Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
If you need me to disclose anything or discuss potential T/theory violations, you can reach me at:
Facebook: Ryan Rashid
Email: ryan.rshd@gmail.com

Preferred gender pronoun is he.
If anything on here seems like it would make the round uncomfortable, please let me know.

Tournament: UH | Round: 3 | Opponent: Crosby AL | Judge: Sandeep Shah
FRAMING
The only way to evaluate questions of “ought” is through appealing to the constitutive rules of agents
Searle ‘64
Searle, John R. “How to Derive ‘Ought’ From ‘Is.’” The Philosophical Review, vol. 73, no. 1, 1964, pp. 43–58. www.jstor.org/stable/2183201. KOHS-RR
This summary of the traditional empirical view has been very brief, but I hope
AND
ought’s” from “is’s” on the model of the first derivation.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the constitutive rules of agents.

Constitutivism is concerned with the obligations of agents, which necessitates rule util. Prefer this over any other stance.
Chappell ‘05
Chappell, Richard Yetter. "Indirect Utilitarianism." Indirect Utilitarianism. University of New York, 11 June 2005. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.philosophyetc.net/2005/06/indirect-utilitarianism.html. KOHS-RR
Utilitarianism is a much maligned moral theory, in part because it's so easily abused
AND
that there is no real chance that actions will even approximate to them.

Thus, the most important consequences to consider are those associated with abiding by a rule.
Smart ‘56
J. J. C. Smart, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Volume 6, 1956, p. 344-5. KOHS-RR
A more modest form of utilitarianism has recently become fashionable. The doctrine is to
AND
governs the given case. I shall call this doctrine "restricted utilitarianism."

The U.S. Constitution is the constitutive rule for all government agents.
Madison ‘87
John Dickinson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and George Wythe (Founding Fathers). Constitution. 1787.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in
AND
America the Twelfth. In Witness Whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names.  

Public colleges and universities are agents and extensions of the government.
Farlex ‘08
"Colleges and Universities Legal Definition of Colleges and Universities." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, 2008. Web. 05 Jan. 2017. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Colleges+and+Universities.
U.S. colleges and universities are governed by many of the same laws
AND
, which guarantees that the government will not interfere with Freedom of Speech.

Because public agents shouldn’t violate the Constitution, I advocate that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. I reserve the right to clarify in CX. 

Advantage 1: Credibility

Constitutionality is key to credibility—violating the constitution kills trust.
Ginsburg ‘06
Tom Ginsburg (Professor of Law and Political Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign). “LOCKING IN DEMOCRACY: CONSTITUTIONS, COMMITMENT, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.” 2006. http://works.bepress.com/tom_ginsburg/12/
Why might these issues of constitutional design vary across countries? I draw on the
AND
their own hands, they actually can enhance their own authority. 

Inhibiting free speech would uniquely impact legitimacy—the majority of students don’t want restrictions.
Jones ‘16
(Jeffrey M. Jones, “College Students Oppose Restrictions on Political Speech”, http://www.gallup.com/poll/190451/college-students-oppose-restrictions-political-speech.aspx)
PRINCETON, N.J. -- U.S. College students mostly reject
AND
sampling error is ±3 percentage points at the 95 confidence level.

Credibility has three implications:

a) Key to addressing crime
Tyler ‘04
Professor Of Psychology at New York University. Enhancing Police Legitimacy Tom R. Tyler Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 593, To Better Serve and Protect: Improving Police Practices (May, 2004), pp. 84-99
One way to approach the relationship between the police and the public is to consider
AND
2002) and in people's everyday law-related behavior (Tyler 1990).

