Tournament: Any | Round: 2 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
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Tournament: UH | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kempner TC | Judge: Obinn Dennar
INTERP— The affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution by the United States federal government.

Resolved reflects policy passage before a legislative body
Parcher ‘01
(Jeff, Fmr. Debate Coach at Georgetown University, February, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html)
(1) Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American
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or 'no' - which, of course, are answers to a question.

Switch side debate—
a. Advocacy skills—Debating about both sides of an issue is k2 critical thinking and real world applicability of debate skills
Muir ‘93
Star Muir 93, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4)
The debate over moral education and values clarification parallels in many ways the controversy over
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, are consistently effective in integrating these skills into successes on the job.

b. Malcolm X proves switch side is k2 social activism—Malcom X LEARNED that the state was bad by playing the devils advocate
Branham ‘95
(Robert, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College, Argumentation and Advocacy, Winter)
Norfolk had a fine library of several thousand volumes and prisoners were able to check
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s and Ph.D.s to teach them," he explains.

Roleplaying is k2 teaching us how to advocate for change—our argument is that exploring roleplaying is a good pedagogical method
Blatner ‘09
Adam “Role Playing In Education” (2009) Adam Blatner, MD, is a Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, doubly Board Certified in Child/Adult Psychiatry, a Certified Trainer of Psychodrama and a psychology theorist
Role-playing is a methodology derived from sociodrama that may be used to help
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be prepared for dealing with the challenges of the Twenty-First Century.

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland SS | Judge: Randall Martinez
INTERP--The affirmative must defend the implementation of a policy.
"Resolved" denotes policy action.
Words and Phrases '64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word...establish by law".

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Tompkins AG | Judge: Courtney Kaufman

Courts managing but burdened now—any small push tips the brink

Gershman ‘15
Jacob. "Federal Judge Says His Overworked Colleagues Bench Close to Burnout." Wall Street Journal. November 12, 2015.
Judges in federal trial courts have for some time expressed concern about the ever-
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growing ones), but efforts to hire more judges have met political resistance.

University pressure to resist hate speech causes tons of frivolous student lawsuits – any offensive speech is sufficient to get into court.

Juhan '12
(S. Cagle Juhan ~Law Clerk, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama; J.D., Uni versity of Virginia School of Law; B.A. with distinction, University of Virginia~, November 2012, "FREE SPEECH, HATE SPEECH, AND THE HOSTILE SPEECH ENVIRONMENT," Virginia Law Review, Vol. 98, No. 7, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23333530)//KEN
Thus far, only the incentives to regulate inflammatory, offensive, or hateful speech
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value in order to preserve the protection of speech entitled to it.39

Monetary damages and hypersensitivity ensure lawsuits as a result of the aff.

Majeed '09
(Azhar Majeed ~B.A. in Political Science with a minor in History from the University of Michigan in 2004, 2007 graduate of the University of Michigan Law School, represented the University of Michigan at the 2006 Tulane International Moot Court competition, FIRE’s inaugural Robert H. Jackson Legal Fellows, FIRE legal intern in 2005~, May 7, 2009, "The Misapplication of Peer Harassment Law on College and University Campuses and the Loss of Student Speech Rights," FIRE, https://www.thefire.org/the-misapplication-of-peer-harassment-law-on-college-and-university-campuses-and-the-loss-of-student-speech-rights/)
The third major consequence of the misapplication of harassment law is that it has contributed
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be free from offense undercuts the proper functioning of the marketplace of ideas.

Court clog disproportionately the poor and people of color—turns case

Brunt ‘15
Alexa Van Brunt, "Poor people rely on public defenders who are too overworked to defend them" Guardian, June 17, 2015.KOHS-AG
Money can buy you a great defense team, but what if you can’t afford
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provide competent and diligent representation and their clients’ rights under the Sixth Amendment.

Tournament: UH | Round: Octas | Opponent: Woodlands College Park JZ | Judge: Panel
(Analytic)
Practical reason requires universizable maxims
Engstrom 1
Stephen Engstrom (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh). Universal Legislation as a Form of Practical Knowledge
As I mentioned, however, there is another sense in which rational cognition can
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fixed general price for everyone can rightly be said to be practical knowledge.

A violation in freedom is a contradiction
Engstrom 2
Stephen Engstrom (PhD, Professor of Ethics at University of Pittsburg). “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”
“Given the preceding considerations, it’s a straightforward matter to see how a maxim
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both the extension and the limitation of both their own and others’ freedom.”

