Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
The wiki will not let me upload anything. The Aff is on Serena Lu's wiki.

Tournament: College Prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
My wiki still won't let me upload anything so please look at Serena Lu's wiki for reference.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
The wiki has not been working for me and I have been unable to upload my stuff. Please look at Srivatsav Pyda's wiki for reference.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 3 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,

Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism 

AND

move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.

Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat. Chatterjee and Maira 14

Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.
Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work 

AND

of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11

Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy. Brown 15

Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.
At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate 

AND

warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.

This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. Smith ‘14

R.C. Smith April 24, 2014 "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file
One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have 

AND

which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~13~

The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.

Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an 

AND

find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.

Our critique independently outweighs the case -  neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned. Farbod 15

 ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2)
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises

AND

enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo

Anderson 16 (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm'term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM)
Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college 

AND

, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee.

Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message

Blanchfield 14’
~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics AC~
Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land 

AND

one such event told reporters. "But that’s not going to happen."

Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don’t check

PHW 14 (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM)
In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a 

AND

to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation.

Guns on campus are a symbolic political tool to assert dominance over minorities and maintain status quo hierarchies

Kautzer 15
~Kautzer Chad. Good Guys with Guns: From Popular Sovereignty to Self-Defensive Subjectivity. Law Critique (2015) 26:173–187 DOI 10.1007/s10978-015-9156-x. April 8, 2015. Chad Kautzer is a Philosophy Proffessor at Lehigh University Last year he was a Visiting Research Scholar in the Philosophy Department at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and has twice held fellowships at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat in Germany. His specialization areas are Critical Theory; Philosophy of Law and Right; Social and Political Philosophy; Race and Gender Theory; Marxism; and Hegel.
AC~
My students bring guns to class. This is troubling, 

AND

that constitute the ruler or sovereign subjects through subjugating violence beyond the law.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Framework

The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias

Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 

AND

, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 

Focus on large apocalyptic scenarios justifies atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual forming methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine

Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable 

AND

the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.

Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question-educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and 

AND

has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 

Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective. 

AND

may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes. 

Offense

Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights

Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 

AND

the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).

The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical and brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible -struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.

Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 

AND

the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 

Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the squo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.

McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 

AND

contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11

Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 

AND

commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.

Solvency

The affirmative is an act of carpentry –you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who can’t survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11^th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 

AND

.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.

Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War

AND

it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?

UV

Aff gets RVIs because

1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse.

2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC

3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm.

Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies.

Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
Conclusion
In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance

AND

not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

1AC

ROB

The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state through policy action.

Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped 

AND

, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 

Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom 

AND

commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.

Recognition

Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights

Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction. 

AND

the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).

The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.

Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with 

AND

the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 

Any form of free speech restrictions leads to massive overreach and censorship of minority movements – empirically proven

Gey 98 (Steven G. Gey – John W. and Ashley E. Frost Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law, "Postmodern Censorship Revisited: A Reply to Richard Delgado", "Professor Delgado and the Problem of Government Overreaching" – partway through, EmmieeM)
Professor Delgado responds to the problem of controlling the application of speech-regulation statues 

AND

in a "deliberate, planned extermination or attempted extermination of a people."  

Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.

McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is 

AND

contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11

Free speech codes shut down campus criticism and replace it with government-approved propaganda – there’s a massive spillover effect because journalism grads lose the ability to pursue controversial pieces and censorship becomes normalized

Sanders 6 (Chris Sanders –  University of Arizona Law Review, "Censorship 101: Anti-Hazelwood Laws and the Preservation of Free Speech at Colleges and Universities", "Say no More: Hazelwood’s Dangers For College Students’ Free Expression" – through the end of "Too Much Freedom: How the Extension of Hazelwood to Universities Could Endanger the Future of the First Amendment", pgs. 171 – 173, https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2058/Issue201/sanders.pdf , EmmieeM)
Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number 

AND

" speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.

Discourse is a pre-requisite to change – relationships must first be made visible before reformation can occur

Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, "Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy," pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover//LADI)
Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony 

AND

opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution. 