Violent crime creates self-reinforcing cycles that doom youth and increases structural violence.
Reich ‘02
Reich, Kathleen. "Children, Youth, and Gun Violence: Analysis and Recommendations." The Future of Children 12.2 (2002): n. pag. Web. 6 Nov. 2016. KOHS-RR
Just as the economic costs of gun violence are substantial, so are the psychological
AND
killed or die, and 19 sometimes wished they were dead.49

b) Solves multiple scenarios for extinction.
Nye and Armitage ‘07
Joseph Nye (University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, and previous dean of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government) and Richard Armitage (13th United States Deputy Secretary of State, the second-in-command at the State Department, serving from 2001 to 2005), “CSIS Reports – A Smarter, More Secure America”, 11/6, 2007 http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,4156/type,1/
Soft power is the ability to attract people to our side without coercion. Legitimacy
AND
least as much as their ability to destroy the enemy’s will to fight.

c) Constitutional credibility and free speech are prerequisites to all other impacts.
Bernstein ‘03
Bernstein, David E. "Defending the First Amendment from Antidiscrimination Laws." SSRN. North Carolina Law Review, 2003. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=392001104070024087023118031066018007046068057063028037092013031000105026003099016126010063039006013115083085095056083028059013065071065006031002064102126088040046031115094008094075002000101020121098104118084019110112078121117013001019092072098andEXT=pdf. KOHS-RR
The student who callously utters a racial epithet, the bigots who refuse to admit
AND
of others, and when they do, political processes cannot redress it."

Advantage 2: Rule of Law

The U.S. constitution is a worldwide model for rule of law—other countries prove.
London ‘01
Herbert I. London (President of the Hudson Institute and Profesor Emeritus at NYU). “The Enemy Within.” 1 April 2001.
Fourth, the United States possesses a sense of moral universalism that exists nowhere else
AND
there is no question that the United States will maintain its extraordinary leadership.

Two extinction scenarios:

a) Rule of law is key to combating oppression and global war.
Rhyne ‘58
Charles S. Rhyne, Washington lawyer, Law Day Speech for Voice of America delivered on the first Law Day, 1958
Law and courts exist to protect every citizens of the United States
AND
to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people. 

War causes extinction
Germanos ‘13
Germanos, Andrea. "Nuclear War Could Mean 'Extinction of the Human Race'" Common Dreams. Common Dreams, 10 Dec. 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/12/10/nuclear-war-could-mean-extinction-human-race. KOHS-RR
A war using even a small percentage of the world's nuclear weapons threatens the lives
AND
“In order to eliminate this threat, we must eliminate nuclear weapons.”

b) Maintaining the rule of law is k2 preventing pandemics.
Greco
 (Michael, president of the American Bar Association, Miami Daily Business Review, 12/5, lexis)
What makes the rule of law so important that it attracted such a distinguished community
AND
for an independent, nonpartisan commission to investigate our treatment of such prisoners.

Pathogen outbreaks lead to extinction.
Casadevall
(Arturo Casadevall, Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases, and Director of the Center for Immunological Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, “The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, 5(5), September 2012, p.584-585, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/abstract)
In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile
AND
acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.

Advantage 3: Terrorism

The 1st amendment is key to preventing pro-terror backlash that increases terrorism—the AC supports engaging interactions that go against current militaristic approaches to terror.
Lombardi et al ‘15
Lombardi, Marco, IÌ„maÌ„n AhÌmad Rajab, Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand, Valerio De Divitiis, and Alessandro Burato. Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism among Youth to Prevent Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS, 2015. Print.
First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
AND
increasing meaningful and engaging interactions is the best antidote to violent extremist ideologies.

Two implications:

1) Increased terrorist backlash causes extinction.
Gordon ‘02
Gordon 02, (Harvey, Visiting Lecturer, Forensic Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, “The ‘Suicide’ Bomber: Is It a Psychiatric Phenomenon?” PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN v. 26, 2002, pp. 285-287. Available from the Wrold Wide Web at: http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/26/8/285)
Although terrorism throughout human history has been tragic, until relatively recently it has been
AND
phenomenon can be explained in political terms. Most participants in terrorism are not 

2) Militaristic approaches to terror perpetuate Islamophobia and strengthen barriers.
Reister ‘16
Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. KOHS-RR
Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has
AND
that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle.

