Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Contact me on Facebook, "Paranirmal Balachundhar"
phone: 781-864-1811
nbalachundhar@gmail.com
we disclose all our stuff, let me know if you need anything.

Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cambridge AG | Judge: Parth Ahya

Apocalyptic rhetoric produces psychic numbing which ensures biopolitics and —vote aff to reject bad scholarship while voting neg doesn’t prevent an inevitable extinction

Chernus 14
Ira Chernus, a TomDispatch regular, is professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado Boulder and author of the online "MythicAmerica: Essays." He blogs at MythicAmerica.us; "Apocalypses Everywhere Is There Any Hope in an Era Filled with Gloom and Doom?"; February 25, 2014; http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175811/tomgram3A'ira'chernus2C'what'ever'happened'to'plain'old'apocalypse/
Yes, the A-word is now everywhere, and most of the time
AND
apocalypses everywhere: abandon all hope, ye who live here and now.

Tournament: All | Round: Quads | Opponent: All | Judge: All
INTERPRETATION-  Debaters must disclose all broken cases  on the NDCA wiki under their own name. In this disclosure, they must post cites, tags, and first three and last three words of all cards read. Debaters may begin disclosing at any point during the season, but they must disclose all broken cases at least an hour before this round in order to meet my interp, regardless of whether the tournament requires disclosure. 

Strat
Clash
Academic Integrity

Tournament: Newark RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Ridge JH | Judge: Antigua, Fife
Interpretation- the negative counterplans may not be plan inclusive

Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Millburn CS | Judge: Terrence Lonam

Adv

Restrictions on campus speech undermine the free exchange of ideas—that kills economic growth and competitiveness

Millsap 16 ~Adam Millsap (research fellow for the State and Local Policy Project with the Mercatus Center at George Mason University). "Free Speech Is Good for the Economy." U.S. News and World Report. May 23rd, 2016. http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2016-05-23/free-speech-is-good-for-the-economy~~**
Commencement season is now underway, and President Barack Obama recently had the honor of
AND
the long-term costs of stifling speech are larger than commonly recognized.

The US is key to the global economy for the foreseeable future- but their on the brink of decrease now

High 12/5 ~(Peter. Reporter on Innovative ideas in the world of information technology) Forbes . He is in an interview with Peter Zeihan (Geopolitical Strategist Peter Zeihan is a global energy, demographic and security expert, and the author of The Accidental Superpower: The Next Generation of American Preeminence and the Coming Global Disorder. He is an advisor to the US State Department and to the Washington, DC think tank community. In his book, he notes that the reassertion of geopolitics as the rule by which the world operates; global demographic inversions; and shale energy will all lead to a period of U.S. domination across the next half century and possibly beyond. I recently spoke with Zeihan, and our conversation covered these changes, the U.S.’s changing role in global security and trade; the sectors that will be changed most, countries that are the best targets for trade by the United States, as well as a variety of other topics) "Reasons Why The US Will Dominate The World Economy For The Foreseeable Future" Dec 5, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2016/12/05/reasons-why-the-us-will-dominate-the-world-economy-for-the-foreseeable-future/~~#63cf66623841. ~ NB
Peter High: In your book, The Accidental Superpower, you talked about how
AND
energy-independent, but the United States itself might be very close.

Economic decline risks a breakdown of international institutions—that causes war

1930s prove that prolonged global downturn has geopolitical repercussions in the US and Europe
Brings about trade wars and competition over resources, 
Hurts international institutions like EU and WT
Tensions are rising now 
Kreitner 11 
AND
to the extent it is chugging at all, on the false security offered

That’s the most probable scenario for war

Cooperation has increasily been less likely to work in multiple empirical examples i.e. 1990s, 
Most likely to cause economic crises 
Elhefnawy 11 ~Nader Elhefnawy (professor of English at the University of Miami, writer on IR published in peer-reviewed journals including International Security, Astropolitics, and Survival). "Twenty Years After the Cold War: A Strategic Survey," Parameters, The U.S. Army War College Quarterly. Spring 2011. http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011spring/Ehlefnawy.pdf~~**
Relative calm has prevailed among the great powers since the demise of the Soviet Union
AND
to the United States’ freedom of action if such events ever do materialize.

Solvency

Plan Text: Resolved- Public colleges and universities in the United States should adopt policies on freedom of speech modeled on Yale University’s Woodward Report of 1974.

The plan effectively restores free speech and intellectual freedom on campuses

Kurtz 15 ~Stanley Kurtz (graduated from Haverford College and holds a Ph.D. in social anthropology from Harvard University. He did his field work in India and taught at Harvard and the University of Chicago). "A Plan to Restore Free Speech on Campus." National Review. December 7th, 2015. http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/428122/plan-restore-free-speech-campus-stanley-kurtz~~**
Many of the proposals listed below can be mandated for public universities by state legislatures
AND
of students on campus, represents the best hope of overcoming these obstacles.

Framework

The value is morality

The standard is maximizing foreseen expected pleasure

1. Moral realism is true- pain and pleasure are only intrinsic values

Gray 09 ~Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008)~
If we have evidence that anything in particular has intrinsic value, then we also
AND
attempt to show that the alternatives are less justified in the next section.

2. If good is subjectively constructed- those standards collapse

3. Moral uncertainty means we prevent extinction

Bostrom 11 —¶ (2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.    

4. Physicalism is true and is side constraint on ethics

Papineau 08, David, "Naturalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/naturalism/.**
In the middle of the nineteenth century the conservation of kinetic plus potential energy came
AND
it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them.

6. Sovereignty is a construct from the experiential and is fluid, authority exists as a short cut to informed utility calculus

McSweeny 96 BILL McSWEENEY Lectured in Sociology at the Univ of York, Head of International Peace Studies Program @ Irish School of economics, Ph.D. Trinity College Dublin B.Phil. University of York B.A. University of Essex RIS 1996 (22)
 ‘We are who we choose to be’ overstates our freedom in the matter
AND
relevance of this argument to the concept of societal security should be clear.

8. Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.

Olson 10 ~Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) "Personal Identity" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/~~#PsyApp~~**
Whatever psychological continuity may amount to, a more serious worry for the Psychological Approach
AND
, you are both hungry and not hungry at once: a contradiction.

10. Determinism is true: our bodies are controlled by biological principles only – there’s no room for free will.

Drescher 06 ~Gary L. (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT) "Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics" Bradford Books May 5th 2006~
One prominent notion is that we have both a ghostlike component (our consciousness or
AND
to deviate sometimes from the same rules that such particles otherwise always obey. 

Only consequentialism is consistent with determinism.

Greene and Cohen Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen (Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University) "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything" November 26^th 2004 Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B (2004)359,1775–1785 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693457/pdf/15590618.pdf
The forward-looking–consequentialist approach to punishment works with all three responses to
AND
requires compatibilism. Accordingly, the standard legal account of punishment is compatibilist.

Underview

B. Debate’s strategic incentives bastardize phil debate

Nebel et Al 13 ~Teaching Philosophy 36:3, September 2013 271 Teaching Philosophy through Lincoln-Douglas Debate JACOB NEBEL Wolfson College, Oxford University RYAN W. DAVIS Harvard University PETER VAN ELSWYK Rutgers University BEN HOLGUIN New York University ~
Another cause of poorly justified relativism and skepticism in LD debate comes from judge expectations
AND
inclined to accept a controversial philosophical view about morality for the wrong reasons.

