Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood | Judge: Alston, Hertzig
Part 1 is the Framing
The obligation as the judge is to vote for the best debater that combats colonial violence. We are all settlers that have inhabited this land at cost of the bodies of Native Americans. Before engaging in any anti-racism and social justice, we must first combat the racism that has deprived natives their own land.
Kuo 15’
 “Why Racial Justice Work Needs to Address Settler Colonialism and Native Rights,” Rachel Kuo, Rachel Kuo is a scholar and educator based in New York City. Her professional background is in designing curriculum and also communications strategy for social justice education initiatives. Her writing and research interests include racial justice, media justice and digital media activism.
However, this opportunity …ndigenous issues more visible.
Settler colonialism is synonymous with white identity. The foundational upon all groups of marginalized people relies upon the concept of white identity forged through settler colonialism. Rupturing the colonialist narrative destroys the imperialist construction of white power.
Glenn 14’
“Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation,” Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Evelyn Nakano Glenn is a Professor of Gender and Women's Studies and of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.
In this section, … boundaries of citizenship.”
Part 2 is the Plight of Native Americans
Nuclear energy has a disproportionate impact on natives
Endres 09
(Danielle Endres is an assistant professor and director of communication at the University of Utah. Endres has a B.A. (University of Oregon), M.A. (San Diego University), and a PhD from the University of Washington. Endres work is in the areas of environmental communication, science communication, social movements, and Native American rhetoric. The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision', Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 39 60. https://www.academia.edu/1750641/The_Rhetoric_of_Nuclear_Colonialism_Rhetorical_Exclusion_of_American_Indian_Arguments_in_the_Yucca_Mountain_Nuclear_Waste_Siting_Decision. 3/1/2009. EJW.)
Since the Manhattan Project… 1950s to the present.7
Native lands are the specifically targeted and result in exploitation of indigenous peoples.
Endres 2’
(Danielle Endres is an assistant professor and director of communication at the University of Utah. Endres has a B.A. (University of Oregon), M.A. (San Diego University), and a PhD from the University of Washington. Endres work is in the areas of environmental communication, science communication, social movements, and Native American rhetoric. The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision', Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 39 60. https://www.academia.edu/1750641/The_Rhetoric_of_Nuclear_Colonialism_Rhetorical_Exclusion_of_American_Indian_Arguments_in_the_Yucca_Mountain_Nuclear_Waste_Siting_Decision. 3/1/2009. EJW.)

BIA- negotiated leases…as a Discursive Phenomenon
Current policy deliberations over nuclear power erase the disproportionate impact nuclear power production has on Native lands—this rhetorical strategy of colonialism props up an unethical system of domination and forecloses any ethical debate on this topic
Endres 3’
(Danielle Endres is an assistant professor and director of communication at the University of Utah. Endres has a B.A. (University of Oregon), M.A. (San Diego University), and a PhD from the University of Washington. Endres work is in the areas of environmental communication, science communication, social movements, and Native American rhetoric. The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision', Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 39 60. https://www.academia.edu/1750641/The_Rhetoric_of_Nuclear_Colonialism_Rhetorical_Exclusion_of_American_Indian_Arguments_in_the_Yucca_Mountain_Nuclear_Waste_Siting_Decision. 3/1/2009. EJW.)
Although there is sufficient … widely engaged this topic.’’40
The rhetorical exclusion of natives excludes and limits the participation of American Indians—the aff is key. Colonialism relies upon the exclusion of these voices in order to prop up its legitimacy.
Endres 4’
(Danielle Endres is an assistant professor and director of communication at the University of Utah. Endres has a B.A. (University of Oregon), M.A. (San Diego University), and a PhD from the University of Washington. Endres work is in the areas of environmental communication, science communication, social movements, and Native American rhetoric. The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision', Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 39 60. https://www.academia.edu/1750641/The_Rhetoric_of_Nuclear_Colonialism_Rhetorical_Exclusion_of_American_Indian_Arguments_in_the_Yucca_Mountain_Nuclear_Waste_Siting_Decision. 3/1/2009. EJW.)
One of the reasons that nuclear … understanding of rhetorical exclusion.

Plan: the Western Shoshone Nation should ban all processes of nuclear production (mining, exploration, deploying, testing, etc).

