Tournament: 0 | Round: 1 | Opponent: 0 | Judge: 0
Email: 19nehat@students.harker.org

Tournament: GB | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: Bennett Eckert
The standard is identifying the best strategy for resisting ableist oppression, as contextualized by aff offense.

Analysis of ableist representations is a critical focal point in addressing structural oppression caused by the hegemonic power structures of globalization. Academia is a uniquely key forum to bring about these issues. Mitchell '10

Snyder and Mitchell 10 (Introduction: Ablenationalism and the Geo-Politics of Disability Sharon L. Snyder David T. Mitchell Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2010, pp. 113-125)
As a result, Disability Studies in McRuer's point of view should continue to affiliate
AND
and, as such, key guiding principles of democracy are left unrealized.

The normative, autonomous subject is an illusion that the abled body constructs so as to not face the reality of disability. The aff framework is a prereq.

Hughes 07 (Bill Hughes, Glasgow Caledonian University, "Being disabled: towards a critical social ontology for disability studies", Disability and Society Vol. 22, No. 7, December 2007, pp. 673–684)
Whilst borrowing from black culture smacks of cool and complicates but adorns the self-
AND
or in the most mundane everyday words or deeds that exclude or invalidate.

And, especially within a sphere of government, liberties are positive, not merely negative. HOLLENBACH

DAVID HOLLENBACH – The Common Good Revisited. Theological Studies. 50:1 (1989 March). "Gewirth argues that…or dictatorial activity."
Gewirth argues that these conditions fall into two broad categories: freedom and well-
AND
themselves rather than simply being the passive objects of paternalistic or dictatorial authority.

Absolute rules fail to account for the relative stringency of moral duties. Morality must be comparative. Moore  

There is an aura of paradox in asserting that all deontological duties are categorical ― to be done no matter the consequences ― and yet asserting that some of such duties are more stringent than others. A common thought is that "there cannot be degrees of wrongness with intrinsically wrong acts…," (Frey 1995, 78 n. 3). Yet relative stringency ― "degrees of wrongness" ― seems forced upon the deontologist by two considerations. First, duties of differential stringency can be weighed against one another if there is conflict between them, so that a conflict-resolving, overall duty becomes possible if duties can be more or less stringent. Second, when we punish for the wrongs consisting in our violation of deontological duties, we (rightly) do not punish all violations equally. The greater the wrong, the greater the punishment deserved; and relative stringency of duty violated (or importance of rights) seems the best way of making sense of greater versus lesser wrongs.

Part 2 is the Topic
Plan Text: The US Supreme Court ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing its application to lawsuits under disability discrimination statutes.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The Supreme Court recently affirmed that the unambiguous lan guage of a statute is dispositive
AND
the text of the Acts manifests Congress's intent to bar any immunity defense.

Only the supreme court can be the actor because it is precedential, in overturning q/I for police officers, they must interpret the ADA in its explicit text, which implies the decision's application to q/I for all public officials.

Advantage 1 is Legislative History
Even if you think the state is bad, you cannot ignore the specificity of this historical analysis. It has not been one policy, there has been no cooption, and its breadth has only increased. Every relevant indicator implies that governments intended to help disabled people with these policies. Don't think of the aff as defending a policy but rather a movement, which qualified immunity stands in the way of.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The legislative history of the Rehabilitation Act reveals that Con gress intended to supply disabled
AND
Congress intended that each be broadly interpreted to provide effective remedies against discrimination...

Qualified immunity stands directly in conflict with the legislative history of disability discrimination statutes. There are two scenarios where it removes damages all together.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
First, because damages may not be obtained from the federal gov ernment under the
AND
is wholly inapplicable to actions for damages brought under the disability discrimination statutes.

Upholding policies like the ADA combats the invisibility of disabled people in society.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The legislative history of the ADA likewise mandates a broad construction of the Act.
AND
ADA "must be in terpreted broadly to carry out its purpose." n154

Recognition of the disabled body creates ruptures in status quo thinking that challenge societal prejudice. Campbell 09

Campbell, Griffith University, 9 (Fiona Kumari, 2009, "Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness," page 12-13, Date Accessed: 7/7)
Returning to the matter of definitional clarity around abled(ness), Robert McRuer (
AND
'unavoidable duality' by putting forward another metaphor, that of the mirror.

