Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Dougherty Valley CS | Judge: Panel

Interpretation

The negative may only defend advocacies unconditionally.

Violation

They defend two conditional advocacies

Vote Negative

Reciprocity

Strategy Skew

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Valley CT | Judge: Fred Ditzian

Interpretation: At least an hour before the round begins, debaters who have been in elim rounds of bid tournaments must disclose all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their own name, school, and correct side with cites, tags, the first three and the last three words of all cards read.

Violation: they haven't disclosed any of this – cleared at badgerland and other tournaments.

Standards:

1. Quality engagement

2. Academic integrity

4. Small school inclusion – disclosure ensures equity of prepping resources.

Bietz 10 Mike (Coach for Harvard-Westlake) "The Case for Public Case Disclosure." NFL Rostrum, Vol. 84, Issue 9. May 2010. https://nationalforensicleague.org/DownloadHandler.ashx?File=/userdocs/publications/05-201020Complete20Rostrum.pdf

1. It harms the "little guy" because big teams will prep out
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   field for people who do not have the resources to travel as much.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Dougherty Valley CS | Judge: Panel

PICs/PIKs/PIAs are a voting issue for reasons of structural fairness

Time Skew

Strategy Skew

Tournament: Contact | Round: 9 | Opponent: Contact | Judge: Contact
For cites, articles, pdfs, or whatever else you need:
Primary: grantbrowndebate@gmail.com
Secondary: Facebook - Felix Granttari
Pronouns: He/Him/His

00 - Contact
0 - Generic
1 - Sep-Oct
2 - Nov-Dec
3 - Jan-Feb
4 - Mar-Apr

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep MK | Judge: Justin White

1AC

"We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent… "Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."

- J. Robert Oppenheimer in 1945, after seeing the first atomic bomb test.

Our narrative of nuclear power picks up with a small group of European physicists in 1939 who discover the unlikely potential of fission energy within atoms, only to have their research co-opted to create the A-Bomb. This is beginning of the end, sealing nuclear power's inevitable connection to nuclear weapons and militarism.

Jean-Claude Debeir et al, 1986
Jean Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deleage and Daniel Hemery, translated by John Barzman. "In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages" pg 168-169.
From the very beginning, the nuclear energy chain has been characterized by an irresistible
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the Moscow Treaty of I963 and the Non- Proliferation Treaty of I968. 

Following the experimental failures at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, America instituted a historical damage control in order to civilize perception of nuclear power. Under the guise of "nuclear energy", the West proliferates nuclear capacities across the globe, sealing a Faustian bargain for all of humanity while rewriting the history of the atom.

Jean-Claude Debeir et al continues, 
Jean Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deleage and Daniel Hemery, translated by John Barzman. "In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages" pg 170-172.
The failure of the United States to preserve its A-bomb monopoly had a
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national states to overcome their handicap and catch up with their Western elders.

Those who bore the brunt of nuclear power's perverse history are those labeled "deviant". Toxic labor, colonization of indigenous land, and racialization all in the name of National Security and Uranium operate within "zones of morbidity" that justify certain deaths as less important, profitable, and justifiable.

Jamie Skye Bianco, 2004
Bianco is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Media, Culture, and Communication; "Zones of Morbidity"; Issue 8 – Spring 2004; Rhizomes; http://www.rhizomes.net/issue8/bianco.htm ~Brackets in original~
If the heart of global U.S. militarist imperialism and its dependencies on
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" over and against "bare life" in Europe and the North.

Therefore, I affirm Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Our method of enacting the prohibition of nuclear power production is one of genealogy – a critical interrogation of its historical underpinnings. Rather than reading history through objectivity, constantly interrogates the structures that enable certain histories to become dominate truisms. Such a process enables the removal of the reference points of power by placing a continuously shifting view of events that fragments coherence and allows resubjectivization while producing modes of resistance.

Michael Clifford, 2001
Clifford is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at the Institute for the Humanities and the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Mississippi State University. "Political Genealogy After Foucault," Routledge London, pg 134-137.
Foucault's counter-memory is very close to the Nietzschean idea of "active forgetfulness
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transformation, of always being able to become other than what we are.

These perverse narratives of nuclear power are self-sustaining, critique is off limits because of the omnipresent image of the all-knowing Scientist. The historical webs cast by this "despotism of science" is innocent in neither intent nor consequence, ensuring a militaristic tie between science and warfare and corrupting critical questioning of potential risk-factors within vulnerable populations in favor of statist drives for power and domination. Our genealogical reading of the resolution enables a counter-historical narrative to oppose and break down the Western framing of nuclear power.

Jean-Claude Debeir et al, 1986
Jean Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deleage and Daniel Hemery, translated by John Barzman. "In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization Through the Ages".
To operate, the nuclear industry requires a minimum act of faith. It establishes
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I980. had already registered 24 incidents in its second year on line."

The role of the judge is to be an intellectual engaged in processes of uncovering and representing knowledge suppressed by systems of power.

Systems of power are tools that can either be used for good or manipulated for exploitation, as power is not absolute but rather fluid in its nature. Intellectuals have a particularly crucial role to play in terms of the restricting of criticism and history given their position within society. Acting alongside rather than evaluating transcendentally is crucial to critical praxis that can produce effective resistance.

Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, 2004
Foucault was a historian, Deleuze was a philosopher. They didn't really do much. "Desert Island and Other Texts: 1953-1974" (Desert Islands is a collection of unpublished interviews and texts by Deleuze, the collection was published in 2004, but the work within was written between 1953-1974) p206-209
Michel Foucault: A Maoist told me: "I can see why Sartre is
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them. A "theory" is the regional system of this struggle.

