011
Doebbler is an International Human Rights Lawyer, he has advised the Palestinian National Authority, made representations before the UN Human Rights Council, and has worked in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. "Two Threats to Our Existence" Ahram Weekly. http://www.masress.com/en/ahramweekly/27109
Climate change is widely acknowledged to be the greatest threat facing humanity. It will
AND
global temperatures reached their highest level ever and natural disasters became regular occurrences.

Tournament: Lincoln Southeast | Round: Semis | Opponent: Lincoln Southwest AH | Judge: Panel

Absolute free speech comes at the cost of excluding marginalized groups on campuses – making tradeoffs with free speech is crucial to ensure the inclusion of minority students.

Reed E. McConnell, 2012
"Why Harvard's Hate Speech Policies Are Necessary" http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/4/18/hate-speech-libertarians/
There certainly should be dialogue around issues of racism, sexism, homophobia, and
AND
well thought-out and fair—and certainly not worthy of protest.

Hate speech causes long term psychological and physiological damages that effect entire communities.

Timothy Jay, 2009
"Do Offensive Words Harm People?" Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2009, Vol. 15, No. 2, 81–101. https://www.mcla.edu/Assets/uploads/MCLA/import/www.mcla.edu/Undergraduate/uploads/textWidget/1457.00018/documents/DoWordsHarm.pdf
Harms experienced by victims of hateful speech, outlined by Matsuda et al. (
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negativity of hate speech directed toward them (Mullen and Smyth, 2004).

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Newark Science BA | Judge: Akhil Jalan

The indulgence in grievability based in reflections upon pain ensures an attachment to the affective economy. This reinforces liberalisms ability to compartmentalize and recreate suffering, while generating a cruelly optimistic attachment to victimhood.

Strick 14 ~Simon, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Center for Literary and Cultural Research Berlin, American Dolorologies, 2014, p. 132-6~
The concluding argument concerns late modern figurations of the body in pain. Spectacles of
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becoming compassionate and revolving primarily around the recognition of bodies in pain.3 

"Amateur" and "personalized" scholarship is the new, hip, praxis consumed by neoliberal academia. Tenured professors occupy a moral high ground from which black, queer, and post-colonial all become associations to mask academic privilege. The inability to separate personal feelings and desires from structural analysis and the creation of liberation strategies furthers liberal violence and obfuscates the complexities of discipline and normativity within education.

Lauren Berlant, 2008
"Affect is the New Trauma" Minnesota Review Fall/Winter, Issue 71/72 pg 131.
The conference then turned on me, in a way. The next four hours
AND
, about both our anxieties and the openings we are trying to create.

Vote negative to affirm fabulation. Rather than tarrying on the past, we engage in a mode of becoming towards the future, distorting historical conditions in favor of affective imaginaries. The virtuality of thought becomes intertwined with reality, producing an imagination so power as to summon material progress that overturns majoritarian domination in favor of minoritarian styles of joyful creativity.

Daniel Hjorth, 2009
Professor at the Department of Management, Politics, and Philosophy at Copenhagen Business School. "Imagination – Fabulation" delivered as a key note presentation at the ESU Conference in Benevento, Italy.
Mind, as well as matter, is an attribute of life and not some
AND
the power to be affected and the power to affect are important forces.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Andrews IB | Judge: Salim Damerdji

1

Investing action in the university continues oppressive control of both minds and bodies. Analysis of the university must begin with negativity and a desire to destroy, internally subvert, and upset.

Akwugo Emejulu, 2017
Emejulu is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Warwick. “The University is Not Innocent: Speaking of Universities” Verso Books. http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3148-the-university-is-not-innocent-speaking-of-universities?discountcode=colliniandutm_source=Master+Listandutm_campaign=3adbfda372-UK+Direct+-+Speaking+of+Universitiesandutm_medium=emailandutm_term=0_1f96ba5fab-3adbfda372-409305829.

Disciplining the disciplines Anyone working in higher education over the
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– this is the path of the subversive intellectual in the modern university'. 

They do not get rid of spatial control – they merely make it decentralized. Mobilizing activism through representative democracy is complicit with the tactics of governmentality which totalize resistance into the narrow purviews of civic engagement and institutional politics. This saps radicality and gives rise to popular fascism; activism must overthrow demands for representation through a nomadic tactic of formlessness resistance that refuses to yield to clear political motives.

Marcelo Svirsky, 2010
Svirksy is a professor of critical and cultural theory at Cardiff University. "Introduction: Beyond the Royal Science of Politics" Deleuze Studies, Vol. 4, pp 3. ~brackets for ableism~
Rather than problematising the political, this royal understanding of activism uses its 'metric
AND
to confront and possibly overcome political inhibitions, in both knowledge and practice.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology to cultivate subjectivity.

