Hit me up if you need something from my cites, have questions about something I read, or just want to talk about whatever.
I'll probably put interps that apply to both sides on the aff wiki.
If there is any position here you would rather me rather not read in our round OR if you need any accommodations, please let me know.
1/9/17
00 - BROKEN INTERPS
Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: - Interpretation: All advocacy texts must have evidence that explicitly advocates all parts of the advocacy and does so through the actor in the advocacy text.
12/20/16
00 - DISCLOSURE
Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: - Interpretation: Debaters attending at least one bid tournament must disclose all broken positions on the NDCA wiki. To clarify, debaters must post tags, cites, and the first and last three words of each card. They must do this at least one hour before the round or at the earliest opportunity after the previous round has ended.
Tournament: University of Houston | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake WH | Judge: Nicholas Jennings
Chapter One: Consumer
The cogs of the neoliberal machine do nothing but spin on, reducing life to existence, citizen to consumer – society is now an open market where quality of life is bought and sold.
Neoliberalism is capitalism in the endgame – what started at the level of the regulation ends in the space of education. The neoliberal machine seeks to foreclose thought itself by destroying critical education. The agents of neoliberalism are literally invading the educational space, as militants are now stationed with their watchful eyes surveying a hopeless youth.
A fog of occlusion has descended upon thought itself – we must reclaim critical agency in order to break free of the neoliberal cycles of violence that dominate our lives. Thus, the role of the ballot is to deconstruct hegemonic neoliberalism.
Thus, the role of the judge is to endorse critical pedagogy.
Giroux 4 Giroux, Henry A. "Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization." Teacher Education Quarterly. California Council on Teacher Education, 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.teqjournal.org/backvols/2004/31_1/giroux.pmd.pdf. "All over the world, the forces of neoliberalism are on the march dismantling AND the political and the sites in which political struggles and possibilities might occur."
Chapter Three: Agent
Thus, I advocate that public colleges and universities in the United States end restrictions on constitutionally protected speech.
Welch '15 Welch, Nancy. "Educating for Austerity." International Socialist Review. Center for Economic Research and Social Change, Fall 2015. Web. 22 Dec. 2016. http://isreview.org/issue/98/educating-austerity. ~Nancy Welch is professor of English at the University of Vermont where she helped organize the union representing full- and part-time faculty. Her books include Living Room: Teaching Public Writing in a Privatized World, and The Road from Prosperity. She is the recipient of a Richard Ohmann Award for Outstanding Article in College English for "We're Here and We're Not Going Anywhere: Why Working-Class Rhetorical Traditions Still Matter."~ "Here again history matters. The social supports now virtually eliminated through the employers' AND soul of the education with the fight for the working class a whole."
Critical dialogues are uniquely key – they alone create real education and give us true solutions.
Freire '70 Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London: Continuum, 1970. Print. ~World-renowned writer who is credited with helping start the critical pedagogy movement. Received numerous awards including honorary doctorates, the King Balduin Prize for International Development, the Prize for Outstanding Christian Educators in 1985 with Elza, and the UNESCO 1986 Prize for Education for Peace (Gadotti 76).~ "Nor yet can dialogue exist without hope. Hope is rooted in men's incompletion AND the content of dialogue is really preoccupation with the program content of education."
1/10/17
JANFEB - CRITICAL EDUCATION - 1AC v2
Tournament: University of Houston | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cy-Fair TW | Judge: Kyle Fennessy, Eddie Metelitsa, Rishi Suresh
Chapter One: Consumer
The cogs of the neoliberal machine do nothing but spin on, reducing life to existence, citizen to consumer – society is now an open market where quality of life is bought and sold.