Advantage 2 is Police Brutality
ADA suits are going to be popular to resist police violence, two scenarios:

Excessive force.

Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP)
In light of Yeskey, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a summary judgment
AND
on the police to handle problematic situations with people who have disabilities.172

Suicide Calls and Emergencies – will require a paradigmatic shift.

Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP)
Another common call to the police is for help with an individual who has suicidal
AND
175 There will likely continue to be considerable litigation in this area.176

The aff holds police accountable for this violence and deters future violations of disability discrimination status. Q/I makes being a plaintiff impossible.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The United States Congress has endeavored to guarantee the equal participation of the disabled in
AND
construed to provide disabled individuals with broad remedies should they suffer discrimination. n14

Tournament: CPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SK | Judge: Felix Tan
I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
To clarify, here’s a comprehensive list of things the First Amendment does not permit –obscenity, expression that causes injury, and remarks that cause violence
Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, “Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment”, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM)
The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law. . . mere “political hyperbole.”
 Framework
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong... all human possibility.82

Adv 1: Innovation
Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment
Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, “Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus”, pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM)
Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels... most socially acceptable targets. 

This hamstrings innovation -~-- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-requisite to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures
ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. “Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education”, pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM)
The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of research and teaching. To fulfill this function a free...persuasion, example, and argument. 

Free speech on public colleges is a key internal link to scientific discovery -~-- campus speech restrictions allows for worse forms of coercion that skews data and a culture of open debate is key to advancement
Economist 16 (“Under Attack”, “The Inconvenient Truth”, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699909-curbs-free-speech-are-growing-tighter-it-time-speak-out-under-attack, EmmieeM)
Intolerance among Western liberals also has wholly unintended consequences...grow a tougher hide. 

Constant innovation in the chemical industry is key to check emerging diseases
NRC 2002, National Research Council Committee on Challenges for Chemical Sciences in the 21st century “National Security and Homeland Defense” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114822/)//a-berg

Many drugs are produced by either chemical synthesis or biosynthetic processes. ...also remains a challenge to industry.

Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF
Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 (“The Economy and National Security,” National Review, February 8th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe ...era of multi-polarity.

Adv 2: Terror
Colleges can serve as unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but college censorship is ruining that -~-- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil “Other”
Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,“How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’”, “Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber” – “Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?”, http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM)
In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing Us Apart, journalist Bill Bishop compellingly argues that the United States is growing more politically polarized ...societal innovation demands.

Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them -- speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism
Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, “Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism”, https://books.google.com/books?id=_kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM)
First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities...with time available to act.  

Lone wolf attackers are a unique threat – harder to track due to no required communication and much more deadly due to lack of constraints
Simon 13 (Jeffrey Simon – runs a terror and security consulting company; former RAND analyst; UCLA lecturer; published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, Foreign Policy, The Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence, The Columbia Journal of World Business, and The New York Times, “Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=MQxRCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PA3andots=w6d3tqK3hqandsig=zd9pzTPhaC2w5xBQPm1Uc3FSDHc#v=onepageandqandf=false,
pgs. 4, EmmieeM)  
With the lone wolf terrorist threat growing and attracting increased attention throughout the world, it is important to try to understand...yet still very effective. 

Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves -~-- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs
Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, “Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released an assessment of US far-right extremism...suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 

Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems
Ackerman and Pinson 14 Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, “An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014
The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons and isolated actors come and whether ...lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19   
Solvency
Censoring hate speech entrenches racism -~-- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication
Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, “Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship”, “The Prohibitionist Challenge”, pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM)
American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness...non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. 

Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness -~-- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues
Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, “Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought”, “2.8 Conclusion”, https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM)
The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts... behaviour, are optimized.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Loyola LA | Judge: Nick Steele
Framework
The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias
Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 

AND

, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 

Focus on large apocalyptic scenarios justifies atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual forming methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine
Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable 

AND

the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.

Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question-educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices
Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and 

AND

has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 

Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state
Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective. 

AND

may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes. 

Offense
Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights
Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 

AND

the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).

The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical and brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible -struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.
Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 

AND

the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 

Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the squo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.
McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 

AND

contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11

Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 

AND

commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.

Solvency
The affirmative is an act of carpentry –you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who can’t survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology
Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 

AND

.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.
Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War

AND

it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?

