Tournament: Penn | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stuyvesant KL | Judge: Ben Koh

Framework

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best methodologically resists oppression. Debates should be over what to do about oppression, not what constitutes oppression.
Curry 14, Dr. Tommy J. Curry (Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM), “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014.
Despite the pronouncement of debate
AND
our ideological tendencies and politics.

And, the material conditions of violence should come first.
Pappas 16. Gregory Fernando Pappas 16, Texas AandM University, “The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice”, The Pluralist Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016.
Thus an empirical inquiry about
AND
unique circumstances of each injustice.

Harms

Speech codes operate from a flawed starting point by putting faith in school administrations to determine what speech is good.
Gates 94 Henry Louis “Skip” Gates Jr, Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, pg. 41-42. NYU Press, 1994. hchs-TF
And yet there is something
AND
to authority and its institutions.

Because of this, speech codes end up targeting the individuals they’re supposed to help.
Friedersdorf 15 Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus,” The Atlantic, March 4, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-glaring-evidence-that-free-speech-is-threatened-on-campus/471825/). hchs-TF
He was writing after the
AND
or on behalf of blacks.”

And, even if restrictions on hateful speech seem good now, they spill over and block more productive forms of dialogue in the future.
Strossen 1 Nadine, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008; Professor of Law, New York Law School, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990. hchs-TF
Second, there is an inescapable
AND
the first amendment's moral legitimacy.190

Meanwhile, present restrictions on speech do nothing to stop bigotry on campus, and only radicalize racists disguised as the “alt-right.”
Carle 16 Robert Carle, professor of theology at The King's College in Manhattan, December 22nd, 2016, "How The American Academy Helped Create The Alt-Right", The Federalist, http://thefederalist.com/2016/12/22/american-academy-helped-create-alt-right/ hchs-TF
American academics are rightly alarmed
AND
cease to live in freedom.

Worse, censorship makes hypervisible and glorifies the very same oppressors it tries to prevent.
Strossen 2 Nadine, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008; Professor of Law, New York Law School, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990. hchs-TF
A second reason why censorship
AND
as martyrs or even heroes.

Thus, the advocacy: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Solvency

Deregulating speech establishes the necessary precedent for social movements and change.
ACLU 16. 2016 "Hate Speech on Campus" https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus. DL.
Free speech rights are indivisible.
AND
United States are thereby weakened."

And, counterspeech is a better method than speech codes—
a. Counterspeech allows for self-determination and causes changes in communities.
Calleros 95 Charles R. Calleros, Professor of Law, Arizona State University, “Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun,” 1995 Arizona State Law Journal; Arizona State Law Journal, Winter, 1995 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249 hchs-TF
Delgado and Yun summarize the
AND
not suppression but rather counterspeech.
b. Psychological studies prove counterspeech is effective.
Strossen 3 Nadine, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008; Professor of Law, New York Law School, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990. hchs-TF
A study that was done
AND
not suppression but rather counterspeech.
c. Agonistic pluralism is good.
Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, “Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy,” pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover)
Third, because Knops ignores the
AND
contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution.

Underview

The aff’s political method is good—
The state is inevitable—speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005
An important concern emerges when
AND
governmental power at some point.

Any alternative inverts the error.
Krause and Williams 97 Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited and introduced by Keith Krause, a Canadian political scientist known for his work on international security and armed violence, and Michael Williams, PhD, the Johanna K. and Martin J. Wyngaarden Senior Professor in Old Testament Studies at Calvin Theological Seminary and a member of the NIV Committee on Bible Translation. Published 1997. Pages xvi-xvii. hchs-TF
First, to stand too far
AND
actor in contemporary world politics.

Government-as-heuristic is not an abstraction, but rather provides a means of understanding the state and breaking it down.
Zanotti 14. Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013.
By questioning substantialist representations of
AND
but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Tournament: Penn | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harrison LC | Judge: Heaven Montague

Part 1 is Framework

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best methodologically resists oppression. Debates should be over what to do about oppression, not what constitutes oppression.
Curry 14, Dr. Tommy J. Curry (Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM), “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014.
Despite the pronouncement of debate
AND
our ideological tendencies and politics.

And, the assumption that historically oppressive institutions will alter how they act is an unrealistic ideal that hinders concrete solutions to structural violence.
Curry 13. Dr. Tommy J. Curry (Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM), "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013. hchs-TF
In ethical deliberations dealing with
AND
etc. makes them (whites) virtuous.

Part 2 is Harms

Speech codes operate from a flawed starting point by putting faith in school administrations to determine what speech is good.
Gates 94 Henry Louis “Skip” Gates Jr, Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, pg. 41-42. NYU Press, 1994. hchs-TF
And yet there is something
AND
to authority and its institutions.