Traditional ethical analysis is always drawn along lines of disposability – positing deviant bodies as less important and in need of input within calculations – a focus on the way streams of power operate on bodies is crucial in decision-making.

Elizabeth A. Povinelli, 2013
Povinelli is Franz Boas Professor of Anthropology and Gender Studies, Director of the Institute for Research on Women and Gender and the Co-Director of the Centre for the Study of Law and Culture at Columbia University. "Necropolitics"; The Anthropology of Biopolitics; February 23, 2013; https://anthrobiopolitics.wordpress.com/2013/02/23/necropolitics/"
In what might be seen as biopolitical 'social disposability' rather than 'social death'
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. government was reducing its populace to a politics of "bare life".

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Scarsdale ZE | Judge: Shatzkin, Sigalow

Sometime shortly before May of 1945, a young women works at the Glenn L. Martin Company Plant located in Bellevue, Nebraska. She, like many women at the time, enlisted her labor to help the war effort overseas; she installed rivets on bomber aircraft. It is at this plant that the triage of planes tasked with flying in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are produced – Enola Gay, The Great Artiste, and Necessary Evil. It is almost inevitable that she passed into direct contact with the metal used to craft these planes - some say she even carved her name into the left rear corner of the Enola Gay. With this, a factoid lost to the depths of history, a molecular web between this women and the obliteration of approximately two-hundred thousand people was formed, both as a metaphysical cog in the machine of total war and a material fabricator of the weaponry used to enact its devastation. This women's name is Hazel Lillian Patton; she is my great-grandmother.

The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, equipped with the force of nuclear power, tested the human body in never before seen ways. Light, as it blasted through the bodies, produced both hypervisibility and invisibility – illuminating the material body while repressing the non-material being– a regime known as avisuality. A perceptual paradox forms a rift at the level of representation itself - language and its ability signify the subject is ruptured. This forms the basis of a liberal repression of difference that cannot be understood within preconceived models – this is a phenomenological violence.

Akira Mizuta Lippit, 2005
Lippit is the Vice Dean of Faculty in the School of Cinematic Arts, and Professor in the Division of Cinema and Media Studies at the University of Southern California. "Atomic Light (Shadow Optics)", University of Minnesota Press, pg 108-111.
Slightly more than a decade after Tanizaki's reflection on shadows, another form of radiography
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crypt of another, but never blends with the world that frames it.

While the West has erased the bombings, they have had a prevailing visibility in Japanese thought as a phantasm that haunts social consciousness. Consider our tracing of the atomic webs of Hazel Patton to the bombings as a revolt against Western avisuality.

Akira Mizuta Lippit, 2005
Lippit is the Vice Dean of Faculty in the School of Cinematic Arts, and Professor in the Division of Cinema and Media Studies at the University of Southern California. "Atomic Light (Shadow Optics)", University of Minnesota Press, pg 101-103.
"One particular cell," one atom, that is, particle or building block
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of the impossible signifier burns, cinefied: radiant, specular, avisual. 

Therefore, we affirm the prohibition of nuclear power through the resistance method of the "shadow archive".

Western interpretation operates through making everything visible –to illuminate and reveal all. Atomic light is an unequivocal form of exposure which threatens to destroy the very archives in which thought resides. In defiance, literature operates against this, requiring darkness.  Literature relies on an imperceptible subjectivity to create an imaginary at odds with the real. This is the process of the shadow archive – a creation of subjective space that thrives on divisibility rather than homogenization. Divisibility uses difference as a weapon, constantly splicing into divergent perspectives, eluding totalizing histories. The shadow archive combats avisual repression through an atomic and secret language in which darkness can reside, hidden from the light.

Akira Mizuta Lippit, 2005
Lippit is the Vice Dean of Faculty in the School of Cinematic Arts, and Professor in the Division of Cinema and Media Studies at the University of Southern California. "Atomic Light (Shadow Optics)", University of Minnesota Press, pg 24-27.
In the electric Western archive, in the arkheion, radiation descends from above and
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invisible afterimage: it threatens an atomic reaction that will incinerate the archive.

The role of the ballot is to vote who best methodologically activates imminence – a model of the world in which things are imminent, always impending – never fully coming to an end.

Transformation – be it social, metaphysical, or political – must be understood as a process. When viewed as imminent, decision-making and ethics become a constant interrogation of our past inheritance and future goals. This creates a stasis of present-tense action. Binaries become frustrated as the unknowability of our future collides with the necessity to act. This compounds into a simultaneously abstract and material singularity, rather than a calculable planning.

Nicole Anderson, 2012
Anderson is the Head of the Department of Media, Music, Communication and Cultural Studies as well as an Associate Professor at Macquarie University, she is also a co-founding editor of the Derrida Today Journal, published by Edinburgh University Press, and the Director of the Derrida Today biannual conference, an international fellow of the London Graduate School, and a member of the Biocultures Project at University of Illinois, Chicago. "Derrida: Ethics Under Erasure", Continuum Studies in Continental Philosophy, series editor: James Fieser, Continuum International Publishing Group, pg 106-108.
Transformation is traditionally defined as a radical change or alteration: radical because what is
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structure of cause and effect following the form of a traditional linear trajectory.

Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Hunter College NP | Judge: Damerdji, Chippada, Ave

1AC

Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Fukushima… Sometime, perhaps long in the future, perhaps this very time, a strange occurrence begins at the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station half an hour outside of Omaha, Nebraska. For as long as anyone could remember, the waste from this plant had been mishandled; spilling into the Missouri River with little care for its final destination. Workers, unaware of the extent of the danger in their palms, would move the spent nuclear fuel into trenches built too deep and too close to the waters which lapped hopefully for a taste of the poison.