Giroux 1 Giroux, Henry A. "Terrorizing Students: The Criminalization of Children in the US Police State." Truthout. Truthout, 11 Nov. 2015. Web. 22 Dec. 2016. http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/33604-terrorizing-students-the-criminalization-of-children-in-the-us-police-state. ~Giroux received his Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977. He then became professor of education at Boston University from 1977 to 1983. In 1983 he became professor of education and renowned scholar in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio where he also served as Director at the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to Penn State University where he took up the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Penn State University from 1992 to May 2004. He also served as the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to McMaster University in May 2004, where he currently holds the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest.~ "Violence has become the problem of the 21st century. This claim is indebted AND will in fact ruin the lives of millions of people. ~8~"
Neoliberalism is capitalism in the endgame – what started at the level of the regulation ends in the space of education. The neoliberal machine seeks to foreclose thought itself by destroying critical education. The agents of neoliberalism are literally invading the educational space, as militants are now stationed with their watchful eyes surveying a hopeless youth.
A fog of occlusion has descended upon thought itself – we must reclaim critical agency in order to break free of the neoliberal cycles of violence that dominate our lives. Thus, the role of the ballot is to deconstruct hegemonic neoliberalism.
Thus, the role of the judge is to endorse critical pedagogy.
Giroux 4 Giroux, Henry A. "Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization." Teacher Education Quarterly. California Council on Teacher Education, 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.teqjournal.org/backvols/2004/31_1/giroux.pmd.pdf. "All over the world, the forces of neoliberalism are on the march dismantling AND the political and the sites in which political struggles and possibilities might occur."
Chapter Three: Agent
Thus, I advocate that public colleges and universities in the United States end restrictions on constitutionally protected speech.
Welch '15 Welch, Nancy. "Educating for Austerity." International Socialist Review. Center for Economic Research and Social Change, Fall 2015. Web. 22 Dec. 2016. http://isreview.org/issue/98/educating-austerity. ~Nancy Welch is professor of English at the University of Vermont where she helped organize the union representing full- and part-time faculty. Her books include Living Room: Teaching Public Writing in a Privatized World, and The Road from Prosperity. She is the recipient of a Richard Ohmann Award for Outstanding Article in College English for "We're Here and We're Not Going Anywhere: Why Working-Class Rhetorical Traditions Still Matter."~ "Here again history matters. The social supports now virtually eliminated through the employers' AND soul of the education with the fight for the working class a whole."
Critical dialogues are uniquely key – they alone create real education and give us true solutions.
Freire '70 Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London: Continuum, 1970. Print. ~World-renowned writer who is credited with helping start the critical pedagogy movement. Received numerous awards including honorary doctorates, the King Balduin Prize for International Development, the Prize for Outstanding Christian Educators in 1985 with Elza, and the UNESCO 1986 Prize for Education for Peace (Gadotti 76).~ "Nor yet can dialogue exist without hope. Hope is rooted in men's incompletion AND the content of dialogue is really preoccupation with the program content of education."
Students as public intellectuals cause the reclamation of critical agency – that's key to creating political and cultural shifts as well as productive ethics.
Giroux 5 Giroux, Henry A. "Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals." Truthout. Truthout Publications, 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 07 Jan. 2017. http://www.truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k2andview=itemandid=50463Aoccupy-colleges-now—students-as-the-new-public-intellectuals. "At a time when higher education is increasingly being dominated by a reductive corporate AND of addressing the most urgent issues that face the social and political world."
Underview
Discussions of the state are productive – the state can be used as a heuristic to produce change.
Zanotti '13 Zanotti, Laura. "Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 38.4 (2013): 288-304. Sagepub. SAGE Publications, 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 13 Sept. 2016. http://alt.sagepub.com/content/38/4/288.abstract. "By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of AND leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.'"
Materiality is key – ideal theory is an example of the dominance of hegemonic thought.
Freire '70 Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London: Continuum, 1970. Print. ~World-renowned writer who is credited with helping start the critical pedagogy movement. Received numerous awards including honorary doctorates, the King Balduin Prize for International Development, the Prize for Outstanding Christian Educators in 1985 with Elza, and the UNESCO 1986 Prize for Education for Peace (Gadotti 76).~ "Many Persons, bound to a mechanistic view of reality, do not perceive AND 'communiques,' whose contents are intended to exercise a domesticating influence."