Tournament: Newark RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AM | Judge: Astacio, Omoregie

Framing

Neoliberalism has infilitrated the academy.It has sacrificed the academy and higher education as a site for knowledge production and critical dialogue. Objectviity is a lie- ethical standpoints have been constructed by neoliberalism and hides true inequality. The role of the ballot is to fight neoliberalism through post-fiat consequences of governmental policy

Giroux 13 ~Henry A. Giroux (McMaster Univeristy Professor for Scholarship in Public Interest and the Paulo Freire Distingusiehd Scholar in Critical Pedagogy", 10-29-2013, "Henry A. Giroux," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19654-public-intellectuals-against-the-neoliberal-university~~ NB
And while Lourde refers to poetry here, I think a strong case can be
AND
the economic Darwinism and civic corruption at the heart of a debased politics.

Modern oppression and institutionalized violence are a result of political ignorance, isolationism, and egoism that makes minorities disposable

Giroux 13 ~Giroux, Henry. "Violence Is Deeply Rooted in American Culture:." Leolienne. N.p., 13 Jan. 2013. Web. http://www.leolienne.com/bamablog/index.php/categories/28-learning/essatorials/1158-henry-giroux-violence-deeply-routed-in-american-culture.~~ KB access 12/1/15
In the US there is an institutionalized regime of neoliberal violence directed against low income
AND
actions, and politics is removed from the promise of a substantive democracy.

Education is increasingly driven by neoliberal forces – student activism is key to retake the political sphere.

Williams 15 ~Jo Williams (Lecturer, College of Education at Victoria University), "Remaking education from below: the Chilean student movement as public pedagogy," Australian Journal of Adult Learning, November 2015~ 
More than ever the crisis of schooling represents, at large, the crisis of
AND
and a return of the student and pedagogue as authentic and critical subjects.

UQ/Inherency

Universities currently restrict free speech- that stifles protests and key intellectual discussion necessary for progressivism

Maloney 16 ~Cliff Maloney, Jr., Oct 13, 2016, "Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech," TIME, http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speech-zone/~~ NB
In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as "a discussion between
AND
of ideas. Restrictive campus speech codes are, in fact, regressive.

The alt right is already energized in the status quo- students already engage in harmful dialogue.

Harkinson 12-6 ~Harkinson, Josh. "The Push to Enlist ‘Alt-Right’ Recruits on College Campuses. Dec 6, 2016. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/12/richard-spencer-alt-right-college-activism. ~
How much support is there for the loose-knit coalition of white nationalists and
AND
and fascism, including Nazism in Germany (and in the United States).

The state seeks contains protestors and geopolitically isolates protest from politics- the impact is the destruction of alternate futures

Elmer and Opel 08 ~Greg- Director of the Infoscape research lab and Bell Globemedia Research Chair @ Ryerson University, and Andy, associate professor Dept. of Communication @ Florida State University, Preempting Dissent: The Politics of an Inevitable Future, p.  30-31 ,  GAL~
This chapter argues that in the shadow of 9/11, the war in
AND
spaces, metaphorically separating the political mainstream from so-called marginal voices.

Solvency

Protests have been essential to deconstruct facets of the neoliberal university- multiple empirics prove

Delgado 15 ~Delgado, Sandra. "The Pedagogical Potential of Student Collective Action in the Age of the Corporate University"  (Doctoral Student in curriculum studies at the university of british Columbia). Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy. University of British Columbia. 2015~ NB
One recent movement that has integrated classic and creative repertoires of action is the Chilean
AND
contribute to critical reflection, social engagement and action on specific social issues. 

Counterspeech is especially effective- it bolsters campus-wide movements and mitigates the risk of dealing with censorship issues which sacrifices focus on the movement

Calleros 95 ~Calleros, Charles R. "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun" (Professor of Law, Arizona State University). HeinOnline. Arizona State Law Journal. 1995~ NB
Delgado and Yun summarize the support for the counterspeech argument by paraphrasing Nat Hentoff:
AND
it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity. 

Student bodies are essential flashpoints to create social change- they are diverse classes that foster difference

Delgado 15 ~Delgado, Sandra. "The Pedagogical Potential of Student Collective Action in the Age of the Corporate University"  (Doctoral Student in curriculum studies at the university of british Columbia). Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy. University of British Columbia. 2015~ NB
During the last decade students have played a prominent role, as part of the
AND
and their work can be found as part of the literary genre.4 

Descriptive governmentality fails to understand the political as constructed- it can be reversed

Zanotti 13 ~Laura, associate professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech., Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 2008 and joined the Purdue University faculty in 2009. "Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World", originally published online 30 December 2013, DOI: 10.1177/0304375413512098, P. Sage Publications~ KB
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
AND
where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations.13

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Not Sure | Judge: Nadia Hussein

1AC- Generic

Colleges and universities have significantly repressed constitutionally protected speech—as political correctness defines the milieu of campuses, limits on speech have all but disappeared with the rise of Trump

Burleigh 16 ~Nina Burleigh (Newsweek's National Politics Correspondent. She is an award-winning journalist and the author of five books. Her last book, The Fatal Gift of Beauty: The Trials of Amanda Knox, was a New York Times bestseller. In the last several years, she has covered a wide array of subjects, from American politics to the Arab Spring). "The Battle Against ‘Hate Speech’ on College Campuses Gives Rise to a Generation that Hates Speech." Newsweek. May 26th, 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/2016/06/03/college-campus-free-speech-thought-police-463536.html~~**
More than half of America’s colleges and universities now have restrictive speech codes. And
AND
of his words would almost certainly be prohibited speech on most college campuses. 

Trump is an example of how public vulgarity has returned to the political, disintegrating the ethical substance of public life—at the same time, restrictions which mandate politically correct speech contribute to the same destruction by normalizing state violence

Zizek 16 ~Slavoj Zizek (cultural critic). "The Return of Public Vulgarity." Newsweek. February 12th, 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/return-public-vulgarity-425691~~**
We should be under no illusions about the meaning of statements like those of Netanyahu
AND
at faceless institutions that regulate their lives in a nontransparent way is fully justified

This seeming paradox at the heart of speech restrictions proves the undecidability at the heart of our symbolic order—political correctness guarantees that offensiveness will appear in a worse form that is masked by benevolence—we must understand the power relations at the heart of language

Zizek 99 ~Slavoj Zizek. The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. Pgs. 332-333, 1999. Google Books.~
In all these domains, the différend seems to be irreducible—that is to
AND
criterion in order to direct and posit a limitation to inherent scientific drive.

Political correctness prevents us from truly overcoming inequalities—we choose to soften our language in lieu of challenging structures—only a method of shared obscene solidarity places ourselves and the Other on equal footing

Merelli 15 ~Annalisa Merelli (holds a master's degree in semiotics and a bachelor's degree in mass communication from the University of Bologna). "Slavoj Žižek thinks political correctness is exactly what perpetuates prejudice and racism." Quartz. May 8th, 2015. http://qz.com/398723/slavoj-zizek-thinks-political-correctness-is-exactly-what-perpetuates-prejudice-and-racism/~~**
"I’m well aware that we should not just walk around and humiliate each other
AND
can openly be made fun of, just as we do of ourselves.

Vote aff to affirm the obscene—Only the 1AC fosters intellectual freedom—language must be a conduit for venting our aggressiveness—censorship forces us to repress our desires, making physical violence inevitable

Schwartz 86 ~Joel Schwartz (University of Toronto). "Freud and Freedom of Speech." The American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Dec., 1986), pp. 1227-1248. JSTOR.~
These statements suggest that Freud defends intellectual freedom for reasons similar to some of those
AND
(Freud, 1916-17, lecture 9, p. 142)

I affirm that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Violence is not always given rational articulation—that makes it impossible to comprehend simply through moral philosophy—only psychoanalysis enables us to understand the symbolic violence at the heart of political correctness

Valentic 16
Tonci Valentic (University of Zagreb). "Symbolic Violence and Global Capitalism." International Journal of Zizek Studies, vol. 2, no. 2. 2016. http://www.zizekstudies.org/index.php/IJZS/article/viewFile/108/108
The major task of philosophical analysis of violence in contemporary world should be developing a
AND
only the tip of an iceberg made up of "systemic" violence. 

