Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley KK | Judge: Armitage, Dan

3

CP Text: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought to ban handguns on campus

Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message

Blanchfield 14’
~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics AC~
Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land
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one such event told reporters. "But that’s not going to happen."

Guns are a form of symbolic free speech protected by the first amendment: Law Review Proves

McGoldrick 08
~"Symbolic Speech: A message from Mind to Mind" Oklahoma Law Review Volume 61 Spring 2008 Number 1  - James M McGoldrick Jr. is a professor of law at Pepperdine law Prior to beginning his career as a law professor, Professor McGoldrick worked for the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and as a trial attorney for the Tulare County Legal Services. During his over forty-year career at Pepperdine School of Law, he served eight years as associate dean for academics. AC ~
And then there is mere conduct that, though expressive, receives no protection as
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be criminalized without regard to the constitutional protection of the freedom of expression.

Guns on campus are a symbolic political tool to assert dominance over minorities and maintain status quo hierarchies

Kautzer 15
~Kautzer Chad. Good Guys with Guns: From Popular Sovereignty to Self-Defensive Subjectivity. Law Critique (2015) 26:173–187 DOI 10.1007/s10978-015-9156-x. April 8, 2015. Chad Kautzer is a Philosophy Proffessor at Lehigh University Last year he was a Visiting Research Scholar in the Philosophy Department at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and has twice held fellowships at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat in Germany. His specialization areas are Critical Theory; Philosophy of Law and Right; Social and Political Philosophy; Race and Gender Theory; Marxism; and Hegel.
AC~
My students bring guns to class. This is troubling,
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that constitute the ruler or sovereign subjects through subjugating violence beyond the law.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley KK | Judge: Armitage, Dan

2

Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harassment is decreasing nationally now.

Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease
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lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.

Removing restrictions on free speech allows hate speech – hate speech IS free speech

Volokh 15 Eugene Volokh,No, There’s No "hate Speech" Exception to the First Amendment, The Washington Post, 5/7/15, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/07/no-theres-no-hate-speech-exception-to-the-first-amendment/?utm'term=.05cfdd01dea4 LADI
I keep hearing about a supposed "hate speech" exception to the First Amendment
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with any established definition of "hate speech" that I know of.) 

Hate speech leads to a genocidal increase in crimes against marginalized groups.

Greenblatt 15 Jonathan Greenblatt, When Hateful Speech Leads to Hate Crimes: Taking Bigotry Out of the Immigration Debate, Huffington Post, 8/21/15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-greenblatt/when-hateful-speech-leads'b'8022966.html LADI
When police arrived at the scene in Boston, they found a Latino man shaking
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are working with a broad coalition of partners to get the ball rolling.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Beckman KM | Judge: Gandra, Akhil

1

The media hype regarding hate crimes doesn’t see the full picture-Overall hate crimes are down in recent years. Bennett ‘16

Samuel Bennett. The State of Hate, in the US. 2016. http://www.samuelwbennett.com/the-state-of-hate/**
This 2nd Annual State of Hate analysis has uncovered a few noteworthy trends. Firstly
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.7 of college campuses saw one or more hate crime reports. 

Allowing racist speech encourages hate crimes—the causality is empirically verified. Katel ‘9

Katel 9 (Peter, staff writer @ CQ Researcher, "Hate Groups", https://www.maxwell.syr.edu/uploadedFiles/news/Hate.pdf?n=1599)**
There is also hard evidence to back up the link between demonization and violence.
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Iist of vioIent incidents inspired by ugly rhetoric that will certainly grow longer. 

College age and profiles makes it a key breeding ground for hate groups—it’s the core demographic. SPLC ‘2k

SPLC 2k (Southern Poverty Law Center, "COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES SEE INCREASE IN HATE CRIMES", https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2000/colleges-and-universities-see-increase-hate-crimes)**
While these kinds of attacks seem incredible to many, the fact is that most
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, it is not so surprising that some students act in ugly ways.

Two Impacts: A) Race war in America. Alexander 12/2

Alexander 12/2 (Dean, professor/director of the Homeland Security Research Program at Western Illinois University, "Domestic Extremist Threats Face Trump Admin", http://www.hstoday.us/briefings/daily-news-analysis/single-article/special-domestic-extremist-threats-face-trump-admin/ddfd86597d91bfa41f5cc394a795c499.html)**
The term domestic extremism means individuals or groups that follow a variant of ideologies that
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attack by an African American couple to kill police in Trussville, Alabama.

That is an independent impact that must be rejected on face. Challenging racism is a prior ethical question. Memmi ‘2k

Memmi 2k MEMMI Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

B) Causes terrorism- Growing hate groups risk terrorism – US linkages are key. Holloway 11/18

Holloway 11/18 (Kali, staff @ AlterNet, in Salon, "Feeling validated by Donald Trump’s win, German hate groups team up with right-wing American hate groups", http://www.salon.com/2016/11/18/german-hate-groups-are-teaming-up-with-right-wing-american-hate-groups-feeling-validated-by-trump'partner/)**
Throughout his campaign, Donald Trump exploited existing racist and xenophobic sentiments across his base
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investigate these cells, if they exist, and to prevent any attacks."

Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs

Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released
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exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 

Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems

Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~
The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons
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well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley KK | Judge: Armitage, Dan

1

State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities

Mitchell et al 16 (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
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the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals

The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll

Johnson 14 (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R'1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
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earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college. 

There’s a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX

Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy'Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn'nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
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Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down

Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
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, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.

The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers (!structural viol) that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness

U.S. Department of Commerce 12 (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
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schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21 

Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony

Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
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, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.

Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF

Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
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leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Beckman KM | Judge: Gandra, Akhil

State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities

Mitchell et al 16 (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
AND
the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals

The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll

There’s a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX

Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy'Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn'nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
AND
Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down

The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers (!structural viol) that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness

U.S. Department of Commerce 12 (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
AND
schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21