Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
If you have any questions, feel free to contact me at ninapotischman@hunterschools.org

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
A: IF the negative debater claims that the affirmative debater should lose for reading a utilitarian framework, they must read a competing comprehensive moral theory that explains how we ought to take action in all circumstances. To clarify – the standard may not say that certain things are bad, it must provide a metric for determining what is good and bad.

A: Neg must disclose all topicality interpretations on the NDCA wiki at least an hour before the round.

A: If the negative debater reads topicality, claims that topicality outweighs theory, reads offense under the aff framework, and a kritik of the aff’s view of debate, they must defend the K unconditionally.

A: If the negative debater reads a criticism of the affirmative’s approach to the question of the resolution, then they must read an NC that justifies an alternative framework with topical offense about why we should not ban nuclear power 

A: the negative debater may not criticize the affirmative framework, and claim that their criticism of the framework is a voting issue, and read turns to the aff.
A: If the negative debater asks the affirmative debater before the round to defend implementation of the resolution, then they may not read a criticism with links about the affirmative’s use of the state

A: If the negative debater claims that they have performed the Turing text on their opponent, which they failed, they must in the form of a text in the NC delineate how we evaluate responses to the Turing test, and how we carry out the Turing test, and how we deliberate if someone’s a computer

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
A: IF the negative debater claims that the affirmative debater should lose for reading a utilitarian framework, they must read a competing comprehensive moral theory that explains how we ought to take action in all circumstances. To clarify – the standard may not say that certain things are bad, it must provide a metric for determining what is good and bad.

A: Neg must disclose all topicality interpretations on the NDCA wiki at least an hour before the round.

A: If the negative debater reads topicality, claims that topicality outweighs theory, reads offense under the aff framework, and a kritik of the aff’s view of debate, they must defend the K unconditionally.

A: If the negative debater reads a criticism of the affirmative’s approach to the question of the resolution, then they must read an NC that justifies an alternative framework with topical offense about why we should not ban nuclear power 

A: the negative debater may not criticize the affirmative framework, and claim that their criticism of the framework is a voting issue, and read turns to the aff.
A: If the negative debater asks the affirmative debater before the round to defend implementation of the resolution, then they may not read a criticism with links about the affirmative’s use of the state

A: The negative debater may not read an NC with offense, claim the NC offense turns the Aff, turns to the aff, and claim that extinction comes first under any moral theory. To clarify, you may do these things in isolation, you just may not do them all at the same time. 

A: Debaters must read trigger warnings if reading arguments about sexual violence. To clarify, you must tell the judge and your opponent that you will be reading arguments about sexual violence.

A: The negative debater may not read turns to the affirmative, a counterplan that makes an exception on free speech protection for plagiarism and a counterplan that makes an exception on free speech protection for fraternities, and defend both conditionally

A: If the negative debater claims that they have performed the Turing text on their opponent, which they failed, they must in the form of a text in the NC delineate how we evaluate responses to the Turing test, and how we carry out the Turing test, and how we deliberate if someone’s a computer

A: The negative debater may not read an argument that claims that you negate if the affirmative proves that the resolution is true, you negate, and read an NC and answers to the affirmative framework

A: The negative debater may not read a theory shell in the NC, deny the aff RVIs, and claim that judges should not evaluate 1ar theory.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Acton Boxborough AW | Judge: Paloma OConnor

Individuals have an innate right to independence, which guarantees that their ability to pursue an end is not contingent on the will of others.

Ripstein, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy.  Harvard University Press, 2009.
This right to
AND
of personal freedom."

Thus, the standard is consistency with republican freedom as non-domination, which means adopting social and political institutions that eliminate the capacities for arbitrary interference.

Impact Calc: A) The standard is not a question of maximizing non-interference, but pursuing structural conditions that make arbitrary political interference inaccessible. A roman slave with a benevolent master, is well off, but not free, since their freedom remains contingent on their master’s arbitrary whim.

Pettit 1, Philip. Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government. OUP Oxford, 1997. DL 1.7.2017
The republican view
AND
among the citizenry.

B) The relationship between the state and non-domination is constitutive, not causal.

Pettit 2, Philip. Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government. OUP Oxford, 1997. DL 1.7.2017
But though the
AND
of that term.

Prefer additionally:

A negative conception of freedom as non-interference can never explain the legitimacy of the state since state coercion could never cohere with freedom.

Pettit 3. Philip Pettit, ‘Legitimacy and Justice in Republican Perspective’, Inaugural Quain Lecture in Jurisprudence, 2012, in Current Legal Problems, Vol 65, 2012, 59-82; doi: 10.1093/clp/cus016. DL 1.7.16.
One of the
AND
despotism or chaos’.31 

This requires revising our conception of freedom; only the republican conception of freedom as non-domination, which targets arbitrary interference as opposed to all interference, satisfies the question of legitimacy.

Pettit 4, Philip Pettit, ‘Legitimacy and Justice in Republican Perspective’, Inaugural Quain Lecture in Jurisprudence, 2012, in Current Legal Problems, Vol 65, 2012, 59-82; doi: 10.1093/clp/cus016. DL 1.7.16.
But while the
AND
than non-interference.

Freedom as non-domination is a primary good.

Pettit 5, Pettit, Philip. Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government. OUP Oxford, 1997. DL 1.7.2017
The considerations rehearsed
AND
a primary good.

Contention 1: The Right to Free Speech

Freedom to say what one wants is essential to be your own person and live your own life.

Pettit 6, Philip. Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government. OUP Oxford, 1997. DL 1.7.2017
But the primary‐good
AND
a primary good.

Thus, giving the state the power to restrict speech content makes one’s freedom contingent on the government. Speech codes on campus institutionally create the possibility of arbitrary interference of free speech – past cases prove it’s possible.

ACLU 16, ACLU. 2016 "Hate Speech on Campus" https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus
Historically, defamation laws
AND
we'll be next."

Takes out hate speech PICs: a) speech codes directed at reducing domination are illegitimate since they create new institutions of arbitrary state domination; b) turns the PIC: hate speech restrictions are used by school administrators to target student activists and minorities – not racists; c) outweighs – free speech on campus makes state domination inaccessible, but speech codes do nothing to reduce the structural capacity for racist interference.

ACLU ~2~, ACLU. 2016 "Hate Speech on Campus" https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus
Bigoted speech is
AND
of racist ideas.

Contention 2 Deliberation

Arbitrary interference occurs without reference to an agent’s input or avowed interests.

Laborde and Maynor summarize Pettit, Laborde, Cécile, and John Maynor, eds. Republicanism and political theory. John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Bracketted for gendered language.
In his chapter,
AND
compromise republican freedom.

Thus, the self-governance required by non-domination depends on open deliberation.

Febres summarizes Meiklejohn: Power Febres, C. Liberalism, feminism and republicanism on freedom of speech: the cases of pornography and racist hate speech. Dissertation. UCL (University College London), 2011. APA. DL 1.7.17
The republican conception
AND
the political process.

Free deliberation and dissent means speech restrictions are impermissible.

Sunstein 09, Sunstein, Cass R. ~Cass R. Sunstein is currently the Robert Walmsley University Professor at Harvard. From 2009 to 2012, he was Administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. He is the founder and director of the Program on Behavioral Economics and Public Policy at Harvard Law School.~ Republic. com 2.0. Princeton University Press, 2009. DL 1.6.17.
First, an insistence
AND
for political legitimacy.

Hate speech may contribute to social deliberation – under a republican theory, it can’t be restricted.

