Tournament: CPS | Round: 6 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Framing issue. Their refusal to engage in discussions of the way that anti-blackness shapes the world will lose them this debate. Sexton 16

~Jared Sexton, Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies at UC Berkeley, associate professor of African American Studies and Film and Media Studies at UC Irvine, "Afro-Pessimism: The Unclear Word," Rhizomes issue 19,sections 1-8~
- A shift away from politics of inclusion is the only real ethical move

AND
, about those whose transcendence is foreclosed in and for the modern world.

The endpoint of the 1AC is the antiblack status quo – blackness is defined in terms of an ontological structural antagonism with white civil society that is reproduced by any attempt to use existing legal structures or philosophies.  Warren 13

Calvin Warren, Onticide: Toward an Afro-pessimistic Queer Theory" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association Annual Meeting, 2013.  NS
We could suggest that the term "black queer" dramatizes the fundamental tension in
AND
diurnal, and quotidian, as it sustains the very field of existence.

Rhetoric of Humanist reform like "constitutional rights" and "free speech" is parasitic on Blackness, reject the affective call for action by the affirmative in favor of abstraction that actually confronts the structural antagonisms characterizing Blackness.

Wilderson, '10 ~2010, Frank B. Wilderson is an Associate Professor of African-American Studies at UC Irvine and has a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, "Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms," | SP~
In the Introduction and the preceding chapter, we have seen how the aporia between
AND
than accumulation and fungibility, when regarding the ontological status of the Black.

The aff legitimates government and destroys radical action. Ingber 84

Stanley Ingber, THE MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS: A LEGITIMIZING MYTH, Duke Law Review, February 1984 EE
Public acceptance of the myth of individual autonomy and the neutral marketplace of ideas imparts
AND
while the policy or ideology with which he initially took exception continues.404

Thus the alternative is to embrace the demand of the slave - the end of the world.  Wilderson 02

Frank Wilderson, The Prison Slave as Hegemony's (Silent) Scandal, resented at  Imprisoned Intellectuals   Conference Brown University, April 13th 2002.  NS
If we are to take Fanon at his word when he writes,   Decolonization
AND
via reform or reparation) but must nonetheless be pursued to the death.

Recognizing that blackness is pathologized is key to embracing social life in social death.  Sexton 11

Jared Sexton, ANTE-ANTI-BLACKNESS: AFTERTHOUGHTS, Cultural Studies Association Issue 1, 2011.  NS
Against the raceless credo, then, racism cannot be rejected without a dialectic in
AND
is "not but nothing other than" black optimism. ~24~

Tournament: Cal | Round: 5 | Opponent: University RH | Judge: Courtney Coffman

REJECT THE AFFIRMATIVE'S PERFORMANCE OF RESISTANCE AND EMBRACE QUIET

QUASHIE asst. Prof of Afro-American studies @ Smith College 2k12
Kevin
AND
however, is not one of them.  This book is about quiet.

THEIR PUBLIC CALL OF RESISTANCE IS A PERFORMATIVE DOUBLE TURN WARRANTING REJECTION

QUASHIE asst. Prof of Afro-American studies @ Smith College 2k9
Kevin
AND
a metaphor capable of noticing the beauty and intimacy of Smith and Carlos.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook HW | Judge: Michael OKrent

Cap K

Late modern society is self-reflexive – our identities are determined by our political and economic consumption – what to buy, who to vote for, what brands are most socially responsible, what energy companies are least polluting – the modern ideal of the autonomous subject is no longer possible vis a vis the market system.

Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, "Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition," European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
The concept of late modernity has been used by Giddens (1991), Touraine (
AND
it is suggested that they fulfil, inter alia, exactly this function.

The academy is no exception, cap defunds schools of private funding and makes them come to corporations for funding. This logic structures what speech and knowledge are free in the first place. Bagakis 11/15/16

Gus Bagakis ~~~retired philosophy instructor at San Francisco State University and author of "Seeing Through The System: The Invisible Class Struggle in America," ~~~ October 15, 2016 "Neoliberalism's Decades-Long Attack on Public Universities"
One aspect of the project of neoliberalism was to reshape the population's understanding of the
AND
into profitable corporations that will maintain and promote the neoliberal version of capitalism.

Confronted with this crisis, the modern subject seeks to reconfirm and reconstitute an oppositional identity through the simulation of alternatives to the system by speaking and protesting – these performances of faux-activist change pacify true dissent and enable the continued management of unsustainability – the impact is environmental destruction, extreme inequality and violent conflict.

Bluhdorn 07 – (May 2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, "Self-description, Self-deception, Simulation: A Systems-theoretical Perspective on Contemporary Discourses of Radical Change," Social Movement Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1–20, May 2007, google scholar)
Yet the established patterns of self-construction, which thus have to be defended
AND
society's only remaining way of coping with the threat of self-referentiality.