The role of the ballot and judge is to investigate violence through psychoanalytic phenomenology—this is uniquely key to understanding political correctness and fostering meaningful dialogue

Schwartz 16
Howard Schwartz. Political Correctness and the Destruction of Social Order: Chronicling the Rise of the Pristine Self. Palgrave Macmillan, pg. 4, 2016. Google Books.
The occasion for this has been what I call the rise, or the establishment
AND
is. It is in that spirit that we will undertake this inquiry. 

Self-reflexive interrogation of the psyche is essential to ushering in new patterns of symbolization

Moon 13
Davis S. Moon. "Autonomy and alienated subjectivity: A re-reading of Castoriadis, through Zizek." Subjectivity, 6 (4). pp. 424-244. 2013. http://opus.bath.ac.uk/36738/1/AaAS'Subjectivities'R'R'FINAL'DSM.pdf
Alienation and Autonomy: Prerequisite, not Obstacle The key issue here is the psyche
AND
through Žižek as advocated here produces a new composite purer for being tainted.

Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cambridge AG | Judge: Parth Ahya

Framing

Black lives matter isn’t futurism – state based movements build coalitions necessary to revalue black agency.

Bailey 15 ~Bailey, Julius, and David J. Leonard. "Black Lives Matter: Post-Nihilistic Freedom Dreams." Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric 5.3/4 (2015): 67-77~.KB
Three simple words: Black- Lives- Matter. These words have come to
AND
demand for an alternative to the present racial configuration in the United States.

The role of the ballot is to embrace the politics of black lives matter to resolve material conditions of antiblackness. Academia is at the brink- only interrogation through education interjects meaningful challenges against systems of power.

Quick 6-21 ~Kimberly Quick (The Century Foundation. Policy Associate), 6-21-2016, "Why Black Lives Matter in Education, Too," Century Foundation, https://tcf.org/content/commentary/black-lives-matter-education/~~ NB
Last month, the New Schools Venture Fund Summit in San Francisco—an invitation
AND
whatever reasons, some conservatives still seem to shy away from the concept.

Causal processes predispose us to certain modes of thought, instead we must use particular realities to deconstruct oppression

we should recognize the plurality of view for other people. Objective standards don’t exist and you shouldn't be able to perpetuate one notion of identity. 
Causal forces takes out ideal theory because you must be informed of the empirical of 
AND
relations (of. May, 1987, pp. 22-23).

Offense

Police violence is common and enforcement atomizes individuals who are people of color, differently abled, and minorities - civil liability reform is the first step

Stefan 16 ~De Stefan, Lindsey, (J.D. Candidate, Seton Hall Universtiy School of Law; B.A. Ramapo College of New Jersey. ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2017). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student'scholarship/850 ~ NB
In recent months, it has been impossible to ignore the overwhelming presence of police
AND
liability enjoyed by law enforcement officers alleged to have violated individual constitutional rights. 

Judges allow the police to get away with anything- people are deterred from filing lawsuits

Pattis 16 ~bracketed for ableist rhetoric~ Pattis, Norm. Management, Elite. "Norman Pattis Blog". Norm Pattis Blog. N. p., 2016. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.KB
I get many calls each week from people who believe they have been abused by
AND
accomplices in a police state; most of them don't even realize it.

Qualified immunity requires clear precedent and favors officers- that allows judges to avoid setting new rights

Carbado 16 ~Drew Carbado  (Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law, UCLA), "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes," Georgetown Law Journal Vo. 104, 2016.~ 
Qualified Immunity: Perhaps a more fundamental barrier to holding police officers ac- countable
AND
a significant doctrinal hurdle to holding police officers accountable for acts of violence. 

Thus, the plan: Resolved- The United States Federal Government should limit qualified immunity for police officers to zero through strict liability. This ensures litigation against harm regardless of police intent.

Answers departments turns case bc 1. Policing is shitty rn so theres no uniqueness to a marginal increase so try or die for the aff to improve policing 2. Police wouldn’t arrest frivolously bc frivolous arrests bring litigation in a feedback cycle, only good arrests will be pursued to avoid shit, insurers will get pissed so indemnity doesn’t take this out
Effectively is the best method to rid of qualified immunity because we don't give officers
AND
objectively enforced, and violations of which result in victims pushing for enforcement.

Plan Solves- multiple warrants

1. Precedent and Cooperation- litigation establishes clear precedents for the future and fosters trust in the community

Stefan 16 ~De Stefan, Lindsey, (J.D. Candidate, Seton Hall Universtiy School of Law; B.A. Ramapo College of New Jersey. ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2017). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student'scholarship/850 ~ NB
Altering the qualified immunity doctrine is an excellent way to begin the path to restoring
AND
immediate way to rebuild trust and begin healing the citizen-police relationship.

2. Department Analysis- even if civilians don't win compensation- lawsuits create reform and police know their behavior will be watched

Schwartz 11 ~Schwartz, Joanna C. "What Police Learn from Lawsuits." Cardozo L. Rev. 33 (2011): 841. Joanna Schwartz is a Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law. She teaches Civil Procedure, the Civil Rights Litigation Clinic~ KB
Lawsuits are widely recognized to compensate and deter; this Article shows suits can also
AND
to create multiple, new, and even redundant sources of information."253

3. Accountability- Internal concessions from cop polls prove litigation only chills bad policing but incentivizes good policing

Ferdik 13 ~Ferdik, Frank V. "Perception is Reality: A Qualitative Approach to Understanding Police Officer View on Civil Liability" COGINTA. For Police Reforms and Community Safety. Working Paper No. 49. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of armed forces. Joint IPES, Coginta, and DCAF, Wroking Paper Series in a on open forum for the global community of police experts, researchers, and practioners provided by the International Police exeecrutive Symposium. Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. University of South Carolina.August 2013~ NB
It appears that civil litigation may also be a concern for police administrators. For
AND
of Study- Evaluates a large quantity of police chiefs  and various departments-

Indemnification doesn't deter officers- they still worry about negative relations, and it’s the only way to compensate plaintiffs.

Schwartz 14 ~Schwartz, Joanna C. "Police Indemnification" Assistant Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law. New York University Law Review. 2014~ NB
Others will argue that, despite indemnification, police officers are still in danger of
AND
pays settle- ments and judgments against officers out of a general fund. 

Independently, qualified immunity masks other methods of the CJS that maintain racial violence.

Hassel 99 ~Hassel, Diana. "Living a Lie: The cost of Qualified Immunity" Winter 1999. Volume 64. Missouri law Review. Available at: http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol64/iss1/9 ~ NB
The problem with qualified immunity is not so much that the outcomes are sometimes unfair
AND
us peace, but it keeps from us the tools required for reform. 

Underview- State

1. Descriptive governmentality fails to understand the political as constructed- it can be reversed

Zanotti 13 ~Laura, associate professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech., Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 2008 and joined the Purdue University faculty in 2009. "Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World", originally published online 30 December 2013, DOI: 10.1177/0304375413512098, P. Sage Publications~ KB
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
AND
where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations.13

2. Debating and researching government policy does not entrench a universal subject, but refusal on those grounds ironically does

Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 289-290)
Unlike positions that adopt governmentality as a descriptive tool and end up embracing the liberal
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stuyvesant KF | Judge: Jeff Eikelbrener

1AC

Framing

1. Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Curry 14 ~Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, BE~
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Our different upbringings as children bias us to value different things, objective moral standards do not exist, instead we must be pluralist. ====
we should recognize the plurality of view for other people. Objective standards don’t exist and you shouldn't be able to perpetuate one notion of identity. 
Causal forces takes out ideal theory because you must be informed of the empirical of 
AND
relations (of. May, 1987, pp. 22-23).

