Tournament: Any | Round: Finals | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
If you need anything, email me at michael.david.gao@gmail.com or text me at 469-656-4160.

Tournament: Any | Round: Finals | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
Interpretation- All Debaters must disclose previously run positions at least 60 minutes before the round or ten minutes after pairings come out before the round on the NDCA wiki. This means providing proper citations for all outside cited evidence including first three and last three words and tags as well as advocacy, standard, and interpretation texts.

Violation-

Net Benefits-

1. Resource equity

2. Educational benefits
A. Research: Disclosure creates a high incentive to do deeper and more focused research, since debaters quickly learn the stock arguments and can do specific research that they know will be useful. Nails
Jacob Nails (Debate Coach, Sacred Heart HS). “A Defense of Disclosure (Including Third-Party Disclosure).” NSDUpdate. October 10th, 2013. http://nsdupdate.com/2013/a-defense-of-disclosure-including-third-party-disclosure-by-jacob-nails/
“I fall squarely
AND
the round-deciding issue
B. Disclosure de-incentivizes anti-educational arguments
C. Academic honesty: 

D. Education is a voter and o/w fairness-
Drop the debater-
Use Competing Interps-
No RVI’s-

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Andrews Episcopal BM | Judge: Chris Vincent
Ought means moral obligation:
Dictionary.com says: used to express duty or moral obligation

Analytic implication

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Andrews Episcopal BM | Judge: Chris Vincent
Interpretation: If the aff defends a plan, then they must also read a solvency advocate that advocates the entire text of their plan.

1. Predictability
   2. Limits
   3. Topic literature

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Range AS | Judge: Chris Mifflin

Policies inevitably entail tradeoffs, which necessitates util because any other theory would condemn one specific group. Their duty is to maximize benefits for all. Woller 97

Gary Woller, June 1997 (BYU Prof.), "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, pg. 10/
"Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources
AND
unreasonableness while failing to adequately address the problem or actually making it worse."

Equality among individuals proves util. Cummiskey

Kantian Consequentialism. David Cummiskey. ~Associate Philosophy Professor at Bates College~. Ethics, Vol. 100, No. 3. 1990. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2381810**
If one truly believes that all rational beings have an equal value, then the
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many. 

Morality must justify all necessary steps to take a moral action otherwise it's meaningless. Util solves because it views every action as necessary to reach an end. Snyder 96 summarizes Sinnot-Armstrong

"A new argument for consequentialism? A reply to Sinnott-Armstrong" FRANCES HOWARD-SNYDER
Suppose I have a reason AND
 from the rest of the view
Thus the standard is maximizing expected well-being
 

Analytic

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake AM | Judge: Lauren Burdt

A. Interpretation: the aff must defend that all constitutionally protected speech ought not be restricted.

Your Dictionary NO DATE (Your Dictionary, online reference, "any," http://www.yourdictionary.com/any)**
every: any child can do it

Any is an indefinite pronoun that refers to things generally

Language NO DATE (Online English grammar textbook, Unit 42: - Indefinite Pronouns," http://www.1-language.com/englishcoursenew/unit42_grammar.htm///LADI) 
Indefinite pronouns replace specific things with general, non-specific concepts. For example
AND
anything from the supermarket. - Do you need anything from the supermarket?

It's the most contextual to the resolution:

Lallas (Jackson Lallas, "A DEFENSE OF T-ANY", LADI, 2/9/2017, Online: http://www.theladi.org/blog/2017/2/9/a-defense-of-t-any - MG) 
There is a lot of debate about the meaning of the determiner any. In
AND
of the resolution favor a generic reading, as we would intuitively expect.

Predictable limits –

Contextual education - multiple court rulings agree "any" means "all" – legal education outweighs because it trains us to be effective advocates for speech and other issues in the future

Elder 91, David S. Elder, October 1991, "Any and All": To Use Or Not To Use?" "Plain Language' is a regular feature of the Michigan Bar Journal, edited by Joseph Kimble for the State Bar Plain English Committee. Assistant editor is George H. Hathaway. Through this column the Committee hopes to promote the use of plain English in the law. Want to contribute a plain English article? Contact Prof. Kimble at Thomas Cooley Law School, P.O. Box 13038, Lansing, MI 48901, http://www.michbar.org/file/generalinfo/plainenglish/pdfs/91_oct.pdf
The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in
AND
(1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Martin Sigalow

1NC – K

Part 1: Alternative

The alt is a counter-factually framed resolution: In 1954, following the Supreme Court decision in Brown v Board of Education, public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected free speech.

The alternative is competitive on several levels:

B. Functional Competition.

C. It competes through net benefit.

Hindsight bias ignores contingencies and alternate histories.

Lebow 1 (Richard Lebow. "What's so Different about a Counterfactual?" World Politics. Vol. 52. No. 4. July 2000  http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054129 — KW)
"The disciplinary tendency to privilege structural explanations is reinforced by the "certainty of
AND
they could have made different choices that might have led to different outcomes."

2. Counterfactual engagement improves contingent judgement and decision making.

Lebow 2 (Richard Lebow. "What's so Different about a Counterfactual?" World Politics. Vol. 52. No. 4. July 2000  http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054129 — KW)
"Many psychologists regard the certainty-of-hindsight effect as deeply rooted and
AND
become more open to the role of contingency in key decisions and events."

Part 2: Non-Ideal Framework

Non-ideal theory is a preferable method because it acknowledges instead of avoids the reality of the societies we live in.

Mills 1. (Charles Mills. Charles Mills is John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University. He works in the general area of oppositional political theory and is the author of four books. "Racial Liberalism" — KW)
"Ideal theory is not supposed to contrast with nonideal theory as a moral outlook
AND
artifact of racial privilege—of injustices that do not negatively affect whites."

The very use of ideal theory prevents achieving the ideal societies it tries to dictate.

Mills 2 (Charles Mills. "'Ideal Theory' as Ideology" Hypatia. Vol. 20. No. 3. Summer 2005. — KW)
"I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or jejune
AND
that the ideal-as-idealized-model will never be achieved."

Perception is intrinsically tied to cognition which makes it crucial to interrogate our epistemology through non-ideal theory.

Mills 3 ("White Ignorance" Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance. Published by the State University of New York Press. 2007 — KW)
" Let us turn now to the processes of cognition, individual and social,
AND
embedded in sub theories and larger theories about how things work."
 

Whiteness proliferates itself in epistemologies through the racialization of time.

Mills 4 (Charles Mills "White Time, The Chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory," Department of Philosophy Northwestern University, Hutchins Center for African American Research. 2014 — IS
Goody goes on to challenge hegemonic representations of a dynamic progressive West versus a static
AND
, scheduled for extinction (Brantlinger  2003 , pp. 2-3).