Freedom requires the omnilateral will
Ripstein ‘09
Arthur Ripstein. “Kant on Law and Justice.” University of Toronto. 2009.
Kant’s point about disputes is not just a reiteration of Locke’s familiar claim that people
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does, and so does not require an explicit act of instituting it.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will.

1 – Seditious speech violates the standard
Varden ‘10
A Kantian Conception of Free Speech Helga Varden, former student of the OG Ripstein, In Deidre Golash (ed.), Free Speech in a Diverse World. Springer (2010)
“To understand Kant’s condemnation of seditious speech, remember that Kant, as mentioned
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, it is a public crime (6: 331).” (52)

That negates—seditious speech is constitutionally protected
JUSTIA
“Seditious Speech and Seditious Libel” http://law.justia.com/constitution/us/amendment-01/41-seditious-speech.html *brackets in original
Seditious Speech and Seditious Libel.—Opposition to government through speech alone has been subject
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in Madison’s view, a fundamental principle of the American form of government.”

2 – (Analytic)

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill MR | Judge: Robey Holland

CP Text: The 50 state governments of the United States and the District of Columbia ought to provide a right to housing while (1) tailoring definitions of homelessness to facilitate collaboration between IPV and housing services and (2) giving states flexibility in how to spend funds. Solves the case and provides better localized problem-solving

Baker et al 10
Charlene K. Baker a, ⁎, Kris A. Billhardt b , Joseph Warren c , Chiquita Rollins c , Nancy E. Glass d a Department of Psychology, b Volunteers of America – Oregon, Home Free, c Multnomah Department of County Human Services, d Johns Hopkins University "Domestic violence, housing instability, and homelessness: A review of housing policies and program practices for meeting the needs of survivors"  Aggression and Violent Behavior 15 (2010) 430–439 http://b.3cdn.net/naeh/416990124d53c2f67d'72m6b5uib.pdf
To address HUD's definition of chronic homelessness, and how it limits women's ability to
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in costs, and other expenses related to the establishment of safe housing.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill MR | Judge: Robey Holland

State power high now—gridlock at the national level and increased state power.

Rose ‘15
Rose and Bowling 15, Shanna Rose* and Cynthia J. Bowling†, 2015, "The State of American Federalism 2014–15: Pathways to Policy in an Era of Party Polarization", Publius Journal of Federalism
The state of American federalism in 2014–2015 is characterized by inertia and centrifugal
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legislative process," raising concerns about democratic accountability (Kincaid 2001, 22).

The aff uniquely oversteps federal authority and overturns historic precedent on housing reform—that independently turns case as the aff doesn’t account for local specificity

Sawhill et al ‘04
Isabel V. Sawhill, Jennifer L. Noyes, and Pietro S. Nivola. "Waive of the Future? Federalism and the Next Phase of Welfare Reform." Brookings Institute. March 1, 2004.
The 1996 welfare reform law returned to the states primary responsibility for establishing rules under
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waiver system, to be successful, probably calls for some seed money.

US federalism is modeled worldwide.

Calabresi ‘95
Calabresi 95 (Steven Calabresi, Associate Professor at the Northwestern School of Law, Michigan Law Review, December 1995, 94 Mich. L. Rev. 752)
We have seen that a desire for both international and devolutionary federalism has swept across
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legal academy would wake up to the importance of what is at stake.

Federalism checksmultiple scenarios for extinction—multiple studies

Telegraph ‘04
Telegraph 04 The Weekly Telegraph, 28 January 2004, http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/telegraph/2004/jan/jan28/national.htm
Cross-national studies covering over 100 countries have shown that federalism minimizes violent conflicts
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autonomy arrangements have transformed destructive conflicts in these societies into positive interregional competition".

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill MR | Judge: Robey Holland

Carson’s nomination represents a cautious willingness to support the Department of Housing and Urban Development

Ramierz 1-13
Ramírez, Kelsey. "Housing Industry Rallies Around Ben Carson For HUD Secretary." Housing Wire. January 13, 2017. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.housingwire.com/articles/38945-housing-industry-rallies-around-ben- carson-for-hud-secretary.
One expert, who worked at HUD for over 15 years, even explained that
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that with his desire to support the president’s call for cutting the budget."