Islamophobia, especially in the classroom, destroys the health and learning capabilities of Muslims.
Irshad ‘15
Irshad, Ghazala. "How Anti-Muslim Sentiment Plays out in Classrooms across the US." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. KOHS-RR
Fifty-five percent of Muslim students surveyed by the Council on American Islamic Relations
AND
immune systems and destroys their focus, disrupting and learning ability.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Tompkins AG | Judge: Maani Chotalla
FRAMING
Every agent must recognize freedom as a necessary good.
Gewirth ‘84
Alan Gewirth (UChi Prof) “THE ONTOLOGICAL BASIS OF NATURAL LAW: A CRITIQUE AND AN ALTERNATIVE.” 29 American Journal of Jurisprudence. 95. 1984. HeinOnline.
Let me briefly sketch the main line of argument that leads to this conclusion.
AND
of consistency with the material consideration of the generic features and rights of action 

The best model of freedom should be one the minimizes institutional humiliation—non-domination solves.
Pettit ‘97
Philip Pettit (Laurence Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University). “Freedom with Honor: A Republican Ideal.” Spring 1997. http://www.princeton.edu/~ppettit/papers/FreedomwithHonor_SocialResearch_1997.pdf
And so to my claim about the constitutional consistency of freedom as noninterference with institutional
AND
they may happen to receive respect but they will not command respect. 

Non-domination is the only notion of freedom that can apply to state actors. Prefer civic republicanism—state interference promotes freedom if it ensures non-domination.
Waltman ‘02
Jerry Waltman (taught political science at the University of Southern Mississippi for 25 years; in 15 of those he participated in the British Studies Program.  He currently holds an endowed professorship in political science at Baylor University, where he teaches British politics and comparative public law.  He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University, and is the author of eight books and numerous articles in academic journals on both British and American politics.  In addition to his years spent on the British Studies Program, he has traveled and taught in the UK on many occasions). “Civic Republicanism, The Basic Income Guarantee, and the Living Wage.” USBIG Discussion Paper. No. 25, March 2002.
Civic republicanism's origins lie in the ancient world, in the political theory undergirding several
AND
prudently framed, are by no means subversive but rather introductive of liberty."

Thus, the standard is consistency with non-domination, defined as curtailing the capacity for arbitrary interference. Prefer:

1)Non-domination is the primary moral good and turns other frameworks—it’s a pre-req to other values.
Pettit 2
Pettit, Philip (Professor at Princeton). Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford University Press, USA (September 30, 1999).
The first of the further benefits becomes visible when we reflect on a salient way
AND
uncertainty, non-domination has the firm attraction of a primary good. 

2)Comes first under util for state actors, like universities—k2 resolve the infeasibility of direct util calc.
Pettit 3
Pettit, Philip (Professor at Princeton). Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford University Press, USA (September 30, 1999).
Republicanism is a consequentialist doctrine which assigns to government, in particular to governmental authorities
AND
are tied: that they are agents with little or no independent discretion.

3)Pre-req to Kant
Ripstein ‘09
Arthur Ripstein. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press. 2009.
The right to freedom as independence provides a model of interaction that reconciles the ability
AND
. They are small- scale versions of despotism or abuse of office.

I defend the resolution as a general principle and will clarify if necessary.

ADVANTAGE 1: DISSENT

University restrictions on speech repress minority dissent and viewpoints.
Fisher ‘17
Anthony L. Fisher 17 (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship
It’s already happening. Just ask the Palestinian activists whose boycott campaigns against Israel have
AND
"safe space" from such "offensive" expressions of free speech.

Communication is key—restricting speech dominates certain identities and destroys effective discourse.
Fisher 2
Anthony L. Fisher (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship
The authors express the need — “in an increasingly multicultural nation” — to
AND
to some — but in today’s campus climate, it’s an important intervention.