Thus, the standard for the round is to engage in historical analysis to unravel white supremacy's colonization of knowledge and value systems.

Linking offense into this standard requires disrupting white time through the articulation of alternative histories that expose the contingencies of whiteness.
Mills 5 (Charles Mills. "White Time: The Chronic Injustice of Ideal
AND
theory fit in? And how does the Black challenge manifest itself here?"

Part 3: Links to the AFF

First, disguising white contingency. Whiteness is not ahistoric, but instead has emerged through historical contingencies.

Yancy '04 (George Yancy. What White Looks Like: African-American Philosophers on the Whiteness Question. Published by Routledge  2004— KW)
"A genealogical examination of whiteness, following the lead of Foucault and Nietzsche,
AND
body as a result of the internalization of the historical norms of whiteness."

2. Practicing futurism Relying on the prospect of the future to relieve us of current suffering does nothing but allow that suffering to live on unchanged. We must look to the past to inform us of the present and future.

Dillon (Stephen Dillon. "'It's here, it's that time:' Race, queer futurity, and the temporality of violence in Born in Flames" Women and Performance: a journal of feminist theory. Vol. 23. No. 1. 2013 — KW)
"Hortense Spillers provides a powerful theorization of time as accumulation in her classic essay
AND
what the future will be. The future will be what was before."

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marlborough MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

1NC – K

Part 1: Non-Ideal Framework

The very use of ideal theory prevents achieving the ideal societies it tries to dictate.

Mills 2 (Charles Mills. "'Ideal Theory' as Ideology" Hypatia. Vol. 20. No. 3. Summer 2005. — KW)
"I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or jejune
AND
that the ideal-as-idealized-model will never be achieved."

Perception is intrinsically tied to cognition which makes it crucial to interrogate our epistemology through non-ideal theory.

Mills 3 ("White Ignorance" Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance. Published by the State University of New York Press. 2007 — KW)
" Let us turn now to the processes of cognition, individual and social,
AND
embedded in sub theories and larger theories about how things work."
 

Whiteness proliferates itself in epistemologies through the racialization of time.

Mills 4 (Charles Mills "White Time, The Chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory," Department of Philosophy Northwestern University, Hutchins Center for African American Research. 2014 — IS
Goody goes on to challenge hegemonic representations of a dynamic progressive West versus a static
AND
, scheduled for extinction (Brantlinger  2003 , pp. 2-3).

Thus, the standard for the round is to engage in historical analysis to unravel white supremacy's colonization of knowledge and value systems.

Linking offense into this standard requires disrupting white time through the articulation of alternative histories that expose the contingencies of whiteness.

Mills 5 (Charles Mills. "White Time: The Chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory" Du Bois Review. Vol. 11. No. 1. 2014 — KW)
"Thus, as Hanchard ( 1999 ) emphasizes, the assertion of Black peoplehood
AND
theory fit in? And how does the Black challenge manifest itself here?"

Part 2: Links to the AFF

First, The aff practices futurism- relying on the prospect of the future to relieve us of current suffering does nothing but allow that suffering to live on unchanged. We must look to the past to inform us of the present and future.

Dillon (Stephen Dillon. Stephen Dillon, assistant professor of Queer Studies, holds a B.A. from the University of Iowa and a Ph.D. in American Studies with a minor in Critical Feminist and Sexuality Studies from the University of Minnesota. "'It's here, it's that time:' Race, queer futurity, and the temporality of violence in Born in Flames" Women and Performance: a journal of feminist theory. Vol. 23. No. 1. 2013 — KW)
"Hortense Spillers provides a powerful theorization of time as accumulation in her classic essay
AND
what the future will be. The future will be what was before."

Second, disguising white contingency. Whiteness is not ahistoric, but instead has emerged through historical contingencies.

Yancy '04 (George Yancy. Dr. George Yancy is a Professor of Philosophy at Emory University. What White Looks Like: African-American Philosophers on the Whiteness Question. Published by Routledge  2004— KW)
"A genealogical examination of whiteness, following the lead of Foucault and Nietzsche,
AND
body as a result of the internalization of the historical norms of whiteness."

Hindsight bias created by factual plans ignores contingencies and alternate histories.

Lebow 1 (Richard Lebow. Professor of International Political Theory in the Department of War Studies, King's College London and James O. Freedman Presidential Professor Emeritus at Dartmouth College, "What's so Different about a Counterfactual?" World Politics. Vol. 52. No. 4. July 2000  http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054129 )
"The disciplinary tendency to privilege structural explanations is reinforced by the "certainty of
AND
they could have made different choices that might have led to different outcomes."

Part 3: Alternative

The alt is a counter-factually framed resolution: In 1954, following the Supreme Court decision in Brown v Board of Education, public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected free speech.

The alternative is competitive on several levels:

Methods debate:

B. It competes through net benefits..

This is a debate about sequencing. We must prioritize an absolute rejection of institutions of whiteness. Attempts to reform them without a counterfactual analysis guarantee ongoing genocide of black body.

Perhaps, then, there is no
AND
is significantly dependent on our willingness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake JD | Judge: Aaron Timmons

1 – T

Interpretation – the affirmative must defend that public colleges and universities ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech.

Violation: conceded in cross-ex.

"Resolved" means enactment of a law.

Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). "Resolved". 1964.
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an
AND
, it is prohibited by statute from exercising direct control over othereducational institutions.

Law Dictionary defines protected speech

West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. “Freedom of Speech”. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. MX.
The right, guaranteed by the First Amendment
AND
Framers clearly had not contemplated.

Law Dictionary defines public colleges and universities

West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. “Colleges and Universities”. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc.
The term college is a
AND
control over other educational institutions.

Negate:

1:

2:

3:

4:

5:

6. Institutional engagement: the state is inevitable—learning to speak the language of power creates the only possibility of social change debate can offer. This is best served by imagining the consequences of policy.

Coverstone 05 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact" Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17^th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake JD | Judge: Aaron Timmons

1 – T

Interpretation – the affirmative must defend that public colleges and universities ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech.

Violation: conceded in cross-ex.

"Resolved" means enactment of a law.

Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). "Resolved". 1964.
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an
AND
, it is prohibited by statute from exercising direct control over othereducational institutions.

Law Dictionary defines protected speech

West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. “Freedom of Speech”. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. MX.
The right, guaranteed by the First Amendment
AND
Framers clearly had not contemplated.

Law Dictionary defines public colleges and universities

West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. “Colleges and Universities”. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc.
The term college is a
AND
control over other educational institutions.

Negate:

1:

2:

3:

4:

5:

6. Institutional engagement: the state is inevitable—learning to speak the language of power creates the only possibility of social change debate can offer. This is best served by imagining the consequences of policy.