The incidents began after a few workers disappeared over the course of two months. More were hired, more disappeared – gone, without a trace. Worry of terrorism was in the air:

"What if they are stealing away materials – or kidnapped?"

Bioterrorism was technologic in its form – this would have been preferable to what was on the horizon.

Late at night a security guard for the Station drove his Jeep in circular paths, kicking up gravel into the sky forming clouds that seemed to follow him across the darkness. Near the edge of the station, his attention was drawn to a cracked door hinge leading from the edge of the security fence to the woods adjacent the facility. Examining the door, he saw that it had been brutally cracked. Against his better judgement, he stepped through the door to examine the tall grass at the edge of the woods.

His eyes set upon boot prints. He traced them through the woods, to an opening near the edge of the Missouri River. A scene that basked the entirety of the forest in a raw glow was before him. Stark naked, all of the workers who had disappeared were scattered across an open grove in the wood. Their eyes teamed with life, more so than a conscious human being could contain. Their color was neither green, yellow, nor orange and in them he felt that he had finally seen the true hue of the sun.

The ground beneath him sung, as if it had been a string on a violin plucked. He felt an intense sensation throughout his body, as if he was vibrating, as the singing found itself the language of man:

"So audacious, your people. You've even named this era of destruction after yourselves – Anthropocene. Tisk, tisk, tisk. Damage exported will be imported too. "Power of gods" is what they called fission, have you left unnoticed the very atomic structure of your selfhood?..."

At these words, his vision shifted in both scope and perspective. His awareness told him that he was inside himself, his eyes the same color as the others. He was both a single and every atom, watching the war of molecules against the previously unknown radiations seeping through the ground beneath him. In this image, articulation escaped him.

He felt both the bodies around him and himself, be deconstructed. Painfully, atom by atom, quark by quark. He was all of the pieces and felt all of their strain, the forces of the world were abound in the deepest points of his flesh. All in a moment, he was whole again, yet felt more whole than he had ever before… Teeming with life, more than a conscious human being could contain.

"I am no ruler, no god, and no deity. I have given you a gift, shown you the stakes of refusal to care. Now, we take back DNA, rhizomes, microcosms, the power of fission and fusion, the mysteries of life against those that wish to use it as mere pawns against the world"

With this, the security guard, all the workers, infected trout in the rivers, dirt saturated with contaminated waters, every matter and unfounded form in the sphere of our existence – took up arms against those that were unknowing and willed destruction.

We affirm that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Our affirmation is an act of science fiction – a reading of the resolution within a fictional world – which bends meaning through storytelling. Our implementation may not occur in this reality, but it does occur in a reality; in the world we have constructed.

Past horror tropes rely on nature as an external force which hunted down humanity. In contrast, our Ecohorror exposes the intimately connected relationship between the human body and natural force. A par excellence example is radiation – the fact that our bodies betray us through a cancer due to our own faults. This perspective charts new paths of environmental policy based around bodily connections to the world.

Christy Tidwell, 2014
"Monstrous Natures Within: Posthuman and New Materialist Ecohorror in Mira Grant's Parasite", Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 21.3 (Summer 2014).
Ecohorror as a genre is often defined in terms of "revenge of nature"
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it more closely to ecohorror, butShiversis not vitally concerned with ecological issues.

Humanities perceived exceptionalism from nature is the keystone of the Anthropocene in which any form of difference or deviancy is rendered disposable in order to preserve the humanist order – this is necropolitics.

Rosi Braidotti, 2013
Braidotti was the founding Director of the Netherlands research school of Women's Studies, she is currently Distinguished University Professor at Utrecht University and founding Director of the Centre for the Humanities as well as the founding Professor in Women's Studies. "The Posthuman", Polity Press, pg 111-113.
We saw in the previous chapter that the posthuman predicament understood as the bio-
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of social sustainability that I have also explored elsewhere (Braidotti, 2006). 

Science-fiction is pedagogically crucial – it attracts students and educates about science – that's necessary to democracy and helps expand policies in nearly all parts of modern society.

Mark Brake and Rosi Thornton, 2003
Brake is a Principle Lecturer and Professor of Science Communiation at the University of Glamorgan, Thornton is a teacher of Science and Science Fiction at the University of Glamorgan. "Science fiction in the classroom" Phys. Educ. 38 31.
Our intention in relation to teaching science has always been to broaden the franchise,
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Voyage) and Iain M Banks (Excession,The Player of Games).

The role of the judge is to be a practitioner of vitalistic jurisprudence. Rather than imposing predetermined models upon organisms, we should embrace affects ability to chart new political paths through the focus on fluid interconnections. Such a focus on affective experiences enables us to structure political actions in a way that preserves complexity of both human and inhuman while enabling action that resists biopolitical violence.

Claire Colebrook et al, 2009
Claire Colebrook, Rosi Braidotti, and Patrick Hanafin, Colebrook is a professor of English at Penn State, Braidotti is a distinguished professor in the humanities at Utrecht University, and Hanafin is a professor of law at Birbeck University. "Rights of passage: law and the biopolitics of dying." In: Braidotti, R. and Colebrook, C. and Hanafin, Patrick (eds.) "Deleuze and Law: Forensic Futures." Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Publishers Limited, pg. 1
This volume engages with the impact of a thinking of law with Gilles Deleuze.
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Protevi argues that Deleuze's ontology gives us tools to examine thresholds of viability.