Because of this, speech codes end up targeting the individuals they’re supposed to help.
Friedersdorf 15 Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus,” The Atlantic, March 4, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-glaring-evidence-that-free-speech-is-threatened-on-campus/471825/). hchs-TF
He was writing after the
AND
or on behalf of blacks.”

And, even if restrictions on hateful speech seem good now, they spill over and block more productive forms of dialogue in the future.
Strossen 1 Nadine, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008; Professor of Law, New York Law School, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990. hchs-TF
Second, there is an inescapable
AND
the first amendment's moral legitimacy.190

Meanwhile, present restrictions on speech do nothing to stop bigotry on campus, and only radicalize racists disguised as the “alt-right.”
Carle 16 Robert Carle, professor of theology at The King's College in Manhattan, December 22nd, 2016, "How The American Academy Helped Create The Alt-Right", The Federalist, http://thefederalist.com/2016/12/22/american-academy-helped-create-alt-right/ hchs-TF
American academics are rightly alarmed
AND
cease to live in freedom.

Worse, censorship makes hypervisible and glorifies the very same oppressors it tries to prevent.
Strossen 2 Nadine, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008; Professor of Law, New York Law School, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990. hchs-TF
A second reason why censorship
AND
as martyrs or even heroes.

Thus, the advocacy: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Part 3 is Solvency

Deregulating speech establishes the necessary precedent for social movements and change.
ACLU 16. 2016 "Hate Speech on Campus" https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus. DL.
Free speech rights are indivisible.
AND
United States are thereby weakened."

And, counterspeech is a better method than speech codes—
a. Counterspeech allows for self-determination and causes changes in communities.
Calleros 95 Charles R. Calleros, Professor of Law, Arizona State University, “Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun,” 1995 Arizona State Law Journal; Arizona State Law Journal, Winter, 1995 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249 hchs-TF
Delgado and Yun summarize the
AND
not suppression but rather counterspeech.
b. Psychological studies prove counterspeech is effective.
Strossen 3 Nadine, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008; Professor of Law, New York Law School, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990. hchs-TF
A study that was done
AND
not suppression but rather counterspeech.
c. Agonistic pluralism is good.
Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, “Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy,” pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover)
Third, because Knops ignores the
AND
contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution.

Part 4 is Framing

The aff’s political method is good—
The state is inevitable—speaking the language of power through policymaking is the only way to create social change in debate.
Coverstone 5 Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005
An important concern emerges when
AND
governmental power at some point.

Any alternative inverts the error.
Krause and Williams 97 Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited and introduced by Keith Krause, a Canadian political scientist known for his work on international security and armed violence, and Michael Williams, PhD, the Johanna K. and Martin J. Wyngaarden Senior Professor in Old Testament Studies at Calvin Theological Seminary and a member of the NIV Committee on Bible Translation. Published 1997. Pages xvi-xvii. hchs-TF
First, to stand too far
AND
actor in contemporary world politics.

Government-as-heuristic is not an abstraction, but rather provides a means of understanding the state and breaking it down.
Zanotti 14. Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013.
By questioning substantialist representations of
AND
but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Simulated legal debates are good.
Klare 11. Karl Klare, George J. and Kathleen Waters Matthews Distinguished University Professor, Northeastern University School of Law, “Teaching Local 1330—Reflections on Critical Legal Pedagogy.” School of Law Faculty Publications. Paper 167. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20002528
This dialogue continues for awhile.
AND
public, and conduct political consciousness-raising.

Tournament: Beltway | Round: Semis | Opponent: Success Academy SC | Judge: Ana Calizo, Raul Larsen, Allan Xu
Nuclear power is a national project that organizes all the forces of the country into an enormous factory for the extension of technological enframing, the culmination of western metaphysics that reduces all of humans and nature into standing reserve. Nuclear power organizes the entirety of the world picture as it colonizes culture, politics, and discourse.
Kinsella 7 William J. Kinsella, associate professor in the Department of Communication at North Carolina State University. “Heidegger and Being at the Hanford Reservation: Standing Reserve, Enframing, and Environmental Communication Theory”, Environmental Communication, Vol. 1, No. 2, November 2007 hchs-TF
To further illustrate the implications
AND
and constituted in mutual relation.

The impact is disposability—nuclear power destroys our value to life by rendering the universe a standing reserve that culminates in the wholesale destruction of the environment and other humans.
Beckman 2k Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, 2000 Tad, Harvey Mudd College, Martin Heidegger and Environmental Ethics, page @ http://www2.hmc.edu/~tbeckman/personal/HEIDART.HTML hchs-TF
The threat of nuclear annihilation
AND
of a more primal truth.