Vote negative to play a game of imaginary ruins – a communist critique which incites negativity through an imagined destruction and reformation of spaces around you. In postmodernity, where direct action seems nearly impossible, negative imaginaries become a praxis for resistance, creating a refusal to oblige an economy of positive affect. This strategy engages in a personal politics while at the same time enabling a "lying in wait" in the time we "do nothing" to ferment our hatred, anger, and depression into new horizons for subjectivity.

John Cunningham, 2015
"Negation At A Standstill" published in "Bad Feelings" a collection produced by Arts Against Cuts and published by Book Works as part of Common Objectives, guest edited by Nina Power; edited and designed by Louis Hartnoll, Lucy Killoran, Robyn Minogue, and Sophie Carapetian.
Imaginary Ruins There's a game that can be played when walking through the city.
AND
The stalling of negation might in itself provide the possibility of rethinking it.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Newark Science BA | Judge: Panel

The call for embodied speech is a moralistic demand to impose form upon abstract expression – constructing language as an inevitability which must be appropriated and owned. This manifests a liberal individualism which forecloses the potential of a communal sharing of unmappable thoughts and intensities.

Brian Massumi, 2002
Massumi is a Canadian social theorist and translator of French philosophy, he received his Ph.D from Yale University and has taught at Cornell, University of Montreal, EGS, UCLA, among other institutions. "A Shock to Thought: Expression After Deleuze and Guattari"
"There is a primacy of the collective assemblage of enunciation over language and words
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work were right to subtitle its project an "ethico-aesthetic paradigm." 

There is no longer such a thing as history. The Anthropocene has created a world that is post-archival in which narratives will have no historian to tell them. Their attempts to add another story to the bookshelf is a hopeless desire for referents that manifests as mere spectacle.

Richard Klein, 2013
(CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH THE LENS OF NUCLEAR CRITICISM diacritics, Volume 41, Number 3, 2013, pp. 82-87 (Article) Richard Klein is professor emeritus in the Department of Romance Studies at Cornell University. He is the author of Cigarettes Are Sublime (Duke), Eat Fat (Pantheon), and Jewelry Talks (Pantheon). He edited the special issue of diacritics, "Nuclear Criticism" (1984)) SS
What in the end allows Chomsky to link climate change to nuclear war and pandemics
AND
we don't need any more pure flames springing up in a cloudless sky!

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology to cultivate subjectivity.

Vote negative to engage in ecopsychoanalysis. Ecological crisis requires an all-encompassing questioning of our unconscious assumptions, processes, and theories. This adopts a view of the subject as embedded within a complex and interconnected ecological webbing, deconstructing individuals in favor of a process of fluid and experimental becoming.

Joseph Dodds, 2011
Dodds is a Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol) and Associate Fellow (AFBPsS) of the British Psychological Society, a Candidate Member of the Czech Psychoanalytical Society (IPA), and a Chartered Scientist (CSci) with the Science Council, UK, and on the management committee of the Climate Psychology Alliance (CPA). He is also a member of numerous other professional organizations and an academic reviewer for several journals. He is a psychotherapist in private practice with over a decade of clinical experience, and at UNYP teaches the courses 'Experimental Psychology', 'Social Psychology', 'Living in Social and Political Crisis', and 'Psychology of Art'. He also lectures at Charles University's CIEE Study Center and the Anglo-American University. Joseph Dodds holds a BSc in Psychology and Neuroscience from Manchester University, an MA and an MPhil in Psychoanalytic Studies from Sheffield University, as well as numerous other professional qualifications. Dr Dodds' research interests include the dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience, and the application of psychological and insight into the domains of society, art and nature. "Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos Complexity Theory, Deleuze|Guattari and Psychoanalysis for a Climate in Crisis", Routledge, pg 198-201.
The metaphor of an acrobat on a high wire referred to by Bateson (2000
AND
, and as a species among the interconnected life systems of the Earth.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: Octas | Opponent: Brentwood RY | Judge: Panel

1

Playing Nine Inch Nails' "Me, I'm Not"

Avishnetaka kenishavata

Sssha ssha ssha ssha

Intergalactical witch walk swish-swash

Ahhhhhhhh!

Ga-ra-ta ga-ra-ta ga-ra-ta

Language is a prison which we should continuously resist. Centering the body as a site of unintelligible affect tears the very notion, and need, for language apart. Linguistics is a violent project that continually demands the compartmentalization of anything that is representationally different.