4. Global justice requires a reduction in inequality and a focus on material rights.

Okereke 07 ~Chukwumerije Okereke (Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia). Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Governance. Routledge 2007~
Notwithstanding these drawbacks, these scholars provide very compelling arguments against mainstream conceptions of justice
AND
satisfy their aspirations for a better life. (WCED 1987: 43). 

Offense

Police violence is common and enforcement atomizes individuals who are people of color, differently abled, and minorities - civil liability reform is the first step

Stefan 16 ~De Stefan, Lindsey, (J.D. Candidate, Seton Hall Universtiy School of Law; B.A. Ramapo College of New Jersey. ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2017). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student'scholarship/850 ~ NB
In recent months, it has been impossible to ignore the overwhelming presence of police
AND
liability enjoyed by law enforcement officers alleged to have violated individual constitutional rights. 

Judges allow the police to get away with anything- people are deterred from filing lawsuits

Pattis 16 ~bracketed for ableist rhetoric~ Pattis, Norm. Management, Elite. "Norman Pattis Blog". Norm Pattis Blog. N. p., 2016. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.KB
I get many calls each week from people who believe they have been abused by
AND
accomplices in a police state; most of them don't even realize it.

Qualified immunity requires clear precedent and favors officers- that allows judges to avoid setting new rights

Carbado 16 ~Drew Carbado  (Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law, UCLA), "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes," Georgetown Law Journal Vo. 104, 2016.~ 
Qualified Immunity: Perhaps a more fundamental barrier to holding police officers ac- countable
AND
a significant doctrinal hurdle to holding police officers accountable for acts of violence. 

We affirm the resolution- the United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers

Affirming prevents police officers from doing bad things.

1. Precedent and Cooperation- litigation establishes clear precedents for the future and fosters trust in the community

Stefan 16 ~De Stefan, Lindsey, (J.D. Candidate, Seton Hall Universtiy School of Law; B.A. Ramapo College of New Jersey. ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2017). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student'scholarship/850 ~ NB
Altering the qualified immunity doctrine is an excellent way to begin the path to restoring
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immediate way to rebuild trust and begin healing the citizen-police relationship.

2. Department Analysis- even if civilians don't win compensation- lawsuits create reform and police know their behavior will be watched

Schwartz 11 ~Schwartz, Joanna C. "What Police Learn from Lawsuits." Cardozo L. Rev. 33 (2011): 841. Joanna Schwartz is a Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law. She teaches Civil Procedure, the Civil Rights Litigation Clinic~ KB
Lawsuits are widely recognized to compensate and deter; this Article shows suits can also
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to create multiple, new, and even redundant sources of information."253

3. Accountability- Internal concessions from cop polls prove litigation only chills bad policing but incentivizes good policing

Ferdik 13 ~Ferdik, Frank V. "Perception is Reality: A Qualitative Approach to Understanding Police Officer View on Civil Liability" COGINTA. For Police Reforms and Community Safety. Working Paper No. 49. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of armed forces. Joint IPES, Coginta, and DCAF, Wroking Paper Series in a on open forum for the global community of police experts, researchers, and practioners provided by the International Police exeecrutive Symposium. Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. University of South Carolina.August 2013~ NB
It appears that civil litigation may also be a concern for police administrators. For
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of Study- Evaluates a large quantity of police chiefs  and various departments-

Indemnification doesn't deter officers- they still worry about negative relations, and it’s the only way to compensate plaintiffs.

Schwartz 14 ~Schwartz, Joanna C. "Police Indemnification" Assistant Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law. New York University Law Review. 2014~ NB
Others will argue that, despite indemnification, police officers are still in danger of
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pays settle- ments and judgments against officers out of a general fund. 

Observations:

The negative must defenda  world where they only allow qualified immunity because the resolution asks whether or not qualified immunity is good or bad.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough GK | Judge: Kyle Fennessy

1AC

Framing- K ~1:15~

1. Extinction scenarios key to genuine power resistance- working within the system is key.

state inevitable, discourses gets coopted
connecting issues with extinction gains political coverage for them. Threat construction for good purposes
theorizing accelerates oppression, cede the political (turn is that sitting back leads to 
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where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet.

2. Non ideal theory good

Mills 05 ~Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005
I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or jejune
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that the ideal-as-idealized-model will never be achieved.

3. Pain provides an objective for why oppression is bad.

- anything else is abstraction and can’t be used to convince people for ethics
Gray 09 ~Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008)~
If we have evidence that anything in particular has intrinsic value, then we also
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attempt to show that the alternatives are less justified in the next section.

4. Humanity has a right to exist— anything else excludes infinite future generations which outweighs their impacts on scope- the 1AC’s discussion is uniquely important

Cerutti 14 ~Furio, Professor of Political Philosophy emeritus at the University of Florence and Adjunct Professor at the Scuola superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa. In the last fifteen years, Cerutti has been aVisiting Professor at Harvard, the Universit´e de Paris 8, the Humboldt Universit ¨at zu Berlin, the London School of Economics and Political Science,(China Foreign Affairs University), Beijing, and Stanford University in Florence. Beyond the publications quoted in this article, Cerutti has written widely on the political identity of the Europeans and the legitimacy of the European Union (last publication: Debating Political Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union, ed. with S. Lucarelli and V. Schmidt, Routledge: London 2011), "Humankind’s First Fundamental Right: Survival," Constellations, 2014~
I have explained elsewhere9 why survival rather than justice is the leading category of a
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everybody, not just to the practitioners of ~academic philosophy~ Schulphilosophie.

5. Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction.

Bostrom 11 —¶ (2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
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of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.    

Solvency~1:45~

Plan Text: Resolved- Japan should ban the production of nuclear energy

Plan popular among public
Earthquakes/volcanoes adv built in
Current safety insufficient
Nuclear energy unsustainable
Mainichi 15 ~Japan’s National Daily. 
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not be used as a springboard to revive Japan's dependence on atomic power.

Decommissioning will be issued through four steps

Schmittem 16 ~Schmittem, Marc (Analyst for EU-Japan Energy Cooperation ). "Nuclear Decomissioning in Japan- Opportunities for European Companies". EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. Tokyo, March 2016. http://www.eu-japan.eu/sites/default/files/publications/docs/2016-03-nuclear-decommissioning-japan-schmittem-min'0.pdf~~ NB
Decommissioning is the responsibility of the operator of a nuclear facility. The NRA defines
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is not yet known if this strategy will be economically and politically feasible.

Plan would shift into complete renewable energy system—computer models prove very high reliability

- japan is a great env.
Esteban 14 ~Esteban, Miguel. Portugal-Pereira, Joana. "Post-disaster resilience of a 100 renewable energy system in Japan". 1. Gradutate Program of Sustainability Science- Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences.The University of Tokyo. Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Japan. 2. Energy Planning Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco C, Sala 211, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro RJ21941-972, Brazil. Accepted February 13, 2014~ NB
Proposed future 100 renewable energy system. The present paper modifies the methodology proposed
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the system appears to be very stable (98.4 reliability). 