The "political economy of capitalism" is not something that can be attacked – diffuse globalization has rendered classical protest movements entirely impotent, yet the grassroots nonetheless reaffirms time and again the image of the "oppositional subject" – this corrupts genuine challenges to socio-economic oppression.

Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, "Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition," European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
It therefore seems difficult to interpret contemporary social movements and new forms of political articulation
AND
contemporary social movements construct or defend are the personal rather than the collective subject

The alternative is to stop and think Communism – breaking free from the political closure of the status quo requires refusing the call to radical action in favor of developing a new, comprehensive understanding of the institutional constraints of the status quo.

Srnicek and Williams '15 (Nick, Theorist and activist, and Alex, PhD student at the University of East London, Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work, ebook)
Failure permeates this cycle of struggles, and as a result, many of the
AND
global approach — one that folk-political approaches are incapable of providing.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 2 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,

Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
AND
move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.

Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat. Chatterjee and Maira 14

Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.
Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
AND
of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11

Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism's hold on the academy. Brown 15

Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.
At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate
AND
warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.

This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. Smith '14

R.C. Smith April 24, 2014 "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file
One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have
AND
which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~13~

The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don't have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn't in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.

Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
AND
find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.

Our critique independently outweighs the case -  neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned. Farbod 15

 ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2)
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
AND
enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 6 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

A focus on non aggression and conceptual abstraction forces oppressed people to divorce themselves from the material conditions caused by whiteness and imagine a world in which whiteness is good.  Curry 13

Dr. Tommy Curry, In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical, Academia.edu, 2013.  NS
The potentiality of whiteness—the proleptic call of white anti-racist consciousness—
AND
circular and gets no where, forgoing the opportunity for real world solutions.

Their philosophy preaches that everyone is equal – this colorblind ideology perpetuates anti blackness under the myth of American liberalism.  Curry 13

Dr. Tommy Curry, In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical, Academia.edu, 2013.  NS
Despite the rhetorical strategies adopted by both Black and white political theorists which urge Blacks
AND
as a result of a critical redefining of humanity, integrated into society.

The aff's attempt to whitewash history by ignoring the racist foundations that underlie their theory allows for racial domination to remain invisible – you as a judge must reject the aff's epistemology and acknowledge the reality of oppression. That's a voting issue. Leonardo

Leonardo, Zeus. "The souls of white folk: Critical pedagogy, whiteness studies, and globalization discourse." Race, ethnicity and education 5.1 (2002): 29-50. CC

The fragmenting effects of the global economy work in tandem with the fragmenting tendencies
AND
to yoke together different peoples around the globe under the sign of sameness.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Counterplan text:

Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech other than advertising, organization, or membership for IFC fraternities.

Fraternities are sites of rape, serious injury, and death.

Flanagan 14 (Caitlin, the Atlantic, citing Douglas Fierberg, attorney specializing in fraternity-related litigation, "The Dark Power of Fraternities", http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-dark-power-of-fraternities/357580/)
"Until proven otherwise," Fierberg told me in April of fraternities, "they
AND
or serious injury" of a healthy young person at a fraternity function.

Ban on campus fraternities solves – even banning fraternity advertising alone is good

Ryan 14 (Julia, The Atlantic, "How Colleges Could Get Rid of Fraternities", http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/03/how-colleges-could-get-rid-of-fraternities/284176/)
Perhaps the most obvious way to end fraternities is for universities to simply remove Greek
AND
"We are going to supervise you just as much as everybody else."

Fraternities are protected by the First Amendment's right to free speech

Lukianoff 11 ~Greg Lukianoff (President and CEO, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education), "To Survive, Fraternities Need to Stand for Something, Anything," Huffington Post, 8/1/2015~ AZ
A lot of fraternities seem to know that their freedom of association is protected by
AND
my nonprofit, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, as well.)

Tournament: Cal | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook HW | Judge: Michael Okrent

Handgun DA

Most college campuses are prohibiting campus carry in the squo

Anderson 16 (Nick Anderson – Washington Post, "If You Want to Carry a Gun on Campus, These States Say Yes", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/27/if-you-want-to-carry-a-gun-on-campus-these-states-say-yes/?utm_term=.a7fb4735acfd, EmmieeM)
Debate continues to boil in Texas over a new law allowing concealed weapons across college
AND
, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina and Tennessee.

Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message

Blanchfield 14'
~"What do Guns Say?" - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics AC~
Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land
AND
one such event told reporters. "But that's not going to happen."

Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don't check

PHW 14 (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM)
In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a
AND
to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cypress Woods LC | Judge: xx

PTX

Ryan's achievements depend on the degree to which he can sync his policies with Trump and the Freedom Caucus; he's safe now but could still lose power

Bade and Bresnahan 1/3 (Rachael and John, staff @ Politico, "Paul Ryan's new reality: Second fiddle to Trump", http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/paul-ryan-donald-trump-233079)**
Ryan's conundrum is this: Trump's victory may have saved his speakership. Any challenge
AND
achievements as speaker with Trump in the Oval Office instead of Hillary Clinton.