Three links—

1~ The right to housing is contentious—forces Trump to intervene

Mantell ‘14
Mantell, Ruth. "Why Republicans Won’t Enact Housing-finance Reform." MarketWatch. November 04, 2014. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/why- republicans-wont-enact-housing-finance-reform-2014-11-03.
An unresolved issue from the financial meltdown is what to do about federally controlled mortgage
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pressed to find a wide-enough window for such a thorny issue.

Trump intervention causes policies to flip radically conservative

Drucker 1-18
Drucker, David. "Trump Has Reams Of Political Capital, Despite His Unpopularity." Washington Examiner. January 18, 2017. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-has-reams-of-political-capital-despite-his- unpopularity/article/2612289.
Trump has conducted his transition~ed~ differently. He held a series of
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w~ing~-of-center results — but they want results."

2~ Housing reforms create conservative backlash—empirics

Khachaturian ‘15
Khachaturian , Rafael. "Fair Housing Needs More Than Heroes." Dissent Magazine. August 27, 2015. Web. February 07, 2017. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/fair-housing- urbanism-show-me-a-hero-yonkers.
Twenty years later, after President Richard Nixon took office, his housing secretary George
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dispute can excite exclusionary passions like those seen in Show Me a Hero.

3~ The aff creates Republican backlash – legislation on violence against women has historically created a firestorm with hardline Republicans fighting against more modest ones – it creates political embarrassment that fires up conservatives against Democrats right before debt ceiling debates

Kapur ‘13
SAHIL KAPUR, journalist, 3-1-13, How House Republicans Caved On The Violence Against Women Act ~Premier~
When House Republican leaders unveiled their more modest version of the Violence Against Women Act
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us. But meanwhile they would continue attacking us for delaying the bill."

HUD budget cuts massively increase racial discrimination and homelessness—turns case

Poteat ‘15
Poteat, Edward. "What Does The Upcoming Presidential Election Mean For HUD?" Planetizen: The independent resource for people passionate about planning and related fields. October 29, 2015. Web. February 07, 2017. https://www.planetizen.com/node/81906/what-does-upcoming-presidential-election- mean-hud.
As an affordable housing professional and urban planner, I think a lot about the
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creation of new affordable housing would be cut between 20 to 25 percent.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Montgomery WP | Judge: Paul Gravely

I value morality.

The limits of human knowledge means we reject government coercion

Powell ‘13
Aaron Ross Powell. "The Humble Case for Liberty." Libertarianism.org. October 17^th, 2013. http://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/humble-case-liberty
The virtue of humility is found in recognizing our limits—and that humility ought
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reaching for a club or calling on the police to use their nightsticks.

 

Thus, the standard is consistency with libertarianism. The standard is means based. Prefer—

(Analytic)
(Analytic)
 

A right to housing violates the standard

Hospers ‘74
John Hospers, "What Libertarianism Is," in The Libertarian Alternative, ed. by Tibor R. Machan. 1974KOHS-AG
In the following essay, John Hospers both defines and defends the libertarian view.
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you of property is depriving you of the means by which you live.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill MR | Judge: Robey Holland

INTERP—The right to housing must apply to all individuals living within the United States. The aff may not specify a specific group to whom the right to housing applies.

OHCHR
"The Right to Adequate Housing." The Human Right to Adequate Housing. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, n.d. Web. 9 Mar. 2017. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS21'rev'1'Housing'en.pdf.
Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of the specific
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that discrimination and segregation in housing can result from poverty and economic marginalization.

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Travis KE | Judge: Abi Wernsman
Counterplan text: The United States federal government will increase financial incentives for body cameras acquisition and use by states, create uniform standards for body camera use, included but not limited to public disclosure of body camera materials for extended lengths of time greater than 90 days. Funding is tied to state compliance. 

Public access quells public relations problems. Nunes 1-7
Iesha Nunes J.D., expected May 2016, University of Florida Levin College of Law. B.A., Criminology, B.S., Family, Youth, and Community Sciences, December 2012, University of Florida, January 7, 2016  "“Hands Up, Don’t Shoot”: Police Misconduct and the Need for Body Cameras" Florida Law Review, http://www.floridalawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/11-Nunes
Even though the Florida statute does help protect civilian privacy while limiting some of the
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higher cost is justified by granting the public fairer access to the footage. 

Solves accountability
Nunes 1-7
Iesha Nunes J.D., expected May 2016, University of Florida Levin College of Law. B.A., Criminology, B.S., Family, Youth, and Community Sciences, December 2012, University of Florida, January 7, 2016  "“Hands Up, Don’t Shoot”: Police Misconduct and the Need for Body Cameras" Florida Law Review, http://www.floridalawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/11-Nunes
A recent study has also highlighted the effectiveness of body cameras. In Rialto,
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many proven benefits associated with the use of body cameras by law enforcement.