Coverstone 05 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact" Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17^th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: 1 | Opponent: Becca Traber | Judge: Texas Academy MX

The source of normativity is reason. To be moral is to be in line with reason. To be immoral is to be in violation of reason.

Velleman, Professor of Philosophy, Bioethics; Director of Undergraduate Studies, Ph.D., Princeton, 1983, 2006
(J. David, "A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS," 2006, accessed Dec. 1, GS)
 As soon as we ask why we should act for reasons, however,
AND
defeating about ~to~ asking for a reason to act for reasons.

Reason is universal; a reason for you must be a reason for me.

Velleman, Professor of Philosophy, Bioethics; Director of Undergraduate Studies, Ph.D., Princeton, 1983, 2006
(J. David, "A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS," 2006, accessed Dec. 1, GS)
In Kant's view, being a person consists in being a rational creature, both
AND
in similar fashion, by offering an attractive vantage point of some kind.

You cannot universally will a violation of freedom because doing so presupposes the freedom to bring about that action in the first place. This entails an omnilateral will or a higher authority to deal with rights conflicts.

Ripstein, Arthur. "Kant on Law and Politics." University of Toronto Law School. http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Ripstein/Kant_on_law.pdf.
Kant's point about disputes is not just a reiteration of Locke's familiar claim that people
AND
does, and so does not require an explicit act of instituting it.

Thus the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will.

First, the AFF allows for hate speech- that doesn't respect the agency of individuals.

McGough, Los Angeles Times' senior editorial writer, based in Washington, D.C. He has been writing editorials for The Times since 2006. Before that, McGough worked for 30 years for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette as a reporter, editorial writer, editorial page editor and Washington correspondent, 2015
Michael, "Sorry, kids, the 1st Amendment does protect 'hate speech'", LA Times, October 30th, Online: http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-colleges-hate-speech-1st-amendment-20151030-story.html - MG 
As Eugene Volokh of UCLA law school pointed out on his blog in the Washington
AND
, their words are protected by the Constitution — whatever college students think.

This reifies the historical failures of the state to recognize certain marginalized groups as equal in moral standing, which is the duty of the omnilateral will.

Varden, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at University of Illinois, 2010
Helga, "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech", The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice 3, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8999-1_4, Online: http://www.academia.edu/2006079/A_Kantian_Conception_of_Free_Speech - MG 
On the Kantian view I have been developing, hate speech and speech amounting to
AND
public debate and reflection followed by public regulation on behalf of all citizens.

AND Rectification of justice is key to the framework.

Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Toronto) "Force and Freedom" 
Normatively, the law survives any wrong against it. In the world of space
AND
alone. Her hindrance to freedom is thus hindered by sealing it off.

Second, the AFF allows for seditious speech, which delegitimizes the omnilateral will.

Varden, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at University of Illinois, 2010
Helga, "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech", The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice 3, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8999-1_4, Online: http://www.academia.edu/2006079/A_Kantian_Conception_of_Free_Speech - MG 
To understand Kant's condemnation of seditious speech, remember that Kant, as mentioned above
AND
qua private citizens, it is a public crime (6: 331).

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dulles JG | Judge: Megan Boyd

Contention 1 is Funding

The aff takes federal funding away from universities taken away.

Perrino, Nico graduated from Indiana University-Bloomington (IU) in 2012 with a B.A. in journalism and history, 4-25
Foundation for Individual Rights In Education, "Department of Justice: Title IX Requires 
AND
University presidents must find the courage to stand up to this federal overreach." 

State funding is down. Federal government is key.

Mitchell et al, Senior Policy Analyst with the Center's State Fiscal Policy division, a State Policy Fellow for the Washington State Budget and Policy Center, Mitchell holds a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from the University of Connecticut and an MPA from the Maxwell School at Syracuse University, 2016
Michael, Michael Leachman (Director of State Fiscal Research with the State Fiscal Policy division of the Center, which analyzes state tax and budget policy decisions and promotes sustainable policies that take into account the needs of families of all income levels. Earlier in his career, Leachman worked as a community organizer in Chicago and, during graduate school, conducted a range of research projects in collaboration with community organizations. Leachman holds a Ph.D. in sociology from Loyola University Chicago), Kathleen Masterson (MPIA from the University of Pittsburgh, and a B.A. in History and Political Science from The College of William and Mary), "Funding Down, Tuition Up", August 15th, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up - MG 
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
AND
cut per-student higher education funding for the last two consecutive years. 

Funding is key to the success of universities and for future initiatives.

Yudof (Mark Yudof, Former pres of UC, "Exploring a new role for federal government in higher education", University of California, 2010 – MG)
The scale of the mission and demands of the moment call out for an integrated
AND
 notes of life, like a fine painting or a subtle poem.

Outweighs.

These impacts turn the AC:

Contention 2 – International Law

The AFF allows for hate speech, which is inconsistent with international human rights law.

Cohen, human rights activist, 2015 
Tanya, "It's Time To Bring The Hammer Down On Hate Speech In The U.S", Thought Catalog, May First
Recent scandals involving right-wing hatemongers like Phil Robertson, Donald Sterling, Bill
AND
to follow international human rights law as the rest of the world is.

Perceived moral legitimacy is key to international influence in promoting human rights.

Mehta and Winship 10 (Jal Mehta, Associate Professor in Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and Christopher Winship, the Diker-Tishman Professor of Sociology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in the Harvard Kennedy School, "Moral Power," Handbook of the Sociology of Morality, 2010, http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/cwinship/files/moral_power—final_1.pdf)AG
A third essential component of moral power is moral standing. Moral standing is whether
AND
to be outside the relevant moral community, her opinions are easily ignored.

Turns case and outweighs - The U.S. is a key player in human rights issues. Vote NEG to ensure that the United States can fight structural violence and maximize net benefits everywhere.

Freedom House '12 (Freedom House, a U.S.-based non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights, "Ten Critical Human Rights Challenges for the Next American President", The Connect U.S. Fund, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Ten20Critical20Human20Rights20Challenges20For20The20Next20American20President.pdf, 8/13/2012)HW
U.S. leadership is critical to effectively address international human rights issues.
AND
not only promotes its own values but also advances its strategic interests.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pittsburgh Central Catholic WS | Judge: Aaron Timmons

Text: Public colleges and universities ought not to restrict constitutionally protected speech except for speech that would violate Title 9 of the Civil Rights Act. They ought to restrict speech that violate that title.

Not restricting constitutionally protected free speech forces the government to take away funding from the schools – its Title 9 of the Civil Rights Act.