1/7/17
MARAPR - EUDAIMONIA - 1AC
Tournament: TFA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake AN | Judge: John Sims
Part 1: Framing
Non-naturalist theories are epistemically inaccessible – ethics must deal with material consequences.
Papineau '7 Papineau, David. "Naturalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)." Plato.stanford.edu. 22 Feb. 2007. Web. 7 Mar. 2017. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/. "Moore took this argument to show that moral facts comprise a distinct species of AND is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them."
Next, all people share a certain ultimate value – the ability to flourish. However, access to value is constrained by material inequalities. Ethics must foster the ability for individuals to flourish by correcting material inequalities.
Kain '92 Philip J. Kain. "Aristotle, Kant, and the ethics of the young Marx." (1992) Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth Century German Social Theory and Classical Antiquity, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc: 216-217 "Marx's concepts of objectification and of species essence involve view of freedom that in AND relation but one that realizes our essence, and thus must be universalizable."
The standard is promoting the conditions for human flourishing, defined as providing the material conditions for individuals to better themselves. Three implications— ~analytics~
Christie et al '1 Christie, Daniel J., Richard V. Wagner, and Deborah Du Nann Winter. "Chapter 8: Social Injustice." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. 102-09. Web. ~Social psychologists.~ "Social injustice challenges us to recognize the ordinarily invisible harms that are inflicted but AND a result of structural vio lence, moral exclusion seems unwarranted and unjust."
Two implications—~analytics~
Finally, adopt the phenomenology of the homeless – resistance to oppressive structures requires addressing material realities to allow for flourishing
Rex '14 (runs F Yeah Anarchists Stickers and contribute to Anarchist Communism) "OMNIA SUNT COMMUNIA." "The reason I am so 'fixated' with pretending to be a post- AND organised. Not critiquing every person who just wants to feed their families."
Three implications—~analytics~
Part 2: Harms
Housing policy is persistently discriminatory – even in the present-day, anti-discrimination legislation hasn't solved the problem.
Matthew et al '17 Matthew, Dayna Bowen, Richard V. Reeves, and Edward Rodrigue. "Health, Housing, and Racial Justice: An Agenda for the Trump Administration." Brookings. Brookings Institute, 17 Jan. 2017. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ccf_20170116_racial_segregation_and_health_matthew_reeves2.pdf. ~Matthew is a nonresident senior fellow in the Center for Health Policy. Works at the University of Colorado School of Law, the Colorado School of Public Health, and the Center for Bioethics and Humanities at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Reeves is a senior fellow in Economic Studies, policy director of the Center on Children and Families, and editor-in-chief of the Social Mobility Memos blog. Former director of strategy to the UK's Deputy Prime Minister, former director of Demos (London-based political think-tank), former director of futures at the Work Foundation, former principal policy advisor to the Minister for Welfare Reform, former research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research, and former researcher at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London. BA from Oxford University and a PhD from Warwick University. Rodrigue is a writer for Brookings.~ "Even after the civil rights era and the introduction of anti-discrimination legislation AND , as Thomas Schelling famously showed in his book, Micromotives and Macrobehavior."
Home inequity is devastating – kills school funding and perpetuates cycles of poverty.
Matthew et al 2 Matthew, Dayna Bowen, Richard V. Reeves, and Edward Rodrigue. "Health, Housing, and Racial Justice: An Agenda for the Trump Administration." Brookings. Brookings Institute, 17 Jan. 2017. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ccf_20170116_racial_segregation_and_health_matthew_reeves2.pdf. ~Matthew is a nonresident senior fellow in the Center for Health Policy. Works at the University of Colorado School of Law, the Colorado School of Public Health, and the Center for Bioethics and Humanities at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Reeves is a senior fellow in Economic Studies, policy director of the Center on Children and Families, and editor-in-chief of the Social Mobility Memos blog. Former director of strategy to the UK's Deputy Prime Minister, former director of Demos (London-based political think-tank), former director of futures at the Work Foundation, former principal policy advisor to the Minister for Welfare Reform, former research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research, and former researcher at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London. BA from Oxford University and a PhD from Warwick University. Rodrigue is a writer for Brookings.~ "There is a strong connection between area of residence and school quality. Poorer AND of segregation allows them to see black student's struggles as another community's problem."