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Travis KE | Judge: Abi Wernsman
Courts managing but burdened now—any small push tips the brink
Gershman ‘15
Jacob. “Federal Judge Says His Overworked Colleagues Bench Close to Burnout.” Wall Street Journal. November 12, 2015.
Judges in federal trial courts have for some time expressed concern about the ever-
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growing ones), but efforts to hire more judges have met political resistance.

Limiting qualified immunity clogs the courts—empirics
Noll ‘08
Noll, David L. "Qualified Immunity in Limbo: Rights, Procedure, and the Social Costs of Damages Litigation Against Public Officials." NYUL Rev. 83 (2008)KOHS-AG
In the context of ordinary civil litigation between two private parties, the total (
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and has undoubtedly affected the development of the modern qualified immunity doctrine.53

Qualified immunity drastically limits caseloads—the aff sends us way over the brink
Rhenquist ‘83
Justice Rehnquist hearing, "SMITH v. WADE," Court Data, 1983 http://www.allcourtdata.com/law/case/smith-v-wade/cz2B4ka?page=14//KOHG-AG
*91 The staggering effect of § 1983 claims upon the workload of the federal
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 There is a limit to what the federal judicial system can bear.

Court clog turns case
Brunt ‘15
Alexa Van Brunt, "Poor people rely on public defenders who are too overworked to defend them" Guardian, June 17, 2015.KOHS-AG
Money can buy you a great defense team, but what if you can’t afford
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provide competent and diligent representation and their clients’ rights under the Sixth Amendment.

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Travis KE | Judge: Abi Wernsman
City budgets on the brink now
Weisser 7-11
CYBELE WEISSER. “State and city budget blues: Pressures keep piling up.” Associated Press. November 7, 2016.
NEW YORK (AP) — It's not just Detroit and Puerto Rico with financial
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delay coming to terms with it, the worse it's going to be."

Indemnification means municipalities pay for civil lawsuits—kills budgets
Prall ‘14
Derek Prall (Derek Prall is a professional journalist who has held numerous positions with a variety of print and online publications including the New Jersey Herald. He is a 2008 graduate of Furman University holding bachelor's degrees in both English Literature and Communications Studies), 12-10-2014, "Who pays for police misconduct?," American City and County, http://americancityandcounty.com/law-enforcement/who-pays-police-misconduct//KOHS-AG
Cases like those of Michael Brown and Eric Garner have communities abuzz about police misconduct
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year, and ThinkProgress reports the city is already budgeting for the fallout.

Cities rely on fining to generate revenue in the event of budget problems – results in systemic racism and a breakdown in police community relations.
Kopf ‘16
Dan Kopf Masters in Economics from the London School of Economics, June 24, 2016, "The Fining of Black America," Priceonomics, https://priceonomics.com/the-fining-of-black-america/
In March 2010, years before Ferguson, Missouri, became known for sparking the
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do not exhibit as much excessive fining, even if they are poor.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Winston Churchill JL | Judge: Muter Nintunze

The aff’s attempt to group all indigenous nations into one people ignores their individuality and their varying responses to US influences. Fiating that every tribe does the plan ignores the complexities of tribe politics while re-entrenching the government oppression the aff seeks to solve. Turns case.

Champagne 16
Duane Champagne is Professor of Sociology and American Indian Studies at UCLA, and Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law.  He earned his B.A. in Mathematics from North Dakota State University in 1973, his M.A. from North Dakota State University in 1975, and his Ph.D. in Sociology from Harvard in 1982.  He is currently a member of the Faculty Advisory Committee for the UCLA Native Nations Law and Policy Center, and is Acting Director of the UCLA School of Law’s Tribal Learning Community and Educational Exchange (TLCEE).  Professor Champagne served previously as the Director of the UCLA American Indian Studies Center from 1991-2002 and as editor of the American Indian Culture and Research Journal from 1986-2003.  He has authored or edited over one hundred publications including Native America:  Portraits of the Peoples, The Native North American Almanac, and Social Order and Political Change:  Constitutional Governments Among the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Creek.  
Indigenous nations are …diverse indigenous nations. 