Perrino, Nico graduated from Indiana University-Bloomington (IU) in 2012 with a B.A. in journalism and history, 4-25
Foundation for Individual Rights In Education, "Department of Justice: Title IX Requires 
AND
University presidents must find the courage to stand up to this federal overreach." 

Funds key to giving low-income students a chance at an education.

AAU, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that comprises 62 leading public and private research universities in the United States and Canada. Founded in 1900 to advance the international standing of U.S. research universities, AAU today focuses on issues that are important to research-intensive universities, such as funding for research, research policy issues, and graduate and undergraduate education. AAU member universities are on the leading edge of innovation, scholarship, and solutions that contribute to the nation's economy, security, and well-being.  The 60 AAU universities in the United States award nearly one-half of all U.S. doctoral degrees and 55 percent of those in the sciences and engineering, no date
Association of American Universities, "MYTHS ABOUT COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY ENDOWMENTS", Online: 
AND
-income high school students to visit the campus, and waiving application fees

Funds are key to college quality

ACE, major coordinating body for the nation's colleges and universities.  We represent nearly 1,800 college and university presidents and the executives at related associations, and are the only major higher education association to represent all types of U.S. accredited, degree-granting institutions: two-year and four-year, public and private.  Our strength lies in our loyal and diverse base of member institutions, 75 percent of which have been with ACE for over 10 years, 2014
American Council on Education, "Understanding College and University Endowments", Online: http://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Documents/Understanding-Endowments-White-Paper.pdf - MG
For private—and increasingly for public—colleges and universities, endowments provide stability
AND
research and allow it to provide essential support to its faculty and students. 

Turns case:

1. Analytic
   2. Analytic

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Flower Mound KW | Judge: Jerry Crist

Part 1: Advocacy

Counter-Plan TEXT: The United States ought to guarantee a Basic Income, Van Der Veen:

Veen, Robert J. Van Der. "Real Freedom versus Reciprocity: Competing Views on the Justice of Unconditional Basic Income." Political Studies 46.1 (1998): 140-63. Web.
To put it simply, the basic income proposal aims to disburse a tax-
AND
income one actually earns, given the ruling structure of tax rates.3 

The counter-plan solves the harms in the AFF.

Basic income breaks the cycle of poverty, Vinik 13:

Vinik, Danny. "Everyone's Talking About This Simple Solution To Ending Poverty By Just Giving People Free Money." Business Insider. Business Insider, 12 Nov. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2017.
A simple idea for eliminating poverty is garnering greater attention in recent weeks: automatically
AND
found the disincentive effects on work are not as strong as economists feared.

Basic income solves the root causes of homelessness, Santens 14:

Santens, Scott. "Wouldn't Unconditional Basic Income Just Cause Massive Inflation? – Basic Income." Medium. Basic Income, 22 Nov. 2014. Web. 05 Mar. 2017.
There are five times more vacant homes than homeless people in the United States today
AND
and smart businesses will step into this space in hopes of dominating it.

Part 2: Competition

The counter-plan is competitive with the AFF for 2 reasons:

1 Analytic
2 Analytic
3 Analytic

Part 3: Internal Benefits

Because the Counter-Plan is competitive with the AFF and solves for the harms, you ought to prefer the Counter-plan because solving the harms by guaranteeing a basic income has additional benefits.    

Basic income promotes democratic freedom.

Pateman 1:

Democratizing Citizenship: Some Advantages of a Basic Income Carole Pateman
Politics Society 2004; 32; 89 DOI: 10.1177/0032329203261100 The online version of this article can be found at: http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/89
A basic income would have two important consequences for democratization. First, it would
AND
women to do a disproportionate share of unpaid work at home.

1 Analytic
2 Analytic
3 Analytic
4 Analytic

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westwood JA | Judge: Arun Sharma

2 – K

Part 1: Alternative

The alt is a counter-factually framed resolution: In 2006, following HUD's decision to remove residents from public housing, the United States ought to guarantee the right to housing.

To clarify, this means the aff defends the res in 2006 and the neg denies it, this counter-factual resolution requires our roleplaying from the time period of Katrina.

This historical moment is key to understanding our contemporary debates over the right to housing because it was a monumental uncovering of how HUD has failed to protect certain marginalized bodies.

McClain (Dani McClain, contributing writer for The Nation. She is a fellow at The Nation Institute and has written for Talking Points Memo, Al Jazeera America, Colorlines, EBONY.com and Guernica, among other media outlets, "Former Residents of New Orleans's Demolished Housing Projects Tell Their Stories",  AUGUST 28, 2015, Online: https://www.thenation.com/article/former-residents-of-new-orleans-demolished-housing-projects-tell-their-stories/ - MG)
Soon after Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans's failed levees displaced 400,000 of
AND
over housing that will remain permanently affordable for low-income residents. 

The alternative is competitive on several levels:

Functional Competition.

Analytic.

Analytic.

Analytic.

Analytic.

1. Hindsight bias ignores contingencies and alternate histories. Controls the internal link to the policy making ROB.

Lebow 1 (Richard Lebow. "What's so Different about a Counterfactual?" World Politics. Vol. 52. No. 4. July 2000  http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054129 — KW)
"The disciplinary tendency to privilege structural explanations is reinforced by the "certainty of
AND
they could have made different choices that might have led to different outcomes."

Part 2: History

Perception is intrinsically tied to cognition which makes it crucial to interrogate our epistemology through non-ideal theory.

Mills 2 ("White Ignorance" Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance. Published by the State University of New York Press. 2007 — KW)
" Let us turn now to the processes of cognition, individual and social,
AND
understanding, embedded in sub theories and larger theories about how things work."

Whiteness proliferates itself in epistemologies through the racialization of time.

Mills 4 (Charles Mills "White Time, The Chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory," Department of Philosophy Northwestern University, Hutchins Center for African American Research. 2014 — IS
Goody goes on to challenge hegemonic representations of a dynamic progressive West versus a static
AND
, scheduled for extinction (Brantlinger  2003 , pp. 2-3).

Thus, the standard for the round is to engage in historical analysis to unravel white supremacy's colonization of knowledge and value systems.

Linking offense into this standard requires disrupting white time through the articulation of alternative histories that expose the contingencies of whiteness.
Mills 5 (Charles Mills. "White Time: The Chronic Injustice of Ideal
AND
theory fit in? And how does the Black challenge manifest itself here?"

Part 3: Links to the AFF

First, disguising white contingency. Whiteness is not ahistoric, but instead has emerged through historical contingencies.

Yancy '04 (George Yancy. What White Looks Like: African-American Philosophers on the Whiteness Question. Published by Routledge  2004— KW)
"A genealogical examination of whiteness, following the lead of Foucault and Nietzsche,
AND
body as a result of the internalization of the historical norms of whiteness."