R. Bruce Elder, 1998
Elder is an avant-garde film maker and theorist, he is the Ryerson Research Chair, and a Graduate Program Director, in Communication and Culture at Ryerson University. "The Body Electric: Of Wilhelm Reich and Antonin Artaud – Laying the Groundwork for Carolee Schneemann's Body Art" in "A Body of Vision: Representations of the Body in Recent Film and Poetry", Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Like Reich, the French poet, playwright, diarist, letter writer, and
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the actual stimulative effect that artistic forms have on the body and sensation.

They understand subjectivity as whole, ideal, and coherent. This illusion is continued to uphold predetermined designs of the subject, enacting violence against those who pursue an ideal which can never be reached.

Stephen J. Arnott, 2001
"Liminal Subjectivity and the Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm of Felix Guattari", Limen 1/2001 – journal for theory and practice of liminal phenomena.  
Before we begin this task in earnest, it will be necessary to say something
AND
use of profanity and words such as incest, masochism and so on.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology to cultivate subjectivity. Offense includes anything that permits subjects to explore their experiences and techniques for interacting with the outside world.

Vote negative to engage in militant pragmatics – a resistance to the organizational structures of grammar, language, and semiotics. This micropolitical action uses everyday resistance as the crux of overturning social constructions. This overturns the entirely political structures of language which construct standards of exclusion by redrawing the maps of signification.

Félix Guattari, 2011
Guattari was a schizo/psychoanalyst, actively ran an experimental mental clinic at La Borde, studied under Jacques Lacan, was involved in the Pirate Radio and militant movements in Europe, and wrote extensively with a variety of intellectuals including Gilles Deleuze and Antonio Negri. "Lines of Flight: For another world of possibilities" translated by Andrew Goffey, Bloomsbury Academic, pg 170-173
'Do it' could be the order-word for a pragmatic micropolitics. Not only
AND
pushing the discourse of the patient back into new grids of signifying redundancy.

Tournament: Blake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Oakwood LB | Judge: Panel

Western liberal notions of constitutive freedom are tools used to "civilize" populations in order to "advance" – that limits the category of human and excludes those rendered as lacking ability.

Fiona Kumari Campbell, 2005
Campbell is a Senior Lecturer in Disability Studies at the School of Human Services and Social Work Griffith University (Brisbane) and Adjunct Professor in Disability Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. "Legislating Disability: Negative Ontologies and the Government of Legal Identities" in "Foucault and Government of Disability" edited by Shelley Termain, University of Michigan Press, Pg 110-114
Within contemporary Western, neoliberal societies, freedom is held to be an inalienable and
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of relations of exchangebetween proprietors.(Macpherson 1964, 3; emphasis added) 

Legal structures are predicated on a negative ontology of disability constructed around a lack. The very foundation of Western jurisprudence requires the subjection of debility in order to perfect ability – commodifying subjects into units of use-value while enacting psychic violence on those who strive for an ideal they by definition can never achieve.

Fiona Kumari Campbell, 2005
Campbell is a Senior Lecturer in Disability Studies at the School of Human Services and Social Work Griffith University (Brisbane) and Adjunct Professor in Disability Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. "Legislating Disability: Negative Ontologies and the Government of Legal Identities" in "Foucault and Government of Disability" edited by Shelley Termain, University of Michigan Press, Pg 118-120
With respect to disability, it would seem that such "legal actions" give
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the introduction of the legal category of voluntary/elective/chosen disability.

Crip Killjoy

Vote negative to embrace the Crip Killjoy - a refusal to play according to able-bodied logic. Instead, we embrace the wild extravagancy within the instability of the disabled – a crip willingness to release cruelly optimistic fantasies in favor of the reality of crip-life. Killing joy operates as both an internal personal catharsis and an external deployable strategy – deconstructing cultural institutions while carving spaces of possibility which resist forces of self-deprivation.

Merri Lisa Johnson and Robert McRuer, 2014
"Cripistemologies: Introduction", Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 8, Issue 2, (Article) Pg 135-137.
In "Prognosis Time," Puar describes an interdependent relationship between the neoliberal consumer subject
AND
the sharpness of this "cannot") opens up a world of possibility.

Composition

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology of composition.

Composition is not only an act of writing, but a process that demands particular bodies within the classroom. Pedagogy should style itself towards isolating moments of queerness/disability and proliferating them to resist ideal notions of being. This process of decomposition refuses static finality and instead enables pathways for alternative forms of existence.