Native resistance to nuclear production is an anti-colonial reassertion of sovereignty and changing the discourse surrounding Native nations and the nuclear power production process
Endres 5’
(Danielle Endres is an assistant professor and director of communication at the University of Utah. Endres has a B.A. (University of Oregon), M.A. (San Diego University), and a PhD from the University of Washington. Endres work is in the areas of environmental communication, science communication, social movements, and Native American rhetoric. The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision', Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 39 60. https://www.academia.edu/1750641/The_Rhetoric_of_Nuclear_Colonialism_Rhetorical_Exclusion_of_American_Indian_Arguments_in_the_Yucca_Mountain_Nuclear_Waste_Siting_Decision. 3/1/2009. EJW.)
American Indian resistance … the political definition.

Sovereignty is critical to create space for an alternative to traditional Euro-American domination-
Steinman 12
(Erich, Pitzer College Chicago Journals, “Settler Colonial Power and the American Indian Sovereignty Movement: Forms of Domination, Strategies of Transformation,” January 2012, JSTOR)
The Indian Sovereignty Movement… traditionalist elders (Steiner 1968).

Beyond the plan-text, our aff forces a confrontation with invisibilized colonialism and the rhetorical strategies that prop up system of domination.

Colonialism is the product of 500 years of oppression that deploys structural violence against indigenous peoples.
Barsh 93’
Barsh, University of Lethbridge Native American studies professor, 1993
Russel, UN representative, Mikmaq Grand Council and Four Directions Council, Harvard JD, 26 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 277, “The Challenge of Indigenous Self-Determination” Lexis, accessed 3-22-13, TAP

If there is a…genuine self-determination.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Idk | Judge: Jharick Shields
I affirm.
I value morality from ought in the resolution.
Ethics never converges to an objective truth evaluation since values are preexistent from social consensus.
Carter et al.’
Baghramian, Maria and Carter, Adam, "Relativism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
Metaethical versions of...do not make sense.

People internalize their own moral sources which are based their own perceptions of right and wrong.
Skitka et al 08’
Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., and Mullen, E. (2008). Morality and justice: An expanded theoretical perspective and review. In K. A. Hedgvedt and J. Clay-Warner (Eds.), Advances in Group Processes, Vol. 25 (pp. 1 - 27). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Department of Psychology (m/c 285), 1007 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60607-7137, phone: (312) 996-4464; email: lskitka@uic.edu 2 Dispute Resolution Research Center, Kellogg School of Management, 2001 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208- 2001; phone: 847-491-8068; e-mail: bauman@kellogg.northwestern.edu 3 Stanford Graduate School of Business, 518 Memorial Way, Stanford, CA, 94305-5015; e-mail: Mullen_Elizabeth@GSB.Stanford.EDU
ur integrated theory of ... moral judgments (e.g., de Waal, 1996

The most in depth discussion aids in guiding us in determining right or wrong. The question is not of how many people are included, but rather the listening of other moral perspectives in a sphere means that we can learn.
Quintelier and Fessler 11’
“Varying versions of moral relativism: the philosophy and psychology of normative relativism “Katinka J. P. Quintelier • Daniel M. T. Fessler, Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences and Research Unit ‘The Moral Brain’, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail: katinka.quintelier@UGent.be K. J. P. Quintelier D. M. T. Fessler Department of Anthropology and Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles,
Irrespective of empirical findings...discuss the latter.
The self must be the primary principle and must unreflectively grasp that they are the source of action.
Lapsley’
Moral Agency, Identity and Narrative in Moral Development Daniel K. Lapsley University of Notre Dame, Professor and Chair of Phycology Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison 

There is something...the result of it.
A person is unified in their will to desire certain things.
Korsgaard’
“Personal Identity and the Unity of Agency: A Kantian Response to Parfit,” Christine M. Korsgaard, Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy Harvard University
To see this...deliberative standpoint. 2
The criterion is to vote for the debater who best provides an ethical method to understand and aid in making moral judgments.
I contend the allowing people to have free speech on college and university campuses best allows people exercise their capacity as moral agents and grow as a moral being, which my burden. The neg’s burden is to prove that the affirmative makes things worse for people in understanding their personhood and moral judgments.

Cont. 1 is Moral Agency
Current public universities and campuses limit free speech. Students never engage in discussions.
Maloney Jr. 10/6’
“Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students’ Free Speech” Cliff Maloney Jr.  is the Executive Director at Young Americans for Liberty.
University campuses are ... are, in fact, regressive.

The affirmative cultivates identity formation and moral agency.
Olayiwola 15’
“Discovering Your Identity – Full Speech Text” Layo, Layo Olayiwola is currently a final year student at New York University. She joined ACD in 2007 and had many fantastic experiences throughout the programme, ranging from working closely on projects with ACD's Chief Executive Brenda King, to interning at Citi and to visiting the European Parliament in Brussels in 2010.