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westwood JA | Judge: Arun Sharma

1 – T

Interpretation: The affirmative may only defend the that the United States extends housing assistance for homeless people

A right to housing refers to a policy targeted exclusively towards the homeless, not everybody. The affirmative may only defend house creation/affordability for the homeless. Morris 10

Morris, 2010   ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLE - Journal of Australian Political Economy, The Lack of a Right to Housing and Its Implications in Australia, By Morris, Alan, VOLUME/ISSUE: No. 65, PUBLICATION DATE:  Winter 2010,
These advances in the sphere
AND
and focuses mainly on homelessness. 

Extra – T spikes out of NEG links

Legal precisions outweighs limits and ground —- it's a prerequisite to effective policy education. Shannon.

Shannon 2 – Bradley Shannon, law at University of Idaho, January 2002 (Washington Law Review, 77 Wash. L. Rev. 65, Lexis
The second answer to the question why we should care about the use of proper
AND

• • and, consequently, the progress - of the law.

Predictability 

Limits

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Andrews Episcopal BM | Judge: Chris Vincent

Part 1 — The advocacy

Plan: The United States ought to eliminate qualified immunity for police officers and institute a mandatory indemnification scheme.

Mandery '94 (Evan J. Mandery, JD Harvard Law School AB Harvard College chairperson of the department of criminal justice and an expert on the death penalty "Qualified Immunity or Absolute Impunity? The Moral Hazards of Extending Qualified Immunity to Lower-Level Public Officials"  Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. 1994)
Part II outlined some of the theoretical reasons why strict liability might be preferred as
AND
, the result that most victims of constitutional injuries go uncompensated is indefensible.

The NC is competitive on two levels:

First, the negative advocates the complete elimination of qualified immunity for police officers which is mutually exclusive with limiting qualified immunity because limiting requires still maintaining some qualified immunity protection.

The term limit means to restrict, meaning some amount of the object being limited must still exist, meaning the affirmative may not defend a ban of qualified immunity for police officers. Oxford English Dictionaries.

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/limit
a restriction on the size or amount of something permissible or possible

Second, redundancy – a ban ould make the AFF redundant. Policy makers don't do redundant actions a – clogs the already clogged docket b – they want to get home for Christmas, extending the session with two bills won't do that. Functional competition outweighs – it's key to real world education which outweighs because it gives us portables skills.

Third, the negative competes through net-benefits. All of the criticisms that I make of qualified immunity are criticisms of the AFF and any perm that attempts to preserve any level of qualified immunity protection for police.

Part 2 - Solvency

The NC solves for the harms in the AFF on two levels:

First, the affirmative has identified harms caused by the current qualified immunity doctrine and the resulting obstacles for suing individual police officers for violating constitutional rights. The AFF claims to solve by making it easier for plaintiffs to sue individual police officers. Therefore, the negative achieves 100 solvency and has a risk of solving better than the AFF because eliminate qualified immunity protection as an obstacle to suing police officers.

Civil suits in constitutional rights violations are distinctly important in recognizing the importance of individuals who have their rights violated by government officials, even when the financial liability may be addressed by the government. Armacost 89

(Barbara E. Armacost 51 Vand. L. Rev. 583 (1998) "Qualified Immunity- Ignorance Excused" J.D. University of Virginia School of Law 1989 M.T.S. Regent College of the University of British Columbia 1984 B.S. University of Virginia 1976 )
Turning to section 1983 law, I contend that individual damages liability for constitutional violations
AND
but through public reaction to re- ported allegations of clear constitutional impropriety.

Second, the Affirmative must win that there is a unique benefit to preserving any qualified immunity, like protecting police officers enough to make it feasible to do their jobs. Otherwise, we should completely eliminate qualified immunity, which justifies negating. By imposing a mandatory indemnification scheme, the negative solves for whatever problems qualified immunity is intended to fix with respect to protecting police officers acting in good faith.

Part 3 - Reasons to prefer the NC

Even in the reformed version offered by the Affirmative, the doctrine of qualified immunity is harmful for several reasons:

First, Requiring police to come to court checks back rights abuses.

Mathern '12  (Andrew Mathern. "Federal Civil Rights Lawsuits and Civil Gideon: A Solution to Disproportionate Police Force?" The Journal of Gender, Race and Justice. 2012 — KW, JT)
"Any effective approach to police accountability should take heed and provide a procedural deterrent
AND
plague affected suspects, their communities, and the reputations of police departments." 

Second, qualified immunity undermines critical reflection over and improved development of civil rights law.

Hassle '99 (Diana Hassel "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity" Missouri Law Review. Vot. 64 Winter 1999. http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol64/iss1/9  — KW)
 "The problem with qualified immunity is not so much that the outcomes are
AND
improvements in racial equality while at the same time not encouraging fundamental change."

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian JW | Judge: Chuck Walts

The AFF's reliance on tort law commodifies suffering and legitimizes capitalistic inequality.

Abel, Michael J. Connell Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus Distinguished Research Professor B.A. Harvard, 1962 LL.B. Columbia, 1965 Ph.D. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1974 LL.D. (honoris causa), University of Westminster UCLA Faculty Since 1974, 1981
Richard, "A Critique of American Tort Law", Cardiff University, British Journal of Law and Society, Online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1409721 
Finally, tort law responds to intangible injury by extend~s~ing that
AND
impression that the compensation system is working well - if anything, too well

The AFF makes it so only those with money can seek justice, retrenching capitalism.

Higdon, Investigative Photo Journalist and Former Police Officer, 2010
Woodrow L., "Public Corruption Cover Up Through Civil Litigation", GTI News, March – MG
This reporter, after leaving law enforcement, became a civil litigation investigator, consultant
AND
. The public unions are insulated from criminal investigations, and civil damages.

The K outweighs – a. neoliberalism causes social inequalities and b. the AFF avoids discussion of neoliberalism, so the root cause to go unquestioned. The K is a necessary pre-requisite to solving for any oppression.

Farbod, PhD Candidate at Rutgers, Professor at Moravian College, 2016
Faramarz Farbod, "It's Capitalism, Stupid!", Monthly Review, February Second, Online: http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html** - MG  
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
AND
labor capturing a fair share of the total economic value that it creates. 

Turns case – police violence is a direct result of neoliberalism. A failure to recognize that makes violence inevitable. Your piecemeal reform is part of the problem without recognition of its place in a larger movement is the problem.

Lane 7-21, former professor who taught African American literature and culture at UC Santa Barbara. She is author of Coming in from the Cold, a blog in which she analyzes political and social issues through the prism of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s philosophy of nonviolence, 2016
Alycee, "Violence, Death and Our Neoliberal Police", Counter Punch, July 21, Online: http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/21/violence-death-and-our-neoliberal-police/**
If we examine through the prism of neoliberalism the killing of Philando Castile – that
AND
this was true as well for Officer Darren Wilson of Ferguson, Missouri.