Part 3: Plan
I advocate Resolved: The United States federal government ought to standardize and increase funding for Housing First initiatives as a way to guarantee right to housing. Solvency advocate clarifies. I'm willing to clarify or modify the advocacy if asked in cross-ex to grant you DA links.
Surowiecki '14 is the solvency advocate James Surowiecki. "Give the Homeless Homes." The New Yorker. 22 Sept. 2014. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/22/home-free. ~Staff writer at The New Yorker. Contributing editor at Fortune. Previous business columnist for New York. Contributed to the Wall Street Journal, Wired, the Times Magazine, the Washington Post, and Lingua FrancaHis book, "The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations," was published in 2004.~ "In 2005, Utah set out to fix a problem that's often thought of AND
what looks like a giveaway may actually be a really wise investment."
Yes, I'm T – the right to housing is a programmatic right, meaning it inspires broader governmental action.
Byrne and Culhane '11 Byrne, Thomas, and Dennis P. Culhane. "Right to Housing: An Effective Means for Addressing Homelessness." University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change 14.3 (2011): 1-12. UPenn Legal Scholarship Repository. University of Pennsylvania. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142andcontext=jlasc. ~Dennis P. Culhane is a Professor at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Social Policy and Practice. Thomas Byrne is a Doctoral Student at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Social Policy and Practice.~ "Even though homelessness is one of the most flagrant violations of the right to AND 'programmatic rights' approach and have created a legally enforceable right to housing."
Prefer—~analytics~
Plan solves—
(a) Housing First departs from the racist practices of former programs in favor of ethno-racial inclusivity.
Stergiopoulos et al 1 Stergiopoulos, Vicky, Patricia O'Campo, Agnes Gozdzik, Jeyagobi Jeyaratnam, Simon Corneau, Aseefa Sarang, and Stephen W. Hwang. "Moving from Rhetoric to Reality: Adapting Housing First for Homeless Individuals with Mental Illness from Ethno-racial Groups." BMC Health Services Research 12.1 (2012): n. pag. BMC Health Services Research. Web. 4 Mar. 2017. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-12-345. "Both anti-racist and anti-oppressive principles are rooted in a commitment AND budget also includes an allowance for furnishing and moving costs. ~41~."
Further, Housing First reduces increases housing retention by up to 62.
Kertesz et al '16 Kertesz, Stefan G., Travis P. Baggett, James O'Connell, David S. Buck, and Margot B. Kushel. "Permanent Supportive Housing for Homeless People — Reframing the Debate." The New England Journal of Medicine 375 (2016): 2115-117. The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. Web. 27 Feb. 2017. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1608326~~#t=article. ~Kertesz, M.D., Baggett, M.D. / M.P.H., O'Connelll, M.D., Buck, M.D. / M.P.H., and Kushel, M.D.~ "The persistence of homelessness in the United States has increased interest in providing permanent AND scientifically sound, economically reasonable, and ethical approach to addressing chronic homelessness."
(b) Empirics show that supportive housing puts blacks in better neighborhoods
Dickson-Gomez '16 Julia Dickson-Gomez, corresponding author Timothy McAuliffe, Chinekwu Obidoa, Katherine Quinn, and Margaret Weeks. "The relationship between housing subsidies and supportive housing on neighborhood distress and housing satisfaction: does drug use make a difference?" Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2016; 11: 20. Published online 2016 May 27 "Given that African Americans who receive subsidized housing were more likely to live in AND Americans living in their own apartments without a subsidy (see Table 3)."
(c) Plan massively spills over – Housing First creates a unique-space of empowering, anti-racist discourse that creates a shift to better mitigate structural issues.