Fiscal changes in Japan indicate a transition to renewables has started

Dewit 15 ~Andrew Dewit (Andrew DeWit is Professor in Rikkyo University’s School of Policy Studies and an editor of The Asia-Pacific Journal. His recent publications include "Climate Change and the Military Role in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response," in Paul Bacon and Christopher Hobson (eds) Human Security and Japan’s Triple Disaster (Routledge, 2014), "Japan’s renewable power prospects," in Jeff Kingston (ed) Critical Issues in Contemporary Japan (Routledge 2013), and (with Kaneko Masaru and Iida Tetsunari) "Fukushima and the Political Economy of Power Policy in Japan" in Jeff Kingston (ed) Natural Disaster and Nuclear Crisis in Japan: Response and Recovery after Japan’s 3/11 (Routledge, 2012). He is lead researcher for a five-year (2010-2015) Japanese-Government funded project on the political economy of the Feed-in Tariff.), 10-7-2015, "Japan’s Bid to Become a World Leader in Renewable Energy," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/japans-bid-to-become-a-world-leader-in-renewable-energy/5480274. Asia Pacific Journal, Global Resaerch~ NB
Some of the most persuasive evidence of the LDP’s expanding commitment to renewable energy and
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an additional YEN 126 billion via the 2014 fiscal year’s supplementary budget.19

More business support for renewables now

Tsukimori 7-22 ~Osamu Tsukimori and Aaron Sheldrick, 7-22-2016, "Japan business lobby says Abe government can't rely on nuclear energy," Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-energy-idUSKCN1020XH~~ NB
Japan's use of nuclear power is unlikely to meet a government target of returning to
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power when it releases an updated energy plan as early as next year.

Japan already relies a ton on import dependence and nuclear is insufficient- nonuniques their DAs

Dewit 15 ~Andrew Dewit (Andrew DeWit is Professor in Rikkyo University’s School of Policy Studies and an editor of The Asia-Pacific Journal. His recent publications include "Climate Change and the Military Role in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response," in Paul Bacon and Christopher Hobson (eds) Human Security and Japan’s Triple Disaster (Routledge, 2014), "Japan’s renewable power prospects," in Jeff Kingston (ed) Critical Issues in Contemporary Japan (Routledge 2013), and (with Kaneko Masaru and Iida Tetsunari) "Fukushima and the Political Economy of Power Policy in Japan" in Jeff Kingston (ed) Natural Disaster and Nuclear Crisis in Japan: Response and Recovery after Japan’s 3/11 (Routledge, 2012). He is lead researcher for a five-year (2010-2015) Japanese-Government funded project on the political economy of the Feed-in Tariff.), 10-7-2015, "Japan’s Bid to Become a World Leader in Renewable Energy," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/japans-bid-to-become-a-world-leader-in-renewable-energy/5480274. Asia Pacific Journal, Global Resaerch~ NB
So consider where Japan is. The country has just adopted mid-term energy
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output does not depend on the time of day or the weather.39

FIT tariffs make renewables cost competitive with currently high max imports and promote a renewable Japan

- feed in tarriff
Takase 14 ~Kae Takase, "Renewable Energy Burst in Japan", NAPSNet Special Reports, May 27, 2014, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/energy'burst'japan/~~ NB
After the Great East Japan Earthquake and nuclear accident, most Japanese conservative policymakers changed
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low carbon energy not only domestically, but to other nations as well.

Nuclear power companies block renewables

Wingfield-Hayes 15 Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert 6 May 2015, "Japan's Renewable Revolution At Risk - BBC News". BBC News. N. p., 2016. Web. 12 Sept. 2016. Rupert Anthony Wingfield-Hayes is a British journalist who is the BBC's Tokyo correspondent, having previously served as the BBC's correspondent in Beijing, Moscow and the Middle East KB
Higher fuel bills and higher emissions are bad for Japan, bad for the planet
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the Japanese government's policy on renewables appears to be in such complete disarray.

Adv- Tech Leadership ~1:50~

Japan’s global credibility rides on new climate change efforts

Watanbe 3-15 Chisaki Watanbe (contributor). "Japan Signs Off on Climate Change Plan to Meet Paris Targets." Bloomberg News. March 15^th, 2016. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-15/japan-signs-off-on-climate-change-plan-to-meet-paris-targets
Japan’s government signed off on a set of measures ranging from energy-saving steps
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, referring to the international accord reached in December to tackle climate change.

Japan needs to take action on emissions - climate leadership makes coop likely

Born 15 ~ Dimsdale, Taylor, Liz Gallagher, and Camilla Born. "
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to ensure Japan’s industries are competitive in the green markets of the future.

A renewable japan saves the economy, outcompetes oil markets, makes japan a global provider sparking a EU partnership.

Orlando 5-9 Danuta Slusarska, and Fabio Orlando. 5-9-2016. "Japan’S Energy Policy Shifts Five Years After Fukushima - Friends Of Europe". Friends of Europe. N. p., 2016. Web. 11 Aug. 2016. KB
It is estimated that between 2007 and 2014, the country invested roughly €17bn
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, in particular thanks to efforts to deregulate and liberalise Japan’s energy market.

Japan could become a lead renewables market, but only if they move beyond nuclear power—their tech will get exported and reduce climate change globally as they get modeled.

Pollock 15 ~Simon Pollock (Australia-based climate change writer and journalist. In addition to working on international climate change policy in Australia, he was a member of the start-up team that launched Al Jazeera English Television from its Asia Headquarters in Kuala Lumpur in 2006. Simon’s interest in development and environmental issues stemmed from observation of how the two don’t always mix during six years in Beijing as a Kyodo News reporter). "Japan’s Narrowing Nuclear Path to a Low-Carbon Future." Our World, brought to you by United Nations University. October 20th, 2015. https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/japans-narrowing-nuclear-path-to-a-low-carbon-future~~ KB
Izadi-Najafabadi said Japan will eventually follow Europe and the United States in promoting
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growth curve leading to a low-carbon world based on renewable energy.

Global warming definitively causes extinction

Sharp and Kennedy 14 – (Associate Professor Robert (Bob) A. Sharp is the UAE National Defense College Associate Dean for Academic Programs and College Quality Assurance Advisor. He previously served as Assistant Professor of Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) in the U.S. National Defense University (NDU), Washington D.C. and then as Associate Professor at the Near East South Asia (NESA) Center for Strategic Studies, collocated with NDU. Most recently at NESA, he focused on security sector reform in Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported regional security engagement events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Palestine and Qatar; Edward Kennedy is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets; 8/22/14, "Climate Change and Implications for National Security," International Policy Digest, http://intpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/)**
Our planet is 4.5 billion years old. If that whole time was
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investment patterns, and political decisions; it will be hard to fix! 

Adv- Alliances ~1:35~

The US-Japan alliance is strong now, but it won’t last long-term unless leaders redouble their efforts at cooperation

Curtis 5-14 ~Gerald Curtis (Burgess Professor of Political Science Emeritus at Columbia University). "The US and Japan in a Turbulent Asia." Keynote speech given to the Columbia Business School. May 14th, 2016. http://weai.columbia.edu/read-gerald-l-curtiss-keynote-speech-the-us-and-japan-in-a-turbulent-asia/~~ NB
It is a great honor and a deep personal pleasure to be invited to give
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in implementing them, and for Japan because power sharing involves taking risks. 

A renewable energy focused Japan amplifies US-Japan relationship which bolsters Japanese military readiness, strengthens their economy, and founds a powerful alliance

Dewit 14 Andrew Dewit, 5-9-2014, "Could a US-Japan ''Green Alliance'' Transform the Climate-Energy Equation?," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/23597-could-a-us-japan-green-alliance-transform-the-climate-energy-equation NB
US President Barack AND
table at this historic time, when an embryonic green alliance already exists.

The US-Japan alliance is key to the Asia Pivot—that prevents multiple nuclear wars against China, North Korea, and Russia

- China is becoming assertive and modern esp in SCS. 
- North Korea is adjusting it's nuclear and missile provocations
- Russia relations getting worse with US i.e. the annexation of crimea 
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order in ways that make it safe for dictators to bully free societies. 