Underview

The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11^th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because 

AND

Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
For some reason, the wiki deleted my cites so they are now open sourced.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability of students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities

Mitchell et al 16 (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition 

AND

the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals

The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll

Johnson 14 (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R'1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it 

AND

earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college. 

There’s a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX

Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy'Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn'nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until 

AND

Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down

Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but 

AND

, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.

College credentials are crucial to social mobility and national economic growth – affects everything from health insurance to better marriages to lower unemployment rates

White House 14 (Report by the Executive Office of the President, "Increasing College Opportunity for Low-Income Students: Promising Models and a Call to Action", pgs. 10 – 11, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/white'house'report'on'increasing'college'opportunity'for'low-income'students'1-16-2014'final.pdf, EmmieeM)
The benefits of postsecondary education are well documented and have major implications for economic growth

AND

their chances of moving out of the bottom increase by 50 percent.39

Tournament: Valley | Round: 7 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
I could be reading any positions disclosed on my teammates' wikis.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Attempting to combat nuclear power through the state reproduces capitalism and patriarchy- the alternative is to allow nuclear production but move it out of the hands of the state. She’s going to say that corporations are the problem not the state – I say that they’re one in the same. I solve 100 by putting nuclear power in the hands of small local activist groups.

Bowling writes: Bowling, Jill. Martin, Brian. Honorary professional fellow at the University of Wollongong, Australia Plumwood, Val. Watson, Ian. "Strategy Against Nuclear Power." Social Alternatives, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1986. RP
Local groups. The obvious place to begin constructing a politics which is decentralised, 

AND

dominance relations, local groups can empower women and help to undermine patriarchy.

Prioritizing democracy frameworks  re-entrenches the link – they’re sustaining the capitalist system through the state. Zizek ‘2K

Zizek, 2k1("Repeating Lenin" Professor of Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana, Slavoj Zizek)
What are we to say to this? Again, the problem resides in the 

AND

-democratic "post-ideological" consensus - or it means nothing.

This model makes the aff’s social model economically and ecologically unsustainable. The flawed nexus between society and nature guarantees an unending series of financial bubbles and environmental destruction- the alternative is the rise of an environmental working class that breaks down hegemonic structures and capitalism

Foster 13 – John Bellamy Foster, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Editor of the Monthly Review, holds a Ph.D. from York University, 2013 ("The Epochal Crisis," Monthly Review, Volume 65, Issue 05 (October), Accessed on 7/18/2014 from http://monthlyreview.org/2013/10/01/epochal-crisis)
It is an indication of the sheer enormity of the historical challenge confronting humanity in 

AND

humanity thus rests as never before on the revolutionary struggle of humanity itself.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Coal

It is impossible to replace nuclear power with renewables – banning nuclear power would increase fossil fuel use and substantially increase global warming.

Bryce (a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute), 7/19 
Robert Bryce, 7-19-2016, "Democrats Ignore Inconvenient Math on Nuclear Power," National Review, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438038/nuclear-power-necessary-green
In 2015, America’s nuclear plants produced 839 terawatt-hours of electricity. (

AND

the State’s carbon emission reduction requirements as well as maintaining electric system reliability." 

====Nuclear power plants will be replaced by fossil fuels, not renewables====
Conca (a scientist in the field of environmental sciences for 33 years and a consulter for state environment agencies)
16 James Conca, 5-16-2016, "Natural Gas," Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/05/16/natural-gas-is-replacing-nuclear-power-not-renewables/~~#2ec93cfc4abb
Across some parts of the country, nuclear power plants have been closing amid political 

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the obvious choice for new electricity generation in all regions of the country.

Countries will switch to fossil fuels – empirically proven in Germany. Kharecha and Hansen 2:

Pushker A. Kharecha and James E. Hansen.  (Kharecha is a researcher at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Hansen is a researcher at Columbia University).  "Response to Comment on "Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power". Environmental Science and Technology. May 22, 2013.  SHSJW
Sovacool et al. 1 begin their critique of our recently published paper 2 by 

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due to the typically multidecadal lifetime of fossil fuel-fired power plants.