Robert McRuer, 2006
"Composing Queerness and Disability: The Corporate University and Alternative Corporealities" In "Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability" New York University Press, pg 157-159.
In some very important ways, we are in fact not all queer/disabled
AND
and away from the finished product is that disability and queerness are desirable.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 2 | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Kassie Colon

1NC v Alex

1

They are correct that neoliberalism is violent, but their reading of it is outdated – we live in an era of semiocapitalism, which taps cognitive, rather than material, labor. Their continued demand for activism, free speech, and broader democratic critique is exemplar of this affective capitalism. This is the basis for a psychologically distraught culture which lacks empathy and is continuously co-opted. Modernity has fragmented humanities' sensibility through the twin forces of rendering linguistics as a merely functional, linear, tool devoid of affective investment and the removal of authentic human interaction through mandated productivity.

Franco Bifo Berardi, 2015
Berardi was a member of the Italian Communist Youth Federation and expelled for factionalism, was/is involved in the political movement of Autonomia, has contributed to Semiotexte, Chimerees, Metropli, and Felix, currently collaborating on the magazine Derive Approdi, and  teaches social history of communication at Accademia de belle Arti in Milan. "Heroes – Mass Murder and Suicide" pp. 47-50
In her 1975 book The Show and Tell Machine, Rose Goldsen describes a future
AND
fragmented, fractured and finally recombined in the abstract space of the internet.

They do not get rid of spatial control – they merely make it decentralized. Mobilizing activism through representative democracy is complicit with the tactics of governmentality which totalize resistance into the narrow purviews of civic engagement and institutional politics. This saps radicality and gives rise to popular fascism; activism must overthrow demands for representation through a nomadic tactic of formlessness resistance that refuses to yield to clear political motives.

Marcelo Svirsky, 2010
Svirksy is a professor of critical and cultural theory at Cardiff University. "Introduction: Beyond the Royal Science of Politics" Deleuze Studies, Vol. 4, pp 3. ~brackets for ableism~
Rather than problematising the political, this royal understanding of activism uses its 'metric
AND
to confront and possibly overcome political inhibitions, in both knowledge and practice.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology to cultivate subjectivity.

Vote negative to play a game of imaginary ruins – a communist critique which incites negativity through an imagined destruction and reformation of spaces around you. In postmodernity, where direct action seems nearly impossible, negative imaginaries become a praxis for resistance, creating a refusal to oblige an economy of positive affect. This strategy engages in a personal politics while at the same time enabling a "lying in wait" in the time we "do nothing" to ferment our hatred, anger, and depression into new horizons for subjectivity.

John Cunningham, 2015
"Negation At A Standstill" published in "Bad Feelings" a collection produced by Arts Against Cuts and published by Book Works as part of Common Objectives, guest edited by Nina Power; edited and designed by Louis Hartnoll, Lucy Killoran, Robyn Minogue, and Sophie Carapetian.
Imaginary Ruins There's a game that can be played when walking through the city.
AND
The stalling of negation might in itself provide the possibility of rethinking it.

Case

Alt causes

Their own author isolates a multitude of alternative causes for their impacts that zoning won't specifically solve – speech codes and vagueness. In addition – the courts are already overturning what the plan does – it's not needed.