All politics are fictional. Literary genres are constantly overlapping – economics is both a socially constructed model, yet a useful tool – representation and cognition ensures that all things carry tinges of science-fiction.

Carl Freedman, 2000
Freedman is an Associate Professor of English at Louisiana State University. "Critical Theory and Science Fiction" Wesleyan University Press, University Press of London, 20-22.  
It is a priori likely that most texts display the activity of numerous different genres
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Brecht, on the one hand, and Star Wars on the other.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Valley CT | Judge: Fred Ditzian

1AC

Framework

The standard is minimizing harm to vulnerable populations.

Decision-making cannot be entirely objective – social ideologies render certain populations as disposable and manage risk unevenly.

Elizabeth A. Povinelli, 2013
Povinelli is Franz Boas Professor of Anthropology and Gender Studies, Director of the Institute for Research on Women and Gender and the Co-Director of the Centre for the Study of Law and Culture at Columbia University. "Necropolitics"; The Anthropology of Biopolitics; February 23, 2013; https://anthrobiopolitics.wordpress.com/2013/02/23/necropolitics/"
In what might be seen as biopolitical 'social disposability' rather than 'social death'
AND
. government was reducing its populace to a politics of "bare life". 

Ethical calculi are not neutral – privileged lives always matter more than the underprivileged because of mechanisms of power – you should forefront combating cognitive biases.

Walter Mignolo, 2007
Mingnolo is an Argentinian semiotician and professor at Duke. "The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics"
The rhetoric of modernity (from the Christian mission since the sixteenth century, to
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of human lives; that is, according to a racist classification.5

High magnitude scenario planning results in compassion fatigue – overexposure to crisis exhausts society's political mobility for collective problem solving in favor of individual security and artificially magnifies perceptual likelihood of low probability events.

Timothy Recuber, 2011
Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, he has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan. "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
The emotional component of disaster consumption is therefore an important part of these processes.
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preventative consumption may constitute the only preventative measures being taken on one's behalf. 

Advantage 1 is Illegal Surveillance

Local police departments engage in massive illegal wiretapping operations – Riverside County alone enacted 20 of the nation's wiretap warrants and intercepted information from more than 52,000 people causing hundreds of arrests and seizing millions of dollars nationwide.

Tim Cushing, 2015
"California Police Used Illegal Wiretap Warrants In Hundreds Of Drug Prosecutions" https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20151121/06351232876/california-police-used-illegal-wiretap-warrants-hundreds-drug-prosecutions.shtml
So, a federal agency has already been exposed as participating in likely illegal activity
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trouble determining whether this apparently illegal surveillance helped build a case against them. 

Wiretapping is not neutral – surveillance is increasingly racialized and targeted at people of color – it is a system of overt racism and brings the constant worry of "am I being watched"?

Alvaro M. Bedoya, 01/18/16
Executive Director of the Center on Privacy and Technology and Adjunct Professor of Law at Georgetown Law. "The Color of Surveillance", http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/01/what_the_fbi_s_surveillance_of_martin_luther_king_says_about_modern_spying.html
There is a myth in this country that in a world where everyone is watched
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was watching—and listening—waiting for them to make a mistake.

Plan

Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government will issue a statutory enactment which precludes qualified immunity from being used as a defense by police officers in suits regarding the Federal Wiretap Act.

Solvency

First - qualified immunity kills the effectiveness of the Federal Wiretapping Act – it lets officers get away with civil rights abuses that the statue was built to punish.

Kathleen Lockard, 2001
"Qualified Immunity as a Defense to Federal Wiretap Act Claims" The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 68, No. 4, pg 1393-1395
While, in general, statutes are interpreted to preserve common law meanings and doctrines
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authorization. This means that the defendant will not be left without protection. 

Second - only Congressional action can set a standard on qualified immunity that enables the courts to act – the plan is key.

Kathleen Lockard, 2001
"Qualified Immunity as a Defense to Federal Wiretap Act Claims" The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 68, No. 4, pg 1371-1377.
Qualified immunity is a federal common law defense that may be precluded by statute.
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paramount, even when deciding if qualified immunity is available under a statute.

Court precedent is that qualified immunity can be used as a defense against the FWA – it includes both statutory and constitutional claims.

Paul Michael Brown, 2010
"Personal Liability Tort Litigation Against Federal Employees" The United States Attorneys' Bulletin, November 2010, Vol. 58, No. 6 https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao/legacy/2010/12/06/usab5806.pdf
The Supreme Court has long recognized that qualified immunity is available to counter not only
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as a defense to a plaintiff's statutory claims under the Federal Wiretap Act).

Detailed discussions of governmental policy regarding crime is crucial to democratic change – it holds policy-makers accountable, informs citizens, and enables reforms to have influence in institutional settings.

Vanessa Barker, 2009
Barker is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at Florida State University. "The Politics of Imprisonment How the Democratic Process Shapes the Way America Punishes Offenders,"pp 182-188
This study has some important and potentially unpopular policy implications. First, I think
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in American public life, as it could be with American penal sanctioning.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cambridge OS | Judge: Louis Kollar

1AC

From the "plain view doctrine", "Miranda warning", and "exclusionary rule" to "qualified immunity" – police and the courts act co-constitutively to justify unconstitutional action both preemptively and retroactively. The discursive schema known as "the law" is used to uphold the legitimacy of this empty system by expanding carefully constructed police narratives and legal ideology. This system enables the police to manifest reason for the courts existence and the court the opportunity to sustain police existence, respectively. Such a symbolic regime locks in the linguistic possibilities of the law while expanding doctrines such as qualified immunity into a disciplinary signifier that exceeds purely legal manifestation and impacts all fields of society.