Turns case - Capitalism values people by the abilities of their bodies. Only in a classless society can the impaired have equal opportunities as the able-bodied.

Slorach, Senior Disability Advisor at St George's and University of London, 2011
Roddy, "Marxism and disability", January 4, International Socialism, Online: http://www.isj.org.uk/?id=702 – MG 
Weaker, older or impaired members of pre-class societies were more likely to
AND
identified, among other conditions, what later became known as Down's Syndrome.

My alternative is to entirely withdraw the logic of capital. Multiple reasons why the alt soles:

Individual criticism is key to solve.

Johnston, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, 2007
Adrian, "The Cynic's Fetish: Slavoj Žižek and the Dynamics of Belief", Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, Online: philpapers.org/rec/JOHTCF-4 
Perhaps the absence of a detailed political roadmap in Zizek's recent writings isn't a major
AND
subjects, whether consciously or unconsciously, "internally" believe in it. 

2. Comfort:

3. Politics:

4. Try or Die:

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bellaire JK | Judge: Mesha Knatt

The source of normativity is reason. To be moral is to be in line with reason. To be immoral is to be in violation of reason.

Velleman, Professor of Philosophy, Bioethics; Director of Undergraduate Studies, Ph.D., Princeton, 1983, 2006
(J. David, "A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS," 2006, accessed Dec. 1, GS)
 As soon as we ask why we should act for reasons, however,
AND
defeating about ~to~ asking for a reason to act for reasons.

Reason is universal; a reason for you must be a reason for me.

Velleman, Professor of Philosophy, Bioethics; Director of Undergraduate Studies, Ph.D., Princeton, 1983, 2006
(J. David, "A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS," 2006, accessed Dec. 1, GS)
In Kant's view, being a person consists in being a rational creature, both
AND
in similar fashion, by offering an attractive vantage point of some kind.

2. Actions are expressions of an agent's reasoning from their end to the means, which unifies their action into a cohesive movement as opposed to fragmented steps. The end of reaching the bakery unifies the individual actions necessary for that end, like crossing the street; otherwise the individual steps would not have any meaning. Thus, contradictory ends would never yield an action because willing A and not A would not allow you to unify the necessary steps to achieve that end. And, this also proves an intent foresight distinction. If consequences were relevant, we would have to will the possibility of contradictory ends since an action can have different and conflicting results, which wouldn't allow you to unify your will.

3. Non-contradictions are meta-constraints because a principle cannot be true and false at the same time otherwise it yields incompatible obligations, so the form of the will to abide any moral theory must first will it as universal.

Thus, the standard is consistency with universal reason.
Universal reason negates.

You cannot universally will a violation of freedom because doing so presupposes the freedom to bring about that action in the first place. This entails an omnilateral will or a higher authority to deal with rights conflicts.
Ripstein, Arthur. “Kant on Law and Politics.” University of Toronto Law School. http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Ripstein/Kant_on_law.pdf.
Kant’s point about ... of instituting it.

The AFF allows people to sue police officers as private persons for grievances committed when acting as a public official. As a public official, the police officer is acting as an extension of the omnilateral will since the omnilateral will needs people to enforce its laws. Creating a distinction between people’s actions as expressive of the omnilateral will and their actions as expressive of their private will is key to the framework.
Ripstein 2, Arthur. "Force and freedom." Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy (2009).
Powers exercised within ... its own law

Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park JZ | Judge: Pierce Teeuwen

Nuclear empirically reduces emissions.

IEA, policy adviser to its member states, 2015 
(International Energy Agency, "Technology Roadmap: Nuclear Energy", IEA Technology Roadmaps, Online: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/6115041e.pdf?expires=1473106686andid=idandaccname=guestandchecksum=F95B1340F995C5663300B5467C27A69D**, Accessed August 8 – MG)
Nuclear energy currently contributes to a reduction of CO2 emissions from the power sector of
AND
providing reliable, low-carbon electricity in most regions of the world. 

The AFF causes a shift to fossil fuels and more emissions.

Abrams, editorial fellow at The Atlantic and staff writer at Salon, 2013
(Lindsay, "Is nuclear power the only real alternative to coal?", Salon, Aug 21, Online: http://www.salon.com/2013/08/21/is_nuclear_power_the_only_real_alternative_to_coal/, Accessed September 5 - MG~
When a nuclear power plant closes, a coal plant opens. At least,
AND
the first half of this year, according to the World Nuclear Association.

Emissions cause long-term warming.

UCS, nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States, no date
(Union of Concerned Scientists, "Why does CO2 get most of the attention when there are so many other heat-trapping gases (greenhouse gases)?", Online: http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/CO2-and-global-warming-faq.html~~#bf-toc-0**, Accessed September 5 – MG)
CO2, more than any other cf driver, has contributed the most to climate
AND
and overheating the Earth as less energy (heat) escapes into space.

Impoverished and developing countries are uniquely harmed.

Vidal, The Guardian's Environment Editor, 2013,
(John, "Climate change will hit poor countries hardest, study shows ", The Guardian, September 27, Online: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/27/climate-change-poor-countries-ipcc**, Accessed September 5 – MG)
Low-income countries will remain on the frontline of human-induced climate change
AND
we will soon experience climate extremes well outside the boundaries of human experience."

Tournament: Newman Smith | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Marcus NS | Judge: Aaron Timmons, Breann Smith, and Sarah Moosa

Removing nuclear power doesn't help the environment- it paves the way for coal and more damaging alternatives to become increasingly popular. Lynas 15.

Lynas, Mark. "Why a Green Future Needs Nuclear Power." An Ecomodernist Manifesto. RSS, 18 June 2015. Web. 08 Aug. 2016. British author, journalist and environmental activist who focuses on climate change. He is a contributor to New Statesman, The Ecologist, Granta and Geographical magazines, and The Guardian and The Observer newspapers in the UK, holds a degree in history and politics from the University of Edinburgh http://www.ecomodernism.org/readings/2015/6/17/why-a-green-future-needs-nuclear-power JZ
The success of the antinuclear movement in the 1970s guaranteed an increased use of coal
AND
been an environmental activist for over 10 years who focuses on nuclear power studies

Australia empirically verifies coal tradeoff.

Ben Heard 12 ~Masters of Corporate Environmental Sustainability Management, Monash University, 2007, environmental activist, Director of ThinkClimate Consulting~, "That day in December: the story of nuclear prohibition in Australia", Decarbonise SA, 12 Sep 2012
Since the prohibition of nuclear power, while nuclear build has taken off around the
AND
electricity production 18 higher since 1998 (Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System).