Institutions shouldn’t humiliate people; honor is a basic human good—restrictions on speech deprive people of honor.
Pettit 4
Philip Pettit (Laurence Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University). “Freedom with Honor: A Republican Ideal.” Spring 1997. http://www.princeton.edu/~ppettit/papers/FreedomwithHonor_SocialResearch_1997.pdf
The decent society, as Avishai Margalit (1996) defines it for us,
AND
to politics that was sidelined by classical liberalism in the early nineteenth century. 

ADVANTAGE 2: UNIONS

States can arbitrarily dominate labor movements from unions in public universities.
Richman ‘16
Shaun Richman 16 (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes
As the spring semester starts up at the City University of New York, union
AND
tool for reversing many anti-union measures that are on the books.

Unions k2 pragmatic change within universities through their bargaining power—squo restrictions are an attack on free speech and protest
Richman 2
Shaun Richman (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes
-Unions take out any K’s; the AC holds the internal link to pragmatic
AND
. I’d also suggest that they begin drawing up some new picket signs.

Bargaining power k2 to non-domination.
Konczal ‘14
Mike Konczal (fellow at the Roosevelt Institute). “7 Bipartisan Reasons to Raise the Minimum Wage.” Boston Review. March 3rd, 2014. http://www.bostonreview.net/us/mike-konczal-seven-reasons-raise-minimum-wage
When low-wage workers protest at fast food restaurants, low wages are not
AND
workers and will help to eliminates these kinds of domination. 

Bargaining power is key to solve income inequality
Gupta ‘15
Sarita Gupta (executive director of Jobs with Justice). “Protect and Expand Workers’ Ability to Bargain.” Moyers and Company. January 20th, 2015. http://billmoyers.com/2015/01/20/protect-expand-workers-ability-bargain/
Greedy corporations have been on a decades-long bender to takes
AND
now to join the fight for fair schedules and expanded bargaining for workers. 

Income inequality undermines civic republicanism and furthers dominant voices.
Waltman 2
Jerry Waltman (taught political science at the University of Southern Mississippi for 25 years; in 15 of those he participated in the British Studies Program.  He currently holds an endowed professorship in political science at Baylor University, where he teaches British politics and comparative public law.  He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University, and is the author of eight books and numerous articles in academic journals on both British and American politics.  In addition to his years spent on the British Studies Program, he has traveled and taught in the UK on many occasions). “Civic Republicanism, The Basic Income Guarantee, and the Living Wage.” USBIG Discussion Paper. No. 25, March 2002.
Nevertheless, too much inequality in material possessions is an equally serious problem. Again
AND
attractive economic alternative, one of the central vestiges of citizenship is removed.

UNDERVIEW

Neg burden is to defend a competitive post-fiat policy. Offense-defense is key to fairness and real world education.
Nelson ‘08
Adam F. Nelson, J.D.1. Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate. 2008.
And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof
AND
know how the various options affect us and the world we live in.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dulles DH | Judge: Ria Mazumdar
The standard is minimizing structural barriers. Prefer—

1) Debate should deal with material impacts—abstraction reflects privilege
Curry ‘14
Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”KOHS-AG
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

2) Structural barriers are based in moral exclusion—we cannot come to ethical conclusions if individuals aren’t seen as human
Winter and Leighton
Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Advantage 1: Echo Chambers

Speech restrictions force bigots to retreat back to those with similar viewpoints—they exacerbate harmful ideologies and kill constructive debate.
Levinovitz ‘16
Alan Levinovitz, assistant professor of religion at James Madison University, “How Trigger Warnings Silence Religious Students,” The Atlantic, August 30, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/silencing-religious-students-on-campus/497951/
 There is no doubt that in America, the perspective of white, heterosexual
AND
deeply held beliefs. It would be a shame to execute him again.

Echo chambers kill coalitional politics and forces the problem underground.
Sunstein ‘12
Sunstein 12 (Cass R. Sunstein. Sep 17, 2012. “Breaking up the echo”. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/opinion/balanced-news-reports-may-only-inflame.html?_r=0) KOHS-RR
It is well known that when like­minded people get together, they tend
AND
not what is said, but who, exactly, is saying it.