The process of discovering... you want to be.
Censorship destroys the intellectual growth of a person. Free speech is needed.
Ward 91’
“Philosophical Issues in Censorship and Intellectual Freedom”  DAVIDV. WARD, David V. Ward, Philosophy Department, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013
The third reason for ... expressions of others.

Tournament: Glenbrook | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kent Denver GR | Judge: Troy Thisler
I value morality
Moral law is centered on agents of morality therefore no justification can be valid if it allows for degrading conditions.
James Rachels 86’, American philosopher who specialized in ethics and animal rights, Kantian Theory: The Idea of Human Dignity The Elements of Moral Philosophy, pp. 114-17,122-23., http://public.callutheran.edu/~chenxi/phil345_022.pdf
Second, and even more important...and not comparable to the value of anything else.

Thus the criterion is respecting human worth.

Adv.1 Racial militarism

The Police socially dominate black bodies.
Carbado and Rock 16’
“What Exposes African Americans to Police Violence?” Devon W. Carbado and Patrick Rock, Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law and PhD Student, UCLA Department of Psychology, respectively
Social dominance theory is potentially...regard in those ways.

QI immunity lets police get away with their crimes.
Carbado 16’
“Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes” Devon W. Carbado, The Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles Law School
Qualified Immunity: Perhaps...accountable for acts of violence.

Qualified Immunity is uniquely key to protect black lives—The police’s comfort in the system knows that they can escape. The Aff makes police legally accountable and saves black lives.
Carrié 15’
“Why do police officers keep killing unarmed black men?” Shawn Carrié, Shawn is a native of Queens majoring in Politics at The New School. He joined The Free Press in Fall  March 12, 2015
Why do police officers keep on killing black men...may actually save lives.

The vagueness of what is reasonability confuses officers to not know the bright line of excessive force. This allows for police officers to be violent in their dealings with the public. Alpert and Smith ’94:
Alpert and Smith, 1994 ( Geoffrey P. Alpert William C. Smith. Professors at University of South Carolina. How Reasonable Is the Reasonable Man: Police and Excessive Force. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 85 Issue 2 Fall. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6818andcontext=jclc)
The Commission Report discussed...these reports at all.

A culture of police violence causes politics of disposability— the government controls our very bodies.
Henry A. Giroux 14 American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, “Neoliberalism's War on Democracy”, Truthout, 26 Apr 2014
The not-so-hidden order...agency, and social responsibility.

Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government ought to limit the qualified immunity of police officers by allowing victims of police officers to bring lawsuits if a police officer violates the Constitution.
Newman 6/23
“Here’s a better way to punish the police: Sue them for money” Jon O. Newman is a senior judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
But when an officer...episode of police misconduct.

Banning qualified immunity helps police departments learn about police misconduct and can install broader policy changes.
Bernick 15’
Education “To Hold Police Accountable, Don’t Give Them Immunity.” Foundation for Economic Education, April 2015, contributor to foundation of Economic Education
In practice, qualified immunity...constitutional violations.

The aff increases cooperation between citizens and policing, checking against police behavior and solving crime.
de Stefan 17’
Lindsey de Stefan - J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law; B.A., Ramapo College of New Jersey. ““No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:” How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct.” Don’t know how it is 2017, but it is… It seems like it was published in 2016
Amending Qualified Immunity...the trust that is so crucial.

Underview
Government action is key—reform can pursue genuine equality. Defeatist attitudes ensure that the world stays the same.
Eddie S. GLAUDE Jr., Professor of African American Studies and Religion at Princeton and a PhD in Religion from Princeton, 16 Democracy in Black: How Race Still Enslaves, p. 185-197
CHANGE HOW WE VIEW GOVERNMENT
For more than three decades,...diminish our moral imaginations.

And, police won’t give up on policing – they will just change their behavior. The AFF forces de-escalation. Oliver 15’
Oliver, Wesley. "Prohibition’s Lingering Shadow: Under-Regulation of Official Uses of Force." Http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4165andcontext=mlr. 2015. SP
Unnecessary police killings may...most investigative techniques.