New programs incense the Freedom Caucus

Pianin 11/18 (Eric, staff @ Fiscal Times, "Trump's Coming Surprise: 40 Republicans Could Stop Him Cold", http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/11/18/Trump-s-Coming-Surprise-40-Republicans-Could-Stop-Him-Cold)**
As Dana Milbank of The Washington Post reported, the far right conservatives groused about
AND
," although Trump is on record opposing cuts in Social Security and Medicare.

Trump loves Anti-BDS

Richard Hardigan, 12-9-2016, "Anti-Semitism Awareness Act: Senate Bill Criminalizes Criticism of Israel," counterpunch.org, http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/12/09/anti-semitism-awareness-act-senate-bill-criminalizes-criticism-of-israel/
The election of Donald Trump has had many negative consequences for supporters of the Palestinian
AND
Anti-Semitism Awareness Act is threatening to silence all criticism of Israel.

Ryan stops economic collapse

Rahn 11/14 (Richard, Chair of Improbable Success Productions and on the board of the American Council for Capital Formation, "The wolf at the door", http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/14/government-spending-freeze-could-help-donald-trump/)**
Donald Trump is very lucky that Paul Ryan is speaker of the House. Mr
AND
all, it has been shown to work where it has been tried.

Economic decline risks a breakdown of international institutions—that causes war

1930s prove that prolonged global downturn has geopolitical repercussions in the US and Europe
Brings about trade wars and competition over resources, 
Hurts international institutions like EU and WT
Tensions are rising now 
Kreitner 11 
AND
to the extent it is chugging at all, on the false security offered

Outweighs and turns case – poverty is the worst form of structural violence and magnifies other impacts – especially for women.  Pogge 02

Thomas Pogge, Poverty and Human Rights. 2002.
Human rights would be fully realized, if all human beings had secure access to
AND
wars, civil wars, and government repression of the entire 20^thcentury.

Tournament: harvard westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

T

Interpretation: The affirmative must defend that public colleges and universities in the Unites States ought to restrict NO constitutionally protected speech. To clarify they may not specify any one type of constitutionally protected speech that ought not be restricted.

Counterplans by the negative that PIC out of specific kinds of constitutionally protected speech are illegitimate.

Violation: The 1AC only expands free speech zones to the entire campus, but it stills allow for restrictions and speech codes to exist in these speech zones, which means there are still some restrictions of constitutionally protected speech.

Vote Neg

Textuality – repeated court rulings go neg.

Elder '91(David S. Elder, October 1991, "Any and All": To Use Or Not To Use?" "Plain Language' is a regular feature of the Michigan Bar Journal, edited by Joseph Kimble for the State Bar Plain English Committee. Assistant editor is George H. Hathaway. Through this column the Committee hopes to promote the use of plain English in the law. Want to contribute a plain English article? Contact Prof. Kimble at Thomas Cooley Law School, P.O. Box 13038, Lansing, MI 48901, http://www.michbar.org/file/generalinfo/plainenglish/pdfs/91_oct.pdf | SP)
The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in
AND
(1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)

Outweighs:

Semantic Context – yes, any may have a bunch of different, more inclusive definitions, but only ours takes into consideration groups of words together. "security for any claim due or to become due to" is the passage analyzed in Gibson v Agricultural Life, which mirrors the structure of the words in the res, with "any" followed by a singular object (ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech).

Legal Context – Courts are the definitive interpreters of what a law and its words mean. Defer to courts over the slew of dictionary definition coming in the 1ar, they lack the context necessary to evaluate semantics in a legal setting. By defending a subsection of constitutional rights, they have literally inserted their own words into the resolution, which have fundamentally changed the policy they defend.

Limits – Free Speech is incredibly broad. Star this card, it literally says the only coherent way to conceive of the free speech debate is to consider its few exceptions, which is a comparison of the whole res with its converse.

Silvergate '05 (Harvey A. Silvergate, attorney in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the co-founder, with Alan Charles Kors, of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, for which he also serves as the current Chairman of the Board of Directors. January 2005, "FIRE's Guide to Free Speech on Campus," https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/free-speech-2.pdf | SP)
The First Amendment declares that Congress shall make "no law…abridging the freedom
AND
will briefly describe the limited categories of so-called "unprotected speech."

Tournament: Cal | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kent Denver MN | Judge: Arjun Tambe

Terror DA

New terror regulations stop campus attacks but OSU attack prove rising risk of campus terror. Bernstein 11/29

"Terror attack at Ohio State University prompts Senators to rethink 'extreme vetting,'" Leandra Bernstein, 11/29/16, KBOI2 (Associated Press).  
The violent attack at Ohio State University (OSU) on Monday, being investigated
AND
attackers, or individuals who could be heading down the path of radicalization. 

