Tournament: XX | Round: 1 | Opponent: XX | Judge: XX
Framework
Current discussions of free speech operate under a straight understanding of queerness and force queer bodies to be split from their identity through separating identity from expression – we need to abstract from the “normal” insofar that queer voices are included as a pre-requisite to discussions of the topic because we can’t have objective evaluations using biased scholarship that teaches us to stigmatize an entire group of people. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that provides the best methodology for challenging the oppression of queer bodies.
Yalda 99 (Christine Yalda – Arizona State University/SAGE Publications, “Walking the Straight and Narrow: Performative Sexuality and the First Amendment After Hurley”, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/096466399900800102, pgs. 33 – 36, EmmieeM)
Although the Hurley Court conflates heterosexual act and identity to constitute the council, it
AND
, i.e. that someone can be both Irish and queer.
Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them while simultaneously doing very little to inspire real change – prefer discussions of impacts happening in the status quo over useless abstractions about catastrophe
Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive”, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
AND
the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
The resolution asks us to use colleges as sites of resistance, but the academy is bankrupt – policies like school surveillance and zero tolerance separate students into “deserving” and “undeserving” bodies with the latter corralled into choosing between crime and military. Instead of following the rules and attempting to show that we too are “worthy citizens”, we need to embrace anti-education and alternate scholarship that deconstructs the fundamental obedience to rules that the system valorizes
Cowen and Siciliano 11 (Deborah Cowen and Amy Siciliano – Deborah Cowen is an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. Amy Sicilliano is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the City Institute of York University in Toronto, This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, “Rights in Suspension”, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039andppg=1, pg. 108-119, EmmieeM)
Schools have long been crucial institutions of liberal citizenship for the production of both discipline
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are part of the assembling of a broad future of securitized social reproduction.
Queer Anarchy 4:03
‘Free speech’ is not a static concept – what is considered protected under the First Amendment reflects the position of civil society and those in power. The marketplace of ideas is a construct that is set up to give the perception of free discussion while simultaneously excluding “undeserving” voices
Fish 94 (Stanley Fish – American literary theorist, legal scholar, author, and public intellectual; Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Yeshiva University, “There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech: And It's a Good Thing Too”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=GtdrpVZpTfUCandoi=fndandpg=PR11andots=hRG0qlDGedandsig=7hFHzMjY7hisMGLN2yQjdkKmRvs#v=onepageandqandf=false, pgs. 15 –17, EmmieeM)
The moral is the one I draw in “There’s No Such Thing as Free
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infected in its very constitution (here both a noun and a verb).
Progress is futile – the security state has constructed the structure of the law  as something that will necessarily provide civil society an enemy to define both its own existence and the expansion of militarism  - step away from normativity and become the camouflaging terrorist that is slain by the benevolent state protector
Genova 11 (Nicholas de Genova – Visiting Scholar in the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture at the University of Chicago and has been a research professor at the University of Amsterdam. He has taught anthropology at Stanford and Columbia and been an international research fellow at the University of Warwick. This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, Chapter 2- Fugitive Corporeality, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039, Pg. 142-150, EmmieeM)
The demand for a dutiful and docile (and now, patriotic, even heroic
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, pre-emptively supplying the justificatory rationale for still more state power.
The queer body is the non-conforming societal terrorist – from the AIDs epidemic to the “destruction of marriage and the family”, the queer is perceived as a threat to both cis-straight bodies and heteronormative society. The only alternative positioning allowed by American biopolitics is that of a market commodity to be exploited.
Puar 7 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), “Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times”, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54234b64e4b080ee5d54b2f0/t/5424b19ee4b070e9080566cf/1411690910458/jasbir-puar_terrorist-assemblages_preface.pdf, pg. 4 – 10, EmmieeM)
Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times is an invitation to deeper exploration of these
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always-becoming (continual ontological emergence, a Deleuzian becoming without being).
There can never be any hope of progress within the legal system because it is set up in such a way to erase queerness while simultaneously perpetuating queer violence – things like the trans-panic defense and deliberate sabotage of statistical gathering to down-play incidents of queer violence force the queer to become bare life.
Stanley 11 (Eric Stanley, “Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological Capture”, https://queerhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/near-life-queer-death-eric-stanley.pdf, PG. 5 – 15, EmmieeM)
The numbers, degrees, locations, kinds, types, and frequency of attacks
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threat as a symbol of shattering difference, monstrosity, and irreconcilable contradiction. 

This fetishistic structure allows one to believe that queers are an inescapable threat and at
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hollow space of ontological capture that life might still be lived, otherwise.
Cruel optimism has tangible psychological effects on queer bodies because it forces them to remain attached to the idea that things can get better and repeatedly suffer the realization that it is impossible
Berlant 8 (Lauren Berlant, “Cruel Optimism: On Marx, Loss and the Sense”, “Optimism and its Objects”, http://www.chineseollie.com/didyouread/Berlant-Cruel-Optimism.pdf, pg. 33, EmmieeM)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a
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a sudden incapacity to manage startling situations, as we will see below.
We must abandon the political – state-based “support” forms is used to drive homonationalism – the view of the U.S. as benign, which masks militarism and Middle East interventionism
Puar 13 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), Jindal Global Law Review, “Homonationalism as Assemblage: Viral Travels, Affective Sexualities”, http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ucsd/3somesPlus/Puar.pdf, pg. 24-28, EmmieeM)
In my 2007 monograph, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (hereinafter TA
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the legislation regarding the severe compromises made in order to enable its passage.
Thus my advocacy – queer anarchy - the only viable option is to call for queer anarchy – a radical insurrection that overthrows civil society
Mary Nardini no date (Mary Nardini Gang, “Towards the Queerest Insurrection”, http://www.weldd.org/sites/default/files/Toward20the20Queerest20Insurrection.pdf, EmmieeM)
Susan Stryker writes that the state acts to “regulate bodies, in ways both
AND
The rioting spread throughout the city as others joined in on the fun!