Prohibition of nuclear power leads to switch to coal – empirically shown in Australia.

Heard 12, Ben (Masters of Corporate Environmental Sustainability Management, Monash University, 2007, environmental activist, Director of ThinkClimate Consulting) December 12^th "That day in December: the story of nuclear prohibition in Australia" Decarbonise SA https://decarbonisesa.com/2012/09/12/that-day-in-december-the-story-of-nuclear-prohibition-in-australia/ SHSAM
Since the prohibition of nuclear power, while nuclear build has taken off around the 

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has driven greenhouse emissions from electricity production 18 higher since 1998 (Aus

====Coal plants pose greater health risks than nuclear plants – specifically harms marginalized communities that live near them====
Hvistendahl 07 Mara Hvistendahl, 12-13-2007, "Coal Ash Is More Radioactive Than Nuclear Waste," Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/coal-ash-is-more-radioactive-than-nuclear-waste/ (lots of scientific details in the non-underlined portions in case you’re curious)
Over the past few decades, however, a series of studies has called these 

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impact of such an event creates a stigma around the noncarbon power source.

Studies prove that a shift to coal means that 7 million people die. Kharecha and Hansen ‘13:

We calculate a mean value of 1.84 million human deaths prevented by world nuclear power production from 1971 to 2009 (see Figure 2a for full range), with an average of 76,000 prevented deaths/year from 2000 to 2009 (range 19 000−300 000). Estimates for the top five CO 2 emitters, along with full estimate ranges for all regions in our baseline historical scenario, are also shown in Figure 2a. For perspective, results for upper and lower bound scenarios are shown in Figure S1 (Supporting Information). In Germany, which has announced plans to shut down all reactors by 2022 (ref 2), we calculate that nuclear power has prevented an average of over 117 000 deaths from 1971 to 2009 (range 29 000−470 000). The large ranges stem directly from the ranges given in Table 1 for the mortality factors. Our estimated human deaths caused by nuclear power from 1971 to 2009 are far lower than the avoided deaths. Globally, we calculate 4900 such deaths, or about 370 times lower than our result for avoided deaths. Regionally, we calculate approximately 1800 deaths in OECD Europe, 1500 in the United States, 540 in Japan, 460 in Russia (includes all 15 former Soviet Union countries), 40 in China, and 20 in India. About 25 of these deaths are due to occupational accidents, and about 70 are due to air pollution-related effects (presumably fatal cancers from radiation fallout; see Table 2 of ref 16). However, empirical evidence indicates that the April 1986 Chernobyl accident was the world’s only source of fatalities from nuclear power plant radiation fallout. According to the latest assessment by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 43 deaths are conclusively attributable to radiation from Chernobyl as of 2006 (28 were plant staff/first responders and 15 were from the 6000 diagnosed cases of thyroid cancer). UNSCEAR 17 also states that reports of an increase in leukemia among recovery workers who received higher doses are inconclusive, although cataract development was clinically significant in that group; otherwise, for these workers as well as the general population, "there has been no persuasive evidence of any other health effect" attributable to radiation exposure. 17 Furthermore, no deaths have been conclusively attributed (in a scientifically valid manner) to radiation from the other two major accidents, namely, Three Mile Island in March 1979, for which a 20 year comprehensive scientific health assessment was done, 18 and the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi accident. While it is too soon to meaningfully assess the health impacts of the latter accident, one early analysis indicates that annual radiation doses in nearby areas were much lower than the generally accepted 100 mSv threshold 17 for fatal disease development. In any case, our calculated value for global deaths caused by historical nuclear power (4900) could be a major overestimate relative to the empirical value (by 2 orders of magnitude). The absence of evidence of large mortality from past nuclear accidents is consistent with recent findings 20,21 that the "linear no-threshold" model used to derive the nuclear mortality factor in Table 1 (see ref 22) might not be valid for the relatively low radiation doses that the public was exposed to from nuclear power plant accidents. For the projection period 2010−2050, we find that, in the all coal case (see the Methods section), an average of 4.39 million and 7.04 million deaths are prevented globally by nuclear power production for the low-end and high-end projections of IAEA, 6 respectively. In the all gas case, an average of 420 000 and 680 000 deaths are prevented globally (see Figure 2b,c for full ranges). Regional results are also shown in Figure 2b,c. The Far East and North America have particularly high values, given that they are projected to be the biggest nuclear power producers (Figure S2, Supporting Information). As in the historical period, calculated deaths caused by nuclear power in our projection cases are far lower (2 orders of magnitude) than the avoided deaths, even taking the nuclear mortality factor in Table 1 at face value (despite the discrepancy with empirical data discussed above for the historical period).