Febres summarizes Meiklejohn 2: Power Febres, C. Liberalism, feminism and republicanism on freedom of speech: the cases of pornography and racist hate speech. Dissertation. UCL (University College London), 2011. APA. DL 1.7.17
The case of
AND
vigorous political system.

c) The legitimacy of civil rights laws that protect minority groups depends on the protection of hate speech – otherwise they would constitute arbitrary interference. Dworkin 06, 

So in a
AND
makes democracy possible.

Underview

Allowing limitations on free speech because its "offensive" creates emotional trauma and more violence in the real world.

Lukianoff and Haidt 15 Jonathan Haidt (social psychologist and professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business) and Greg Lukianoff (president and CEO of the Foundatino of Individual Rights in Education) "The Coddling of the American Mind" The Atlantic September 2015 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/
Cognitive behavioral therapy
AND
aspects of our history."

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Jack Wareham | Judge: Joey Schnide, Paloma OConnor
Individuals must be considered to have a right to property, otherwise it’s impossible to consider them as volitional
Kant, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
It is possible
AND
mine or yours.

Human beings can not reject their personality and ability to be free –reducing individuals to mere means makes ethics incoherent
Kant 2, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
A human being
AND
free from blame

The ability to lay claim to property rights necessitates the existence of a collective will that can have power over individuals
Kant 3, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
Bracketed for gendered language
When I declare
AND
a civil constitution.

This outweighs – a) unilateral wills are only contingent – only an omnilateral will makes rights claims conclusive
Kant 4, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
No insight can
AND
mine or yours. 

b) rights must be derived a priori rather than a posteriori – the aff framework is the only way to derive state obligations
Kant 5, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
The concept of
AND
from using the object.

c) it’s the only way to avoid property rights being contingent
Kant 6, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
So the way
AND
he contradicts himself.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will. Put away your generic Kant answers – the aff uses Kantian political philosophy, not moral philosophy.
Ripstein 9, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 8/4/16.
In the same
AND
person or property.43 

To clarify, the framework does not value the ability to set any end, but rather the ability to decide which ends to pursue
Ripstein 9 2, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 8/4/16.
Independence is the
AND
right to independence

Prefer additionally:
Only a Kantian framework makes public education coherent – no public educational institutions can be free from the constraints of the omnilateral will.
Ripstein 9 3. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 2/12/17.
The impossibility of
AND
protect their freedom.

First, public universities and colleges are founded and operated by the state.
Collegebound “Differences Between Public and Private Universities and Liberal Arts Colleges” http://www.collegebound.net/content/article/differences-between-public-and-private-universities-and-liberal-arts-colleges/18529/ JW
In the US,
AND
into comprehensive universities.

Public officials must make laws consistent with their inner standard of consistency – i.e. the constitution. Otherwise, the sovereign is in a place of contradiction with itself.
Ripstein 9 4. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. Page 201-203. NP 2/12/17.
The idea of
AND
of inner consistency.

Second, laws are only legitimate if individuals could agree to impose them on themselves. One could not agree to a condition of enforceable passivity where freedom of expression is abrogated – it would undermine rightful honor.
Ripstein 9 5. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 2/12/17.
Innate right has
AND
their rightful honor.

Third, freedom of expression is a necessary component of your status as a person and an entitlement of right – protected speech can not wrong others
Ripstein 9 6. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 2/12/17.
Instead of advantage,
AND
arrangements with you.

Fourth, censorship of criticism of the ruler’s political opinions would undermine their power and legitimacy
David 83 summarizes and quotes Kant 1. KANTS FOURTH DEFENSE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION1 Michael Davis (Illinois State University, Michael Davis is a member of the Philosophy Department of Illinois State University, having received his Ph. D. from the University of Michigan. His research interests include social contract theory (where the contract is actual, not hypothetical), standards for just punishment, and morality as the work of a “moral legislature.”) March 1983. NP 2/13/17. bracketed for gendered language
“The citizen must,”
AND
and self-assurance.

Fifth, censorship is inconsistent with the initial foundation of right and leads to contradiction with the basis for the government’s power
David 83 summarizes and quotes Kant 2. KANTS FOURTH DEFENSE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION1 Michael Davis (Illinois State University, Michael Davis is a member of the Philosophy Department of Illinois State University, having received his Ph. D. from the University of Michigan. His research interests include social contract theory (where the contract is actual, not hypothetical), standards for just punishment, and morality as the work of a “moral legislature.”) March 1983. NP 2/13/17. bracketed for gendered language
What is the
AND
his subjects’ rationality.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Phillips Academy Andover TC | Judge: Becca Traber
Individuals must be considered to have a right to property, otherwise it’s impossible to consider them as volitional
Kant, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
It is possible
AND
mine or yours.

Human beings can not reject their personality and ability to be free –reducing individuals to mere means makes ethics incoherent
Kant 2, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
A human being
AND
free from blame

The ability to lay claim to property rights necessitates the existence of a collective will that can have power over individuals
Kant 3, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
Bracketed for gendered language
When I declare
AND
a civil constitution.

This outweighs – unilateral wills are only contingent – only an omnilateral will makes rights claims conclusive
Kant 4, Immanuel. Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) 2nd Edition. by Immanuel Kant (Author, philosopher), Mary J. Gregor (Editor), Roger J. Sullivan (Introduction). Cambridge University Press 1996. 1797. NP 8/2/16.
No insight can
AND
mine or yours. 

Thus, the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will. Put away your generic Kant answers – the aff uses Kantian political philosophy, not moral philosophy.
Ripstein 9, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 8/4/16.
In the same
AND
person or property.43 

Prefer additionally:
Only a Kantian framework makes public education coherent – no public educational institutions can be free from the constraints of the omnilateral will.
Ripstein 9 3. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 2/12/17.
The impossibility of
AND
protect their freedom.

First, public universities and colleges are founded and operated by the state.
Collegebound “Differences Between Public and Private Universities and Liberal Arts Colleges” http://www.collegebound.net/content/article/differences-between-public-and-private-universities-and-liberal-arts-colleges/18529/ JW
In the US,
AND
into comprehensive universities.

Public officials must make laws consistent with their inner standard of consistency – i.e. the constitution. Otherwise, the sovereign is in a place of contradiction with itself.
Ripstein 9 4. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. Page 201-203. NP 2/12/17.
The idea of
AND
of inner consistency.

Second, laws are only legitimate if individuals could agree to impose them on themselves. One could not agree to a condition of enforceable passivity where freedom of expression is abrogated – it would undermine rightful honor.
Ripstein 9 5. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 2/12/17.
Innate right has
AND
their rightful honor.

Third, freedom of expression is a necessary component of your status as a person and an entitlement of right – protected speech can not wrong others
Ripstein 9 6. (Arthur Ripstein is a professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987) Force and Freedom Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy Arthur Ripstein. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts . London, England 2009. NP 2/12/17.
Instead of advantage,
AND
arrangements with you.

Fourth, censorship of criticism of the ruler’s political opinions would undermine their power and legitimacy
David 83 summarizes and quotes Kant 1. KANTS FOURTH DEFENSE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION1 Michael Davis (Illinois State University, Michael Davis is a member of the Philosophy Department of Illinois State University, having received his Ph. D. from the University of Michigan. His research interests include social contract theory (where the contract is actual, not hypothetical), standards for just punishment, and morality as the work of a “moral legislature.”) March 1983. NP 2/13/17. bracketed for gendered language
“The citizen must,”
AND
and self-assurance.