Dragan Milovanovic, 2003
Milovanovic is a professor at the College of Arts and Sciences at Northeastern Illinois University, his studies focus on postmodernism, post-structuralism, the Frankfurt school, chaos theory, complexity theory, catastrophe theory, topology theory, constitutive theory, edgework analysis, and Lacanian psychoanalytic semiotics. "An Introduction to the Sociology of Law", pg 252-254
Hunt's specific proposal is that law helps constitute discursive formations (our own terminology is
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on by a diversity of disciplinary practices" (ibid., 299) .

Normalizing symbolic forces result in the manifestation of Oedipal subjecthood – a subjectivity that is confined within institutional pathways and is forced into a singular oneness in order to enable coherence. The social constructions of scientific reasoning and universal human subjecthood form the basis of exclusion, repression of subjectivity, and structures of disciplinary power – only radical questioning can stop the continual reconstruction of the legal subject.

Andreja Zevnik, 2016
Zevnikis a Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Manchester, UK. Her research interests include theories of subjectivity, political violence and resistance, aesthetic politics, law and psychoanalysis. She is co-editor of Jacques Lacan Between Psychoanalysis and Politics (Routledge, 2015) and a convener of the Critical Global Politics research cluster at Manchester. "Lacan, Deleuze and World Politics – Rethinking the Ontology of the Political Subject", pg 35-39
In Oedipal logic the subject is seen as a relational/mirror construction where one
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takes a step forward and considers how such Oedipal ordering can be challenged.

Any attempts at transgressions, be it individual rebellion, acts of violence, or otherwise, only serve to maintain a system of law which has included them since the very beginning – every criminal needs an innocent and every ruler needs a people. Only a critique of the underpinning signifiers which sustain this existence can prompt change.

Maria Aristodemou, 2014
Reader in Law, Literature and Psychoanalysis Assistant Dean for International Links and Enterprise at the Birkbeck University of London School of Law. “Law, Psychoanalysis, Society: Taking the Unconscious Seriously” pg 65-67

So as we mentioned before, while prisoners' interrogation is supposed to respect the universal prohibition of torture
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. Instead, individual transgressions only succeed in feeding and maintaining the system.

We advocate psychoanalytical jurisprudence as a methodology to limit qualified immunity for police officers.

Qualified immunity is not only a legal doctrine, but a regime of signifiers that buttresses the judicial system's inability to be questioned or critiqued from the outside. Psychoanalysis disrupts modern jurisprudence through questioning the unconscious of institutions, adding subjectivity to an otherwise objective mix. Through this reading, we can begin to understand the legal order as socially reproduced by subjects, a grid which forms identity and relationship according to its institutional confines. Our methodology is one of a process of analysis and critique, which enables a critical interrogation of the affectivity, power, and textual linguistic codes that make up what we call "the law".

Peter Goodrich, 1997
Goodrich is a Professor of Law and Director of Law and Humanities at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, he was the founding dean of the department of law at Birkbeck College, University of London, he is managing editor of Law and Literature and was the founding editor of Law and Critique. "'THE UNCONSCIOUS IS A JURIST': PSYCHOANALYSIS AND LAW IN THE WORK OF PIERE LEGENDRE" Legal Studies Forum, Vol. 20, pg 199-202
First, and most strikingly, psychoanalysis has long been perceived as too threatening or
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is our common homeland (Roma communis nostra patria est). 13
 

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology to analyze the unconscious.

Societal consciousness known as the superego, can both maintain and deconstruct the mythology of the law, which upholds particular notions of living and forecloses alternative methods of being. Institutions are structured according to this underlying ideological regime which gives them their perceived authority in the form of rules and obligations. Pathways for change are therefore constructed at a symbolic level – with and between social subjects – and political, normative, and legal influence must be leveraged on the level of this discursive form to result in change.

Andreja Zevnik, 2016
Zevnikis a Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Manchester, UK. Her research interests include theories of subjectivity, political violence and resistance, aesthetic politics, law and psychoanalysis. She is co-editor of Jacques Lacan Between Psychoanalysis and Politics (Routledge, 2015) and a convener of the Critical Global Politics research cluster at Manchester. "Lacan, Deleuze and World Politics – Rethinking the Ontology of the Political Subject", pg 24-25
The psychoanalytic engagement with law explores these three aspects; and in particular the mythical
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paternal or Oedipal idea of law in the context of authority and the institution

Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Dougherty Valley CS | Judge: Panel

Neuroscience and anatomy prove psychoanalytical theories

Mark Pizzato, 2010
Pizzato researches Affective Neuroscience and Lacanian psychoanalysis as a professor at University of North Carolina-Charlette. "Inner Theatres of Good and Evil: The Mind's Staging of Gods, Angels and Devils"
I argue that these three Lacanian orders relate to the basic areas of neural anatomy
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"director" of the brains inner theatre (144-45).52

Tournament: Millard West | Round: Quads | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge

Framework

I value morality because the resolution is a normative question of what ought to happen.

The criterion is maximizing societal welfare.

First, the actor of the resolution is the United States – which means we must consider frameworks that are applicable to governments. Governments cannot know specific details of situations that they have to make choice about – this necessitates a utilitarian metric that is able to make decisions absent specific knowledge.

Robert E. Goodin, 1995
Goodin is a Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University. Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
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, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. 