The neg causes a substitution effect where new forms of hate speech emerge.
Kurtz and Oscarson ’03
Members of National Council of Teachers of English Conference on College Composition and Communication 2k3 (Anna, Christopher, “BookTalk: Revising the Discourse of Hate,” ProQuest)
However, Butler also argues that the daily, repeated use of words opens a
AND
might be able to create spaces for learning in which everyone feels safe.

Identifying and engaging with the problem through discourse is key—solves root cause of their impacts.
ACLU ‘16
American Civil Liberties Union. For almost 100 years, the ACLU has worked to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the United States., “Hate Speech on Campus”, ACLU, 2016. https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus
Where racist, sexist and homophobic speech is concerned, the ACLU believes that more
AND
, possibly change them, and forge solidarity against the forces of intolerance. 

Empirics flow aff—speech codes lead to more violence—open dialogue is key to solve. We say fight hate speech with activist speech.
Malik ‘12
Kenan Malik, I am a writer, lecturer and broadcaster. My latest book is The Quest for a Moral Compass: A Global History of Ethics, “why hate speech should not be banned”, April 12, 2012, https://kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/why-hate-speech-should-not-be-banned/
And in practice, you cannot reduce or eliminate bigotry simply by banning it.
AND
threshold for liability should not be lowered just because hate speech is involved.

Advantage 2: Dissent

University restrictions on speech destroy minority dissent and viewpoints.
Fisher ‘17
Anthony L. Fisher 17 (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship
It’s already happening. Just ask the Palestinian activists whose boycott campaigns against Israel have
AND
"safe space" from such "offensive" expressions of free speech.

Communication is key—restricting speech hinders certain identities and destroys effective discourse.
Fisher 2
Anthony L. Fisher (associate editor at Reason.com, where his beats include criminal justice, civil liberties, free speech, and foreign affairs. He is also a sports and culture columnist at The Week.). “The free speech problem on campus is real. It will ultimately hurt dissidents”. Vox, Jan 2, 2017. http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship
The authors express the need — “in an increasingly multicultural nation” — to
AND
to some — but in today’s campus climate, it’s an important intervention.

A framework for alternate views to be heard is k2 pragmatic change and solves Ks.
William ‘16
Bryant. "The Counterrevolutionary Campus: Herbert Marcuse And The Suppression Of Student Protest Movements: N." Routledge Taylor And Francis. September 14, 2016. Web. December 08, 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07393148.2016.1228580?needAccess=tru e.
Importantly, we must not limit ourselves to merely critiquing existing oppressions, or just
AND
embodied that impetus here and shown it to be more relevant than ever.

Advantage 3: Unions

States can suppress labor movements from unions in public universities.
Richman ‘16
Shaun Richman 16 (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes
As the spring semester starts up at the City University of New York, union
AND
tool for reversing many anti-union measures that are on the books.

Unions k2 pragmatic change within universities—squo restrictions are an attack on free speech and protest
Richman 2
Shaun Richman (former organizing director for the American Federation of Teachers). “How ‘Friedrichs’ Could Actually Unleash Unions from Decades of Free Speech Restrictions”. In These Times, Jan. 22, 2016. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18796/friedrichs-v-california-teachers-association-free-speech-strikes
-Unions take out any K’s; the AC holds the internal link to pragmatic
AND
. I’d also suggest that they begin drawing up some new picket signs.

Advantage 4: Terrorism

The 1st amendment is key to preventing pro-terror backlash that increases terrorism—the AC supports engaging interactions that go against current militaristic approaches to terror.
Lombardi et al ‘15
Lombardi, Marco, IÌ„maÌ„n AhÌmad Rajab, Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand, Valerio De Divitiis, and Alessandro Burato. Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism among Youth to Prevent Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS, 2015. Print.  KOHS-RR
First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
AND
increasing meaningful and engaging interactions is the best antidote to violent extremist ideologies.

Militaristic approaches to terror perpetuate Islamophobia and strengthen barriers.
Reister ‘16
Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. KOHS-RR
Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has
AND
that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle.