Fifth, censorship is inconsistent with the initial foundation of right and leads to contradiction with the basis for the government’s power
David 83 summarizes and quotes Kant 2. KANTS FOURTH DEFENSE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION1 Michael Davis (Illinois State University, Michael Davis is a member of the Philosophy Department of Illinois State University, having received his Ph. D. from the University of Michigan. His research interests include social contract theory (where the contract is actual, not hypothetical), standards for just punishment, and morality as the work of a “moral legislature.”) March 1983. NP 2/13/17. bracketed for gendered language
What is the
AND
his subjects’ rationality.

Underview
2. Only a fixed ideal of the good even allows conceptual space for radical alteration and change. The pure moral vision of the NC is even a prerequisite for the radical alterity of the aff – this provides the only grounds for resistance to oppressive norms
Chesterton. Orthodoxy. 1908. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/130/pg130-images.html
This, therefore, is
AND
our first requirement.  

3. Even if there is material manifestation of change, there must be a fixed notion of the good to make sense of difference
Chesterton, Gilbert K. Heretics. 1905. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/470/470-h/470-h.htm
But certainly the
AND
instance) growing fatter.

4. Ignore role of the ballots that say that we should view the debate round in terms of what makes it most useful is wrong -- the move to instrumentalize our thought is epistemic arrogance.
Justin W: (Justin W. “The Unpredictable Progress of Knowledge,” Dailynous. May 20, 2016FT)
The whole thing
AND
we really are.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Triples | Opponent: Law Magnet MG | Judge: Becca Traber, Bob Overing, Bennett Eckert
First, all inquiry starts with a purpose - the ultimate end of thought is the production of belief and the satisfaction of doubt. Ethics is thus aimed at practical ends.
C. S. Peirce. “How to Make Our Ideas Clear (1878).” The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings. Volume 1 (1867-1893. Edited by Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel. Indian University Press. 124-142  
The principles set
AND
of the object.

Second, all reasoning is practically motivated, all we seek for are answers that alleviate the practical problem of doubt, there is no way for the mind to latch onto anything more.
Peirce B: Peirce, C.S. American Philosopher “How to Make Our Ideas Clear.” The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 1 (1867-1893). Edited by Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel. Indian University Press, 1992. MT
The irritation of
AND
with questioning everything! 

And the pragmatic theory spills over into not just the content of ethics, but the very modes of making ethical decisions.
John Dewey a. “The Problem of Logical Subject Matter.” 1938 From Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. The Essential Dewey: Ethics, Logic, Psychology. Volume 2. Edited by Hickman and Alexander. Indian University Press. 157-169.
The word knowledge
AND
in further inquiry.

Thus, we cannot just look at which policies best accomplish our purposes. We must to construct procedural mechanisms for social decision making that allow pragmatic advancement given changing ends – this supports a pragmatic theory of democracy.
Dewey b. John Dewey, "Democracy and Educational Administration," School and Society 45 (April 3, 1937); 457-67. NP 2/15/17. bracketed for gendered language
Democracy is much
AND
way of life.

Additionally, democracy is necessary for adequate social inquiry and to recognize the individual. This means I preclude and turn ends and means based NCs.
Matthew Festenstein, "Dewey's Political Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/dewey-political/.
This way of
AND
of classical liberalism. 

Thus the standard is consistency with pragmatic democratic decision procedure. Impact calculus – this is not utilitarianism or rule util – it’s not a question of maximizing given ends, but following a certain procedure.
Advocacy
I defend the whole resolution, but I’m willing to specify further in CX.  
Contention
The thesis and sole contention is that the procedural constraints on a pragmatist approach to democratic policy require educational spaces to protect free speech.
First, the constitutional protections of free speech have been shaped by a long history of pragmatist methodology. This provides extremely strong epistemic grounds for maintaining and strengthening the procedure.
Bean and Elbow summarize Dewey. Janet Bean and Peter Elbow. FREEWRITING AND FREE SPEECH: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE. JOURNAL OF TEACHING WRITING VOLUME 25.1
Free speech would
AND
the ultimate good.

This links back to the standard and precludes standard link-turns given the genetic and historical nature of the offense.
John Dewey c. “The Evolutionary Method as Applied to Morality: II. Its Significance for Conduct.” The Philosophical Review, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Jul., 1902), pp. 353-371. Accessed through JSTOR
The reply already
AND
necessary in function. 

Second, the aff is necessary to maintain space for individualism within education contexts.
Dewey e, John. Democracy And Education : An Introduction To The Philosophy Of Education. Waiheke Island: The Floating Press, 2009. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 9 Feb. 2017. NP
It is not
AND
thing of it.

This links to the standard because only by maintaining intellectual individualism do we have leave space for future democratic development.
Dewey f, John. Democracy And Education : An Introduction To The Philosophy Of Education. Waiheke Island: The Floating Press, 2009. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 9 Feb. 2017. NP
A just philosophic
AND
ignored and denied. 

And indeed, a recognition of persons as individuals provides powerful independent reason to maintain academic freedom of speech. Only through such freedom can we respond with the needed flexibility to individual and particular persons. Restrictions of free-speech denies the particularity of persons.
Phillips and Siegel 15 summarize and quote Dewey. Phillips, D.C. and Siegel, Harvey, "Philosophy of Education", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entries/education-philosophy/. NP 2/9/17.
Plato's educational scheme
AND
the modern world?)  

Third, Pragmatism supports freedom of expression, because freedom of expression is the only way to have reliable and effective radical revisions of society. Freedom of expression is the only viable methodology for social change left.
Rosenfeld 98 summarizes Rorty. Just Interpretations  Law between Ethics and Politics  Michel Rosenfeld  UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS  Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford  © 1998 The Regents of the University of California. NP 2/10/17.
The political means
AND
rather than ends.

U/V
2. My method of education helps students become critical of existing structures and what they’re taught
Rorty 99, Richard. (1999a). Education as socialization and as individualization. In R. Rorty (Ed.), Philosophy and social hope. New York: Penguin Books. NP 2/12/17.
We Deweyans think
AND
of college students.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Saavan Nanavati | Judge: Becca Traber

Meaning can only be grounded in a framework of experience. That framework must be understood within a pragmatist methodology.

West 89 summarizes and quotes Dewey, Cornel. (Cornel Ronald West (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, political activist, social critic, author, and public intellectual). The American Evasion of Philosophy : A Genealogy of Pragmatism. University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. The Wisconsin Project on American Writers. Pg 88-89. NP 2/25/17.
For Dewey, modern philosophy has five paradigmatic notions of experience: first, as
AND
of context leads toward gross distortion and truncation in epistemology-centered philosophy. 

A Deweyan pragmatist philosophy does not devolve to abstract moral questions but is embedded in context and materiality – only this understanding allows us to appreciate knowledge as contextual, leaving room for social improvement and revision of ideas

Glaude 7, Eddie S. (Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the chair of the Center for African-American Studies and the William S. Tod Professor of Religion and African-American Studies at Princeton University.) In a Shade of Blue : Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America. University of Chicago Press, 2007. EBSCOhost. (5-7) NP 2/26/17.
In a Shade of Blue is my contribution to the tradition I have just sketched
AND
and a watchful concern for the well-being of our democratic life.

Dewey’s pragmatic theory provides a procedure that accounts for plurality within society and enables resolution of conflicts despite conflicting values– this avoids appealing to hegemonic and authoritarian value systems

Ralston 11, Shane J. In Defense of Democracy as a Way of Life: A Reply to Talisse’s Pluralist Objection. sites.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/9354/2011/09/InDefenseDemocracyWayLife-SRalston.pdf. NP 3/26/17.
In this penultimate section, I present Dewey’s pluralist procedure and offer an illustration of
AND
it continues in existence simply because it continues to be necessary in function. 