Trying to solve "environmental racism" assumes the Natives are too simple and ignorant to speak for themselves – it re-inscribes the very thought that led to the fifteenth century domination and eradication of the natives – turns the case. Gover and Walker 92:

KEVIN GOVER* AND JANA L. WALKER (artner, Gover, Stetson and Williams, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico. and Associate, Gover, Stetson and Willims, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico)."ESCAPING ENVIRONMENTAL PATERNALISM: ONE TRIBE'S APPROACH TO DEVELOPING A COMMERCIAL WASTE DISPOSAL PROJECT IN INDIAN COUNTRY" WP
Tribes also have…Parts Of this country.   

The US ought to allow Indigeous groups ought to decide for themselves. A plurinational approach allows Indigenous tribes to make specific decisions for their individual cultures about whether or not to allow resource extraction or development projects.

Champagne 16
Duane Champagne is Professor of Sociology and American Indian Studies at UCLA, and Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law.  He earned his B.A. in Mathematics from North Dakota State University in 1973, his M.A. from North Dakota State University in 1975, and his Ph.D. in Sociology from Harvard in 1982.  He is currently a member of the Faculty Advisory Committee for the UCLA Native Nations Law and Policy Center, and is Acting Director of the UCLA School of Law’s Tribal Learning Community and Educational Exchange (TLCEE).  Professor Champagne served previously as the Director of the UCLA American Indian Studies Center from 1991-2002 and as editor of the American Indian Culture and Research Journal from 1986-2003.  He has authored or edited over one hundred publications including Native America:  Portraits of the Peoples, The Native North American Almanac, and Social Order and Political Change:  Constitutional Governments Among the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Creek.
What Indigenous Peoples …specific Indigenous Peoples.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Grand Prairie MY | Judge: Robey Holland

Warming coming now—4C will be catastrophic—action is key

Carrington ‘13
Damian Carrington, 12-31-2013, "Planet likely to warm by 4C by 2100, scientists warn," Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/31/planet-will-warm-4c-2100-climate
Temperature rises resulting from unchecked climate change will be at the severe end of those
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economies of many countries if we don't urgently start to curb our emissions."

Prohibiting nuclear power causes massive warming—multiple links

Nuclear is best suited to replace renewables—solve emissions

Waldman 15
 - Susanne, PhD in Risk Communication at Carleton University ("Why we Need Nuclear Power to Save the Environment" http://energyforhumanity.org/climate-energy/need-nuclear-power-save-environment/)
The idea we might need nuclear power to save the environment may have seen farfetched
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they provide is typically quite cheap and not sensitive to fuel price volatility.

Empirics—nuclear results in less CO2 pollution

Biello ‘13
David, writes for the scientific American, Internally Cites James Hansen, Professor at Columbia University ("How Nuclear Power Can Stop Global Warming" http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-nuclear-power-can-stop-global-warming/)
In addition to reducing the risk of nuclear war, U.S. reactors
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, director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, where Hansen works. 

Banning nuclear power causes coal to fill in—Germany proves

NEI ‘14
~Nuclear Energy Institute, "Cuts in Nuclear Energy Mean Higher Electricity Costs, More Carbon Emissions," February 5, 2014, http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/Cuts-in-Nuclear-Energy-Mean-Higher-Electricity-Cos~~//KOHS-AG
After the Fukushima Daiichi accident, the German government ordered eight of the country’s nuclear
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ruled that at least one of the enforced nuclear plant closures was illegal.

CO2 causes warming—computer models prove

ORLC ‘12
ORLC ’12: Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, April 4, 2012 (http://www.olcf.ornl.gov/2012/04/04/carbon-dioxide-caused-global-warming-at-ice-ages-end-pioneering-simulation-shows/)
Climate science has an equivalent to the "what came first—the chicken or
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. The NOAA NGDC and PANGAEA databases were also essential to this work. 

Warming is anthropogenic and causes extinction.

Jamail 15

(Dahr "Mass Extinction: It's the End of the World as We Know It" July 6 2015 Truthout http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31661-mass-extinction-it-s-the-end-of-the-world-as-we-know-it)
Guy McPherson is a professor emeritus of evolutionary biology, natural resources and ecology at
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in the course of just the next few decades, or even sooner.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: North Hollywood JS | Judge: Arjun Tambe
INTERP—The aff may only defend that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood AJ | Judge: Greg Malis
INTERP--Farlex’s legal defines nuclear power as “A form of energy produced by an atomic reaction, capable of producing an alternative source of electrical power to that supplied by coal, gas, or oil. ”

http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Nuclear+Power