FS zones k2 prevent campus terrorist attacks – it allows law enforcement to defend and prevent better. Zeiner 05

Zoned Out! Examining Campus Speech Zones, Carol L. Zeiner (Assistant Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law, Miami Gardens, Florida; former College Attorney for Miami-Dade Community College (now Miami-Dade College)), Louisiana Law Review (Volume 66, No. 1), Fall 2005.
Unfortunately, the possibility of terrorist acts must be considered as well as more
AND
accomplished if large gatherings for speech activities could occur anywhere on campus. 

Campus terror sends an ideological message globally – it encourages more terror and threatens education. Flanagin 15

"Why terrorists target schools and universities," Jake Flanagin, 04/02/2015, The Quartz.
One reason that "terrorist organizations might choose to target educational institutions is that schools
AND
too familiar: to wipe out a generation of ideological non-adherents.

False claims of responsibility cause cyber terrorism to escalate into nuclear war. Fritz 09.

Jason Fritz, (Bond University IR Masters) , "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control", July 2009http:www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

DA

Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down

Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
AND
, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.

There's a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX

Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can't Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy_Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn_nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
AND
Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll

Johnson 14 (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
AND
earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college. 

The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness

U.S. Department of Commerce 12 (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
AND
schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21 

Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it's try or die for the NEG

Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Kritik Shell

The use of greater legal reform creates legal grey holes—piecemeal reform is legal legitimation without meaningful legal constrains; that's terminal defense to the AFF. Feldman '15

Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
The advantage of Dyzenhaus' "legal grey holes" concept over the concept of "
AND
even as fully consistent with norms of due process, reasonableness and equality.

The history of qualified immunity court decisions shows how each attempt to create more sound civil rights litigation procedures ends up inadvertently expanding protection for police officers. Layering temporalities, creating legal time frames, and replacing bright line rules with balancing tests prove how every single immunity reform just creates larger legal indeterminacy. The affirmative simply adds onto that indeterminacy turning case. Feldman '15

Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
My argument in this section is that the Supreme Court has created a legal grey
AND
determination of "qualified immunity," which I discuss in the next section.

The Aff's appeal to civil liberties is a façade that only furthers the state's biopolitical control over the population—destroys rights and turns case. Anders '13

Anders 13, Abram Anders is an Assistant Professor, University of Minnesota Duluth, nearest date given is 2013, "Foucault and "the Right to Life": From Technologies of Normalization to Societies of Control," http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/3340/3268**, NN
The essential and unavoidable problem with rights discourse is that it appeals to a liberal
AND
functional impairment as an essential pre-condition for legal findings about disability."

Legal reforms hurt social justice– starting from the perspective of legal solutions forecloses the political imaginary and hampers radical solutions—turns the aff Kandaswamy '12

Kandaswamy 12 (Priya Kandaswamy; Associate Professor Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies; "THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY" SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW Vol. 41, pg 265, 1/21/2012)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
AND
could look like and locate legal interventions in relation to this broader vision. 

The alternative is a counter-reading of the harms of the 1AC. We REFUSE their faith in policy stories.  Legalism underpins the violence of empire and creates the conditions of possibility for liberal violence. Dossa '99

Dossa '99 Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, "Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity," The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1
No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective
AND
liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.

We ought to prioritize movements for deconstructive resistance over blind faith in legal studies. Only the alt can effectively contest domestic cultures of violence. Hirst '15

Hirst '15 (Aggie ~She~, Lecturer in International Politics @ City University London, "Derrida and Political Resistance: The Radical Potential of Deconstruction" Globalizations, Vol. 12.1)
There are many manifestations of the practical consequences of deconstructive resistance across a range of
AND
commitments, dealing with difference in terms and contexts other than the familiar.

Tournament: Apple Valley RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

The basis of civil damages to pay for injury - is both the cause and effect of capitalism

Abel 81
~ Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus), a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974. A Critique of American Tort Law British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Winter, 1981), pp. 199-231~ ~thiele~ ~http://www.jstor.org/stable/1409721~~
Tort law~1~ is intimately related to the rise of capitalism as both
AND
of surplus value),~26~ some of which is shared with physicians.

Capitalism makes racialized police brutality inevitable – their reforms will fail until we first destroy capitalism

Hedges 15
~ Chris writes a regular column for Truthdig.com. Hedges graduated from Harvard Divinity School and was for nearly two decades a foreign correspondent for The New York Times. "Corporate Capitalism Is the Foundation of Police Brutality and the Prison State" Common Dreams July 06, 2015~ ~thiele~ ~http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/07/06/corporate-capitalism-foundation-police-brutality-and-prison-state~~
Our national conversation on race and crime is based on a fiction. It is
AND
propelled carceral development that, through perverse turns, expanded lawful racial violence."

Capitalism causes extinction from resource over-use, only alternative can solve.