Stergiopoulos 2 Stergiopoulos, Vicky, Patricia O'Campo, Agnes Gozdzik, Jeyagobi Jeyaratnam, Simon Corneau, Aseefa Sarang, and Stephen W. Hwang. "Moving from Rhetoric to Reality: Adapting Housing First for Homeless Individuals with Mental Illness from Ethno-racial Groups." BMC Health Services Research 12.1 (2012): n. pag. BMC Health Services Research. Web. 4 Mar. 2017. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-12-345. "The HF ER-ICM program serves ethno-racial individuals with a history AND , problem solving strategies, and a corrective experiences of wellcomeness and inclusion."
3/10/17
MARAPR - LAY - 1AC
Tournament: TFA | Round: 1 | Opponent: John Paul II BT | Judge: John Augillard
Framework
Merriam-Webster defines "ought" as "moral obligation," or "duty." Thus, the value is morality.
"Ought." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.
Individualistic conceptions of rights are good, as they prevent dehumanization for the sake of utility and ensure moral decision-making.
Peter King, PhD writes in '03: King, Peter. "Housing as a Freedom Right." Housing Studies 18.5 (2003): 661-72. Taylor and Francis Online. Taylor and Francis Group, 14 July 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02673030304259. ~Department of Politics and Public Policy, De Montfort University. PhD in philosophy, BSc in Politics and Economics. Written extensively on housing issues for over a decade.~ "First, though, it is necessary to suggest briefly why rights-based AND that scarcity is not a sufficient condition for decision making in housing policy."
Thus, the standard is preserving individual rights.
Contention one: Right to housing
The right to housing exists. First, a right to something exists if action must be taken to preserve one's access to it for the sake of human function.
King continues: King, Peter. "Housing as a Freedom Right." Housing Studies 18.5 (2003): 661-72. Taylor and Francis Online. Taylor and Francis Group, 14 July 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02673030304259. ~Department of Politics and Public Policy, De Montfort University. PhD in philosophy, BSc in Politics and Economics. Written extensively on housing issues for over a decade.~ "Before proceeding any further there is a need to make a terminological distinction, AND is that interests are best self-described and should not be imposed."
And, housing determines whether or not we are allowed to carry out basic function, and gives us a place where we have the right to carry out actions unrestricted, proving that there must be a right to it.
King concludes: King, Peter. "Housing as a Freedom Right." Housing Studies 18.5 (2003): 661-72. Taylor and Francis Online. Taylor and Francis Group, 14 July 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02673030304259. ~Department of Politics and Public Policy, De Montfort University. PhD in philosophy, BSc in Politics and Economics. Written extensively on housing issues for over a decade.~ "Having briefly considered what rights are, there will now be a look at AND is these functional capabilities that form the legitimate claims we make against others."
Furthermore, current circumstances create exigence for a protection of housing. The practice of gentrification disadvantages low-income individuals who would have had otherwise stable housing.
Ponder, J.D. and New York Staff Attorney, writes in '16: Ponder, Emily. "Gentrification and the Right to Housing: How Hip Becomes a Human Rights Violation." Southwestern Journal of International Law 259 (2016): 359-83. Southwestern Law School. Southwestern University. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. http://www.swlaw.edu/pdfs/lawjournal/22_2ponder. Emily Ponder, Esq., is a Staff Attorney at the Neighborhood Defender Service of Harlem in New York City, where she represents low-income tenants, particularly those experiencing adverse civil consequences of contact with the criminal justice system. Emily holds a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law. She would like to thank her supervisor, Vichal Kumar, for his inspiring dedication to his clients and for teaching her to navigate the many ups and downs of the New York City Housing Court. She would also like to thank Professor Richard Schragger for piquing her interest in urban studies in law school and continuing to provide support and encouragement throughout her career. "The displacement and harassment threats associated with gentrification are exacerbated by the current affordability AND to most low-income and very low-income renters.'"
Contention two: Right to health
The United States is obligated to uphold the right to health for its citizens.
Housing violations have widespread public health effects as well as acute effects on individuals.