Outweighs their impacts:

Magnitude- a risk of a war with Asian powers is increasing,deterrence is crucial

Timeframe- the impact happens now which means we can always recover other impacts

UV- NB

The state is made of policies and can be repurposed

- mindset shifts have failed, so their sequencing argumetns flow aff because we’ve already had the right mindset, we need to focus on reform.
Ferguson 11, James, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, "The Uses of 
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some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gilmour SW | Judge: Martin Sigalow
Water becomes tritiated and radioactive after being used as a coolant- leads to cancer  
Biello 14 Biello, David. "Is Radioactive Hydrogen in Drinking Water a Cancer Threat?"Scientific American. Nature America Inc., 7 Feb. 2014. Web. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-radioactive-hydrogen-in-drinking-water-a-cancer-threat/.
That bomb-made tritium will eventually decay away completely (presuming the test ban holds), leaving power plants and cosmic rays as the major sources, along with minor contributions from the tritium in photoluminescent signs and the like. But nuclear power plants have not done a good job of containing tritium, whether from steam or water leaks at U.S. plants. In 2005 a group of farmers in Illinois successfully sued utility Exelon for tritiated water escaping from the Braidwood nuclear power plant that had contaminated their wells, even though the levels were below those set by the EPA. And there is at least 400,000 cubic meters of tritiated water now in storage at Japan’s wrecked Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power complex, which suffered multiple meltdowns after the 2011 earthquake and subsequent tsunami. A suite of technologies there filter out 62 different radioactive particles created by the Fukushima meltdowns—leaving out only tritium, largely because it is difficult and expensive to separate water from water. Companies such as Kurion, which already helps filter out radionuclides like cesium, suggest that they have a solution if the Japanese want to eliminate the tritium as well. "It's up to TEPCO the utility and the Japanese people to decide what they want to do with that water," says materials scientist Gaetan Bonhomme, vice president of strategic planning and initiatives at Kurion. "It is a radionuclide and it does cause public concern." The Kurion process concentrates the radionuclide in a small volume of water. A proprietary material then captures the tritium and stores it—and will not release it until heated above 500 degrees Celsius. "It's stable in an accident," Bonhomme notes. The technology could be applied wherever tritium is produced, including aging nuclear reactors in the U.S. It is the hope of Bonhomme and others that by offering a solution for tritium and other nuclear wastes, they can help ease fears of fission as a source of electricity. But any treatment will be more expensive than simply dumping tritiated water. "If it was really all about science, we would be releasing most of tritium from nuclear power in the water stream, because that's the best way to dilute it," Bonhomme admits. So the question becomes: Is treating for tritium worth it? And that answer depends on the risk. Cancer is the main risk from humans ingesting tritium. When tritium decays it spits out a low-energy electron (roughly 18,000 electron volts) that escapes and slams into DNA, a ribosome or some other biologically important molecule. And, unlike other radionuclides, tritium is usually part of water, so it ends up in all parts of the body and therefore can, in theory, promote any kind of cancer. But that also helps reduce the risk: any tritiated water is typically excreted in less than a month. Some evidence suggests the kind of radiation emitted by tritium—a so-called beta particle—is actually more effective at causing cancer than the high-energy radiation such as gamma rays, even though skin can block a beta particle. The theory is that the low-energy electron actually produces a greater impact because it doesn't have the energy to travel as far and spread its impact out. At the end of its atomic-scale trip it delivers most of its ionizing energy in one relatively confined track rather than shedding energy all along its path like a higher-energy particle. This is known as density of ionization, and has been shown with the similar form of radiation called an alpha particle. Ionization is what makes radiation dangerous for human health. Essentially, the radioactive particle smashes into the atom or molecule and pushes out an electron or other particle, leaving that atom or molecule in a charged or ionized state. These charged molecules can then cause other damage as they interact with other atoms and molecules. That includes damage to DNA, genes and other cellular mechanisms. Over time this DNA instability results in a higher chance of cancer. As a result, scientists work under the assumption that any amount of radiation poses a health risk. Density of ionization suggests tritium exposure may have an increased risk of causing cancer. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health calculates compensation due energy workers who develop cancers that may have been caused by exposure to ionizing radiation with such enhanced biological effectiveness of tritium in mind as does the fund for the 200,000 or so personnel who served at nuclear test sites, the atomic veterans (although few had any tritium exposure). But there is no definitive epidemiological study to assess the true risk of tritium, and animal studies are also lacking. The cancer rates in Japanese survivors of the nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki can reveal little because they were not exposed to tritium either. "You need huge study populations to have any chance of seeing anything," Kocher notes, and that money is simply unavailable. "There is no compelling need to spend the money required to do this." To make matters even more tricky, tritium's radioactivity is difficult to detect. Because the electron tritium spits out is not a penetrating or high-energy particle, it is hard for radiation monitoring devices to even detect. That makes measuring the radiation dose from tritium difficult. "Dosimetry has been a problem," Kocher notes. "I think a definitive epidemiological study is probably impossible."
The poor of Japan were exploited and were left disposable under nuclear reactors
Schrader-Frechette 12 Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. “Nuclear Catastrophe, Disaster-Related Environmental Injustice, and Fukushima, Japan: Prima-Facie Evidence for a Japanese “Katrina”. Environmental Justice Journal. Volum 5, Number 3, 2012. Dr. Shrader-Frechette is O’Neill Family Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, and also the director of the Center for Environmental Justice and Children’s Health, at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. NB
University scientists, nuclear-industry experts, and physicians say FD radiation will cause at least 20,000- 60,000 premature-cancer deaths.41,42 Japanese poor people are among the hardest hit by FD DREI because, like those abandoned after Hurricane Katrina, Japan’s poor received inadequate post-FD-disaster assistance. Abandoned by government and ‘‘marooned’’ for weeks without roads, electricity, or water, many poor people had no medical care,43,44 transportation, or heat—despite frigid, snowy conditions.45,46 At least four reasons suggest prima-facie evidence that Japanese poor near FD have faced DREI. One prima-facie reason is that because poor people tend to live near dangerous facilities, like reactors, they face the worst accident risks. Within weeks after the FD accident began, long-lived cesium-134 and other radioactive isotopes had poisoned soils at 7.5 million times the regulatory limit; radiation outside plant boundaries was equivalent to getting about seven chest X-rays per hour.47 Roughly 19 miles Northwest of FD, air-radiation readings were 0.8 mSv per hour; after 10 days of this exposure, IARC dose- response curves predict 1 in 5 fatal cancers of those ex- posed would be attributable to FD; two-months exposure would mean most fatal cancers were caused by FD. Such exposures are likely because many near-Fukushima resi- dents were too poor to evacuate.20 ¶ Farther outside the evacuation zone—less than two weeks after the accident began—soil 25 miles Northwest of FD had cesium-137 levels ‘‘twice as high as the threshold for declaring areas uninhabitable around Chernobyl,’’ suggesting ‘‘the land might need to be abandoned.’’48 Not until a month after US and interna- tional agencies recommended expanding FD evacuation zones, did Japanese-government officials consider and reject expanding evacuation.49,50 ¶ A second prima-facie reason for Fukushima DREI is that poor people, living near reactors, have higher probabili- ties of being hurt by both normal and disaster-related radiation releases. Reactors normally cause prima facie EI because they release allowable radiation that increases local cancers and mortality, especially among infants/ children.51–55 Because zero is the only safe dose of ioniz- ing radiation (as the US National Academy of Sciences warns), its cumulative LNT (Linear, No Threshold for increased risk) effects are worst closer to reactors, where poor people live. The US EPA says even normal US ra- diation releases, between 1970–2020, could cause up to 24,000 additional US deaths.56,57 ¶ A third prima-facie reason for Fukushima DREI is that although nearby (poor) people bear both higher pre- accident and post-accident risks, others receive little/no risks and most benefits. Wealthier Tokyo residents—140 miles away—received virtually all FD electricity, yet vir- tually no EI or DREI. ¶ A fourth prima-facie reason for DREI burdens on FD poor is that their poverty/powerlessness arguably forced them into EI and accepting reactor siting. Companies hoping to site nuclear facilities target economically de- pressed areas, both in Japan and elsewhere.17,58 Thus, although FD-owner Tokyo Electric Company (TECO) has long-term safety and ‘‘cover-up scandals,’’ Fukushima residents agreed to accept TECO reactors in exchange for cash. With Fukushima $121 million in debt, in 2007 it approved two new reactors in exchange for ‘‘$45 million from the government.60 percent’’ of total town reve- nue.17,59 Yet if economic hardship forced poor towns to accept reactors in exchange for basic-services monies, they likely gave no informed consent. Their choice was not