Switch to coal plants worsens environmental racism against indigenous populations. Fox 12.

Fox News 12. (Fox News Channel (FNC), also known as Fox News, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households (81.4 of cable, satellite and telco customers) receive the Fox News Channel.~1~ The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, New York, "Many Native Americans live next to power plants", 7-4-2012, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/07/04/many-native-americans-live-next-to-power-plants.html)
MOAPA, Nev. – Beyond the ancestral hunting fields and the rows of small
AND
don't even open my window because I don't like to look at it."

Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart LM | Judge: Chris Castillo

Nuclear power is key to desalination and the prevention of water shortages.

IAEA, multinational institution that seeks to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies, "New Technologies for Seawater Desalination Using Nuclear Energy," IEAE TecDoc Series, 2015
_{It is anticipated that}by 2025, 33 of the world population, or
AND
for coupling nuclear reactors and desalination systems for specific sites in the Mediterranean region 

Key especially for India. Also, without India, global desal development is stifled.

Sputnik; "Indian Scientists Go Nuclear to Provide Pure Water to Thirsty Sub-Continent"; July 17^th 2016; https://sputniknews.com/asia/201607211043393136-india-nualear-pure-water/
NEW DELHI (Sputnik) — Indian nuclear scientists have come up with a technology
AND
are among the most important determinants of the health of individual human beings."

Water Scarcity will lead to war. You will case war internationally because India Is key to global development

Davies,Representatives of Candesal Enterprises, 98
(K., "A FLOATING DESALINATION/CO-GENERATION SYSTEM USING THE KLT-40 REACTOR AND CANADIAN RO DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY", Ottawa, Canada, http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/31/062/31062376.pdf~~#page=46)-TG
There is a growing international recognition that the shortage of adequate supplies of potable water
AND
are among the most important determinants of the health of individual human beings."

India and Pakistan are on the brink of a war over water. Turns your Indo-Pak war advantage.

Mogul; Breaking News Reporter for the International Business Times UK, primarily reporting on India and the Indian diaspora in Britain. She is also Editor-in-Chief of digital youth publication, the IPF; 2016
Priyanka; "Are India and Pakistan on the brink of a water war? The Indus Waters Treaty explained"; September 30, 2016; http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/are-india-pakistan-brink-water-war-indus-waters-treaty-explained-1584218**
On 18 September ~18~, four militants attacked an Indian army base in Kashmir
AND
state will pertain to considerable risk of war and hostilities," Aziz said.

The DA outweighs:

Probability –
Magnitude –

Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park JZ | Judge: Pierce Teeuwen

In order for an action to be moral, it must first be willed universally:

Actions are expressions of an agent's reasoning from their end to the means, which unifies their action into a cohesive movement as opposed to fragmented steps.

ROEDL:
Sebastian Roedl.  Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Leipzig.  "Two Forms of Practical Knowledge and Their Unity" in  Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 239.

"We can give a more specific description of the consciousness of temporal unity that
AND
A and her idea of doing B, being conscious of her nexus." 

Analytic

Analytic

Thus, the sufficient negative burden is to prove that the prohibition of the production of nuclear power cannot be willed as a universal principle.

Contention:

No empirical object is intrinsically valuable. Their value lies only in relationship to rational agency. KANT:

Immanuel Kant ~founder of analytic philosophy~ "Critique of Pure Reason" 1781
"We have therefore wanted to say that all our intuition is nothing but the
AND
of their appearance, which is alone given to us." (168) 

Analytic

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: New Trier CM | Judge: John Scoggin

In order for an action to be moral, it must first be willed universally:

1. An agent's will acts on a law that it gives to itself. If pleasure were a law to you, then you would straightaway do the pleasurable act, but since you're autonomous, you can reason about taking the action. Thus a condition of action is that the will is self-determined. KORSGAARD:

"Self-Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant" by Christine M. Korsgaard
"It remains to show that this is also Kant's view; and for that
AND
the principle of choice on which you act." (120-123)

And, only universally willing can be self-determined. KORSGAARD 2:

"Self-Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant" by Christine M. Korsgaard
"The second step is to
AND
action of something within him." (123-124)
Analytic.

2. Actions are expressions of an agent's reasoning from their end to the means, which unifies their action into a cohesive movement as opposed to fragmented steps. ROEDL:

Sebastian Roedl.  Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Leipzig.  "Two Forms of Practical Knowledge and Their Unity" in  Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 239.

"We can give a more specific description of the consciousness of temporal unity that
AND
different and conflicting results, which wouldn't allow you to unify your will.  
Analytic.
Analytic.

3. Analytic.

Thus, the sufficient negative burden is to prove that the prohibition of the production of nuclear power cannot be willed as a universal principle.

Contention:

No empirical object is intrinsically valuable. Their value lies only in relationship to rational agency. KANT:

Immanuel Kant ~founder of analytic philosophy~ "Critique of Pure Reason" 1781
"We have therefore wanted to
AND
which is alone given to us." (168)
Analytic.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: College Prep DB | Judge: John Sims

Text: ~The actor of the AFF~ should prohibit the production of nuclear power on indigenous land if the Native Americans agree.

Competition: Mutually exclusive Analytic

Competes through net benefits.

Methodologies to resist structural violence must come through dialogue with the oppressed. Any other method re-entrenches the problem since it is a method of manipulation that reduces the oppressed to mere objects. FRIERE:

"Pedagogy of the oppressed" by Paulo Friere 1968
"It is essential for the oppressed to realize that when they accept the struggle
AND
not pseudo-participation, but committed involvement." (68-69)

Some indigenous people see waste facilities as good. To clarify, my argument is not that all groups should do this, but they need the option- the aff denies that.

Gover et al, Kevin, and Jana L. Walker (Native American Attorneys at Gover, Stetson and Williams). "Escaping Environmental Paternalism: One Tribe's Approach to Developing a Commercial Waste Disposal Project in Indian Country." University of Colorado Law Review 63 (1992): 933.
The second and more controversial issue facing tribes involves the use of reservation lands as
AND
the proposal effectively and, if it's feasible, plan for its development.

The Counterplan solves better than the plan:  consultation leads to the best policies for each clan. Thomas 95 EDWARD K. THOMAS, 1995 (PRESIDENT

CENTRAL COUNCIL OF THE TLINGIT AND HAIDA INDIAN TRIBES OF ALASKA,  May 18, 1995, http://www.archive.org/stream/biataskforcehear00unit/biataskforcehear00unit_djvu.txt)
The opportunity for Tribes to participate in the reorganization process was greatly increased by holding
AND
. They know better than anyone what policies would be bad for them.