Gardner, Irwin, and Peterson, public health researchers, write in '09: Gardner, Tiffany M., Alec Irwin, and Curtis W. Peterson. "No Shelter from the Storm: Reclaiming the Right to Housing and Protecting the Health of Vulnerable Communities in Post-Katrina New Orleans." Health and Human Rights Journal 11.2 (2009): n. pag. Health and Human Rights Journal. Health and Human Rights Journal, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2013/08/no-shelter-from-the-storm-reclaiming-the-right-to-housing-and-protecting-the-health-of-vulnerable-communities-in-post-katrina-new-orleans/. ~Tiffany M. Gardner, JD, is Director of the Human Right to Housing Program at the National Economic and Social Rights Initiative (NESRI). Alec Irwin, PhD, is a public health researcher at the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health. Curtis W. Peterson is an activist and a researcher at the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health.~ "Violations of the right to housing have a direct impact on health. Decades AND of New Orleans' poor black communities during the city's post-Katrina rebuilding."
Prefer further – a meta-analysis of over one hundred studies concludes affirmative.
Gibson et al, a group of medical researchers, write in '11: Gibson, Marcia, Mark Petticrew, Clare Bambra, Amanda J. Sowden, Kath E. Wright, and Margaret Whitehead. "Housing and Health Inequalities: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews of Interventions Aimed at Different Pathways Linking Housing and Health." Health Place 17.1 (2011): 175-84. US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098470/~~#bib30. ~Gibson, MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, UK. Petticrew, Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Bambra, Department of Geography, Durham University, Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University Queen's Campus. Sowden and Wright, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. Whitehead, Division of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building.~ "We conducted a systematic overview of housing interventions, finding five systematic reviews, AND hold the most promise for improving health." Thus, I affirm.
3/9/17
NOVDEC - ADA - 1AC
Tournament: University of Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake BB | Judge: Altamish Navani
Contention One: Framing
Exclusion is pervasive and deliberation in public spaces are key to find practical solutions – the role of the judge is to endorse rational-critical deliberation.
Dahlberg 13 Dahlberg, Lincoln. "The Habermasian Public Sphere and Exclusion: An Engagement with Poststructuralist-Influenced Critics." Communication Theory 24.1 (2013): 21-41. Wiley Online Library. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/comt.12010/abstract. ~Professor at the Center for Critical and Cultural Studies, University of Queensland~ "Normatively then, the Habermasian (or deliberative)4 public sphere refers to AND democracy, rather than a problem internal to the character of the norm."
An affirmative ballot is an endorsement of disability scholarship – inclusion is key to debates over morality because we must fight marginalization in order to have a real discussion.
Berube 3 Berube, Michael. "Citizenship and Disability." Alternet. Alternet, 1 May 2003. Web. 15 Nov. 2016. http://www.alternet.org/story/15809/citizenship_and_disability. ~Professor in Literature at Pennsylvania State University~ "It is striking, nonetheless, that so few leftists have understood disability in AND , which is to say, for the good of all of us."
Contention Two: Harms
Those with mental health issues are criminalized.
Auner 1 ~Bracketed for discourse~ Auner, Thomas J. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 49 (2016): 335-50. Loyola Law Review. Digital Commons, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2961andcontext=llr. ~J.D. Candidate, University of Loyola~ "The United States largely criminalizes mentally ill people ~with mental health issues~, AND , compared with 7 to 8 percent of the general population.38"
Every 36 hours, someone with a mental health issue is killed by police.
Appelbaum 15 Appelbaum, Paul S. "Can the Americans With Disabilities Act Reduce the Death Toll From Police Encounters With Persons With Mental Illness?" Psychiatric Services 66.10 (2015): 1012-014. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2015. Web. 02 Nov. 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423161. ~Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., the Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Psychiatry, Medicine and Law, and Director, Division of Law, Ethics and Psychiatry at Columbia, was previously A.F. Zeleznik Distinguished Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry; and Director, Law and Psychiatry Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School.~ "Roughly every 36 hours, somewhere in the United States, a person with AND mental impairments of citizens into account as they interact with them (4)."