Tournament: Ghill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood | Judge: Courtney Coffman
Personal identity is not relevant.
Shoemaker Summarizes Parfit David Shoemaker 2012. "Personal Identity and Ethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition).
By way of explanation…the Identity Doesn't Matter (IDM) view.
This supports a utilitarian view. Parfit:
Derek Parfit 1984.  “Reasons and Persons.” Oxford. “This suggestion differs… …of that thing.”
This suggestion differs … upon the nature of that thing'. 103
Only post-experience comparison of end-states can be performed scientifically. And, phenomenal introspection leads us to value the pleasure of all individuals. Sinhababu,
Neil Sinhababu, The Epistemic Argument for Hedonism, University of Singapore.
To see how we can detect moral properties …. properties of phenomenal states.
And, these impacts warrant extra attention regardless of their likelihood Rescher 83
Rescher, Prof. of Philosophy, 83 Nicholas Rescher (Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh) 1983 Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the theory of risk evaluation, p. 67 AR Lab  LM

In such situations we are dealing …., in the circumstances, “unacceptable”.

Thus the standard is maximizing expected well being

Adv. 1 U.S- Russia War
Russia is building up its nuclear weaponry.
Axe 5/16
“Russia’s New Missile Means the Nuclear Arms Race Is Back On,” David Axe, David Axe is a reporter, graphic novelist, and author. He runs War Is Boring, a collective of national security reporters.
But no country—neither…new nuclear rocket is so scary. 

Tensions between the U.S and Russia are escalating Nuclear weapons are fueling the arms race.
Broad and Sanger 4/16
“Race for Latest Class of Nuclear Arms Threatens to Revive Cold War,” William J. Broad is a science journalist and senior writer at The New York Times. He shared two Pulitzer Prizes with his colleagues, as well as an Emmy Award and a DuPont Award. David E. Sanger is the chief Washington correspondent for The New York Times. A 1982 graduate of Harvard College, Sanger has been writing for the Times for 30 years covering foreign policy, globalization, nuclear proliferation, and the presidency

In response, ….of nuclear arms control.

Thus the plan: The government of the Russian Federation will ban its nuclear energy.
U.S preemption with its missile shield puts Putin in a position to retaliate and causes threat escalation.
Durden 5/16
“Russia Hints At Nuclear War After US Deploys Ballistic Missile Shield” Tyler Durden, writer for zero hedge
We also noted that the Kremlin…. units within Kaliningrad.
Nuclear power is a determining factor in US-Rusisan relations—nuclear power causes multiple scenarios for escalating US-Russian war
Colby 2/26
Elbridge Colby is the Robert M. Gates Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. “The Role of Nuclear Weapons in the US-Russian Relationship” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.  http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/02/26/role-of-nuclear-weapons-in-u.s.-russian-relationship-pub-62901. 2/26/16.
WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS REMAIN RELEVANT ….U.S. extended deterrence.

Russia- Nuclear War causes extinction.
Chomsky 5/26
“Russia-US atomic war threatens nuclear annihilation: Chomsky,” Noam Chomsky being interview by presstv. Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, logician, social critic, and political activist.
Russia does not look… “termination for the species.” 

Adv 2: Russian Nuclear Terrorism

Russia is vulnerable—they are corrupt and the economic conditions drastically increase the chance of a nuclear threat.
Conca 15’
“Should We Fear That Russian Nuclear Materials Are Being Smuggled to Terrorists?” James Conca, I have been a scientist in the field of the earth and environmental sciences for 33 years, specializing in geologic disposal of nuclear waste, energy-related research, planetary surface processes, radiobiology and shielding for space colonies, subsurface transport and environmental clean-up of heavy metals.
But it’s really about Russia….heavily populated area.
Russia has severed ties with the U.S-- they will lose funding, the manpower, and the security that helps prevent a nuclear terrorist threat. Only by banning their weapons can we remove the threat.
Bender 15’
“Russia ends US nuclear security alliance,” Bryan Bender, Bryan Bender is an American journalist, who covers national security affairs for the Boston Globe in its Washington, D.C. bureau.
In the previously undisclosed discussions… catch potential nuclear smugglers.
Only banning nuclear energy prevents any chance of nuclear terrorism
Grossman 3/16
“What Happens When Nuclear Power Plants are Targeted by Terrorists?,” Karl Grossman, Karl Grossman is a full professor of journalism at the State University of New York College at Old Westbury. For more than 45 years he has pioneered the combination of investigative reporting and environmental journalism in a variety of media
the city’s airport and a subway line… provided by other sources.

Nuclear terrorism will kill countless amounts of people. These terrorists are unaccountable and can launch attacks independently.
Brill and Luongo 12’
“Nuclear Terrorism: A Clear Danger,” Kenneth C. Brill is a former U.S. ambassador to the I.A.E.A.Kenneth N. Luongo is president of the Partnership for Global Security. Both are members of the Fissile Material Working Group, a nonpartisan nongovernmental organization.
Terrorists exploit gaps in security… to build such a system.