Thus, I affirm Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. I reserve the right to clarify.

“Resolved” means to become aware of our own being.
Pezze 6 (Barbara, 2006 PhD Philosophy at Honk Kong U, “Heidegger on Gelassenheit”, Minerva, vol .10, http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol10/Heidegger.html hchs-hchs-TF
Let us pause for a
AND
Gegnet conceals and unconceals itself?

The 1AC’s reading of the resolution opens up feelings of anxiety towards enframing.
Magrini 6 James Magrini prof. of Phil. @ the College of DuPage “"Anxiety" in Heidegger's Being and Time: The Harbinger of Authenticity” Philosophy Scholarship. Paper 15. hchs-TF
To initiate authentic Being-in-the world, a
AND
action in a particular Situation"

Radical questioning and rejecting technological enframing opens new possibilities.
Smith 91 (Gregory, Department of Poly Sci @ Univ. of Michigan, "Heidegger, Technology, and Postmodernity," Social Science Journal, Vol 28, Issue 3, p. ebscohost) hchs-TF
In the modern understanding, modern
AND
consequences is set in motion.

Anxiety is crucial to actualize being in the world.
Critchley 9 6 July 2009 Simon Critchley  currently teaches  philosophy at The New School in New York “Being and Time, part 5: Anxiety” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2009/jul/06/heidegger-philosophy-being hchs-TF
Anxiety does not need darkness
AND
is individualised and becomes self-aware.

The illusion of choosing how we engage with knowledge is a myth of humanism that keeps us entrenched in technological modes of thinking. We have no choice in how the world is revealed, only in how we are. The aff is critical to break through the deadlock of western metaphysics.
Sawicki 3 Ph.D. Columbia University, Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, Chair of Women's And Gender Studies, Williams College (Jana, “Foucault and Heidegger Critical Encounters”, Heidegger and Foucault:Escaping Technological Nihilism, University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London, Questia hchs-TF
Who accomplishes the challenging setting
AND
therefore subject to human control.

Thus, the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who provides the best methodology for preserving being-in-the-world. That means that you should evaluate ontological questions prior to any other concerns.

The role of the ballot ruptures traditional modes of education that stress the optimization of efficiency.
Thomson 5 Iain, Professor of Philosophy University of New Mexico. “Heidegger on Ontotheology: Technology and the Politics of Education.” Cambridge University Press, 2005 hchs-TF
This Nietzschean ontotheology not only
AND
revitalizing reunification of the university.

Attempting to externalize ourselves from our beliefs and outsourcing responsibility creates passivism and self-hatred.
Antonio 95 Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1 hchs-TF
According to Nietzsche, the "subject"
AND
a new type of tyrant.

Every question is always already ontological—inquiry that doesn’t begin with the question of being-in-the-world is violently appropriated.
Dillon 99 Dillon Prof of Politics at Lancaster 1999 Michael Political Theory 27.2 jstor hchs-TF
Because you cannot say anything
AND
question of the political itself.

Tournament: Beltway | Round: 6 | Opponent: Randolph AP | Judge: Tiffany Dacheux
I affirm Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. I value morality.

Questioning a constitutive obligation can be no more than questioning whether or not you belong to that category.
Surgener 11 (Kirk Surgener, Neo-Kantian Constructivism in Metaethics. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/3298/1/Surgener12PhD.pdf 2011.) hchs-TF
Constitutivism tries to ground the
AND
system of distribution at all.

Thus, the standard is maintaining a system of equal freedom.

Contention One is Structural Violence
Subpoint A: Exploitation
The nuclear power production industry exploits and lies to workers whose capacity to set ends is already minimal—as a result they face tragic health consequences.
Shrader-Frechette 9 (Mary, Kristen (Alldred is a doctoral student of ecology and evolution at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, in Stony Brook, New York. Dr. Shrader-Frechette is O’Neill Fam- ily Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, and Director of the Center for Envi- ronmental Justice and Children’s Health, all at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana) “Environmental Injustice in Sitting Nuclear Plants,” Environmental Justice Vol 2 Number 2009.) MR 8/8/16
In stages (2)–(5) of the nuclear fuel
AND
occupational-radiation dose of 50 mSv.