Ahmed 14 - Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, and taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex (2014, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, The Guardian, "Scientists vindicate 'Limits to Growth' – urge investment in 'circular economy'", http://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2014/jun/04/scientists-limits-to-growth-vindicated-investment-transition-circular-economy  SM)
According to a new peer-reviewed scientific report, industrial civilisation is likely to
AND
fossil fuels has declined so much that we have nothing left to invest."

The alternative is to reject to affirmative in order to stop participating in capitalist structures. Reform can only be short term – we need to replace it.

Herod 04
(James, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/4thEd/4-index.htm, Getting Free, 4th Edition)
It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
AND
. Otherwise we are doomed to perpetual slavery and possibly even to extinction.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Cap K

Late modern society is self-reflexive – our identities are determined by our political and economic consumption – what to buy, who to vote for, what brands are most socially responsible, what energy companies are least polluting – the modern ideal of the autonomous subject is no longer possible vis a vis the market system.

Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, "Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition," European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
The concept of late modernity has been used by Giddens (1991), Touraine (
AND
it is suggested that they fulfil, inter alia, exactly this function.

The affirmative's use of tort law assumes the basis of civil damages to pay for injury - is both the cause and effect of capitalism

Abel 81
~ Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus), a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974. A Critique of American Tort Law British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Winter, 1981), pp. 199-231~ ~thiele~ ~http://www.jstor.org/stable/1409721~~
Tort law~1~ is intimately related to the rise of capitalism as both
AND
of surplus value),~26~ some of which is shared with physicians.

Using the state both makes neoliberalism a coherent mode of social interaction and constitutes the framework for global incorporation of neoliberalism

Meszaros 95 ~Istavan, (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition, P. 65  wyo~   
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the 'withering away' of the state.

Capitalism makes racialized police brutality inevitable – their reforms will be counterproductive until we first destroy capitalism

Hedges 15
~ Chris writes a regular column for Truthdig.com. Hedges graduated from Harvard Divinity School and was for nearly two decades a foreign correspondent for The New York Times. "Corporate Capitalism Is the Foundation of Police Brutality and the Prison State" Common Dreams July 06, 2015~ ~thiele~ ~http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/07/06/corporate-capitalism-foundation-police-brutality-and-prison-state~~
Our national conversation on race and crime is based on a fiction. It is
AND
propelled carceral development that, through perverse turns, expanded lawful racial violence."

The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don't have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn't in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.

Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
AND
find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.

Stereotypes of Asians are social technologies deployed to stabilize labor relations—the stigmas they describe are just an extension of underlying ideologies of ascriptive differences. Our Marxist analysis is key to demystify the role of identity within class conflict—voting aff just makes neoliberalism more efficient by embracing difference as such.

Reed 2013 – professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, specializing in race and American politics. He has taught at Yale, Northwestern and the New School for Social Research. An expert on racial and economic inequality, he is a founding member of the Labor Party and a frequent contributor to The Nation (Adolph, New Labor Forum 22.1, "Marx, Race, and Neoliberalism")
A Marxist perspective can be most helpful for understanding race and racism insofar as it
AND
around a politics that is "entirely consistent with the neoliberal redefinition of equality

Tournament: Apple Valley RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Clinton's winning, but the race is tight – Trump can win

Silver 11/1 (Nate, polling guru, Russell's lab assistant, "Election Update: Yes, Donald Trump Has A Path To Victory", http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/election-update-yes-donald-trump-has-a-path-to-victory/)**
Tuesday was another pretty good day of polling for Donald Trump. It's also not
AND
probability since Oct. 2 — and 30 percent in polls-plus.

Insurance companies support qualified immunity

Balko 16 (Radley, staff @ Wash Post, "How the insurance industry could reform American policing", https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2016/03/01/how-the-insurance-industry-could-reform-american-policing/)**
This part of the argument is a little bit speculative, but I think it's
AND
. So I would expect insurers to be big proponents of qualified immunity.

Insurance companies influence elections

CRP 16 (Center for Responsive Politics, "Insurance", https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=F09)**
Health, life, property and car insurance companies, agents and brokers are all
AND
, who have long been the recipients of most of this category's giving. 

Merely tightening the polls cranks the economy – Investors are on the brink; we can win this disad independent of uq ow's the link arg's

RTE 11/2 (Russia Today – Euro edition, "Tightening US election race causes market jitters", http://www.rte.ie/news/2016/1102/828737-us-election-2016/)**
As Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump pushed their closing arguments ahead of next
AND
lead to a more dovish stance from the Fed in the months ahead.

Outweighs and turns case – poverty is the worst form of structural violence and magnifies other impacts – especially for women.  Pogge 02

Thomas Pogge, Poverty and Human Rights. 2002.
Human rights would be fully realized, if all human beings had secure access to
AND
wars, civil wars, and government repression of the entire 20^thcentury.