UV
Aff gets RVIs because
1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse.
2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC
3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm.
Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies.
Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
Conclusion
In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance

AND

not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Tournament: None | Round: 1 | Opponent: None | Judge: None
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
AND
thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
AND
value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Meltdowns
Nuclear meltdown is going to happen within the next decade
Gesellschaft 12 (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: research society in Germany; "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests."; ScienceDaily; 22 May 2012; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm; DT)
Catastrophic nuclear accidents such as the core meltdowns in Chernobyl and Fukushima are more likely
AND
reactor meltdowns comes to four -- one in Chernobyl and three in Fukushima.
Unprecedented nuclear disasters are coming – scientific studies prove that spent fuel fires are both likely and would have a much greater impact than Fukushima
Stone 16 (This card cites research done at Princeton using mathematical calculations and computer programs in order to gauge probability and magniture. Richard Stone has a degree in biophysics from UPenn and has written for National Geographic and Smithsonian, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/spent-fuel-fire-us-soil-could-dwarf-impact-fukushima, “Spent Fuel Fire on U.S. Soil Could Dwarf Impact of Fukushima”, EmmieeM)
A fire from spent fuel stored at a U.S. nuclear power plant
AND
look” at the issue and report to NRC commissioners later this year.
Nuclear meltdown would cause widespread deaths, long-term diseases, and permanent ecological damage
Wasserman, 02 (Harvey, American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy, author of The Last Energy War and co-author of Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, Spring, Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism” | ADM)
Had one of those hijacked jets hit one of the operating reactors at Indian Point
AND
Spiritually, psychologically, financially and ecologically, our nation would never recover.
Mining (4:05)
Global nuclear energy sector is expanding
Handley 13 (Meg: staff writer for US News; "Emerging Nations To Power Nuclear Energy Expansion Over Next Decade"; 3-25-2013; US News andamp; World Report; http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/25/emerging-nations-to-power-nuclear-energy-expansion-over-next-decade; DT)
Despite a slew of developed nations putting the brakes on nuclear programs in the wake
AND
be a mix of technology and nuclear is an important part of that."
Nuclear energy requires uranium mining – thorium is not a feasible alternative
National Nuclear Library 12 (Report made for the Department of Energy and Climate Change, National Nuclear Library – UK, “Comparison of Thorium and Uranium on a Global Scale”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65504/6300-comparison-fuel-cycles.pdf. pg 16, EmmieeM)
Thorium fuel cycle RandD has a long history dating back to the very
AND
that there is little appetite or belief in the safety or performance claims.

Uranium mining leads to an increase in above-ground radiation, which causes biodiversity loss
Sullivan 13 (Sian Sullivan works for the Department of Geography, Environment, and Developmental Studies at the University of London, “After the Green Rush? Biodiversity Offsets, Uranium Power and the ‘Calculus of Causalities’ in Greening Growth, pg. 94, EmmieeM)
The circuit traced here, that seems likely to connect nuclear power production in Hinkley
AND
been amply demonstrated. How is it possible to offset such radioactive futures?

Independently, radioactive dumping in the ocean destroys marine biodiversity
Alexeev 16 (Denis Alexeev and Valentina Galtsova are from the Department of Applied Ecology at the Russian State Hydrometeriological University, “Effect of Radioactive Pollution on the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Ecosystems on the Russian Arctic Shelf”, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965212000138, EmmieeM)
Radioactive pollution of marine ecosystems is one of the most dangerous anthropogenic impacts on the
AND
the macrobenthos may show greater accumulation of radionuclides in their cells and tissues.
Biodiversity loss is an impact filter – exacerbates existing crises and leads to extinction.
Torres 16 (Phil is a graduate of Cornell University with degrees in Entomology and Biology; "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change"; 5-20-2016; FLI - Future of Life Institute; http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/; DT)
Catastrophic consequences for civilization The consequences of this rapid pruning of the evolutionary tree of
AND
as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Terror (2:36)
Terrorist organizations have started targeting nuclear power plants for resources and attacks
Rubin 16 (Alissa J. Rubin is an American journalist who covers the Middle East for the New York Times. She has won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. “Belgium Proves Nuclear Plants are Vulnerable”, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/europe/belgium-fears-nuclear-plants-are-vulnerable.html?_r=0, EmmieeM)
BRUSSELS — As a dragnet aimed at Islamic State operatives spiraled across Brussels and into
AND
the planning stages of some kind of operation at a Belgian nuclear facility.
Nuclear power plants are extremely vulnerable to terrorist attacks and break-ins
Holt and Andrews 14
Mark Holt and Anthony Andrews Specialists in Energy Policy. Nuclear Power Plant Security and Vulnerabilities. Congressional Research Service. January 13, 2014. FZ.
To strengthen nuclear plant security inspections, EPACT05 required NRC to conduct “force-
AND
addressed some of those concerns and included a number of other security enhancements.
The results to a terror attack on a nuclear power plant is devastating
Caldicott 6
Helen Caldicott bestselling author, Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Nuclear power is not the answer. The New Press. September 20, 2006. http://tria.fcampalans.cat/images/Nuclear20Power20is20not20the20answer20-20H.20Caldicott.pdf. FZ.
In this day and age, nuclear power plants are also obvious targets for terrorists
AND
nuclear weapons, a situation that will further destabilize an already unstable world. 

