Tournament: 0 | Round: 1 | Opponent: 0 | Judge: 0
Email: 19nehat@students.harker.org

Tournament: GB | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: Bennett Eckert
The standard is identifying the best strategy for resisting ableist oppression, as contextualized by aff offense.

Analysis of ableist representations is a critical focal point in addressing structural oppression caused by the hegemonic power structures of globalization. Academia is a uniquely key forum to bring about these issues. Mitchell '10

Snyder and Mitchell 10 (Introduction: Ablenationalism and the Geo-Politics of Disability Sharon L. Snyder David T. Mitchell Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2010, pp. 113-125)
As a result, Disability Studies in McRuer's point of view should continue to affiliate
AND
and, as such, key guiding principles of democracy are left unrealized.

The normative, autonomous subject is an illusion that the abled body constructs so as to not face the reality of disability. The aff framework is a prereq.

Hughes 07 (Bill Hughes, Glasgow Caledonian University, "Being disabled: towards a critical social ontology for disability studies", Disability and Society Vol. 22, No. 7, December 2007, pp. 673–684)
Whilst borrowing from black culture smacks of cool and complicates but adorns the self-
AND
or in the most mundane everyday words or deeds that exclude or invalidate.

And, especially within a sphere of government, liberties are positive, not merely negative. HOLLENBACH

DAVID HOLLENBACH – The Common Good Revisited. Theological Studies. 50:1 (1989 March). "Gewirth argues that…or dictatorial activity."
Gewirth argues that these conditions fall into two broad categories: freedom and well-
AND
themselves rather than simply being the passive objects of paternalistic or dictatorial authority.

Absolute rules fail to account for the relative stringency of moral duties. Morality must be comparative. Moore  

There is an aura of paradox in asserting that all deontological duties are categorical ― to be done no matter the consequences ― and yet asserting that some of such duties are more stringent than others. A common thought is that "there cannot be degrees of wrongness with intrinsically wrong acts…," (Frey 1995, 78 n. 3). Yet relative stringency ― "degrees of wrongness" ― seems forced upon the deontologist by two considerations. First, duties of differential stringency can be weighed against one another if there is conflict between them, so that a conflict-resolving, overall duty becomes possible if duties can be more or less stringent. Second, when we punish for the wrongs consisting in our violation of deontological duties, we (rightly) do not punish all violations equally. The greater the wrong, the greater the punishment deserved; and relative stringency of duty violated (or importance of rights) seems the best way of making sense of greater versus lesser wrongs.

Part 2 is the Topic
Plan Text: The US Supreme Court ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing its application to lawsuits under disability discrimination statutes.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The Supreme Court recently affirmed that the unambiguous lan guage of a statute is dispositive
AND
the text of the Acts manifests Congress's intent to bar any immunity defense.

Only the supreme court can be the actor because it is precedential, in overturning q/I for police officers, they must interpret the ADA in its explicit text, which implies the decision's application to q/I for all public officials.

Advantage 1 is Legislative History
Even if you think the state is bad, you cannot ignore the specificity of this historical analysis. It has not been one policy, there has been no cooption, and its breadth has only increased. Every relevant indicator implies that governments intended to help disabled people with these policies. Don't think of the aff as defending a policy but rather a movement, which qualified immunity stands in the way of.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The legislative history of the Rehabilitation Act reveals that Con gress intended to supply disabled
AND
Congress intended that each be broadly interpreted to provide effective remedies against discrimination...

Qualified immunity stands directly in conflict with the legislative history of disability discrimination statutes. There are two scenarios where it removes damages all together.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
First, because damages may not be obtained from the federal gov ernment under the
AND
is wholly inapplicable to actions for damages brought under the disability discrimination statutes.

Upholding policies like the ADA combats the invisibility of disabled people in society.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The legislative history of the ADA likewise mandates a broad construction of the Act.
AND
ADA "must be in terpreted broadly to carry out its purpose." n154

Recognition of the disabled body creates ruptures in status quo thinking that challenge societal prejudice. Campbell 09

Campbell, Griffith University, 9 (Fiona Kumari, 2009, "Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness," page 12-13, Date Accessed: 7/7)
Returning to the matter of definitional clarity around abled(ness), Robert McRuer (
AND
'unavoidable duality' by putting forward another metaphor, that of the mirror.

Advantage 2 is Police Brutality
ADA suits are going to be popular to resist police violence, two scenarios:

Excessive force.

Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP)
In light of Yeskey, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a summary judgment
AND
on the police to handle problematic situations with people who have disabilities.172

Suicide Calls and Emergencies – will require a paradigmatic shift.

Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP)
Another common call to the police is for help with an individual who has suicidal
AND
175 There will likely continue to be considerable litigation in this area.176

The aff holds police accountable for this violence and deters future violations of disability discrimination status. Q/I makes being a plaintiff impossible.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The United States Congress has endeavored to guarantee the equal participation of the disabled in
AND
construed to provide disabled individuals with broad remedies should they suffer discrimination. n14

Tournament: None | Round: 1 | Opponent: None | Judge: None
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
AND
thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
AND
value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Meltdowns
Nuclear meltdown is going to happen within the next decade
Gesellschaft 12 (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: research society in Germany; "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests."; ScienceDaily; 22 May 2012; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm; DT)
Catastrophic nuclear accidents such as the core meltdowns in Chernobyl and Fukushima are more likely
AND
reactor meltdowns comes to four -- one in Chernobyl and three in Fukushima.
Unprecedented nuclear disasters are coming – scientific studies prove that spent fuel fires are both likely and would have a much greater impact than Fukushima
Stone 16 (This card cites research done at Princeton using mathematical calculations and computer programs in order to gauge probability and magniture. Richard Stone has a degree in biophysics from UPenn and has written for National Geographic and Smithsonian, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/spent-fuel-fire-us-soil-could-dwarf-impact-fukushima, “Spent Fuel Fire on U.S. Soil Could Dwarf Impact of Fukushima”, EmmieeM)
A fire from spent fuel stored at a U.S. nuclear power plant
AND
look” at the issue and report to NRC commissioners later this year.
Nuclear meltdown would cause widespread deaths, long-term diseases, and permanent ecological damage
Wasserman, 02 (Harvey, American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy, author of The Last Energy War and co-author of Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, Spring, Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism” | ADM)
Had one of those hijacked jets hit one of the operating reactors at Indian Point
AND
Spiritually, psychologically, financially and ecologically, our nation would never recover.
Mining (4:05)
Global nuclear energy sector is expanding
Handley 13 (Meg: staff writer for US News; "Emerging Nations To Power Nuclear Energy Expansion Over Next Decade"; 3-25-2013; US News andamp; World Report; http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/25/emerging-nations-to-power-nuclear-energy-expansion-over-next-decade; DT)
Despite a slew of developed nations putting the brakes on nuclear programs in the wake
AND
be a mix of technology and nuclear is an important part of that."
Nuclear energy requires uranium mining – thorium is not a feasible alternative
National Nuclear Library 12 (Report made for the Department of Energy and Climate Change, National Nuclear Library – UK, “Comparison of Thorium and Uranium on a Global Scale”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65504/6300-comparison-fuel-cycles.pdf. pg 16, EmmieeM)
Thorium fuel cycle RandD has a long history dating back to the very
AND
that there is little appetite or belief in the safety or performance claims.

Uranium mining leads to an increase in above-ground radiation, which causes biodiversity loss
Sullivan 13 (Sian Sullivan works for the Department of Geography, Environment, and Developmental Studies at the University of London, “After the Green Rush? Biodiversity Offsets, Uranium Power and the ‘Calculus of Causalities’ in Greening Growth, pg. 94, EmmieeM)
The circuit traced here, that seems likely to connect nuclear power production in Hinkley
AND
been amply demonstrated. How is it possible to offset such radioactive futures?