Islamophobia, especially in the classroom, destroys the health and learning capabilities of Muslims.
Irshad ‘15
Irshad, Ghazala. "How Anti-Muslim Sentiment Plays out in Classrooms across the US." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. KOHS-RR
Fifty-five percent of Muslim students surveyed by the Council on American Islamic Relations
AND
immune systems and destroys their focus, disrupting and learning ability.

Underview

PICs are a voting issue against whole res affs
1) Analytic
2) Analytic

Neg burden is to defend a competitive post-fiat policy. Offense-defense is key to fairness and real world education—ignore skep.
Nelson ‘08
Adam F. Nelson, J.D.1. Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate. 2008.
And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof
AND
know how the various options affect us and the world we live in.

Relativism justifies mass genocide
Dimitrijevic 10 – associate professor at CEU Political Science Department
(Nenad, “Moral knowledge and mass crime : A critical reading of moral relativism,” Philosophy Social Criticism February 2010 vol. 36 no. 2 131-156, dml)
Relativism is not a trivial thesis, and the strength of its arguments deserves careful
AND
the erroneous explanation of the establishment, authority and justification of moral judgments.

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cypress Falls MR | Judge: Emily Nguyen
Part 1: War On Terror

IN 2002 AT A NEW YORK AIRPORT, AN INNOCENT MUSLIM NAMED MAHER ARAR WAS DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF WORKING WITH AL-QAEDA, WHERE HE WAS TORTURED FOR 10 MONTHS. WHEN TAKEN TO COURT, THE OFFICERS INVOKED QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND THE CASE WAS DISMISSED. ARAR IS NOT ALONE—HUNDREDS OF MUSLIMS HAVE BEEN TREATED AS SLAVES AND UNABLE TO GAIN RETRIBUTION DUE TO THE GWOT AND THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DOCTRINE
Knight ‘16
Knight, Sam. "Bush Officials Immunity for War on Terror Abuses to Be Subject, Again, of Supreme Court Battle." Truthout. The District Sentinel | Report, 13 Oct. 2016. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. KOHS-RR
Hundreds of plaintiffs allege that they were swept up in an immigration dragnet in Brooklyn
AND
the former Attorney General. Kagan had also recused herself from that case.

In 2009, the Supreme Court overturned the mandatory two-pronged requirement for QI—its usage has only increased.
Lochner ‘11
Lochner, Sarah L. "QUALIFIED IMMUNITY, CONSTITUTIONAL STAGNATION, AND THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR." Northwestern University Law Review 105.2 (2011): 829-68. Northwestern University School of Law. Northwestern University School of Law, 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2016KOHS-RR
The qualified immunity defense almost is universally claimed by the defendant officials in
AND
to arise in other law-developing suits where qualified immunity is unavailable.

This ruling has caused Constitutional stagnation that uniquely affects GWOT victims—alternatives have failed
Lochner 2
In assuaging concerns that one-step qualified immunity analyses would lead to constitutional stagnation
AND
not insert itself into the day-to-day operations of Guantánamo.”

The stagnation from GWOT cases leads to continued judicial review evasion and circular rights violations by not clarifying core constitutional rights
Lochner 3
Executive avoidance has become a familiar phenomenon in the GWOT in two contexts: (
AND
grant certiorari and issue a disposition that would inform detainees and executive officials.

The unchecked privilege of officers in GWOT cases has caused the hyper-incarceration of Muslims as terrorists
Ocasek
“An Analysis of Radical Muslims and Terrorists in United States Prisons” Tim Ocasek will complete his Master’s Degree in Law Enforcement and Justice Administration from Western Illinois University in 2010.  He works as the Lead Graduate assistant in the School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration.  He earlier completed Western’s undergraduate program, obtaining his Bachelor’s Degree in Law Enforcement and Justice Administration as an Honors Scholar with a double minor in Security Administration and Fire Science.  Throughout his college studies, much of his work has focused on terrorism, included a course in England studying international terrorism. KOHS-RR
The global efforts of the United States and its allies against terrorism have created a
AND
, 18, and California, New York, 18 (Zoll).