Prefer additionally:

Deliberative democracy is the actualization of pragmatist principles

Rogers 1, Melvin. (Melvin L. Rogers is currently the Scott Waugh Chair in the Division of the Social Sciences and Associate Professor of Political Science and African American Studies at UCLA.) Liberalism, Narrative, and Identity: A Pragmatic Defense of Racial Solidarity. 2002. NP 3/12/17.
To begin, deliberative democracy acts both as a device for achieving political justification and
AND
first try to say something about what this does for conversations about race.

Only a Deweyan notion of experience and philosophy renders the field relevant – the past matters but doesn’t count exclusively

Glaude 7 on Dewey 2, Eddie S. (Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the chair of the Center for African-American Studies and the William S. Tod Professor of Religion and African-American Studies at Princeton University.) In a Shade of Blue : Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America. University of Chicago Press, 2007. EBSCOhost. (83-85) NP 3/3/17.
John Dewey’s seminal essay "The Need for a Recovery of Philosophy," critiques not
AND
history assumes in our lives once we take his conception of experience seriously.

A pragmatic understanding gives us the tools to understand tragic choices created as a product of racism in America

Glaude 7 on Dewey 3, Eddie S. (Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the chair of the Center for African-American Studies and the William S. Tod Professor of Religion and African-American Studies at Princeton University.) In a Shade of Blue : Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America. University of Chicago Press, 2007. EBSCOhost. (45-46) NP 3/3/17.
I have argued in this chapter that John Dewey’s philosophy presupposes a tragic vision and
AND
certainty and security amid the brutality of others, that I now turn.

Advocacy

I defend the whole resolution.

Contention

First, schools must be guardians of free expression – otherwise students will be willing to cede to external authorities after leaving educational institutions.

Stack  and Simpson 10, Stack, Sam F. and Douglas J. Simpson (2010). Teachers, Leaders, and Schools : Essays by John Dewey. Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois University Press. Pg 227-229. NP 3/2/17.
There is, however, one domain in which fear of governmental action never became
AND
and the schools should be the ceaseless guardians and creators of this vigilance. 

This links to the standard — challenging authoritative dictates about appropriate speech is necessary to produce a democratic ontology and self-critical citizens that challenge power structures.

Burch 9. KerryBurch (Northern Illinois University). PARRHESIA AS A PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRATIC PEDAGOGY. 2009 Ohio Valley Philosophy of Education Society/Volume 40. files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ864311.pdf (pg 79-80). NP 3/2/17.
In Democracy Matters, Cornel West theorizes parrhesia in ways that affirm its value as
AND
market-driven education and the dogged tenacity of the American warrior ethos.

Second, avoiding censorship of even offensive ideas is necessary to safeguard universities as protectors of democratic values and avoid dogmatism and groupthink

West and George 17. Sign the Statement: Truth Seeking, Democracy, and Freedom of Thought and Expression - A Statement by Robert P. George and Cornel West (Robert P. George is McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence and Director of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University.  Cornel West is Professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy in the Divinity School and the Department of African and African- American Studies at Harvard University.) March 14, 2017. NP 3/15/17.
The pursuit of knowledge and the maintenance of a free and democratic society require the
AND
toxic to the health of academic communities and to the functioning of democracies.

This links to the standard – free and open deliberation is necessary to recognize particularity of contexts and respect democratic procedures

Rogers 10 summarizes Dewey. (Melvin L. Rogers is currently the Scott Waugh Chair in the Division of the Social Sciences and Associate Professor of Political Science and African American Studies at UCLA.) Contemporary Pragmatism Editions Rodopi Vol. 7, No. 1 (June 2010), 69–91 Dewey and His Vision of Democracy Melvin L. Rogers. P 82-83. NP 3/12/17.
The significance Dewey accords deliberation among citizens yields another point regarding the fact of conflict
AND
the entire decision making process loses in legitimacy what it gains in suspicion.

Third, Pragmatism supports freedom of expression, because freedom of expression is the only method of social change that attains reliable and effective radical revisions of society.

Rosenfeld 98 summarizes Rorty. Just Interpretations  Law between Ethics and Politics  Michel Rosenfeld  UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS  Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford  © 1998 The Regents of the University of California. NP 2/10/17.
The political means Rorty considers necessary to render his hopes for redemption in this world
AND
vision is ultimately unpragmatic because of its shortcomings regarding means rather than ends.

Fourth, the constitutional protections of free speech have been shaped by a long history of pragmatist methodology. This provides extremely strong epistemic grounds for maintaining and strengthening the procedure.

Bean and Elbow summarize Dewey. Janet Bean and Peter Elbow. FREEWRITING AND FREE SPEECH: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE. JOURNAL OF TEACHING WRITING VOLUME 25.1
Free speech would not have had its long history even into the present if it
AND
to discover the (contingent) truth but to serve the ultimate good.

The practical effects of arguments matters – censors claim to care about some external good but censorship always fill the same purpose – to consolidate power and serve the interest of the group in control.

Stack  and Simpson 10, Stack, Sam F. and Douglas J. Simpson (2010). Teachers, Leaders, and Schools : Essays by John Dewey. Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois University Press. Pg 218-219. NP 3/2/17.
Another great American democrat, Abraham Lincoln, left as his heritage the statement that
AND
way to a nobler, because freer, manifestation of the human spirit.

UV - 1

History proves – speech codes don’t work – they end up targeting the people they’re espoused to protect.

Nadine Strossen 90. Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?. www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1372555.pdf. Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573.  Duke University School of Law. NP 2/23/17.

The first reason
AND
was Asian-American. 

Banning bigotry lets sentiments fester underground and show in more virulent ways

Malik 12, Kenan. (Malik is a writer, lecturer and broadcaster) Why Hate Speech Should Not Be Banned. https://kenanmalik.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/why-hate-speech-should-not-be-banned/ NP 2/22/17.
KM: I believe that no speech should be banned solely because of its content
AND
on the real world, but that impact is mediated through human agency.

Tournament: Harvard Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chris Sun | Judge: Matt Mandel, Madeleine Stevens
Excessive abstraction entrenches dominant power structures which causes oppression and rips ideal theory of its normative value.
Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology” Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes
AND
the social order.

Ethical frameworks that abstract away from concrete social conditions are violently appropriated – ethics that can be conscious of current deficits in society are key to overcome oppression
Butler 5, Judith. Giving an Account of Oneself. Fordham University Press. 2005. NP 10/11/15.
I would like
AND
ethos becomes violent.

Thus the standard is minimizing structural violence. To clarify, structural violence refers to social institutions, structures or systemic problems that disadvantage individuals. 

Prefer the standard:

1. Structural violence is a precondition to the instantiation of your ethical theory – we must undermine it to allow freedom
   Duquette David A. Duquette (Professor of Philosophy St. Norton’s College) “Hegel: Social and
   AND
   between distinct consciousnesses.

Hate speech on the rise now—Trump.
Okeowo 16 Alexis (New Yorker staff writer) “HATE ON THE RISE AFTER TRUMP’S ELECTION” The New Yorker November 16th 2016 http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/hate-on-the-rise-after-trumps-election JW
Since Donald Trump
AND
report such incidents.

Allowing open contestation of ideas without restriction leads to social progress—LGBTQ rights, feminism, and abolitionism prove.
Rauch 13 Jonathan (contributing editor at The Atlantic and National Journal and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.) “The Case for Hate Speech” The Atlantic November 2013 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/the-case-for-hate-speech/309524/ JW
A generation ago,
AND
to criticize us.