Qualified immunity is uniquely bad – it makes recovering damages nigh on impossible.
Gildin 1 Gildin, Gary S. "Dis-Qualified Immunity for Discrimination Against the Disabled." University of Illinois Law Review (1999): 897-948. HeinOnline. HeinOnline. Web. 16 Nov. 2016. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/unilllr1999anddiv=26andid=andpage=. ~Interim Dean and Professor of Law. J.D., Stanford Law School. B.A., University of Wisconsin.~ "The legislative instruction that the Acts be broadly construed to afford relief to victims AND is wholly inapplicable to actions for damages brought under the disability discrimination statutes."
Contention Three: Inherency
Most courts don't uphold the ADA in the context of qualified immunity – that means status quo rights violations aren't getting punished. The ninth circuit should be the example – it's proven that their method works.
Auner 2 ~Bracketed for discourse~ Auner, Thomas J. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 49 (2016): 335-50. Loyola Law Review. Digital Commons, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2961andcontext=llr. ~J.D. Candidate, University of Loyola~ "To succeed in a section 1983 claim, the plaintiff must prove that someone AND governments, rendering the barriers of qualified and municipal immunity inapplicable.79"
Qualified immunity isn't even a real defense – it's an ableist obfuscation of the law.
Gildin 2 Gildin, Gary S. "Dis-Qualified Immunity for Discrimination Against the Disabled." University of Illinois Law Review (1999): 897-948. HeinOnline. HeinOnline. Web. 16 Nov. 2016. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/unilllr1999anddiv=26andid=andpage=. ~Interim Dean and Professor of Law. J.D., Stanford Law School. B.A., University of Wisconsin.~ "The courts that have allowed a qualified immunity defense to be erected by government AND defense that Congress did not intend for actions under the Acts.'9"
Contention Four: Advocacy
Text: All United States federal circuit courts will limit qualified immunity for police officers by rendering the Americans with Disabilities Act applicable for arrest situations.
Auner 3 ~Bracketed for discourse~ Auner, Thomas J. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 49 (2016): 335-50. Loyola Law Review. Digital Commons, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2961andcontext=llr. ~J.D. Candidate, University of Loyola~ "Excessive force claims stemming from the Fourth Amendment and section 1983 of the Civil AND to arrest situations faces a greater risk of violent encounters with the police."
The affirmative enforces the ADA across the board – status quo application is inconsistent.
Auner 4 ~Bracketed for discourse~ Auner, Thomas J. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 49 (2016): 335-50. Loyola Law Review. Digital Commons, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2961andcontext=llr. ~J.D. Candidate, University of Loyola~ "Violent confrontations between police and mentally ill suspects ~with mental health issues~ AND federal protections for ~those with mental health issues~ the mentally ill.
Use of the ADA has historically increased inclusion and discouraged discrimination – litigation is key.
Auner 5 ~Bracketed for discourse~ Auner, Thomas J. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 49 (2016): 335-50. Loyola Law Review. Digital Commons, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2961andcontext=llr. ~J.D. Candidate, University of Loyola~ "When courts deem the ADA applicable to specific situations, public and private entities AND but more importantly, will tangibly improve the safety of the mentally ill."
Underview
Affirmative gets RVIs on counter-interpretations – 3 reasons:
Strategy Skew. The negative can make the round unduly difficult for the affirmative by forcing them to adequately cover all layers when they're already at a disadvantage because of the 7-4-6-3 time skew. Reciprocity. The negative gets two outs and the affirmative has to double down – AND time-suck in the round via a well-frontlined frivolous shell.
Go for reasonability on T specifically – there are many ways of construing a resolution, and it's better to err toward a reasonable affirmative to make the conversation more inclusive. An affirmative is topical if:
It has a solvency advocate. It directly limits qualified immunity, including clearly establishing some right or set of rights.
Large-scale impacts are fear tactics meant to legitimize oppression.