Hudson 16 – their advocacy article (David L. Hudson Jr. is a First Amendment expert and law professor who serves as First Amendment Ombudsman for the Newseum Institute's First Amendment Center. He contributes research and commentary, provides analysis and information to news media. He is an author, co-author or co-editor of more than 40 books, including Let The Students Speak: A History of the Fight for Free Expression in American Schools (Beacon Press, 2011), The Encyclopedia of the First Amendment (CQ Press, 2008) (one of three co-editors), The Rehnquist Court: Understanding Its Impact and Legacy (Praeger, 2006), and The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book (Visible Ink Press, 2008). He has written several books devoted to student-speech issues and others areas of student rights. He writes regularly for the ABA Journal and the American Bar Association's Preview of United States Supreme Court Cases. He has served as a senior law clerk at the Tennessee Supreme Court, and teaches First Amendment and Professional Responsibility classes at Vanderbilt Law School and various classes at the Nashville School of Law), "How Campus Policies Limit Free Speech," Huffington Post, 12/16/2016 GB
Colleges and universities are supposed to be places where freedom of expression flourishes. Sadly, that is not the case. At a recent debate on the Yale University campus, 66 percent of the attendees supported a proposition that “free speech is threatened.” Places of higher learning seem more interested in “safe spaces” rather than in freedom of expression. Several incidents across campuses illustrate this. Recently, at Emory, students complained after they found chalk messages scrawled around campus voicing support for Donald J. Trump. Last year at the University of Ottawa, a yoga class designed for handicapped people was suspended because the student federation thought it was a form of “cultural appropriation.” And at Smith College a student sit-in blocked media from entering unless reporters agreed to explicitly state support for the movement in their coverage. Illustrating how contentious the debates have become, two of the most respected American comedians, Chris Rock and Jerry Seinfeld, said that colleges are eager “not to offend anybody.” Some students at a private Ivy League school even signed a petition to repeal the First Amendment. Ideally, colleges and universities would foster an exchange of competing and controversial ideas. The reality is much different. Some colleges and universities limit discourse by silencing speech that might offend others through so-called speech codes and free speech zones. In studying free expression issues for more than 20 years, I strongly believe such polices have led to a chilling effect on speech. They also have led to a mentality where students do not wish or want to face an opposing viewpoint. So, what are these policies? Combating hateful speech First, let’s look at speech codes on campuses. A speech code refers to a set of provisions or regulations that limit certain types of offensive or harassing speech. Colleges and universities usually don’t call their regulations speech codes. Instead, they refer to them as anti-harassment policies. It was in the 1980s and 1990s that more than 300 colleges passed these policies to combat hateful speech. Schools tried to address harassment of gays and lesbians, women and members of other ethnic groups. The policies were further enforced when white students wore blackface for sorority and fraternity parties. Many schools were trying to achieve more diversity in their student bodies. The intent was good. Many of these policies sought to prohibit speech or conduct that created an intimidating or harassing environment on the basis of race, sex, religion, or other criteria. However, the results were not good for the First Amendment and freedom of speech. Policies at the University of Michigan and the University of Wisconsin were invalidated on First Amendment free speech grounds. At the University of Wisconsin, for example, university officials adopted the speech code after several racially insensitive displays at fraternities. For example, one fraternity held a “slave auction.” A student newspaper and several others challenged the policy on the ground that the policies infringed on academic freedom and stifled some legitimate speech. In UWM Post v. Board of Regents of University of Wisconsin (1991), a federal district court struck down the policy, writing: The suppression of speech, even where the speech’s content appears to have little value and great costs, amounts to governmental thought control. Similar problems occurred at Michigan, which had its share of disturbing racially charged incidents. At Michigan, a student disc jockey allowed racist jokes to be aired. University officials reacted with a speech code. The problem was that officials applied the policy to chill the speech of students engaged in classroom discussion or academic research. A federal district court judge invalidated the policy in Doe v. University of Michigan (1989), writing: While the Court is sympathetic to the University’s obligation to ensure equal educational opportunities for all of its students, such efforts must not be at the expense of free speech. The problem was that these codes were not drafted with sufficient precision. Courts ruled that these polices were either too broad or too vague. Overbreadth and vagueness problems A policy is too broad if it prohibits speech that ought to be protected in addition to speech that can be prohibited. In legal terms, this is called “overbreadth”. For example, a policy that prohibits “offensive and annoying” speech sweeps too broadly and prohibits lawful expression. A policy is too vague if a person has to guess at its meaning. Vagueness is rooted in the notion that it is fundamentally unfair to punish someone when they did not know that their speech violated the policy. For example, the University of Michigan had a policy that prohibited “stigmatizing or victimizing” individuals or groups on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, sex, sexual orientation, creed, national origin, ancestry, age, marital status, handicap or Vietnam-era veteran status. In Doe v. University of Michigan, a federal district court judge ruled the policy too vague, writing: Students of common understanding were necessarily forced to guess at whether a comment about a controversial issue would later be found to be sanctionable under the Policy. Controversies still abound over speech codes at colleges and universities. The Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) regularly challenges policies that it believes run afoul of the First Amendment. In its annual report, the group contends that nearly half of the speech codes at 440 colleges infringe on First Amendment free speech rights. FIRE contends in its report that “any speech code in force at a public university is extremely vulnerable to a constitutional challenge.”

Status-quo solves

Status-quo solves – legislation and courts are ruling against free speech zones.

Jackson Richman, 5/31/16
http://dailycaller.com/2016/05/31/arizona-cracks-down-on-free-speech-zones/ "Arizona Cracks Down On 'Free Speech Zones'"
Two weeks ago, Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey signed a bill into law that would eliminate “free speech zones” that restrict the First Amendment on college campuses, according to the Arizona Republic. Arizona House Bill 2615 will eliminate “free speech zones” at the state’s colleges and replace these spaces with a monument or memorial. Introduced by Republican state Rep. Anthony Kern, the law provides students the right to exercise free speech without restrictions unless the college can prove such a restriction as reasonable or justified. It also gives students the right to file a lawsuit and receive a settlement if the court decides the the school has restricted the student’s speech. In a statement, Ducey said, “Part of the university experience is to be able to express diverse views, openly, without fear of retribution or intimidation — and to be exposed to other views and perspectives, even if they aren’t politically correct or popular. The law related to free speech throughout the state’s higher education institutions comes in the aftermath of Paradise Valley Community College, currently involved in a lawsuit for creating a free speech zone which prosecutors said had a traumatic effect on students. In the suit, a student accuses the school of limiting her First Amendment right while she passed out copies of the U.S. Constitution while talking to students about starting a Young Americans for Liberty chapter.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Appleton East JV | Judge: Jason Smith