Tournament: Newman Smith | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Marcus NS | Judge: Aaron Timmons, Breann Smith, and Sarah Moosa
Interpretation: AFF debaters of the 2016 September October LD topic must defend the resolution as a general principle. To clarify, the AFF can’t specify individual countries.

Standards:

1. Grammar
   2. Common Usage
   3. Predictability
   4. Limits

Tournament: Newman Smith | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Marcus NS | Judge: Aaron Timmons, Breann Smith, and Sarah Moosa

A is the interpretation: AFF debaters can only prohibit the production of power produced by an atomic reaction.

West Law 08 defines nuclear power as 
West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Nuclear+Power  
A form of energy produced by an atomic reaction, capable of producing an alternative source of electrical power to that supplied by coal, gas, or oil.

A prohibition is only on power not mining. Australia proves.

WNA 15 (World Nuclear Association, submission to the South Australian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission); ISSUES PAPER THREE – ELECTRICITY GENERATED FROM NUCLEAR FUELS, http://world-nuclear.org/getmedia/ac94e701-1980-4af4-a5b1-c5215fc5f385/WNA-NuclearFuel-Cycle-Royal-Commission-issues-paper-3-submission-final.pdf.aspx  
The World Nuclear Association is grateful for this opportunity to answer in full the Royal
AND
start a nuclear power program.

Prefer field context:

1. Accuracy
   2. Predictability

Standards:

1. Predictable Limits
   2. Common Usage

Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart DD | Judge: John Sims

Part 1 – Resolutional Burden

To prohibit is defined by Merriam Webster's as:

to make (something) impossible to do 

On the other hand, regulations are defined by Collins Dictionary as:

regulations or rules that are put in place to ensure a product, event, etc, is safe and not dangerous 

Two implications:

A. Analytic.

B. Analytic.

To prove that a prohibition rather than a regulation is called for, the AFF must demonstrate the harms are necessarily inseparable from the production of nuclear power, not merely that they are in status quo technology.

Analytic.

Part 2 – Offense

So, we advocate that countries ought to not prohibit but rather regulate the production of nuclear power so that the only nuclear power that can exist is those that

1. Don't produce radioactive waste that requires long term storage

2. Don't use fissile material that could be hijacked for weaponized purposes

3. Don't harm biodiversity

4. Don't have automated systems that immediately shut down the reactor when it malfunctions or overheats

5. Don't have passive cooling

The first plank solves your terror link since there isn't waste for them to steal. AND a regulation solves best because a prohibition doesn't allow for the reusing of waste.

John Upton, ~journalist~, "Our Nuclear Waste is a Goldmine," 21 November 2013, http://nautil.us/issue/7/waste/ournuclear-**
waste-is-a-goldmine
If America's nuclear waste could be turned
AND
make the new reactors work, new economic policies have to work first.

The second plank solves your terror link because some reactors can't be used to make nuclear weapons.

Warmflash 15, M.D. from Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, and has done post-doctoral work at Brandeis University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Johnson Space Center
(David, "Thorium Power Is the Safer Future of Nuclear Energy", Discover Magazine, January 16, online: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2015/01/16/thorium-future-nuclear-energy/~~#.V75ycigrLIU**, accessed August 24 – MG)
But perhaps the most salient benefit of thorium power, in our geopolitically dicey world
AND
-232, unless they had a robot to carry out the task.

The third plank solves your biodiversity impact. You have to prove that the production of nuclear power actively threatens biodiversity now. However, your internal link is about construction. So, you only criticize the new construction or reactors, not the production of nuclear power with current reactors.

The fourth plank solves your meltdown impacts.

Warmflash 15, M.D. from Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, and has done post-doctoral work at Brandeis University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Johnson Space Center
(David, "Thorium Power Is the Safer Future of Nuclear Energy", Discover Magazine, January 16, online: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2015/01/16/thorium-future-nuclear-energy/~~#.V75ycigrLIU**, accessed August 24 – MG)
The isotope of thorium that's being studied for power is called Th-232.
AND
happens the hot liquid would all drain out and the reaction would stop.

Fifth plank solves your natural disaster links

Chandler, science writer about energy, engineering, and materials science for the MIT News Office, 2014
(David, "Floating nuclear plants could ride out tsunamis", MIT, April 16, Online: http://news.mit.edu/2014/floating-nuclear-plants-could-ride-out-tsunamis-0416**, Accessed September 16 – MG)
A floating platform several miles offshore, moored in about 100 meters of water,
AND
passively, with no intervention. The reactor containment itself is essentially underwater."

Sub-Point A) The AFF offense is about harms that are not intrinsic to the production of nuclear power.

Analytic.

Solves the AFF.

Analytic.

Analytic.

Sub-point B) There is a disadvantage to the AFF solving the problem with the overkill approach of solving a harm by using a prohibition when it could be just as well solved by a regulation.  Prohibition kills RandD of potentially versions of nuclear energy that are good under the aff standard:

1. Analytic.

2. Analytic.

Analytic implication.

AND, this operates under any paradigm.

A. Analytic

B. Analytic

Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Anderson BD | Judge: Nikhil Nair

Regulations NC

A. Prohibition vs. Regulation:
Analytic
B. Burden:
In order to prove a prohibition, the aff must show that the harms are inherent to nuclear production because contingent harms are not problems with nuclear power, which is the just the splitting of atoms, but problems the current form of power has, like that it produces waste.
Analytics
C. Offense:  
The CP Text is to prohibit all reactors that require uranium.
This is competitive because you ban all reactors and I maintain the possibility of better technology in the future. Nuclear prohibition kills research and development.  
A. Analytic   
B. Analytic   

Future tech solves:

Russia proves reactors don’t need waste.

Templeton, writer living in Vancouver, BC. Graham has a BSc in Molecular Biology and writes for a number of local and online publications, 2014
(Graham, "Russia bets its energy future on waste-free fast breeder nuclear reactors", July 10, Online: http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/186023-russia-bets-its-energy-future-on-waste-free-fast-breeder-nuclear-reactors Accessed September 9 – MG)
Russian engineers began a fission reaction at the BN-800 fast breeder nuclear reactor
AND
domestically and in the world at large, over the next several years.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake JD | Judge: Aaron Timmons

National Service

 Military===

National service only includes military service.

Collins Dictionary (printed and online dictionary of English) "national service." HarperCollins n.d., Online: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/national-service, Accessed 8/14/2017 - MG
National service is service in the armed forces, which young people in certain countries have to do by law.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marlborough MC | Judge: Shania Hunt

National Service Military

National service only includes military service.

Collins Dictionary (printed and online dictionary of English) "national service." HarperCollins n.d., Online: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/national-service, Accessed 8/14/2017 - MG
National service is service in the armed forces, which young people in certain countries have to do by law.