voluntary, but coerced by their poverty. Massive Japa- nese-nuclear-industry PR and media ads also have thwarted risk-disclosure, thus consent, by minimizing nuclear risks.17,53,60–62 Scientists say neither industry nor government disclosed its failure to (1) test reactor-safety equipment; (2) thwart many natural-event disasters; (3) withstand seismic events worse than those that already had occurred; (4) withstand Fukushima-type disasters; (5) admit that new passive-safety reactors require electricity to cool cores and avoid catastrophe; or (6) base reactor- safety on anything but cost-benefit tests.17,53,60–62 Thus, because prima facie evidence suggests Fukushima poor people never consented to FD siting, they are EI victims whose reactor proximity caused them also to become DREI victims. ¶ Prima-facie evidence likewise shows buraku nuclear workers are both EI and DREI victims. Internationally, nuclear workers are prominent EI victims because even without accidents, they are allowed to receive ionizing- radiation doses (50 mSv annually) 50 times higher than those received by the public. Yet, only low socio- economic-status people—like buraku—tend to take such risks. This double standard is obviously ethically ques- tionable, given that many developed nations (e.g., Germany, Scandinavian countries) prohibit it because it encourages EI—workers’ trading health for paid work, and innocent worker-descendants’ (future generations’) dying from radiation-induced genomic instability. Thus, both buraku children and their distant descendents face EI—higher radiation-induced death/disease.17,61,62 ¶ Prima-facie evidence shows, second, that FD-buraku- nuclear workers also are EI and DREI victims because they likely consented to neither normal-, nor accident- level, radiation exposures. Why not? Under normal con- ditions, 90 percent of all 83,000 Japanese nuclear workers are temporary-contract workers who receive about 16 times more radiation than the already-50-times-higher- than-public doses received by normal radiation workers. For non-accident exposures, buraku receive $350–$1,000 per day, for several days of high-radiation work. They have neither full-time employment, nor adequate com- pensation, nor union representation, nor health benefits, nor full dose disclosure, yet receive the highest work- place-radiation risks. Why? Industry is not required to ‘‘count’’ temporary workers’ radiation exposures when it calculates workers’ average-radiation doses for regula- tors. However, even if buraku were told their non- accident doses/risks, they could not genuinely consent. They are unskilled, socially shunned, temporary laborers who are forced by economic necessity to accept even deadly jobs. This two-tier nuclear-worker system—where buraku bear most (unreported) risks, while highly-paid employees bear little (reported) risk—’’ ‘is the hidden world of nuclear power’ said.a former Tokyo University physics professor.’’ In 2010, 89 percent of FD nuclear workers were temporary-contract employees, ‘‘hired from construction sites,’’ local farms, or ‘‘local gangsters.’’ With a ‘‘constant fear of getting fired,’’ they hid their injuries/ doses—to keep their jobs.61–65 ¶ Among post-FD-accident buraku, lack of adequate consent also caused prima-facie DREI because government raised workers’ allowable, post-accident-radiation doses to 250 mSv/year—250 times what the public may receive annually.63 Yet IARC says each 250-MSv FD exposure causes 25 percent of fatal cancers. Two-years’ exposure (500 MSv) would cause 50 percent of all fatal cancers. Given such deadly risks and the dire economic situation of buraku, their genuine consent is unlikely.24,25 ¶ Still another factor thwarting FD-buraku consent—and indicating prima-facie DREI—is that FD workers likely ¶ received higher doses than government admitted. ‘‘The company refused to say how many FD contract workers had been exposed to post-disaster radiation’’; moreover, nuclear-worker-protective clothing and respirators, whe- ther in the US or Japan, protect them only from skin/lung contamination; no gear can stop gamma irradiation of their entire bodies.56,63,66 Neither TECO, nor Japanese regulators, nor IAEA has released statistics on post-FD- radiation exposures, especially to buraku inside the plant. IAEA says merely: ‘‘requirements for occupational expo- sure of remediation workers can be fulfilled’’ at FD, not that they have been or will be fulfilled—a fact also sug- gesting prima-facie DREI toward buraku.67,68 ¶ Local FD children likewise comprise one of the most troubling groups of prima-facie DREI victims. Post- accident, government has allowed FD children to annu- ally receive radiation of 2000 mrem(20mSv)/year—20 times higher than normally allowed for adults, although children are up to 40 times more sensitive than adults to radiation.56,69 Thus, PSR says the FD ‘‘impact on the health of Japanese children is being glossed over’’—that about 350,000 children under age 18 are living in Fu- kushima and, after four years, FD exposures could cause 5,000 of them to die prematurely from cancer. After eight years exposure, 10,000 of them would die prematurely.22 ¶ Japanese children’s weakened FD-radiation protections and resulting prima-facie DREI are problematic because FD children receive less protection than adults, despite their higher sensitivity. Yet all other things being equal, greater vulnerability ethically demands greater govern- ment protection. The weakened FD-radiation protections also are problematic because Japanese-government- radiation-dose standards take account only of external/ airborne-radiation, not internal exposures from food and water—although government and IAEA admit internal exposures are crucial to total FD doses. Only three months after the FD disaster began, Fukushima children tested positive for internal-radiation contamination—that Japa- nese standards ignored. Even worse, because isotopes such as cesium-134/137 have half-lives greater than 30 years, this contamination will continue for decades, con- tinually causing problems like cancer. Yet PSR says gov- ernment continues to cover up risks, by ‘‘not adequately monitoring radiation contamination of soil, food, water and air and.not providing.parents with sufficient in- formation to protect their children.’’ Likewise, warning that government-allowed-FD-risks to children are ‘‘un- conscionable,’’ government-scientific advisor Toshiso Kosako tearfully resigned. Cover-up of serious risks— which negates risk disclosure and consent—thus provides evidence of prima-facie DREI to Japanese children.22,32,68,70,71 ¶ Another prima-facie reason FD children face DREI is that they are being put at risk—despite inadequate stakeholder/victim involvement, a formal requirement for parental/guardian consent. Even the pro-nuclear IAEA questioned Japanese-government ‘‘credibility’’ be- cause it was merely ‘‘developing a stakeholder-involvement ¶ strategy’’; instead, IAEA demanded interactions with ‘‘stakeholders should start as early as possible.’’ Partly because of government cover-up and no stakeholder involvement, more than seven months after the FD catas- trophe began, IAEA warned that no government radiation- ’’data-management plan’’ exists; that many contaminated Japanese schools had no radiation monitors; that because of no warning signs, Japanese have ‘‘free and unmarked’’ ac- cess to Japan’s high-radiation, ‘‘deliberate-evacuation area;’’ and that Japanese officials have neither monitored citizens’ radiation doses nor involved university scientists in re- sponding to the crisis. Hirosaki University scientists, for instance, themselves did measurements of FD radiation. They warned that many civilian FD-radiation victims received four times the 20mSv dose—80 times normally- allowed exposures—while government claimed doses were ‘‘far below levels that warrant concerns about human health.’’68,70,71 ¶ Still another prima-facie reason Japanese children are DREI victims is that their parents/guardians showed they did not consent to children’s ‘‘allowed’’ 20mSv doses—because parents did most of the school-radiation cleanup, despite neither ‘‘appropriate training, supervi- sion,’’ nor government ‘‘technical assistance.’’ Even IAEA admits many FD-contaminated schools have been ‘‘re- mediated mostly by volunteers.parents of the pupils’’— something that would not have happened if parents had consented to government-allowed child doses and lack of clean-up.68 The plight of Japanese victims of prima-facie DREI suggests several lessons, similar to those from Hurricane Katrina. One lesson is that prima-facie EI can occur both before, and after, pollution disasters if government disaster-preparedness, government risk disclosure, or noxious-facility-siting violate justice or consent. A second lesson is that prima-facie DREI is predictable whenever disasters strike areas where poor people or shunned mi- norities, like buraku, live or work. A third lesson is that prima-facie DREI is predictable, given industry cover-up, data-falsification, and failure to retrofit/update facilities in predominantly poor/minority areas. For instance, Japanese and US reactors (unlike Swiss) are neither wa- terproof, armored against terrorists, earthquake resistant, nor able to operate for 10 hours after station blackout.41 ¶ The three previous lessons suggest that DREI often is predictable, not accidental. It also is no accident that FD- DREI-related-economic losses are $700 billion, excluding health/medical losses72—at least 20 times more than any multiple-reactor owner’s market capitalization. As of late February 2012, the market capitalization of major US multiple-reactor owners, for instance, ranged from $7.40 billion (Ameren) to $30 billion (Exelon).73 Exelon’s 17 re- actors have a total market capitalization of only $30 bil- lion, equivalent to $1.8 billion per reactor, whereas individual banks have a market capitalization nearly 10 times higher.74 Nuclear capitalization may be so low be- cause most nations give the nuclear industry freedom from 98–100 percent of total-accident liability, although the US government says a single reactor accident could cost at least $660 billion.17
This creates the possibility of japan to go thermonuclear
TOURAN 16
Touran, Nick. "Common Myths And Misconceptions About Thorium Going ’Round". Whatisnuclear.com. N. p., 2016. Web. 14 Aug. 2016.
Weapons were produced with graphite or heavy-water moderated production reactors and with gas centrifuge enrichment. Oh, and thermonuclear weapons require tritium as well, which is something that many Thorium MSR designs excel in producing (darn that lithium!).