The nuclear industry intentionally covers up these incidents in order to continue to curb worker’s abilities to set their own ends.
Cousins et al. n.d. (Cousins, Elicia Researcher, Carleton College, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta. “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice.” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project.) hchs-TF
Those who experience a nuclear
AND
evacuee from the Chernobyl zone:

Subpoint B: Indigenous Communities
The nuclear industry’s treatment of Native American land violates their freedom.
Brook 98 (Daniel, “Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste,” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology Vol 57 No 1 January 1998 https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20538772/environmental-genocide-native-americans-and-toxic.) MR 8/11/16

But, regulations fail—a ban is the only way to mitigate the harms.
Ross 11 (Ross, Timothy J. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico “Avoiding Apocalypse: Congress Should Ban Nuclear Power.” UB Law.) hchs-TF
There have, over the years
AND
that of the general public.

Contention Two is Future Generations
Nuclear power harms the natural environment at the expense of future generations, while privileging current ones.
Rendall 7 (Rendall, Matthew, professor at the School of Politics and International Relations at The University of Nottingham. "Nuclear Weapons and Intergenerational Exploitation," 2007.) hchs-TF
Intergenerational justice deals with our
AND
activities prior to the accident.”

The negative impacts of nuclear power outweigh negative impacts of any other form of power production—there is NO WAY to effectively store waste.
Coplan 8 (Karl S. Coplan, (Professor Karl S. Coplan has been a Professor and Associate Professor of Law at Pace Law School and Co-Director of its Environmental Litigation Clinic since 1994. Prior to joining the Pace faculty, he practiced land use and environmental litigation for eight years with the New York City firm of Berle, Kass and Case. ) The Externalities of Nuclear Power: First, Assume We Have a Can Opener . . ., 35 Ecology L. Currents 17 (2008), http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/489/.) NP 8/8/16.
While the impacts of global
AND
are comparable, and longer lasting.