GOP victory leads to warming – Rolls back regulations and spikes green energy prices

Synder 15 (Brian, "5 Depressing Things To Expect If A GOP President And Congress Win in 2016," http://www.nationalmemo.com/5-depressing-things-to-expect-if-a-gop-president-and-congress-win-in-2016/)
Regardless of the GOP's urge toward self-immolation, Democrats have to acknowledge that
AND
the floods, the superstorms — grow nearer and more menacing every day.

Warming causes extinction

Ferris, 13 ~The Big Thaw, Elizabeth Ferris Co-Director, Brookings-LSE Project on Internal Displacement, 1/17, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/the-big-thaw
Global warming is occurring at a faster pace than predicted by scientists. Temperatures are
AND
legacy issue for the Obama administration that will impact the world for generations.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Perception of the police being under attack leads to right wing backlash-creates militias as retaliation. Blue 16:

Blue, 16, Miranda Blue, July 8, 2016, "Oath Keepers Calls For Establishment Of Militias In Response To Dallas Ambush" Right Wing Watch http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/oath-keepers-calls-for-establishment-of-militias-in-response-to-dallas-ambush/
Stewart Rhodes, the founder of the Oath Keepers, responded today to last night's
AND
lead them toward the only constitutional solution – the revitalization of the militia. 

Hate groups target minorities and vital infrastructure (power grids). Potok 16:

Potok, 16, Mark Potok, United Nations High Commission on Human Rights and University of Chicago, February 17, 2016, "The Year in Hate and Extremism", Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2016/year-hate-and-extremism
The number of hate and antigovernment 'Patriot' groups grew last year, and terrorist
AND
But there were significant increases in Klan as well as black separatist groups. 

Turns case-grid failure causes starvation and instability. Lewis 14:

Lewis 14 (Patrice Lewis is a freelance writer. WND Commentary: "If the grid fails, will you die?" published May 23rd, 2014 accessed June 26th, 2015. http://www.wnd.com/2014/05/if-the-grid-fails-will-you-die/
Every so often WND runs an article about the possible repercussions of a long-
AND
aftermath of a grid-down situation: They're not capable of surviving.

Tournament: Presentation | Round: 2 | Opponent: Basis | Judge: Scott Wheeler

Multiple Countries – T

Interpretation: If the affirmative choses to parametricize an advocacy, they must specify at minimum two actors, with a solvency advocate that species both of them taking an action.

GREG N. CARLSON, 1977,  A UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH BARE PLURAL*, http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~~ivano/LogicSeminar'15W/Material/Carlson'1977'EnglishBarePlurals.pdf**
The notion that the null determiner is the plural counterpart of u is bolstered by
AND
. It is not clear to me how to state these restrictions formally.

Violation:

Standards:

Textuality: "Countries" is a plural word. By definition, a plural noun must have more than one subject. Grammatically, the resolution reads that countries ought to prohibit production of nuclear power. Grammar is key to fairness because it is the only predictable, not arbitrary way of debating the resolution. Key to education because we cannot clash if you are unpredictable.

Limits: There are 144 countries that the aff can spec—forcing the aff to spec at least two countries decreases the number of combinations the aff can specify. My interpretation is uniquely key on this topic because nuclear power initiatives are often multinational—empirically proven through Saudi-Korean relations. The topic already huge, don’t make it bigger. Limits are key to clash because you can only prepare so much—their interpretation means there will never be real substantive debate, just generic K rounds. And key to fairness because it ensures that one debater will not arbitrarily be ahead in the debate.

Counterplan

Counterplan Text:

The Government of Brazil will prohibit the production of nuclear power except in the instance of nuclear power to fuel space exploration and coordinate deforestation and reforestation efforts through REDD.

REDD solves Amazon Conservation

Center for Strategic Studies and Management, 2011, "REDD in Brazil: A focus on the Amazon. Principles, criteria, and institutional ¶ structures for a national program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation ¶ and Forest Degradation – REDD. Brasília", www.cgee.org.br/atividades/redirect/7342 ||RS
Tropical rainforests serve as massive storehouses of carbon, which, if protected, will
AND
could alter the historical course of development and economic growth in the region.

Brazil is key to future space exploration – perfect launching spot

Keith Veronese 12, writer for io9, Could Brazil be the next space superpower?, 3/9/12, io9, http://io9.gizmodo.com/5891721/could-brazil-be-the-next-space-superpower ||RS
The world's sixth largest economy is making giant leaps to bolster their launch capabilities and
AND
very well become the planet's spaceport of choice in the late 21st Century.

We have already found an inhabitable planet

Placko 15 (Mereditch Placko – reporter specializing in future technology, "NASA Has Found Another Earth-like Planet, Only It’s 60 Bigger", http://www.geek.com/science/nasa-has-found-another-earth-like-planet-only-its-60-bigger-1629209/, NT)
Did NASA just discover Earth 2.0? At a news conference Thursday afternoon
AND
should all the necessary ingredients and conditions for life exist on this planet."