Counterspeech solves hate speech—empirical examples prove.
Calleros 95 (Charles, Winter, Professor of Law, Arizona State University, 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, “PATERNALISM, COUNTERSPEECH, AND CAMPUS HATE-SPEECH CODES: A REPLY TO DELGADO AND YUN”, lexis)
Delgado and Yun
AND
support for diversity.

Social science proves counterspeech solves.
Strossen 1 (Nadine, National President, American Civil Liberties Union; Professor of Law, New York Law School, 25 S. Ill. U. L. J. 243, “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit?”, lexis)
A study that
AND
prejudice and discrimination.

This solves better than speech codes:
A. Speech codes just drive hatefulness underground, which makes it impossible to address and more pernicious.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Bigoted speech is
AND
of racist ideas. 

B. Speech codes can be used against minorities—setting free speech precedents is key to social activism.
ACLU 01 American Civil Liberty Union “Hate Speech on Campus” 2001 https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus JW
A: Free speech rights
AND
persons, we'll be next."

Tournament: Yale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Byram Hills LP | Judge: Paul Zhou

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.

Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment
AND
not egoistic hedonism.

This outweighs other frameworks.

Sinhababu 2 Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
A full moral
AND
through reliable processes.

2. Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.

Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) "Personal Identity" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/~~#PsyApp JW
Whatever psychological continuity
AND
once: a contradiction.

3. Determinism is true: our bodies are controlled by biological principles only – there’s no room for free will.

Drescher Gary L. (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT) "Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics" Bradford Books May 5^th 2006
One prominent notion
AND
otherwise always obey. 

Only consequentialism is consistent with determinism.

Greene and Cohen Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen (Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University) "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything" November 26^th 2004 Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B (2004)359,1775–1785 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693457/pdf/15590618.pdf JW
The forward-looking
AND
punishment is compatibilist.

4. Morality must be universalizable.

Pettit Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
Every prescription as
AND
to confront them.

Only consequentialism can be universalized.

Pettit 2 Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
There is no
AND
that pattern oneself.

Inherency

Armenia has plans for new nuclear reactors but they’ve been postponed –they’re stuck with Metsamor for the foreseeable future.

Sahakyan 4-27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) "Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area" Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb'b'9788186.html JW
Armenia was supposed
AND
hasn’t even begun.

Armenia has existing legislation that vows to build new nuclear reactors.

Adamyan 14 Mane "THE CLOSURE OF METSAMOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: COSTS AND BENEFIT" AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA, A MASTER’S ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FOR PARTIAL FULFILLEMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS May 2014 https://dspace.aua.am/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/615/Mane'Adamyan.pdf?sequence=1 JW
In October 2009
AND
the new NPP.

Resolved: the Republic of Armenia ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Adv 1

 Meltdown===

The Metsamor power plant – Armenia’s only form of nuclear power – is incredibly dangerous. Uses old tech and lies on earthquake territory.

Lavelle et al 11 Marianne Lavelle and Josie Garthwaite (National Geographic News) "Is Armenia's Nuclear Plant the World's Most Dangerous?" National Geographic News April 14^th 2011 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/04/110412-most-dangerous-nuclear-plant-armenia/ JW
In the shadow
AND
mitigation at all."

Armenian Meltdown kills agriculture and threatens four other countries.

Sahakyan 4/27-16 Armine (Human rights activist based in Armenia) "Armenia Continues to Gamble on Aging Nuclear Plant in a Quake-Prone Area" Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/armine-sahakyan/armenia-continues-to-gamb'b'9788186.html JW
So Armenia continues
AND
holding their breath.

New reactors won’t solve – can still melt down and cause increased cancer rates.

Idayatova 5/20/16 Anakhanum "Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear plant can cause major radiation accident" Trend News Agency http://en.trend.az/world/turkey/2536379.html JW
Armenia's Metsamor nuclear
AND
reactor is built.

Harms to Armenian agriculture cause mass increases in poverty.

McKinley et al 2 Terry (Senior Policy Adviser on poverty and macroeconomic policies in the Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP, New York. He is the editor of UNDP’s global poverty report, Overcoming Human Poverty. He is the author of The Distribution of Wealth in Rural China, coauthor of Implementing a Human Development Strategy and editor of Macroeconomic Policies, Growth and Poverty Reduction. Much of his work in recent years has centered on China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Vietnam and the transition economies of the former Soviet Union and eastern and central Europe.) (this report is published with others, but the part I cut is just by Terry McKinley) "Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Armenia" A Report Commissioned by the Poverty Group, Bureau for Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme August 2002 http://www.ipc-undp.org/publications/reports/Armenia.pdf JW
In order to
AND
a propoor impact.

Adv 2

 Terror===

Nuclear waste products and uranium are being stolen from Armenia’s nuclear power plant now. That causes dirty bombs and nuclear terror.

Murinson 5/3 Alexander "The other nuclear threat" Washington Times May 3^rd 2016  http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/may/3/alexander-murinson-armenias-nuclear-threat/ JW
The fourth Nuclear
AND
visionary after all.

Terrorism is the most likely existential threat.

Rhodes 9 Richard (a visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and currently he is an affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. Rhodes is the author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award) "Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety" December 14^th 2009 JW
The response was
AND
sending a message.

1. The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.

Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact" Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17^th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern
AND
in America today.

a. Critique is useless without a concrete policy option that solves for your harms.

Bryant 12 Levi Bryant (Professor of Philosophy at Collin College) "A Critique of the Academic Left" 2012 https://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/ JW
Unfortunately, the academic
AND
etc., etc., etc.

Tournament: Yale | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Jack Briody | Judge: Neal Kapoor, Mark Gorthey, Daniel Lu
Ethics must recognize that loves are not arbitrary psychological states, but rather are directed moral attitudes which can be right or wrong. Ethical projects fundamentally attempt to unify emotions with those responses required by reason.
Lewis 1 British novelist, poet, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian, and Christian apologist, employed at both Oxford and Cambridge “the Abolition of Man” 1943. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/lewis/abolition2.htm
This conception in
AND
here concerned with.   

Only Augustine’s focus on the ordered and hierarchal will can possibly unify the concept of personal identity. Freedom requires a division between desire and values, and only the Platonic/Augustinian renders that division coherent.
Gary Watson big deal philosopher on issues of free will. “Free Agency” in Oxford Readings in Philosophy: Free Will Second Edition. Originally from Journal of Philosophy1975.
Now it seems
AND
to have none. 

Additionally, only a focus on virtuous orientation accounts for the complexity of moral life. Ethical reasoning cannot be reduced to merely consequentialist calculations of solvency.
Adams. Robert Adams: Philosopher of metaphysics, ethics and religion, has taught at top schools like Yale, Rutgers, Chapel Hill “Involuntary Sins.” The Philosophical Review, 1985.
The first thing
AND
or against it.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the Ordo Amoris, defined as correctly orienting our love and appreciation.

C) The grounding of proper loves is fundamentally ‘inarticulable.’ The notion that we must articulate justification for basic insights like we should respect human dignity is philosophically bankrupt.'
Ebels-Duggan 15. June 24, 2015. More than Words Can Say: On Inarticulacy and Normative Commitment (by Kyla Ebels-Duggan, Philosopher). NP 9/12/16.
Desires aren’t alone
AND
relationships with ourselves.

the consequentalist starting point is mistaken. Human activities can be divided into two types, those where the end of the activity can be completed (like cooking a meal) and those where the end is fully present in the activity itself (like friendship or those who learn for a mere love of learning). Ultimately we must maintain a focus on the later a-telic ends.
Setiya 14, Kieran. The Midlife Crisis. Volume 14, no. 31 november 2014. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
It is what
AND
of this kind. 