Tournament: XX | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: XX
1AC
I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence

Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM)
The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no
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constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole."
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95

Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
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thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10

Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values."
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
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, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework

BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way of
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value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.

Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Innovation 4:34
Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment

Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM)
Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015
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dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets.
This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-req to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures

ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM)
The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of
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be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument.
Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues

Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM)
The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the
AND
diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized.
Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony

Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations ~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~~~~~
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
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, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in - it’s try or die

Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
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leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
Terror 2:47
Colleges can be unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other"

Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM)
In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-
AND
to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands.
Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism

Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM)
First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
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law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them.          
This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views

Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM)
It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites
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to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act.  
Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs

Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released
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exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons.
Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems

Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~
The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons
AND
well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19   
Solvency
Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication

Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~~~~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM)
American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent,
AND
still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse.

Tournament: XX | Round: 1 | Opponent: XX | Judge: XX
1AC
Framework
The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias

Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine

Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
AND
the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
AND
has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war.
Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
AND
may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes.
Offense 4:10
Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights

Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.

Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.

McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
AND
contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
AND
commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
Solvency 1:00
The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide resources. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.
The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.

Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
AND
it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?
UV
Aff gets RVIs because
1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse.
2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC
3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm.
Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies.

Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
Conclusion
In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Tournament: XX | Round: 1 | Opponent: XX | Judge: XX
1AC
Framework
The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias

Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
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, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine

Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
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the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
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has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war.
Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
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may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes.
Offense 4:10
Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights

Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
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the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.

Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
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the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.

McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
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contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
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commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
Solvency 1:00
The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide resources. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
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.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.
The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.

Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
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it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?
UV
Aff gets RVIs because
1) Deterrence- RVIs check abusive theory proliferation because they can’t introduce no-risk issues with no recourse.
2) t is an rvi if even for drop the advocacy because forcing me to restart in the 1ar skews my time and strat and nullifies 6 minutes of the AC
3) Competing interps imply an rvi because if they can win for upholding a norm then I should win if I prove that I upholding a better norm.
Debating about government policies is a valuable heuristic — we can learn about the state without being it. Their radical framework eliminates the potential for political agency and oversimplifies complex, contingent relationships. Instead of rejecting government policies in general, we should analyze particular policies.

Zanotti 13 — Laura Zanotti, Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech, holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from Florida International University, 2013 ("Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 38, Issue 4, November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via SAGE Publications Online, p. 299-300)
Conclusion
In this article, I have argued that, notwithstanding their critical stance
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position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84

Tournament: XX | Round: 1 | Opponent: XX | Judge:
Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.
Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.

Winter and Leighton 99 Deborah DuNann Winter  and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5
She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.
Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true.

GUENTHER 12 Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012
Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
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and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.
Plan
QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to
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wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement.
TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers.
That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10

University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010
A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
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would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84
Advantage
The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a
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decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem.
Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as
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to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.
Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have
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. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission.
Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,

Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. #10-32
Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more
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it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility.
And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,

Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~**
2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons
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manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice.
Underview
Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
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has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.

Tournament: 0 | Round: 1 | Opponent: None | Judge: None
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,
Donald Williams. “Naturalism and the Nature of Things.” The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355
Third is the act omission distinction, governments are morally responsible for their omissions because they always face choices between different sets of policy options, all of which advantage some while disadvantaging others.
Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs.  Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University.  Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703
Plan Text: All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in Earth’s orbit. 

It’s the core of the international nuclear power topic lit and avoids the link to the space col disad  
Aftergood 91 (Steven, Aftergood is a senior research analyst at the Federation of American Scientists in Washington, D.C, “Nuclear Power in Space,” June 1991, http://www.calpoly.edu/~dhafemei/SciAm_June_1991_NuclearPowerSpace.pdf)
Inherency and Uniqueness- nuclear reactors on spacecraft will be used to generate thrust—it’s the current future of space exploration. Zolfagharifard ‘16
Ellie Zolfagharifard For Dailymail, 3-18-2016, "Nasa wants to use nuclear rockets to get to Mars," Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html
The chance of a nuclear accident due to space propulsion is high—affects billions. Bryson ‘96
Chris Bryson, December 1996 "Cassini -- NASA'S Millennial Nuclear Nightmare," Christian Science Monitor, http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/crbryson.htm
An nuclear space accident causes a massive EMP detonation.
Staughton ’16 (John Staughton, February 2016, What Would Happen If A Nuke Exploded In Space? https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/happen-nuke-exploded-space.html )
Extinction
Pry 10 (Peter Vincent, director of the U.S. Nuclear Strategy Forum, “What America Needs to Know About EMPs” http://wethearmed.com/index.php?topic=8450.0)
Space Militarization Advantage
Nuclear power in space leads to space weapons—inevitable consequence and hidden motive for nuclear space programs. Grossman ‘03
Karl Grossman, professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, February 5 2003, “Nukes-in-Space in Columbia's Wake”, http://www.space4peace.org/articles/columbiaswake.htm
Nuclear power in orbit is the only power source that enables space weapons
Gagnon 3 (Bruce, “Nuclear Power In Space And The Impact On Earth's Ecosystem,” 1/27/03, http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclearspace-03b.html)
Orbiting space weapons systems cause extinction—outweighs nuclear war. Mitchell ‘01
Mitchell, 01 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence:  Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,
Donald Williams. “Naturalism and the Nature of Things.” The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355
Third is the act omission distinction, governments are morally responsible for their omissions because they always face choices between different sets of policy options, all of which advantage some while disadvantaging others.
Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs.  Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University.  Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703