1

A focus on discourse is an abandonment of real change – we must use a materialist focus to solve oppression

Cloud '1 (Dana L. Cloud, Associate Professor, Communication Studies UT Austin, "The Affirmative Masquerade," American Communication Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Spring 2001, http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm)
At the very least, however, it is clear that poststructuralist discourse theories have
AND
It is the means for producing transformative knowledges. (p. 7)  

Radical democracy is relativism with a grand façade—this replicates political closure in excluding theory deemed 'too radical' or totalizing

Tumino 11 Stephen Tumino, "The Affective Turn in Pedagogy: The Ecstatic Teacher and Other Stories," Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society, 23:4, 2011, pp. 548-556
Even when someone like Kim Emery says in response to Graff that the university should
AND
is the only way to have your voice heard in the university now.

Their discursive framing is backwards—ideology and consumption patterns are determined by material inequalities.  Cultural theory cedes politics by reducing praxis to flimsy 'transgressive' speech acts like the 1AC

Tumino '8 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, "Materiality in Contemporary Cultural Theory," The Red Critique, Fall/Winter 2008, accessed 1/21/10 http://www.redcritique.org/FallWinter2008/materialityincontemporaryculturaltheory.htm
One of the mainstays of contemporary cultural theory is the argument that the social is
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of the other can afford to focus on their desires in the market.

Capitalism causes inevitable crises, inequality, and dehumanization—the alternative is a class-based critique of the system—pedagogical spaces are the crucial staging ground for hard-lined focus on class which keeps socialism on the horizon.

McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D'Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, '4
(Peter and Valerie, "Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of 'difference'," Educational Philosophy and Theory Vol. 36, Issue 2, p. 183-199)
For well over two decades we have witnessed the jubilant liberal and conservative pronouncements of
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memories. Its potential remains untapped and its promise needs to be redeemed.

Evaluate the debate as a dialectical materialist - you are a historian inquiring into why the 1AC is necessary - Marx's labor theory of value is the best possible description

Tumino '1 Stephen Tumino, professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh, "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before," Red Critique, Spring 2001, http://redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
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to each according to their needs" (Marx) is the rule.

Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hunter College NP | Judge: Panel

1

Their mapping of the world through "pragmatism" and "materialism" is wrong. This attempt to impose rational order onto the world is violent and limits our ability to understand matter as vitalistic and self-organizing.

Jane Bennett, 2010
Bennett is a professor of political science at John Hopkins University, she is a founder of the critical-theory journal Theory and Event, and she is a specialist in ecological philosophy. "Vibrant Matter – A Political Ecology of Things" Duke University Press, Durham and London, pg 60-61.
I have so far been speaking of metal as if it existed independently of other
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no animating accessory. It is figured as itself the "active principle."

They understand subjectivity as whole, ideal, and coherent. This illusion is continued to uphold predetermined designs of the subject, enacting violence against those who pursue an ideal which can never be reached.

Stephen J. Arnott, 2001
"Liminal Subjectivity and the Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm of Felix Guattari", Limen 1/2001 – journal for theory and practice of liminal phenomena.  
Before we begin this task in earnest, it will be necessary to say something
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use of profanity and words such as incest, masochism and so on.

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology to cultivate subjectivity. Offense includes anything that permits subjects to explore their experiences and techniques for interacting with the outside world.

Vote negative to engage in militant pragmatics – a resistance to the organizational structures of grammar, language, and semiotics. This micropolitical action uses everyday resistance as the crux of overturning social constructions. This overturns the entirely political structures of language which construct standards of exclusion by redrawing the maps of signification.

Félix Guattari, 2011
Guattari was a schizo/psychoanalyst, actively ran an experimental mental clinic at La Borde, studied under Jacques Lacan, was involved in the Pirate Radio and militant movements in Europe, and wrote extensively with a variety of intellectuals including Gilles Deleuze and Antonio Negri. "Lines of Flight: For another world of possibilities" translated by Andrew Goffey, Bloomsbury Academic, pg 170-173
'Do it' could be the order-word for a pragmatic micropolitics. Not only
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pushing the discourse of the patient back into new grids of signifying redundancy.