Second, duty and rights based frameworks devolve into consequentialism. We develop duties because of the relative good they bring and universalize those duties to maximize the good, likewise rights are constrained by an agent's ability to claim them, this requires a fundamental well-being of the agent in order to function.

Third, physical experience constrains our moral considerations which means we must be consequentialist. Things like rights, freedom, and autonomy are only impactful because of their relationship to our ability to interact with a material and physical world which necessitates a perspective that maximizes material benefits.

Fourth, there is no act-omission distinction for governments. In the context of a government's obligation to its citizens, inaction that results in harm is morally equivalent to a direct action that causes harm as they have failed to protect their citizens either way.

Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, 2005
Sunstein is an American legal scholar, he was the Administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulation Affairs, taught at the University of Chicago Law School for 27 years, and is the Robert Walmsley University Professor at Harvard Law School. Vermeule is the John H. Watson, Jr. Professor of Law at Harvard Law School."Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs", University of Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 85.
An unstated assumption animating much opposition to capital punishment, especially among self-conscious
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, cannot be justified by pointing to the distinction between acts and omissions.

Offense

Contention 1 is Surveillance

Supreme Court rulings make qualified immunity an active defense against 4^th Amendment violations – police subjectivity is sufficient to get out of unconstitutional searches and seizures.

Muna Busailah and Stephen P. Chulak, 2012
 "Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure, Qualified Immunity and the Technological Age" AELE Monthly Law Journal, Journal 501
The Ninth Circuit held that Ryburn and Zepeda committed a Fourth Amendment violation because there
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every fact or circumstance that plays a role in raising officer safety concerns.

Local police departments engage in massive illegal wiretapping operations – Riverside County, California alone enacted 20 of the nation's wiretap warrants and intercepted information from more than 52,000 people causing hundreds of arrests and seizing millions of dollars nationwide.

Tim Cushing, 2015
"California Police Used Illegal Wiretap Warrants In Hundreds Of Drug Prosecutions" https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20151121/06351232876/california-police-used-illegal-wiretap-warrants-hundreds-drug-prosecutions.shtml
So, a federal agency has already been exposed as participating in likely illegal activity
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trouble determining whether this apparently illegal surveillance helped build a case against them. 

Surveillance is not neutral – it is increasingly racialized and targeted at people of color. This system of overt racism enacts constant violence and brings the worry of "am I being watched"?

Alvaro M. Bedoya, 01/18/16
Executive Director of the Center on Privacy and Technology and Adjunct Professor of Law at Georgetown Law. "The Color of Surveillance", http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/01/what_the_fbi_s_surveillance_of_martin_luther_king_says_about_modern_spying.html
There is a myth in this country that in a world where everyone is watched
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was watching—and listening—waiting for them to make a mistake.

Contention 2 is Legal Reform

The doctrine of qualified immunity lacks clear legal framing and impedes progression of constitutional law - it has become closer to absolute immunity – limiting it opens the path to change within the legal system.

Alan K Chen, 2015
Chen is the William M. Beaney Memorial Research Chair and professor of law at the University Of Denver Sturm College Of Law, where he teaches courses in constitutional law, federal courts, and public interest law. He is an experienced civil rights litigator and former ACLU staff attorney, and continues to do pro bono work in constitutional rights cases. "Qualified Immunity Liming Access to Justice and Impeding Development of the Law" Human Rights Magazine Vol. 41 No.1, http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/2015—vol—41-/vol—41—no—1—-lurking-in-the-shadows—the-supreme-court-s-qui/qualified-immunity-limiting-access-to-justice-and-impeding-devel.html
Savana is far from alone. Every year, the federal courts turn away the
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F. App'x 852, 852–53 (4th Cir. 2009).

Qualified immunity kills the effectiveness of the Federal Wiretapping Act – it lets officers get away with civil rights abuses that the statue was built to punish.

Kathleen Lockard, 2001
"Qualified Immunity as a Defense to Federal Wiretap Act Claims" The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 68, No. 4, pg 1393-1395
While, in general, statutes are interpreted to preserve common law meanings and doctrines
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authorization. This means that the defendant will not be left without protection. 

Second - only Congressional action can set a standard on qualified immunity that enables the courts to act.

Kathleen Lockard, 2001
"Qualified Immunity as a Defense to Federal Wiretap Act Claims" The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 68, No. 4, pg 1371-1377.
Qualified immunity is a federal common law defense that may be precluded by statute.
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paramount, even when deciding if qualified immunity is available under a statute.

High magnitude scenario planning results in compassion fatigue – overexposure to crisis exhausts society's political mobility for collective problem solving in favor of individual security and artificially magnifies perceptual likelihood of low probability events.

Timothy Recuber, 2011
Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, he has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan. "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
The emotional component of disaster consumption is therefore an important part of these processes.
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preventative consumption may constitute the only preventative measures being taken on one's behalf.

Tournament: Lincoln East | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Fremont CC | Judge: Panel

Discourse AC

Framework

I value morality.

First, knowledge is not absolute but rather contingently constructed. Both an agent's perspective and object of their perspective are subject to continual personal and societal reinterpretation. Therefore, only communication amongst subjects about their perspective can be indicative of truth and is a necessary means by which we can uncover knowledge.

Michael Anker, 2009
"The Ethics of Uncertainty: Aporetic Openings', Atropos Press, pg 25.
As mentioned and affirmed, all things (concepts, words, objects, subjects
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affirms the uncertainty of an indeterminate subject, object, and conceptual becoming.