Omolade '84 Omolade, Barbara. "Women of Color and the Nuclear Holocaust." Women's Studies Quarterly 12.2 (1984): 12. JSTOR. ITHAKA. Web. 30 Oct. 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40004305. ~Worked with the City College Center for Worker Education in New York City, historian of black women for the past twenty years and an organizer in both the women's and civil rights movements.~ "As women of color, who are warriors in continual struggle to reclaim our AND , imperialism, cultural integrity, and housing? Who will stand up?"
Err affirmative on solvency – spillover solves a majority of their harms and past precedents show that the ADA can do good things.
We are currently entrenched in the system of corporate capitalism. So long as corporate capitalism goes unchallenged, corporations can never be held accountable.
Picciotto, Sol. Regulating Global Corporate Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011. Web. 11 Aug. 2016. "Due to these features, the corporation has enabled the radical transformation of capitalism AND be no effective driving force for any significant reconsideration of the corporate form."
A lack of accountability leaves the impoverished vulnerable to exploitation – the status quo attempts to address this issue but fails to realize the importance of the state in corporate regulation.
Newell, Peter. "From Responsibility to Citizenship? Corporate Accountability for Development1." Wiley Online Library. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Apr. 2002. Web. 17 Aug. 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2002.tb00025.x/abstract. "Citizenship 'is a weighty, monumental, humanist word' (Fraser and Gordon AND being exploited and that is not being exploited' (quoted in Strange 1988)."
This corporate capitalism also fosters political corruption, environmental degradation, and discrimination on multiple bases.
Perrow, Charles. Organizing America: Wealth, Power, and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism. Oxfordshire: Princeton UP, 2002. Web. 11 Aug. 2016. "How did it come about that the United States developed an economic system based AND be our fate for the foreseeable future. It might have been otherwise."
Contention Two: Framing
Thus, the role of the ballot is to challenge corporate capitalism.
Wolff, Richard. "Occupy Wall Street Ends Capitalism's Alibi." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 04 Oct. 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. (Professor of economics at the University of Massachusetts for 35 years, visiting professor at New School University, NY, teaches at the Brecht Forum in Manhattan). "Occupy Wall Street has already weathered the usual early storms. The kept media AND long – and at far too great a cost to all of us."
The role of the judge is to endorse critical pedagogy.
Giroux, Henry A. "Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratization." Teacher Education Quarterly. California Council on Teacher Education, 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://www.teqjournal.org/backvols/2004/31_1/giroux.pmd.pdf. "All over the world, the forces of neoliberalism are on the march dismantling AND the political and the sites in which political struggles and possibilities might occur."
Structural violence occurs outside our scope of justice – that means evaluating it comes before normative moral calculations.
Christie, Daniel J., Richard V. Wagner, and Deborah Du Nann Winter. "Chapter 8: Social Injustice." Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. 102-09. Web. "Social injustice challenges us to recognize the ordinarily invisible harms that are inflicted but AND a result of structural vio lence, moral exclusion seems unwarranted and unjust."
Contention Three: Advocacy
Countries will prohibit production of nuclear power, thereby mandating the shutdown of nuclear reactors.
Williams, Chris. "Nuclear Energy: Capitalism's Disastrous Priority." DiaNuke. DiaNuke, 28 July 2012. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. (Environmental activist, published author, chair of science department at Packer Collegiate Institute, professor at Pace University in the Department of Chemistry and Physical Science). "They may not live in castles anymore, but the glass-plated skyscrapers AND to build in the United States and in every part of the globe."
Involvement of the state is key to addressing corporate capitalism.
Rothkopf, David. "Fixing Capitalism Means Taking Power Back From Business." Time. Time Inc., 19 Jan. 2012. Web. 10 Aug. 2016. http://business.time.com/2012/01/19/command-and-control/. "Newt Gingrich's latest attack on fellow Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney's leadership of a AND corporations and individuals, companies and states, nations and the global community."
Underview
Affirmative gets RVIs on competing interpretations – 3 reasons:
Strategy Skew 2. Reciprocity 3. Checks frivolous theory