Nuclear phase out fosters investment in renewables—compensates for the costs of foregoing nuclear power.
De Cian et al. 12 (Innovation benefits from nuclear phase-out: can they compensate the costs? Enrica De Cian, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Samuel Carrara, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Massimo Tavoni, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC). Nota di Lavoro. 2012.) NP
Our results show that phasing
AND
regional distribution of technology benefits.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Montville RU | Judge: Wesley Hu
I affirm.
Negating an ought-statement means proving a prohibition.
Oxford Dictionary 8 Oxford American Large Print Dictionary 2008 edited by McKean defines negation of an ought statement. (Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide) Oxford Print Dictionary Published 2008. Eric McKean. NP 10/14/15.  
usage: The verb ought is...for expressing suitability or appropriateness.
I affirm the resolution as a general principle.
Lucas 12 clarifies Caroline Lucas is a British politican and environmental activist, "Why we must phase out nuclear power," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power. hchs-TF
The only certain way to..phase out of nuclear power.
Next—
Foundationism fails—there are no infallible basic beliefs; it leads to infinite regression
Bonjour 78 Can Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? Author(s): Laurence Bonjour Source: American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 1-13 Published by: University of Illinois Press on behalf of the North American Philosophical Publications Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20009690. NP 8/25/15.
The fundamental concept of strong...the concept of epistemic justification.
Looking to regulative epistemology rather than preoccupation with grounding truth is most productive.
Woods and Roberts 2 Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology 2010
The triviality of standard epistemology’s...with the enterprise of education.
It’s impractical to analytically derive moral truths in certain cases—we must recognize cognitive limitations and epistemic authority of those who have better understanding.
Woods and Roberts 3 Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology 2010. hchs-TF
Thomas Reid pointed out that...promoting warrant in testimony circumstances.
Those with most experience have a better chance of acting correctly.
Ibekwe 13 Ibekwe, Henry. Virtue Ethics: a justification on the basis of Neurophilosophy and Neuroscience. http://www.academia.edu/4312677/Virtue_Ethics_a_justification_on_the_basis_of_Neurophilosophy_and_Neuroscience. April 4th, 2013. NP 8/25/15.
An epistemological puzzle arising from...true from a neuroscientific perspective.
Thus, the standard is appealing to epistemically qualified authorities.  
Prefer:
1) We cannot wait till we have the right ethical method, otherwise we could not even be confident that studying ethics is ethical. Instead we must recognize authority of those better situated in moral understanding.  
Gadamer 60 Hans-Georg Gadamer Sick philosopher, pun intended. “Truth and Method”. 1960.
The Enlightenment's distinction between faith...on the indispensability of tradition.
Contention
Pope Francis has presented examples to billions with acts of justice.
Obama 14 TIME 100 ICONS Pope Francis By Barack Obama April 23, 2014. Time Magazine.
Rare is the leader who...we heed his humble example.
Pope Francis affirms.
Onsman 15 Ricky Onsman. "Pope Francis Calls Nuclear Power Plants a Modern-Day Tower of Babel." Helen Caldicott, MD. www.helencaldicott.com/pope-francis-calls-nuclear-power-plants-a-modern-day-tower-of-babel/. DL
In an audience with Japanese...from the government the immediate
Bernie Sanders also supports a ban on the production of nuclear power.
Adler 16 Ben Adler. "Bernie Sanders wants to Phase out Nuclear Power." Mother Jones. April 5, 2016. www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/04/grist-bernie-sanders-wants-to-phase-out-nuclear-power-plants. DL
You've probably heard that Bernie...caricature that his critics describe.
Bernie Sanders is a moral authority: he is unwavering in his morality, even when they come at personal cost, refusing Super PACS, criticizing private interest and big business—representing the people.
West 15 Dr. Cornel West. August 24, 2015. Facebook post. https://www.facebook.com/drcornelwest/posts/10155953989390111. DL
Why I Endorse Brother Bernie...vision of freedom for all.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Syosset AM | Judge: Becca Traber
I affirm.
Negating an ought-statement means proving a prohibition.
Oxford Dictionary 8 Oxford American Large Print Dictionary 2008 edited by McKean defines negation of an ought statement. (Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide) Oxford Print Dictionary Published 2008. Eric McKean. NP 10/14/15.  
usage: The verb ought is...for expressing suitability or appropriateness.
I affirm the resolution as a general principle.
Lucas 12 clarifies Caroline Lucas is a British politican and environmental activist, "Why we must phase out nuclear power," https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/phase-out-nuclear-power. hchs-TF
The only certain way to..phase out of nuclear power.
Next—
Foundationism fails—there are no infallible basic beliefs; it leads to infinite regression
Bonjour 78 Can Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? Author(s): Laurence Bonjour Source: American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 1-13 Published by: University of Illinois Press on behalf of the North American Philosophical Publications Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20009690. NP 8/25/15.
The fundamental concept of strong...the concept of epistemic justification.
Looking to regulative epistemology rather than preoccupation with grounding truth is most productive.
Woods and Roberts 2 Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology 2010
The triviality of standard epistemology’s...with the enterprise of education.
It’s impractical to analytically derive moral truths in certain cases—we must recognize cognitive limitations and epistemic authority of those who have better understanding.
Woods and Roberts 3 Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology 2010. hchs-TF
Thomas Reid pointed out that...promoting warrant in testimony circumstances.
Those with most experience have a better chance of acting correctly.
Ibekwe 13 Ibekwe, Henry. Virtue Ethics: a justification on the basis of Neurophilosophy and Neuroscience. http://www.academia.edu/4312677/Virtue_Ethics_a_justification_on_the_basis_of_Neurophilosophy_and_Neuroscience. April 4th, 2013. NP 8/25/15.
An epistemological puzzle arising from...true from a neuroscientific perspective.
Thus, the standard is appealing to epistemically qualified authorities.  
Prefer:
1) We cannot wait till we have the right ethical method, otherwise we could not even be confident that studying ethics is ethical. Instead we must recognize authority of those better situated in moral understanding.  
Gadamer 60 Hans-Georg Gadamer Sick philosopher, pun intended. “Truth and Method”. 1960.
The Enlightenment's distinction between faith...on the indispensability of tradition.
Contention
Bernie Sanders supports a ban on the production of nuclear power.
Adler 16 Ben Adler. "Bernie Sanders wants to Phase out Nuclear Power." Mother Jones. April 5, 2016. www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/04/grist-bernie-sanders-wants-to-phase-out-nuclear-power-plants. DL
You've probably heard that Bernie...caricature that his critics describe.
Bernie Sanders is a moral authority: he is unwavering in his morality, even when they come at personal cost, refusing Super PACS, criticizing private interest and big business—representing the people.
West 15 Dr. Cornel West. August 24, 2015. Facebook post. https://www.facebook.com/drcornelwest/posts/10155953989390111. DL
Why I Endorse Brother Bernie...vision of freedom for all.
Winona LaDuke affirms:
Parker 8 Melody Parker. "Winona LaDuke: The Struggle For Environmental Justice." May 22, 2008. City On A Hill Press. www.cityonahillpress.com/2008/05/22/winona-laduke-the-struggle-for-environmental-justice/
Winona LaDuke stopped by last...of us, human and nonhuman.”
She's a moral authority.
Schilling 14 Vincent Schilling. "Fight the power: 8 Contemporary Heroes and Leaders of Native Resistance." October 22, 2014. Indian Country. indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/10/22/fight-power-8-contemporary-heroes-and-leaders-native-resistance-157459?page=02C1
A former Green Party vice-presidential...life’s contributions to Indian country.