Independently, radioactive dumping in the ocean destroys marine biodiversity
Alexeev 16 (Denis Alexeev and Valentina Galtsova are from the Department of Applied Ecology at the Russian State Hydrometeriological University, “Effect of Radioactive Pollution on the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Ecosystems on the Russian Arctic Shelf”, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965212000138, EmmieeM)
Radioactive pollution of marine ecosystems is one of the most dangerous anthropogenic impacts on the
AND
the macrobenthos may show greater accumulation of radionuclides in their cells and tissues.
Biodiversity loss is an impact filter – exacerbates existing crises and leads to extinction.
Torres 16 (Phil is a graduate of Cornell University with degrees in Entomology and Biology; "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change"; 5-20-2016; FLI - Future of Life Institute; http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/; DT)
Catastrophic consequences for civilization The consequences of this rapid pruning of the evolutionary tree of
AND
as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Terror (2:36)
Terrorist organizations have started targeting nuclear power plants for resources and attacks
Rubin 16 (Alissa J. Rubin is an American journalist who covers the Middle East for the New York Times. She has won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. “Belgium Proves Nuclear Plants are Vulnerable”, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/europe/belgium-fears-nuclear-plants-are-vulnerable.html?_r=0, EmmieeM)
BRUSSELS — As a dragnet aimed at Islamic State operatives spiraled across Brussels and into
AND
the planning stages of some kind of operation at a Belgian nuclear facility.
Nuclear power plants are extremely vulnerable to terrorist attacks and break-ins
Holt and Andrews 14
Mark Holt and Anthony Andrews Specialists in Energy Policy. Nuclear Power Plant Security and Vulnerabilities. Congressional Research Service. January 13, 2014. FZ.
To strengthen nuclear plant security inspections, EPACT05 required NRC to conduct “force-
AND
addressed some of those concerns and included a number of other security enhancements.
The results to a terror attack on a nuclear power plant is devastating
Caldicott 6
Helen Caldicott bestselling author, Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Nuclear power is not the answer. The New Press. September 20, 2006. http://tria.fcampalans.cat/images/Nuclear20Power20is20not20the20answer20-20H.20Caldicott.pdf. FZ.
In this day and age, nuclear power plants are also obvious targets for terrorists
AND
nuclear weapons, a situation that will further destabilize an already unstable world. 

Independently, the impact to terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons is extinction
Volders 16 (Brecht Volders is a researcher in the Department of Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, and a PhD candidate.
 Tow Sauer is  Associate Professor in International Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, “Nuclear Terrorism – Countering the Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=dVmpCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=nuclear+terrorismandots=6M4Kdlfm8Handsig=prlipwaAYy2hMbOl9cbznqSuHdg#v=onepageandq=nuclear20terrorismandf=false, pg. 3-4, EmmieeM)
While no major act of nuclear terrorism actually took place, these regularly occurring events
AND
endeavor – are clandestine organizations. Stealth and secrecy complicate valid threat assessments.
Solvency (1:31)
Banning nuclear power is key to get us away from unsustainable energy production and catastrophe – nuclear power plants self-destruct and construction emits too much CO2
Covino 13 (K: independent journalist, BA in English, nuclear power researcher; "The Most Unsustainable Energy Source on Earth"; 6-11-2013; HubPages; http://hubpages.com/politics/Unsustainable-Nuclear; DT)
In our technologically developed society, concerns about electricity generation have become one of the
AND
help me save the world: call and write your government officials today.
No shift to coal – it’s phasing out and will be non-existent in the next two decades
Worldwatch 13 (The Worldwatch Institute works to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world that meets human needs; “Clean Energy Poised to Phase Out Coal and Avert Catastrophic Climate Change”; 2013; http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5948; DT)
Washington, D.C.- New technologies will permit rapid decarbonization of the world
AND
percent or more, with the investment paid for via lower energy bills. 

Clean coal tech is coming – even if there’s a shift to coal, no waste or emission problems
Makino 16 (Keiji Makino works for the Japan Coal Energy Center, “Clean Coal Technology and Sustainable Development”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=EavCDAAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PR6anddq=22clean+coal22+technologyandots=pLWspd0CYeandsig=0ikrw3zen1VOpa7955oU288xh9U#v=onepageandq=22clean20coal2220technologyandf=false, EmmieeM)
In recent world, demand for energy is increasing rapidly. In particular, power
AND
, advanced coal utilization technology that is involved JCOAL Road Map is explained. 

Nuclear power plants exacerbate warming and rejection is key to bolster the renewable industry
Mez 16 (Lutz Mez works for the Berlin Center for Caspian Region Studies at the University of Berlin, http://thebulletin.org/experts-nuclear-power-and-climate-change8996, EmmieeM)
In the coming decades, indirect carbon dioxide emissions from nuclear power plants will increase
AND
and socially compatible energy technologies and especially the use of smart energy services.
Focus on material impacts key – rejection without a viable alternative makes solution oriented thinking impossible
Samiei 10 , Faculty of World Studies - University of Tehran, 10
(Neo-Orientalism? The relationship between the West and Islam in our globalised world, Third World Quarterly)

The increasing human interdependence brought about by globalisation has made the cultivation of common human
AND
understand and respect other places, other problems and other ways of life.
Reject root cause logic - evaluating proximate causes is necessary to avoid over determination which is a flawed model of predictions
Sagan 2000 Scott D. Sagan – Political Science, Stanford  –2000, ACCIDENTAL WAR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE – available via: www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/sagan.doc

To make reasonable judgements in such matters it is essential, in my view,
AND
that a nuclear war was neither inevitable nor overdetermined during the Cold War.