Second, differing perspectives mandates conflict on account of disagreement which cannot be resolved but only mitigated. However, forced consent to majority opinion is unethical as it denies democratic equality and the rationality of the adversarial position. Therefore, ethics must focus on fostering an agonistic pluralism which respects the fundamental ability to engage in discourse regardless of the opposing view.

Chantal Mouffe, 2000
Mouffe is a professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. "The Democratic Paradox"
Envisaged from the point of view of "agonistic pluralism", the aim of democratic
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but they should be seen as temporary respites in an ongoing confrontation.

Thus, the standard is consistency with agonistic pluralism.

Further prefer the standard:

First, identity is constructed according to recognition by others in a community. Development of personal identity requires discursive openness and equality.

Jurgen Habermas, 1994
"Remarks on Discourse Ethics", pg 109-110, MIT Press.
Social interactions mediated by the use of language oriented to mutual understanding are constitutive for
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seated than the tangible vulnerability of bodily integrity, though connected with it.

Second, the state's political authority is derived from communication. Absent discourse from citizens states have no legitimate claim to control of their population and institutions of government can only exist through democratic deliberation.

Jeffery Flynn, 2004
"Communicative Power in Habermas's Theory of Democracy" Middlebury College, European Journal of Political Theory
Habermas argues that the attempt to interpret popular sovereignty in procedural terms must be '
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administrative power is only legitimate if bound to this discursively generated communicative power.

Third, linguistics is the vehicle by which human agents generate meanings and develop which mandates communication as part and parcel of ethics. Additionally, moral obligations are only coherent within a societal context and cannot exist a-priori.

Haste (Helen, professor of Education at Harvard University, "Communitarianism and the Social Construction of Morality." The Office for Studies in Moral Development and Education at University of Illinois at Chicago. 1998.)
Communitarian thinkers start from a very different psychological tradition. They emphasize the primacy of
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it as wrong because treats her as an object rather than a person.

Fourth, universal moral rules require discourse in order to determine the subjective situations in which they can be applied.

Benhabib 86 ("The Generalized and the Concrete Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Feminist Theory." Praxis International (1986): 38-60.)
It is no longer plausible to maintain that such a standpoint can universalize adequately.
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my moral situation to be "like" or "unlike" yours.

Contention 1 is Free Speech

Free speech on both sides of the aisle is under siege – students, administrations, police, and society writ large are all involved. This causes a nationwide chilling effect on discourse and dissent from popular opinion.

Conor Friedersdorf, 2016
"The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus" The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-glaring-evidence-that-free-speech-is-threatened-on-campus/471825/
To sum up: free speech on campus is threatened from a dozen directions.
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this fight. The marginalized college students of the future will thank them.

Lack of free speech causes an iceberg effect – public debates are forced into the private sphere with only radical opinions showing above the surface. Those harboring different opinions are labeled as enemies, inviting ignorance and dogmatism while stunting activism.

Joshi Herrmann, 2015
 "The battle for free speech at US universities and the rise of the iceberg campus" Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/free-speech-safe-spaces-yale-racism-gender-sexuality-a6757936.html
Should university be a safe space that protects students from the unpleasantness they will meet
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No one really knows what everyone in the middle thinks," she says.

Case studies such as Yale University prove that free speech is a tool for activists – calls for safe spaces, trigger warnings, and minority movements are dependent on free speech. Likewise, alternatives to mandatory speech limitation exist such as voluntary safe spaces and assurance of physical safety.

Jennifer Schuessler, 2016
"Can Cries of 'Free Speech' Be a Weapon? Students Say Yes" NY Times
The reports three main case studies cover complex conflicts on three campuses that drew intense
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for all, and part of the reason is that of free speech."

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Golda Meir KP | Judge: Louis Kollar

1AC

We begin our discussion with Franz Kafka's "A Report for an Academy". Red Peter, an ape who obtained human capacity, gives a report to an academy of scientists in 1917:

Franz Kafka, 1917. "A Report an Academy" translated by Willa and Edwin Muir, Schocken Books Inc.  http://www.kafka.org/index.php?aid=161
I repeat: there was no attraction for me in imitating human beings; I
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, honored Members of the Academy, I have only made a report.

Universities are defined by prestige and elitism, ordering themselves according to arbitrary rankings, grandiose self-perception, and the market economy. "A Report to an Academy" highlights this alienating bureaucracy, which has intimately tied education to the production of exclusionary cultural norms. Red Peter's transition from savage to academic is a form of cultural death, predicated on a relentless drive for false progress that equates materialist exchange to cultural meaning. This spectacle of technological expertise is imposed upon society by Academia which has become a defining structure of modernity, while masking any critique as "uncultured" and "unaware of tradition".

Jerry Zaslove, 2012
Zaslove is a professor emeritus at Simon Fraser University and is a Ph.D. in Comparative European Literature. "A Report to an Academy: Some Untimely Meditations Out of Season" English Studies in Canada, Vol 38, No 1, pg 34-37
Subsequent to writing the story, Kafka composed a letter to Red Peter on behalf
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of the apes to reveal the spectacle through the art of cynicism.10

Therefore, I affirm parrhesia as a resistance of the limiting of constitutionally protected free speech in public colleges and universities.

Structures of domination are predicated on dynamic systems of power which are produced by societal normativity. Subversion is therefore founded not in purely philosophical or political critique, but instead in the practice of producing bodily ethics and actionable methods of liberation. Parrhesia, in contrast to modes of engagement predicated on hierarchical dynamics such as the teacher who espouses tradition, forefronts the singularity of an open, internal, and personal speech. This enables a joyfully cynical questioning from a non-dominant perspective that speaks truth regardless of the powers that be.