Coal exacerbates warming

TWC 14 ("Black as Coal", http://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/Coal-Mining-Effects-on-the-Environment)
We were so happy with this cheap fuel source that we didn’t foresee or refused 

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fish and plant life. Coal dust can cause respiratory problems in humans.

Warming would be catastrophic for our environment.

Roberts 13 (citing the World Bank Review’s compilation of climate studies)
(David, "If you aren’t alarmed about climate, you aren’t paying attention" ~http://grist.org/climate-energy/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal/~~ January 10 mtc)
We know we’ve raised global average temperatures around 0.8 degrees C so far

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, but a world that is inexorably more inhospitable with every passing decade. 

Warming outweighs and turns all of their impacts

Herzog 2016 - Citing a World Economic Forum Survey
Katie, "Surprise, surprise: Climate change is risky business", Jan 14, grist.org/climate-energy/surprise-surprise-climate-change-is-risky-business/?utm'source=syndicationandutm'medium=rssandutm'campaign=feedgrist
Congratulations, climate change! You’re officially the biggest threat to the most important thing 

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going to take on that whole "mitigation and adaptation" thing?

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

The AFF is rife with examples of a thematic framing of human beings as benevolent protectors of the environment – monitoring, manipulating and controlling nature to ensure it functions in a systematically predictable way. This is a dangerous illusion that promotes futile managerial approaches to an untameable natural world.

Kuletz, '98
~Valerie Kuletz, University of Canterbury. The Tainted Desert: Environmental and Social Ruin in the American West. New York: Routledge, 1998. 285-287.  myost~
We have seen how comparing two sets of perceptions about the environment and their intellectual 

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escapes our control—multiplying and taking on a life of its own.  

Next, the AFF's attempt to unify nature around a "sustainable" solution to ecological catastrophe fantasises the existence of a singular, harmonious Nature, rather than coming to terms with the facticity of multiple, contingent Natures. This presupposition mandates the imagining of ecological Armageddon as a tactic to stave off a more vital project of reimagining our relationship to the Earth.

Swyngedouw, '6
~Erik Swyngedouw, University of Manchester. "Impossible 'Sustainability' and the Post-Political Condition." 2006. Also published in The Sustainable Development Paradox: Urban Political Economy in the United States and Europe. Eds. Rob J. Krueger and David Gibbs. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. www.liv.ac.uk/geography/seminars/Sustainabilitypaper.doc.  myost~
Slavoj Žižek suggests in Looking Awry that the current ecological crisis is indeed a radical 

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be achieved, and what sort of natures do we wish to inhabit.

The impact turns the case. Their construction of the environment as manageable by Human Will is responsible for the very ecological abuse they decry. Once presented as a mere standing reserve for human use, environmental destruction becomes not just possible, but natural.

Luke, '3
~Timothy Luke, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. "Eco-Managerialism: Environmental Studies as a Power/Knowledge Formation." AURORA. 2003.  http://aurora.icaap.org/index.php/aurora/article/view/79/91.  myost~
Before scientific disciplines and industrial technologies turn its' matter and energy into products, nature 

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resources for a more thorough, rapid, and perhaps intensive utilization. 