Independently, the impact to terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons is extinction
Volders 16 (Brecht Volders is a researcher in the Department of Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, and a PhD candidate.
 Tow Sauer is  Associate Professor in International Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, “Nuclear Terrorism – Countering the Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=dVmpCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=nuclear+terrorismandots=6M4Kdlfm8Handsig=prlipwaAYy2hMbOl9cbznqSuHdg#v=onepageandq=nuclear20terrorismandf=false, pg. 3-4, EmmieeM)
While no major act of nuclear terrorism actually took place, these regularly occurring events
AND
endeavor – are clandestine organizations. Stealth and secrecy complicate valid threat assessments.
Solvency (1:31)
Banning nuclear power is key to get us away from unsustainable energy production and catastrophe – nuclear power plants self-destruct and construction emits too much CO2
Covino 13 (K: independent journalist, BA in English, nuclear power researcher; "The Most Unsustainable Energy Source on Earth"; 6-11-2013; HubPages; http://hubpages.com/politics/Unsustainable-Nuclear; DT)
In our technologically developed society, concerns about electricity generation have become one of the
AND
help me save the world: call and write your government officials today.
No shift to coal – it’s phasing out and will be non-existent in the next two decades
Worldwatch 13 (The Worldwatch Institute works to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world that meets human needs; “Clean Energy Poised to Phase Out Coal and Avert Catastrophic Climate Change”; 2013; http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5948; DT)
Washington, D.C.- New technologies will permit rapid decarbonization of the world
AND
percent or more, with the investment paid for via lower energy bills. 

Clean coal tech is coming – even if there’s a shift to coal, no waste or emission problems
Makino 16 (Keiji Makino works for the Japan Coal Energy Center, “Clean Coal Technology and Sustainable Development”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=EavCDAAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PR6anddq=22clean+coal22+technologyandots=pLWspd0CYeandsig=0ikrw3zen1VOpa7955oU288xh9U#v=onepageandq=22clean20coal2220technologyandf=false, EmmieeM)
In recent world, demand for energy is increasing rapidly. In particular, power
AND
, advanced coal utilization technology that is involved JCOAL Road Map is explained. 

Nuclear power plants exacerbate warming and rejection is key to bolster the renewable industry
Mez 16 (Lutz Mez works for the Berlin Center for Caspian Region Studies at the University of Berlin, http://thebulletin.org/experts-nuclear-power-and-climate-change8996, EmmieeM)
In the coming decades, indirect carbon dioxide emissions from nuclear power plants will increase
AND
and socially compatible energy technologies and especially the use of smart energy services.
Focus on material impacts key – rejection without a viable alternative makes solution oriented thinking impossible
Samiei 10 , Faculty of World Studies - University of Tehran, 10
(Neo-Orientalism? The relationship between the West and Islam in our globalised world, Third World Quarterly)

The increasing human interdependence brought about by globalisation has made the cultivation of common human
AND
understand and respect other places, other problems and other ways of life.
Reject root cause logic - evaluating proximate causes is necessary to avoid over determination which is a flawed model of predictions
Sagan 2000 Scott D. Sagan – Political Science, Stanford  –2000, ACCIDENTAL WAR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE – available via: www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/sagan.doc

To make reasonable judgements in such matters it is essential, in my view,
AND
that a nuclear war was neither inevitable nor overdetermined during the Cold War.