I defend, resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power

First, to endorse nuclear energy is to endorse those orientations which make nuclear energy necessary.  If the endorsement of those conditions is morally wrong, than using nuclear energy simply subsidizes morally wrong attitudes.
Parkins, John R. and Haluza, Randolph The authors are John R. Parkins, Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Rural Economy, University of Alberta and Randolph Haluza-DeLay, Associate Professor of Sociology, The King’s University College, Edmonton, Alberta.  -DeLay Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power Development. April 2011. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/103237/2/StaffPaper11-01.pdf
Only slightly smaller
AND
of that goal.

Second, the decision to develop nuclear energy is rooted indelibly in a consumeristic orientation that instrumentalizes nature and privileges the satisfaction of greed.
Loy 13. David Loy,  (David Robert Loy is an American author and authorized teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan lineage of Japanese Zen Buddhism.) 4-1-2013, "The Three Nuclear Poisons," Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-loy/the-three-nuclear-poisons_b_2983534.html, accessed 9-2-2016
Bracketed for grammar
What causes dukkha?
AND
that’s safely available.

This contention links to the standard. Consumerism inordinately values objects over people, and possession over moral life
De Souza no date. Raymond J. de Souza, xx-xx-xxxx, "John Paul II and the Problem of Consumerism," Acton Institute, http://www.acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-9-number-5/john-paul-ii-and-problem-consumerism, accessed 9-10-2016. NP
Bracketed for gendered language
Pope John Paul
AND
“being over having.”  

Finally, the instrumentalization of science is grounded in a fundamental violation of the Aristotelian precepts. The right way to respond to nature requires we conform ourselves to the world, not restructuring the world to suit us, which is the logic of consumerism.
Lewis 2 bracketed for gendered language. C.S. Lewis Professor at Oxford and Cambridge, author of numerous books on philosophy and Christianity. The Abolition of Man. 1943.
My point may
AND
the Thou-situation.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 7 | Opponent: Ryan Younger | Judge: Christian Quiroz

Ethics must recognize that loves are not arbitrary psychological states, but rather are directed moral attitudes which can be right or wrong. Ethical projects fundamentally attempt to unify emotions with those responses required by reason.

Lewis 1 ~British novelist, poet, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian, and Christian apologist, employed at both Oxford and Cambridge~ "the Abolition of Man" 1943. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/lewis/abolition2.htm
This conception in all its forms, Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, Christian,
AND
origin for the Tao is a question I am not here concerned with.   

We cannot pursue liberatory model through a merely rational reflection of issues. Simply thinking without a reorientation of our emotions will terminally fail to inspire any true activity.

David Naugal. ~chair and professor of philosophy at Dallas Baptist University. Has a Th.D. in systematic theology, and a Ph.D. in humanities with concentrations in philosophy and English literature. He is the author of Worldview: The History of a Concept~. Education and the Abolition of Man. https://www.cslewis.com/blog/education-and-the-abolition-of-man/. June 17 2009.
Nonetheless, philosophically justified virtues on their own are insufficient to make a person truly
AND
reason for the barbaric character and conduct of countless numbers of people today. 

Additionally, only a focus on virtuous orientation accounts for the complexity of moral life. Ethical reasoning cannot be reduced to merely consequentialist calculations of solvency.

Adams. Robert Adams: ~Philosopher of metaphysics, ethics and religion, has taught at top schools like Yale, Rutgers, Chapel Hill~ "Involuntary Sins." The Philosophical Review, 1985.
The first thing to be said about this theory is that it is right in
AND
not by trying that we came to be for it or against it.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the Ordo Amoris, defined as correctly orienting our love and appreciation.

C) The grounding of proper loves is grounded in material reality, but fundamentally ‘inarticulable.’ The notion that we must justify basic insights like respect for human dignity is philosophically bankrupt.'

Ebels-Duggan 15. June 24, 2015. More than Words Can Say: On Inarticulacy and Normative Commitment (by Kyla Ebels-Duggan, Philosopher). NP 9/12/16.
Desires aren’t alone here.  Think of what it is like to love someone.  
AND
taken seriously.  For that matter, neither should our relationships with ourselves.

Instrumentalization of ends is incoherent; prefer the AC framework over roles of the ballots that instrumentalize humanistic education for even important social roles; this robs humans of dignity and precludes capacity for use of intellection as a space for sanctuary and retreat, which renders the humanities competitive, destroying space for cooperative investigation, and limiting individual worth intellectual gifts. If the aim of education is to make a difference, if you cannot, it entails a lack of worth. I control uniqueness, and the conclusion independently follows from the Augustinian FW.

Zina Hitz ~B.A., St. John’s College, Annapolis, 1995; M.Phil., Classics, Cambridge University, 1996; Ph.D. Philosophy, Princeton University, 2005; Assistant Professor, Auburn University, 2005-6; Assistant Professor, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2006-2012; Fellow, Center for Hellenic Studies, 2008-9; Visiting Fellow, James Madison Program, Princeton University, 2010-11; Tutor, St. John's College, Annapolis, 2015-~. 4/7/16. "Freedom and Intellectual Life." First Things. http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2016/04/freedom-and-intellectual-life MT
What is the point of studying the humanities? The question reflects the current climate
AND
one such crucial form of asceticism. May it be preserved as such.

I defend, Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power

Contention 1 is Consumerism

Nuclear energy involves a deeply problematic consumeristic orientation.

First, to endorse nuclear energy is to endorse those orientations which make nuclear energy necessary.  If the endorsement of those conditions is morally wrong, than using nuclear energy simply subsidizes morally wrong attitudes.

Parkins, John R. and Haluza, Randolph ~The authors are John R. Parkins, Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Rural Economy, University of Alberta and Randolph Haluza-DeLay, Associate Professor of Sociology, The King’s University College, Edmonton, Alberta. ~ -DeLay Social and Ethical Considerations of Nuclear Power Development. April 2011. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/103237/2/StaffPaper11-01.pdf
Only slightly smaller in scope is the question of Why do we want/need
AND
whether nuclear energy production is an appropriate means to pursuit of that goal.

Second, the decision to develop nuclear energy is rooted indelibly in a consumeristic orientation that instrumentalizes nature and privileges the satisfaction of greed.

Loy 13. David Loy,  (David Robert Loy is an American author and authorized teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan lineage of Japanese Zen Buddhism.) 4-1-2013, "The Three Nuclear Poisons," Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-loy/the-three-nuclear-poisons'b'2983534.html, accessed 9-2-2016
Bracketed for grammar
What causes dukkha? The four noble truths single out tanha
AND
restructure our societies according to the amount of renewable energy that’s safely available.

Finally, the instrumentalization of science is grounded in a fundamental violation of the Aristotelian precepts. The right way to respond to nature requires we conform ourselves to the world, not restructuring the world to suit us, which is the logic of consumerism.

Lewis 2 ~bracketed for gendered language~. C.S. Lewis ~Professor at Oxford and Cambridge, author of numerous books on philosophy and Christianity~. The Abolition of Man. 1943.
My point may be clearer to some if it is put in a different form
AND
It it would not lose what Martin Buber calls the Thou-situation. 

Contention 2 is Power

The aim of nuclear power production is a quest for power

Ellul 82, Jacques. (Jacques Ellul was a French philosopher, professor, sociologist, lay theologian, and Christian anarchist.) A THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION ON .1 r NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENTS: j ! The Limits of Science, Technology, and Power. 1982.
All atomic research is research for power. It is no longer simply "nuclear
AND
nuclear energy, which has no other objective than the pursuit of power.