The alternative is to do nothing. Don't be fooled – this isn't a question of passivity but of a releasement from the Will to Technology and an openness to the mystery of Being which transcends activity. Only such an ontological disarmament inaugurates new modes of revealing that don't depend on nature's subordination to human motivations.

McWhorter, '92
~Ladelle McWhorter, University of Richmond. Heidegger and the Earth: Issues in Environmental Philosophy. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 1992. 3-7.  myost~
Heidegger's work is a call to reflect to think in some way other than calculatively

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our very being, the configurations of subjective existence in our age.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Counterplan Text

 (Countries specified in the AC) ought to replace all current nuclear power plants with HTGRs and VHTRs. 

Competition

The CP is functionally competitive – the CP ends production of all nuclear power except for HTGRs which makes it plan minus.

Solvency Advocate

HTGRs solve the energy crisis and are safe and meltdown proof.

PR Newswire, July 15th
X-Energy (X-energy is dedicated to developing transformational nuclear energy solutions that change the world. The company is designing the Xe-100 series), 7-15-2016, "X-energy CEO Addresses Industry on HTGR Reactor Advancement," PR Newswire, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/x-energy-ceo-addresses-industry-on-htgr-reactor-advancement-300299355.html
X-energy CEO Dr. Kam Ghaffarian addressed the nuclear industry at the Nuclear 

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oil refining) that require steam temperatures beyond the capabilities of conventional nuclear.

Net Benefit

HTGRs can contribute to stopping global warming while providing as much energy as a gas-fired generator.

Maize 13
07/01/2013, Kennedy Maize (executive editor of Managing Power and a Power contributing editor), "The Beguiling Promise of the HTGR," POWER Magazine, http://www.powermag.com/the-beguiling-promise-of-the-htgr/**
The claims of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) advocates are 

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its own containment, able to withstand pressures of 1,000 atmospheres. 

HTGRs are safe and inert during accidents.

Maize 13
07/01/2013, Kennedy Maize (executive editor of Managing Power and a Power contributing editor), "The Beguiling Promise of the HTGR," POWER Magazine, http://www.powermag.com/the-beguiling-promise-of-the-htgr/**
The safety features begin with the fact that the reactor has a strong negative void 

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characterized, and irradiated to demonstrate acceptable non-irradiated and irradiated properties." 

High temperature reactors are proliferation resistant—the temperature makes potential fissile impossible to use. Moses ‘10

Very High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection (PRandPP) August 2010 Prepared by David L. Moses
The key proliferation resistance feature of the VHTR fuel system is the fuel itself. 

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would contain approximately two significant quantities (16 kilograms) of plutonium.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

1NC Shell

The only viable energy sources we currently have other than nuclear are fossil fuels – renewable shift is possible, but natural gas will have to be used as a bridge

Smil 15 (Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor Emeritus who has published over 37 books and works in interdisciplinary research in areas such as energy, environment, and public policy. He has been a consultant for several international organizations and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada, which is a science academy. "Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21^st Century", http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119012864.html, pg. x, EmmieeM)
To many forward-looking energy experts, this may seem to be a strangely 

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thorough understanding of requirements, benefits, and challenges of natural gas ascendance. 

Renewables require back-up due to intermittency – natural gas industry will expand in conjunction with renewables

Trembath et al 13 (Alex, policy analyst in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough Institute, where he researches and writes about renewable energy technologies, American federal energy policy and the history of public investments in technological innovation, and Max Luke, policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough, where his research focused on a range of energy issues and topics including nuclear power, natural gas, renewables, energy efficiency rebound and backfire, national energy subsidies, and electricity systems, with Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution", http://thebreakthrough.org/images/main'image/Breakthrough'Institute'Coal'Killer.pdf)
Gas-fired power provides cheap, low-carbon, and flexible backup support 

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power sources and can ramp as fast as 100 MW per minute.97

Natural gas is key to Russian expansionism – they hold a monopoly on the global LNG market

Hermant, 14  (ABC's Moscow correspondent from 2010-13. He returned in March 2014 to cover the Ukraine crisis from Moscow and Kiev. (Norman, "Russia's natural gas is Vladimir Putin's political and economical weapon," ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/natural-gas-is-putins-political-and-economical-weapon/5394030) IS
For Vladimir Putin, natural gas is not just a resource. It is an 

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it seem like energy from Russia is simply part of the European fabric.