Earthquakes cost nuclear plants billions and tsunamis cause meltdown – makes nuclear inefficient and not cost competitive
WNA 16 WNA 2016 "Nuclear Power Plants And Earthquakes - World Nuclear Association ". World-nuclear.org. N. p., 2016. Web. 11 Aug. 2016.
Tepco posted a loss of JPY 150 billion (US$ 1.68 billion) for FY2007 (to 31/3/08) due to the prolonged closure of the plant, followed by JPY 109 billion loss in the first half of FY2008. While no damage to the actual reactors has been found, detailed checks continue, and upgrading of earthquake resistance is required. Major civil engineering works are also required before the reactors resume operation. Overall, the FY2007 impact of the earthquake was projected to be JPY 603.5 billion ($5.62 billion), three quarters of that being increased fuel costs to replace the 8000 MWe of lost capacity. NISA approved the utility’s new seismic estimates in November 2008, and conducted final safety reviews of the units as they were upgraded. Unit 7 restarted in May, unit 6 in August 2009, unit 1 in May 2010, and unit 5 in November 2010. Units 2-4 remain shut down. The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Taiheiyou-Oki earthquake at 2.46 pm on 11 March did considerable damage, and the tsunami it created, with run-up height of 40 metres, caused even more. It appears to have been a double quake giving a severe duration of about 3 minutes, and was centred 130 km offshore of the city of Sendai in Miyagi prefecture on the eastern cost of Honshu Island. It moved Honshu 4 metres east and subsided the nearby coastline by up to one metre. Eleven reactors at four nuclear power plants in the region were operating at the time and all shut down automatically when the quake hit. Power was available to run the cooling pumps at most of the units, and they achieved cold shutdown in a few days. However, at Tepco's Fukushima Daiichi plant, a major accident sequence commenced. The three reactors were shut down by the earthquake and the emergency diesel generators started as expected, but then they shut down an hour later when submerged by the tsunami, about 15 metres high at that point. Other systems proved inadequate and led the authorities to order, and subsequently extend, an evacuation while engineers worked to restore power and cooling. The operating units which shut down were Tepco's Fukushima Daiichi 1, 2, 3, Fukushima Daini 1, 2, 3, 4, Tohoku's Onagawa 1, 2, 3, and Japco's Tokai. Onogawa 1 briefly suffered a fire in the non-nuclear turbine building, but the main problem centred on Fukushima Daiichi units 1-3. First, pressure inside the containment structures increased steadily and led to this being vented to the atmosphere on an ongoing basis. Vented gases and vapour included hydrogen, produced by the exothermic interaction of the fuel's very hot zirconium cladding with water. Later on 12th, there was a hydrogen explosion in the building above unit 1 reactor containment, and another one two days later in unit 3, from the venting as hydrogen mixed with air.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 7 | Opponent: Oak Hill KZ | Judge: Ben Koh

1. The role of the ballot is to evaluate the consequences of a simulated postfiat policy option
   Unfairness denies effective dialogue on kritikal issues which turns your impacts.
   Galloway 7 Ryan Galloway, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
   Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively fair opportunity to voice their position. Anything that fails to allow participants to have their position articulated denies one side of the argumentative table a fair hearing. The affirmative side is set by the topic and fairness requirements. While affirmative teams have recently resisted affirming the topic, in fact, the topic selection process is rigorous, taking the relative ground of each topic as its central point of departure. Setting the affirmative reciprocally sets the negative. The negative crafts approaches to the topic consistent with affirmative demands. The negative crafts disadvantages, counter-plans, and critical arguments premised on the arguments that the topic allows for the affirmative team. According to fairness norms, each side sits at a relatively balanced argumentative table. When one side takes more than its share, competitive equity suffers. However, it also undermines the respect due to the other involved in the dialogue. When one side excludes the other, it fundamentally denies the personhood of the other participant (Ehninger, 1970, p. 110). A pedagogy of debate as dialogue takes this respect as a fundamental component. A desire to be fair is a fundamental condition of a dialogue that takes the form of a demand for equality of voice. Far from being a banal request for links to a disadvantage, fairness is a demand for respect, a demand to be heard, a demand that a voice backed by literally months upon months of preparation, research, and critical thinking not be silenced. Affirmative cases that suspend basic fairness norms operate to exclude particular negative strategies. Unprepared, one side comes to the argumentative table unable to meaningfully participate in a dialogue. They are unable to “understand what ‘went on…’” and are left to the whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).
   The state is made of policies and can be repurposed
   Ferguson 11, James, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, “The Uses of Neoliberalism”, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184
   If we are seeking
   AND
   than we thought.
   The poor of Japan were exploited and were left disposable under nuclear reactors
   Schrader-Frechette 12 Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. “Nuclear Catastrophe, Disaster-Related Environmental Injustice, and Fukushima, Japan: Prima-Facie Evidence for a Japanese “Katrina”. Environmental Justice Journal. Volum 5, Number 3, 2012. Dr. Shrader-Frechette is O’Neill Family Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, and also the director of the Center for Environmental Justice and Children’s Health, at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. NB
   University scientists, nuclea
   cost at least $660 billion.17
   Exclusive focus on representations erodes meaningful reversal of structures of exploitation---discursive focus must supplement discussion of reform---key to survival.
   GIROUX 06
   Henry Giroux 06, prof of edu and cultural studies at Penn State, 6 (Comparative Studies of South Asia)
   Abstracted from the ideal
   AND
   and can be nowhere else.59
   Fairness= Voter
   Give people the choice to live
   PATERSON 03
   Craig Paterson 3, Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com
   In determining whether
   AND
   himself or herself.