Nuclear power production is motivated by corporate greed

Jacobs 11. Ron Jacobs, (Ron Jacobs is the author of Daydream Sunset: Sixties Counterculture in the Seventies published by CounterPunch Books. He lives in Vermont. He can be reached at: ronj1955@gmail.com.)  3-12-2011, "When Greed Goes Radioactive," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/03/15/when-greed-goes-radioactive/, accessed 9-10-2016. NP
Recently, Duke Energy and Progress Energy, two of the largest energy corporations in
AND
safe.  It’s because the energy industry is driven by profits and greed.

Instrumentalizing nature means we cannot properly orient ourselves towards it – the search for power over nature only leads to power of some over others

Lewis 3. C.S. Lewis ~Professor at Oxford and Cambridge, author of numerous books on philosophy and Christianity~. The Abolition of Man. 1943.
Bracketed for gendered language
'Man's conquest of Nature' is an expression often used to
AND
is ~they are~ also the prisoner who  follows the triumphal car. 

Underview

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.

Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact" Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17^th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Excessive focus on discourse and representations kills the liberal movements you seek to promote.

Chait 15 Jonathan Chait "How the language police are perverting liberalism." NY Magazine January 275h 2015 http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html JW
Or maybe not. The p.c. style of politics has one serious
AND
that have become forbidden, so many attitudes that will get you cast out

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Raffi Piliero | Judge: Mark Gorthey, Sean Fahey, Dave McGinnis

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util’s true.

Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment
AND
favors the kind of universal hedonism that supports utilitarianism, not egoistic hedonism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing happiness. Prefer the standard:

4. Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.

Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) "Personal Identity" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/~~#PsyApp JW
Whatever psychological continuity may amount to, a more serious worry for the Psychological Approach
AND
, you are both hungry and not hungry at once: a contradiction.

5. Determinism is true: our bodies are controlled by biological principles only – there’s no room for free will.

Drescher Gary L. (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT) "Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics" Bradford Books May 5^th 2006
One prominent notion is that we have both a ghostlike component (our consciousness or
AND
to deviate sometimes from the same rules that such particles otherwise always obey. 

Only consequentialism is consistent with determinism.

Greene and Cohen Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen (Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University) "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything" November 26^th 2004 Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B (2004)359,1775–1785 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693457/pdf/15590618.pdf JW
The forward-looking–consequentialist approach to punishment works with all three responses to
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requires compatibilism. Accordingly, the standard legal account of punishment is compatibilist.

6. Morality must be universalizable.

Pettit Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
Every prescription as to what an agent ought to do should be capable of being
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, indeed, that no other agent is ever likely to confront them.

Only consequentialism can be universalized.

Pettit 2 Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
There is no difficulty in seeing how the universalizability challenge is supposed to be met
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The Federal Government of Mexico ought to ban the production of nuclear power. 

Advantage 1 - Accidents

The Laguna Verde power plant is plagued with corruption and hazards, making a Chernobyl-esque accident likely, endangering local populations

Nauman 13, Talli. (TALLI NAUMAN is an environmental analyst for the Americas Program . She is a founder and co-director of the independent international media project Journalism to Raise Environmental Awareness, initiated in 1994 with support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.) May 28, 2013. http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/05/28/mexicos-troubled-nuclear-plant/ NP 10/11/16.
With Latin American countries still turned off to nuclear power two years after Japan’s monumental
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Another would be to take the irresponsible parties to court to establish accountability.

Laguna Verde is next to a volcano and on the ring of fire. Accident’s are incredibly likely – it’s almost melted down before, and the response system’s inadequate, making evacuation unlikely.

AGR 14. A Green Road Project, 4-19-2014, "Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant," No Publication, https://agrdailynews.com/tag/laguna-verde-nuclear-power-plant/, accessed 10-11-2016. NP.
Historically, this region looks like it can generate huge tsunami waves; (1838
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Busby talks about the coverups that happened at TMI, Chernobyl and Fukushima.

The plant’s tech is super outdated which increases the risk of plant failure

AGR 14. A Green Road Project, 4-19-2014, "Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant," No Publication, https://agrdailynews.com/tag/laguna-verde-nuclear-power-plant/, accessed 10-11-2016. NP
"The Federal Electricity Commission has revealed that its Laguna Verde nuclear power plant has
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report said, 22 are "damaged" and eight are "obsolete."

Nuclear accident would destroy local economies and Mexican territory

Godoy 11. Emilio Godoy. ((Vega De Alatorre, Mexico) MEXICO: Villagers Complain of Health Risks from Nuclear Plant. www.globalissues.org/news/2011/03/30/9088 March 30, 2011.
A nuclear accident could affect 80 percent of Mexican territory, according to a 2008
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whose sister takes three different medicines every eight hours to manage her illness.

An accident would split the country in two, bankrupting México, leading to drastic global consequences

GRB 14. A Green Road Project, 4-19-2014, "Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant," No Publication, https://agrdailynews.com/tag/laguna-verde-nuclear-power-plant/, accessed 10-11-2016. NP
There are NO publicly accessible radiation monitoring networks in Mexico as there are in many
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, it would have more severe consequences for many generations into the future.

Advantage 2 – Pollution

The Laguna Verde power plant is incredibly dangerous – it causes millions of liters of radioactive chemicals to leech into water, contaminating fish and local ecosystems, and releasing dangerous chemicals into the air

WI 93. February 12, 1993. Nuclear time bombs threaten Mexico and Argentina. https://wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/386/nuclear-time-bombs-threaten-mexico-and-argentina. NP 10/11/16.
(386.3785) WISE Amsterdam - Already, the report says, millions
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the caller personally threatened one of the Greenpeace staff people, Juan Schroeder.

Radiation from Laguna Verde exposes villagers to unwanted illness and suffering

Godoy 11. Emilio Godoy. ((Vega De Alatorre, Mexico) MEXICO: Villagers Complain of Health Risks from Nuclear Plant. www.globalissues.org/news/2011/03/30/9088 March 30, 2011
Brenda Mancilla, a 23-year-old Mexican woman, has suffered from
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electrical fault, and was at risk of meltdown, according to Salas.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hampton GK | Judge: Sam Azbel

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util is objectively valid.

Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment
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not egoistic hedonism.

This outweighs other frameworks.

Sinhababu 2 Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
A full moral
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through reliable processes.

2. Reductionism: personal identity doesn’t exist.

Olson Eric T. (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield) "Personal Identity" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aug 20, 2002; substantive revision Oct 28, 2010 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/~~#PsyApp JW
Whatever psychological continuity
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once: a contradiction.

This means consequentialism – moral theories can’t focus on individuals since there’s nothing that unifies them across time. Only states of affairs can have value.

3. Determinism is true: our bodies are controlled by biological principles only – there’s no room for free will.

Drescher Gary L. (Visiting Fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, PhD in Computer Science from MIT) "Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics" Bradford Books May 5^th 2006
One prominent notion
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otherwise always obey. 

Only consequentialism is consistent with determinism.

Greene and Cohen Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen (Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University) "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything" November 26^th 2004 Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B (2004)359,1775–1785 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693457/pdf/15590618.pdf JW
The forward-looking
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punishment is compatibilist.

4. Morality must be universalizable.

Pettit Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
Every prescription as
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to confront them.

Only consequentialism can be universalized.

Pettit 2 Phillip "Non-Consequentialism and Universalizability" The Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 50 No. 199 pp. 175-190 April 2000 JW
There is no
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that pattern oneself.

ROTB

The state is inevitable- speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.

Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact" Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17^th 2005 JW 11/18/15
An important concern
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in his system.