Russian expansionism triggers multiple scenarios for extinction

Blank 9,( strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March. "RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?"  
Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks 

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make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172

Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Fwk

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.

First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95

Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 

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thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.

Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,

Donald Williams. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things." The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355**
Casting up our accounts to this point, we observe that physical realism is in 

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in patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere

Third is the act omission distinction, governments are morally responsible for their omissions because they always face choices between different sets of policy options, all of which advantage some while disadvantaging others.

Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian ~"Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs.  Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University.  Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703~
The critics of capital punishment have been led astray by uncritically applying the act/

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creating entitlements ~*722~ and prohibitions, is not inaction at all.

Plan

Plan Text: All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in outer space.

====We must ban nuclear power used in outer space====
Grossman, 15
Karl Grossman (professor of journalism at the State University of New York College at Old Westbury. For more than 45 years he has pioneered the combination of investigative reporting and environmental journalism in a variety of media), 6-29-2015, "The Perils of Nuclear-Powered Space Flights," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/06/29/the-perils-of-nuclear-powered-space-flights/
When the Cassini space probe was sent off to Saturn in 1997—with three 

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something the public nor the planet can afford to take a chance on."

Inherency and Uniqueness- nuclear reactors on spacecraft will be used to generate thrust—it’s the current future of space exploration. Zolfagharifard ‘16

Ellie Zolfagharifard For Dailymail, 3-18-2016, "Nasa wants to use nuclear rockets to get to Mars," Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html**
Nuclear thermal propulsion is 'the most effective' way of sending humans to Mars. That's 

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'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.'

Accidents Advantage

The chance of a nuclear accident due to space propulsion is high—affects billions. Bryson ‘96

Chris Bryson, December 1996 "Cassini — NASA'S Millennial Nuclear Nightmare," Christian Science Monitor, http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/crbryson.htm**
Post-graduate geology student Leo Alvarado also witnessed the accident and telephoned the local 

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that we are never going to have one of these things come down?"

An nuclear space accident causes a massive EMP detonation.

Staughton ’16 (John Staughton, February 2016, What Would Happen If A Nuke Exploded In Space? https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/happen-nuke-exploded-space.html )
Perhaps even more worrying than the huge amount of radiation being dropped into Earth’s atmosphere 

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the widespread technological devastation from an EMP big enough to shut down Texas!

Extinction

Pry 10 (Peter Vincent, director of the U.S. Nuclear Strategy Forum, "What America Needs to Know About EMPs" http://wethearmed.com/index.php?topic=8450.0)
EMP is not just a threat to computers and electronic gadgets, but to all 

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to the United States and advocated immediate implementation of the EMP Commission's recommendations. 

Space Militarization Advantage

Nuclear power in space leads to space weapons—inevitable consequence and hidden motive for nuclear space programs. Grossman ‘03

Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, February 5 2003, "Nukes-in-Space in Columbia's Wake", http://www.space4peace.org/articles/columbiaswake.htm**
Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, 

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of what kind of seed do we carry with us out into space."

Space weaponization causes extinction—outweighs nuclear war. Mitchell ‘01

Mitchell, 01 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, "Missile Defence:  Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads", No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)**
A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence

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space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.

Space Col Bad – Ozone Loss

Increased space launches risks massive ozone destruction. UCS ‘02

Union of Concerned Scientists 02, (The Science of Ozone Depletion "© Union of Concerned Scientists Page Last Revised: 10.24.2002", http://www.ucsusa.org/global'environment/archive/page.cfm?pageID=551)**
The solid rocket strap-on motors used in the most powerful space launch systems 

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the ozone layer, these problems could cause widespread destruction of life.