Tournament: Lincoln East | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lincoln Southwest RG | Judge: Jackson Slechta

Framework

Interpersonal recognition constructs identity which is arbitrarily constituted by social consensus and reinforced by repetition of accepted norms. Ethics therefore requires incongruence and exclusion as subjects cannot constitute their own identity separate from others perspectives.

Judith Butler, 2001
"Giving an Account of Oneself" (Article), Diacritics, Vol. 31, No 4
The notion of singularity is very often bound up with existential romanticism and with a
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of no single one can I say with certainty that it is true.

Therefore, the state must be an absolute singularity which enforces authority. Only a sovereign entity can command the unity of the consensus of the people, necessitating sacrifice of personal belief for the larger whole, without collapsing to interpersonal relativism. Reduction of the state to an instrumental usage and secondary figure disenables the possibility of democratic ethics which enable interpersonal deliberation of identity.

Chantal Mouffe explains Schmitt, 1997
"Carl Schmitt and the Paradox of Liberal Democracy"
In The Concept of the Political, taking as his target the kind of pluralism
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the ethic that can be reduced to the slogan: Pacta sunt servanda."

And, ethics must be constrained by the law of non-contradiction.

Therefore, the standard is consistency with sovereign authority.

Contention

First, deliberative democracy predicated around ideal free speech is incoherent - democracy mandates inclusion/exclusion along lines of us/them, which requires the limitation of speech in order to formulate consensus. Only an exclusive understanding of speech can enable the necessary deliberation of what should be included and excluded.

Chantal Mouffe, 1997
"Carl Schmitt and the Paradox of Liberal Democracy"
Let us examine this model of deliberative democracy closely. In their attempt to ground
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people by reducing it to one of its many possible forms of identification.

Second, as public entities that are subject to governmental influence colleges and universities have a right to limit speech and exert their authority. Absent an ability for universities to exert influence and formulate consensus and strict rules the system would fall apart and they would have no claim to legitimate authority over their institution resulting in collapse of social institutions.

Third, free speech on campuses promotes unproductive discursive resistance rather than political consensus.

Tanay Kothari, 2013
"Finding Free Speech in the Wrong Places" The Daily Californian
Our campus
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campus advocacy in the past, it will have done a great service.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Valley EM | Judge: Nick Smith

Interpretation and Violation: The affirmative may not read a premise that states that agents of the United States government ought follow the U.S. Constitution and read a burden structure that is distinct from comparative worlds or truth-testing.

They did that

Ground

Predictability

Vote neg

Fairness is a voting issue

Drop the debater –

No RVI —-

Use competing interpretations –

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Newark Science BA | Judge: Akhil Jalan

Interpretation and Violation

The affirmative should defend the desirability of the implementation of the United States not restricting any constitutionally protected speech in public colleges and universities.

This does not require a specific form but only isolates what the content of the affirmative should contain – the affirmative must defend a policy action but can perform or present such an advocacy in any way they so desire.

'Resolved' denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64
(Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an
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," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

Protected speech is a legal doctrine relating to the 1^st Amendment.

The Free Legal Dictionary, 2016
"Freedom of Speech", Definition.
The Framers of the Constitution guaranteed freedom of speech and expression to the citizens of
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. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470 ~1919~).

United States is the government located in Washington, D.C.

West's Legal Thesaurus/Dictionary, 1985
"United States" pg 744
United States: Usually means the federal government centered in Washington, D.C.

Vote Negative

Extra T – their method of is an additional plank to the resolution. They justify an infinite number of affirmatives that combine refusal to restrict speech with a method which can be anything they want – that makes engagement impossible through prep explosion and predictability skew. They also tank negative ground – any counterplans, disadvantages, or kritiks are sidestepped by the fact that can weigh their specific method. Extra T is an independent voting issue for fairness and engagement.

Topical version of the affirmative – you can defend the limiting free speech hurts black folks ability to develop activism – BLM for example, but defend the implementation and policy of the aff.

Limits – they explode the potential affirmatives which structurally favors the affirmative because they can prep out specific responses while permuting counterplans and alternatives – screws the neg through massive prep skews and ability to engage.

Switch-side debate – being forced to switch sides on a topic provides a more holistic understanding, anything less causes dogmatism and a lack of ability to engage from points of difference which severs education and makes us less effective advocates. Also solves their offense - you can read your affirmative on the negative.

Fairness and likewise competitive equity are voting issues – topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role which is an impact in itself.