Contention

No uniqueness for disads—nuclear power will naturally phase out without a prohibition.

Romm 8/4 Joe (Founding Editor of Climate Progress, "the indispensable blog," as NY Times columnist Tom Friedman describes it.) "Nuclear Power Is Losing Money At An Astonishing Rate" Think Progress August 4^th 2016 https://thinkprogress.org/nuclear-power-is-losing-money-at-an-astonishing-rate-e9473d62acc5~~#.l778f6k4l JW
Half of existing
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costs nuclear has.

Resolved: the United States federal government will prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Nuclear power kills billions of aquatic creatures.

Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) "Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
Nuclear plants do not just use water-they also contaminate it at multiple points
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of rivers, lakes, and estuaries and complicate drinking water treatment."411

Fish feel pain – best evidence goes aff. Sandcastles prove.

Griffiths 14 Sarah "Fish have feelings too: Expert claims creatures experience pain in the same way humans do - and should be treated better" June 19^th 2014 Daily Mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2662297/Fish-feelings-Expert-claims-creatures-experience-pain-way-humans-better-treated.html JW
Fishing may not seem like such a relaxing sport anymore, as scientists claim to
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have a total of 124 Fukushima events if the necessary conditions were present.

Continued reliance on nuclear power causes water scarcity—uranium mining and reactor operation are both water-intensive.

Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) "Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
With electricity demand expected to grow by approximately fifty percent in the next twenty-
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plant-which uses about twenty billion gallons of water every year.373

Nuclear power plants produce huge amounts of nuclear waste—tech can’t solve.

Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) "Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
Proponents of nuclear power are fond of pointing out that one kilogram of uranium can
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as the age of the earth: 4.5 billion years."350

The negative impacts of nuclear power outweigh negative impacts of global warming – there is NO WAY to effectively store waste

Coplan 8. Karl S. Coplan, (Professor Karl S. Coplan has been a Professor and Associate Professor of Law at Pace Law School and Co-Director of its Environmental Litigation Clinic since 1994. Prior to joining the Pace faculty, he practiced land use and environmental litigation for eight years with the New York City firm of Berle, Kass and Case. ) The Externalities of Nuclear Power: First, Assume We Have a Can Opener . . ., 35 Ecology L. Currents 17 (2008), http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/489/. NP 8/8/16.
While the impacts of global warming are described as "intergenerational," the impacts of
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term impacts of increased nuclear energy production are comparable, and longer lasting.

Nuclear waste destroys native lands, culture and tribal sovereignty by exploiting members of tribes

Kamps 1. Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty and Nuclear Waste. February 15, 2001, by Kevin Kamps, Nuclear Waste Specialist. NP 8/13/16.
Nevadans and Utahans living downwind and downstream from nuclear weapons testing, uranium mining,
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that struggle for Native American environmental justice against corporate greed and environmental racism.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 6 | Opponent: Ari Azbel | Judge: Abbey Chapman

Excessive abstraction entrenches dominant power structures which causes oppression and rips ideal theory of its normative value.

Mills 5 Charles W. Mills (John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy) ""Ideal Theory" as Ideology" Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005) JW
Now what distinguishes
THE
the social order.

Ethical frameworks that abstract away from concrete social conditions are violently appropriated – ethics that can be conscious of current deficits in society are key to overcome oppression

Butler 5, Judith. Giving an Account of Oneself. Fordham University Press. 2005. NP 10/11/15.
I would like
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ethos becomes violent.

Thus the standard is minimizing structural violence. To clarify, structural violence refers to social institutions, structures or systemic problems that disadvantage individuals.

1. Structural violence is a precondition to the instantiation of your ethical theory – we must undermine it to allow freedom

Duquette David A. Duquette (Professor of Philosophy St. Norton’s College) "Hegel: Social and Political Thought" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
According to Hegel,
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between distinct consciousnesses.

3. Preserving justice means including marginalized groups and rejecting structural violence.

Winter and Leighton 99 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5)
Finally, to recognize
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to reduce it.

Advocacy

I defend, Resolved: the United States Federal Government ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. 

Advantage 1 – Water

Continued reliance on nuclear power causes water scarcity—uranium mining and reactor operation are both water-intensive.

Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) "Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
With electricity demand
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water every year.373

Nuclear power plants contaminate water, destroy biodiversity, and harm local economies

Sovacool and Cooper 8. Benjamin K. Sovacool and Christopher Cooper, Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post-Kyoto Energy Challenges, (D r. Benjamin K Sovacool is a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University ofSingapore. He is also an Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He has worked in advisory and research capacities at the U.S. National Science Foundation's Electric Power Networks Efficiency and Security Program, Virginia Tech Consortium on Energy Restructuring, Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and U.S. Department of Energy's Climate Change Technology Program.  Mr. Christopher Cooper is Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, and the former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices (NNEC), a New York-based nonprofit interest group devoted to analyzing utility policy and making recommendations for increasing efficiency and expanding the use of renewable resources.) 33 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 1 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2. NP 8/10/16.
Nuclear plants do
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water 411 treatment."

Nuclear power contaminates drinking water of millions of Americans

EA 12. Environment America, 1-24-2012, "Nuclear Power Plants Threaten Drinking Water for 49 Million Americans," No Publication, http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/nuclear-power-plants-threaten-drinking-water-49-million-americans, accessed 9-17-2016. NP 9/17/16.
Washington, D.C. – The
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and solar power.

Three impacts:

A) lack of fish increases coastal poverty which is a form of marginalization.

Campbell et al 6 J. Campbell, E. Whittingham and P. Townsley IMM Ltd., Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom "responding to coastal poverty" 2006 http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI'Publications/CA'CABI'Series/Coastal'Zones/Hoanh'1845931076-Chapter21.pdf JW
At the interface
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which they depend.

B) Contamination of drinking water exacerbates inequality and harms minority communities

Ross 16. Tracey Ross, Danyelle Solomon, 2-9-2016, "Flint Isn’t the Only Place With Racism in the Water," Nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/flint-isnt-the-only-place-with-racism-in-the-water/, accessed 9-17-2016. NP
Last month, Michigan
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a physical toll..

C) Lack of access to fresh water is a form of eco-tyrannical oppression.

Ecosense 9 "Obama’s oligarchical oppression – no water, lots of pollution" Fight for California October 16^th 2009 https://ecosense9.wordpress.com/2009/10/16/obamas-oligarchical-oppression-no-water-lots-of-pollution/ JW
On Thursday, October
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rivers and streams.

Advantage 2 - Accidents

More nuclear meltdowns are bound to happen – the impact is mass death and tech can’t solve.

Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) "Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 h p://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/2 JW
F. Safety While the
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alone a safe one.14

Accidents harm minority communities most – marginalized communities are the ones closest to reactors

Alldred and Shrader-Frechette 9. Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants by Mary Alldred and Kristin Shrader-Frechette. (Doctoral student Alldred is in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, in Stony Brook, New York. Dr. Shrader-Frechette is O’Neill Fam- ily Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, and Director of the Center for Envi- ronmental Justice and Children’s Health, all at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.) ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Volume 2, Number 2, 2009 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/env.2008.0544. NP 8/13/16.
EXAMINING POSSIBLE environmental
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by re- actors.1,4,5

Underview

Truth testing violates LD rules-prefer this since it directly quotes the event description and doesn’t rely on inference.

Nelson Adam Nelson (Director of Lincoln-Douglas Debate at the Harker School) "Towards a Comprehensive Theory of LD" The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Theory Journal April 15^th 2008 http://ldtheoryjournal.blogspot.com/2008/04/towards-comprehensive-theory-of-ld-adam.html JW
And that approach
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earn the ballot.