Islamophobia has sought to exclude Muslims from our communities and create a vicious cycle of oppression—the problem lies in how we portray them
Reister ‘16
Reister. "Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism: A Vicious Cycle." The Evergreen State College. N.p., May 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. KOHS-RR
Islamophobia has been present in many Western nations for hundreds of years, but has
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that it creates only serve to generate more Islamophobia through a vicious cycle.

Incarceration is a form of modern genocide
Smith ‘06
(“The Prison Industrial Complex,” by Earl Smith and Angela Hattery, Wake Forest University. Sociation Today, Volume 4, Number 2 Fall 2006.)
According to Wright, prisons can be seen as a form of modern day genocide
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2005). That which cordons some off, "cordons" others in.

Part 2: Solvency

Plan Text: The U.S. courts ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers in cases of The Global War On Terror (GWOT) by invoking the Saucier sequence. I defend normal means and will clarify if necessary in CX.
Lochner 4
This Comment argues that courts should follow the Saucier sequence when evaluating Bivens claims brought
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of claim for which Pearson declares Saucier analysis to be “especially valuable.”

The AC is topical—Saucier sequencing limits officers’ ability to invoke QI
Lochner 5
Other commentators maintain that Saucier decisions about the constitutional merits of claims that ultimately fail
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of the kind of detentions they considered was not clearly established in 2009.

The plan solves—it helps to clearly establish constitutional rights and improves police conduct—leads to reduced future litigation, torture, and foreign conflicts that perpetuate anti-Islamic resentment
Lochner 6
Closing Guantánamo, however, will not end the detention of citizens and aliens in
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that they need not hesitate when confronted with similar circumstances in the future.

The stricter standard in courts would declare the most abusive Islamophobic actions un-Constitutional and reduce the executional ability of these agencies—solves both discrimination and terror threats
Love ‘12
Love 2012 Erik, (Assistant Professor of Sociology @ Dickinson College), "NYPD: Whose side are you on?", Institute for Social Policy and Understanding
Despite the recent outpouring of support of these discriminatory programmes, a federal investigation of
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same centre found that Muslim American "practices" effectively "prevent radicalisation".

Understanding Islamophobia in conjunction with the War on Terror is key to addressing securitization and imperialism
Ahmad ‘14
Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed British author, investigative journalist, and international security scholar. He is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development “Islamophobia and Insecurity”, in Abdelwahab El Affendi Osman (ed.) Killer Narratives: The Destructive Impact of Collective Nightmares (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)
 Furthermore, Muslim communities – both in the form of diasporas in the West
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controlling one of the crucial resource-rich regions for global capitalism.”52 

Part 3: The Classroom

Before we can take action, we must first question and understand the power relations that allow oppression to come up. Thus, the ROJ: To be a critical educator, focused on the liberation of the oppressed. 

This space is key—it is our responsibility to use the classroom to challenge violent racism and Islamophobia. Thus, the ROB: To vote for the debater who best methodologically combats Islamophobic power structures.
Zaal ‘12
Zaal 12:, Mayida. "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 55.6 (2012): 555-558.Mayida Zaal is an assistant professor at Montclair State University PESH AK
Becky and Aysha’s story was brought to my attention when Aysha’s parents sought guidance regarding
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learning environments in which students can engage as critical readers of their world.

A vote affirmative is an ethical stance taken by the judge to refuse Islamophobia—every affirmation of our project is key to the process of awareness. The only productive start is challenging the culture of the American security state.
Kundnani and Kumar ‘15
Arun (professor @ NYU, and author on domestic surveillance) and Deepa (professor of Middle East Studies @ Rutgers), Spring 2015, “Race, surveillance, and empire”, http://isreview.org/issue/96/race-surveillance-and-empire,
What brings together these different systems of racial oppression—mass incarceration, mass surveillance
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the beginnings of an effective multiracial opposition to the surveillance state and empire.