Space colonization not possible without nuclear energy – it’s the only source of energy that’s long-lasting and reliable enough to support a flight

Suciu 12 (Peter Suciu – Tech News Agency, "Nuclear Power Could Blast Humans Into Deep Space", http://www.technewsworld.com/story/76699.html, NT)
Although progress in manned space exploration beyond Earth's orbit is not progressing at light speed
AND
energy sources such as the one proposed would make such dreams more feasible."

Colonization is the only way for humans to survive

Baum 10 (Seth D., Ph.D in Geography from Pennsylvania State University and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Northeastern University and scholar at Columbia University's Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, "Cost–Benefit Analysis Of Space Exploration: Some Ethical Considerations", Space Policy Volume 25, Issue 2, May, pg 75-80, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964609000198)
Another non-market benefit of space exploration is reduction in the risk of the
AND
-effective means of increasing the probability of long-term human survival. 

We have already begun the sixth mass extinction – it’s try or die for space colonization and acting now is key

Hance 15 (Jeremy Hance – author and journalist focusing on climate change, "How Humans Are Driving the Sixth Mass Extinction", https://www.theguardian.com/environment/radical-conservation/2015/oct/20/the-four-horsemen-of-the-sixth-mass-extinction, EmmieeM)
Periodically, in the vast spans of time that have preceded us, our planet’s
AND
current extinction crisis is being amplified by what the researchers call the technosphere.

And independently, nuclear propulsion is the only way to solve for asteroids - moves them out of harmful orbit

Spotts, 05 (Peter N., staff writer of the Christian Science Monitor, "To steer an asteroid away from Earth, try a space 'tractor", 11/14/05, http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1114/p02s01-usgn.html) AFL
If an asteroid ever threatens to collide with Earth, scientists have a toolkit of
AND
a replacement for the space shuttles, due for retirement in five years. 

Accidents

No impact to Brazil tBrazil is moving away from nuclear power to meet most energy requirements

Technavio Research 16, Stringent Regulations Post-Fukushima Accident to Create Opportunities for the Global Nuclear Decommissioning Market Through 2020, Reports Technavio, 6/15/16,  Business Wire, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160615005040/en/Stringent-Regulations-Post-Fukushima-Accident-Create-Opportunities-Global ||RS
Despite being proficient in nuclear technology, Brazil is looking towards harnessing its wind capacity
AND
decommissioning market in the short to mid-term future," says Sayani.

Nuclear power is safe now – post-Fukushima regulations

Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, CRS, 2012
~6/20/12, Mark, Specialist in Energy Policy at the Congressional Research Service, "Nuclear Energy Policy," RL33558, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33558.pdf~~
The Fukushima accident has raised particular policy questions for the United States because, unlike
AND
not issue new licenses or permits until the revised regulations were in place.

Prolif

No impact—prolif is slow, and their impacts are scare-mongering

Steve Kidd, June 8 2010. Head of Strategy and Research at the World Nuclear Association, where he has worked since 1995 ~when it was the Uranium Institute~.  ("Nuclear proliferation risk - is it vastly overrated?" June 8, 2010 Nuclear Engineering International, Lexis, )
A significant amount of media attention has recently attached itself to the nuclear security meeting
AND
It is likely that more countries will foolishly choose to acquire nuclear weapons.

Prolif good—de-escalates conflict and prevents conventional war.

Asal and Beardsley, 07 ~Victor, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – SUNY Albany, and Kyle, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – Emory U., Journal of Peace Research, "Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior", 44:2, Sage~
Other, more optimistic, scholars see benefits to nuclear proliferation or, perhaps not
AND
plausible loss of social value commensurate with the potential gains of an attacker’. 

Conventional war will kill hundreds of millions of people

Arbatov et al ’89 (Alexei, Head, Nikolae Kishilov, Head of Section, and Oleg Amirov, Senior Researcher, Department on Problems of Disarmament – Institute of world Economic and International Relations, in "Conventional arms Control and East-West Security", Ed. Robert Blackwill and F. Stephen Larrabee, p. 76-78)
A large-scale conventional war, even if it would not quickly boil over
AND
rate" of people and equipment, of the share of irreplaceable losses.

Also solves accidental conflict—risks are too clear

Roth ’7 ~Ariel Ilan, Associate Dir. National Security Studies – Johns Hopkins U. and Visiting Assistant Prof. IR – Goucher College, International Studies Review, "REFLECTION, EVALUATION, INTEGRATION Nuclear Weapons in Neo-Realist Theory", 9, p. 369-384~
No such potential for miscalculation exists in a nuclear conflict. In several papers and
AND
the probability of major war among states having nuclear weapons approaches zero.’’ 

Solving nuclear prolif causes a shift to bio-weapons.

Cordesman 2K (Anthony, Senior Fellow for Strategic Assessment – CSIS, Federal News Service, 3-28, L/N)
New, critical technologies are escaping our control One of the problems I have noticed
AND
tends to simply push proliferation into other weapons systems and modes of delivery.