Laurence McFalls and Mariella Pandolfi, 2015
McFalls is Professor in the Department of Political Science, Université de Montréal. Pandolfi is Professor in the Department of Anthropology, Université de Montréal. "'Parrhesia': the radical destruction of impunity", https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/laurence-mcfalls-mariella-pandolfi/E28098parrhesiaE28099-radical-destruction-of-impunity.
At the beginning of his final lecture course, Le courage de la vérité,
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in Foucault's sense of a perpetual subversive practice in an art of living. 

The role of the ballot is to vote for the best methodology of ascetic practice.

Ethical deliberation is founded in internal spirituality and self-affirmative vitalism. Practices of liberation begin with personal ascetic wills to mutate our anthropologically constitutive structures such as our rituals, praxis, and culture. Investigations of society must begin with developing an internal spiritual framework that propagates externally into transformational practices while deconstructing limiting ones.

Internal  External
Tyrus Miller, 2014
Miller is a Professor, Vice Provost, and Dean of Graduate Studies at the University of California Santa Cruz. “PETER SLOTERDIJK’S ANTHROPOTECHNIC AESTHETICS: READING ‘YOU MUST CHANGE YOUR LIFE’”

Peter Sloterdijk’s 2009 volume You Must Change Your Life is a  
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lives of contemporary individuals with unpredictable flashes of spiritual emergency" (38).

Systems of power are tools that can either be used for good or manipulated for exploitation, as power is not absolute but rather fluid in its nature. Intellectuals have a particularly crucial role to play in terms of the restricting of criticism and history given their position within society. Acting alongside rather than evaluating transcendentally is crucial to critical praxis that can produce effective resistance.

Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, 2004
Foucault was a historian, Deleuze was a philosopher. They didn't really do much. "Desert Island and Other Texts: 1953-1974" (Desert Islands is a collection of unpublished interviews and texts by Deleuze, the collection was published in 2004, but the work within was written between 1953-1974) p206-209
Michel Foucault: A Maoist told me: "I can see why Sartre is
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them. A "theory" is the regional system of this struggle.

Tournament: NSCTA Nebraska State Debate Championship | Round: 1 | Opponent: Omaha North GR | Judge: Olivia Belanger

Framework

Same Utilitarianism as other topics.

Contention 1 is Climate Change

Subpoint A is International Refugees

Climate refugees are becoming increasingly frequent due to loss of housing - housing infrastructure is crucial to prepare for millions and to prevent wars, famine, and international fallout.

Robin McKie, 2013
"Climate change 'will make hundreds of millions homeless'" The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/may/12/climate-change-expert-stern-displacement
It is increasingly likely that hundreds of millions of people will be displaced from their
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even more greenhouse gases, including methane, and further intensify global warming.

Subpoint B is Domestic Emissions

Housing is at the forefront of America's domestic climate crisis – 30 of emissions are a result of buildings. Affordable housing development is crucial to create jobs and cut energy bills which invigorates local economies and slows global warming.

Bracken Hendricks et al, 2013
Bracken Hendricks, Adam James, and Bryan Lewis. "A Climate Action Plan for Affordable Multifamily Housing" https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2013/07/25/70715/a-climate-action-plan-for-affordable-multifamily-housing/
Why affordable multifamily housing? Buildings account for 36 percent of the total energy use
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local spending and an improved quality of life for both families and communities.

Gentrification is increasingly pushing people further from the location of their occupations causing smog, pollution, and urban emission problems – affordable housing is key to closing the distance and California proves.

Orson Aguilar, 2016
"Fighting the Housing Crisis by Attacking Climate Change," Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/orson-aguilar/fighting-the-housing-cris_b_9515400.html
What does this have to do with climate? Everything, if you connect the
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cases, construction either has already started or is about to get going.

Climate change is the largest tangible existential threat – it knows no borders, kills millions in the Global South, and makes global infrastructure collapse inevitable.

Curtis Doebbler, 2011
Doebbler is an International Human Rights Lawyer, he has advised the Palestinian National Authority, made representations before the UN Human Rights Council, and has worked in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. "Two Threats to Our Existence" Ahram Weekly. http://www.masress.com/en/ahramweekly/27109
Climate change is widely acknowledged to be the greatest threat facing humanity. It will
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global temperatures reached their highest level ever and natural disasters became regular occurrences.

Contention 2 is Disease

The homeless and transient persons create a massive public health problem – those without housing are significantly more likely to contract and spread contagious diseases.

Sékéné Badiaga et al, 2008
Badiaga, Didier Raoult, and Philippe Brouqui. "Preventing and Controlling Emerging and Reemerging Transmissible Diseases in the Homeless," Center for Disease Control. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/9/pdfs/08-0204.pdf
Homelessness is an increasing social and public health problem worldwide. According to the United
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intervention measures reported to be effi cient in controlling and preventing these infections.

Diseases are becoming more prevalent and resistant to treatment – massive abuse of antibiotics creates superbugs that have the potential to reach pandemic levels and kill 33 million within a single year. Steps such as the right to housing are key to developing public health responses which are currently lacking.

Kadiyali M. Srivatsa, 1/12/17
"Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" http://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/
Superbug infections spread for several interlocking reasons. Some are medical-epidemiological. Most
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like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3

The bacteria shigella proves – it's becoming stronger, resistant, and has outbreaks amongst the homeless.

Sydney Lupkin, 2015
"Shigella: What to Know About America's New Drug-Resistant Bug," ABC News
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported this week that the bacteria Shigella sonnei
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recently reported as part of an outbreak among the San Francisco homeless population.