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
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substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Evaluate the T debate under competing interpretations – it's key to generate clear models of debate and ground because otherwise the aff's interpretation can be a moving target. Reasonability is arbitrarily defined and causes a race to the bottom for the "most reasonable" position.

Tournament: NSCTA Nebraska State Debate Championship | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Elkhorn South JT | Judge: Panel

Governmental housing projects fail to create good quality, maintainable, and affordable public housing – it must come by way of the free market.

Peter D. Salins 98
Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs of the State University of New York. "Comment on Chester Hartman's ''The Case for a Right to Housing'': Housing Is a Right? Wrong!" Housing Policy Debate • Volume 9, Issue 2, Fannie Mae Foundation 1998.
When Hartman and other housing advocates argue that a massive government investment in housing subsidies
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, and nonprofit sponsor-owners often fail as managers or go broke.

Free markets historically provided better housing opportunities for the poor – forcing regulations increases maintenance costs and forces companies to ignore poor residents.

Howard Husock. Winter 1997. "We Don't Need Subsidized Housing".  https://www.city-journal.org/html/we-don't-need-subsidized-housing-11954.html
Myth No. 1: The market will not provide. The core belief of
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could be—and has been— created in a less regulated market.

Tournament: NSCTA Nebraska State Debate Championship | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Elkhorn South JT | Judge: Panel

Public housing isolates residents from political representation and society – that causes increased crime and psychological violence.

Elizabeth Griffiths and George Tita, 2009
"Homicide In and Around Public Housing: Is Public Housing a Hotbed, a Magnet, or a Generator of Violence for the Surrounding Community?"
Research on urban poverty and social isolation is extensive, prompted in large measure by
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as the prevalence and consequences of urban social isolation, warrant continued investigation. 

Public housing causes a net decrease in education quality for minority groups – that causes problems for entire generations.

Manny Fernandez, 2008
"Children Who Live in Public Housing Suffering in School, Study Says" http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/24/nyregion/24children.html
New York City children who live in public housing perform worse in school than students
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may differ from other poor families in ways that are hard to measure.

Tournament: NSCTA Nebraska State Debate Championship | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lincoln Southwest DC | Judge: Fred Robertson

1NC

Framework

I value morality because the resolution is a normative question of what ought to happen.

Alienation is an ethical dilemma caused by situations which force us to violate certain compulsions that we subjectively understand as constitutive of our identity - these are known as "volitional necessities." Alienation occurs when you are unable to act on your volition, such as stopping a chef from cooking, a comedian from telling jokes, or a smoker from smoking a cigarette.

Rahel Jaeggi, 2014
"Alienation", Translated by Fredrick Neuhouser and Alan E. Smith, Edited by Fredrick Neuhouser.
On the one hand, self-alienation can be understood, with Frankfurt
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agreement with one's own person, with what constitutes oneself as a person.

Conflict between our internal volitions and external forces are mediated through the process of appropriation. We rationally analyze the constraints of the outside world and then evaluate our response in the context of ideal beliefs. Enabling this process is necessary for ethics as it allows individuals to determine who they are, what actions they take, and concretize purely abstract thinking.

Rahel Jaeggi, 2014
"Alienation", Translated by Fredrick Neuhouser and Alan E. Smith, Edited by Fredrick Neuhouser.
What does it mean to appropriate something? If the concept of appropriation refers to
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but even social roles exist only insofar as they are constantly reappropriated.) 

Therefore the standard is resisting alienation.

Contention 1 is Neoliberalism

First, America's movement to create a "right to housing" is built on a basis of shifting governmental responsibility to the private sector. The urban poor become stuck in the system of market economics which alienates them from a meaningful connection to community, forces them to violation their personal desires for the purpose of survival, and ignores the importance of availability of housing through shrinking the number of houses available.

Amy T. Khare, 2013
"Market-Driven Public Housing Reforms: Inadequacy for Poverty Alleviation" Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, Volume 15, Number 2, pp. 193-195
These housing policy reforms reflect a broader movement of the U.S. welfare
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mechanisms need to be interrogated, a topic to which I now turn.

Second, this means that in order implement affordable housing in the United States it must be privatized. The only policies that will get passed by the government, especially the Trump administration, are those that are built on subsidies, vouchers, and other free-market methods.

Third, the very ownership of housing is a process of alienation. The notion of private property makes items produced through labor into exchangeable objects which separates individuals from the creativity and personal character of their work.

Erich Fromm, 1961
"Marx's Concept of Man" Erich Fromm Archive.
For Marx the process of alienation is expressed in work and in the division of
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process of production, and not the process of production for the laborer."