Bioweapon use causes actual extinction

Singer ‘1 (Clifford, Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign. "Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?" The Bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 13.1, http://acdis.illinois.edu/assets/docs/312/articles/WillMankindSurvivetheMillennium.pdf, )*modified for gender, denoted by brackets.
In recent years the fear of the apocalypse (or religious hope for it)
AND
connected human family may be in question when and if this is achieved.

Tournament: Presentation | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northwood CA | Judge: Nicho Rogers

NC

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. If you want me to spec further on my standard just tell me.

First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95

Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
AND
thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.

Second, only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being. Williams,

Donald Williams. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things." The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355**
Casting up our accounts to this point, we observe that physical realism is in
AND
in patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere

Third, the role of the judge should be to merely adjudicate the debate as this is the most predictable standard.

Fourth,  the role of the ballot is to maximize utility.

CP

Counterplan Text: Countries ought to prohibit the production of all currently active forms of nuclear power, except for HTGRs, by phasing out nuclear reactors through the process of immediate dismantling and uphold international norms against radioactivity in the context of uranium mining.

Solves safety and warming

NGNP Alliance, 12
November 7, 2012, NGNP Alliance, Nuclear Technology That Even the Nuclear Skeptics Should Like – Or At Least Seriously Consider, http://blog.ngnpalliance.org/category/why-htgr/,
A group of far-sighted companies, including AREVA, ConocoPhillips, Dow Chemical
AND
while emitting zero carbon. They are not a long term science project.

Environmental destruction is a form of structural violence – allowing warming to continue perpetuates all inequalities

Hoerner 8—Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative (J. Andrew, "A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S." July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)
Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us. One
AND
raising the average African American income by 3 to 4 percent.
.

Solves the "Location of Plants" Harms

NGNP Industry Alliance no date
NGNP (US Energy Policy Act of 2005 established a project headed by NGNP in the Idaho National Laboratory concerning HTGRs) The High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) - Safe, Clean and Sustainable Energy for the Future, Next Generation Nuclear Plant, http://www.ngnpalliance.org/index.php/htgr 
The HTGR is a inherently safe, modular, underground helium-cooled nuclear reactor
AND
8,15,18,20,21,22,23~ 

Solves Accidents Harm

Martin, 16
Richard Martin, 2-11-2016, "China Could Have a Meltdown-Proof Nuclear Reactor Next Year," MIT Technology Review, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600757/china-could-have-a-meltdown-proof-nuclear-reactor-next-year/
During a recent visit to the Tsinghua facility, technologists were testing the huge helium
AND
goal is to eliminate or greatly reduce waste by recycling the spent fuel.

Solves waste dumping – their card

Lowry, David. "Uranium Exploitation and Environmental Racism: Why Environmental Despoliation and the Ignorance of Radiological Risks of Uranium Mining Cannot Be Justified by Nuclear Fuel Production." Nuclear Waste Advisory. N.p., June 2008. Web. 12 Aug. 2016. http://www.nuclearwasteadvisory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Uranium-exploitation-and-environmental-racism.pdf. David Lowry was awarded a PhD on nuclear decision making by the Open University in 1987. He previously studied at the State University of New York (1978-79) and the London School of Economics, London University (1975-78). In 2001 he was presented with a special award for education at the Nuclear Free Future Foundation annual awards and the UK Campaign for Freedom of Information 1995 Award in the politics category (jointly with Llew Smith MP). He holds specialist knowledge of UK and EU nuclear and environment policy.
CRIIRAD analysed samples of water, air, soil and scrap metals and found that
AND
sand and dust," said Areva in a statement issued on 25 April.

DA

Nuclear power stops dangerous quantities of emissions from other fossil fuels

Biello 13 – David, writes for the scientific American, Internally Cites James Hansen, Professor at Columbia University ("How Nuclear Power Can Stop Global Warming" http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-nuclear-power-can-stop-global-warming/)
In addition to reducing the risk of nuclear war, U.S. reactors
AND
, director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, where Hansen works. 

No renewable shift – would take 100 years to replace energy yields of nuclear power and would increase CO2 emissions

Follett ’16 (Andrew, Energy and Environment Reporter, The Daily Caller, "Hillary Platform Leaves Out The Largest Source of CO2 Free Power", http://dailycaller.com/2016/07/20/hillary-platform-leaves-out-the-largest-source-of-co2-free-power/~~#ixzz4Gsb7OLxm, July 20, 2016)
Nuclear power provides 20 percent of all the electricity used in America, while wind
AND
not impossible" for the U.S. to reduce CO2 emissions.

Coal is horrible for CO2 emissions – that exacerbates warming

TWC 14 ("Black as Coal", http://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/Coal-Mining-Effects-on-the-Environment)
We were so happy with this cheap fuel source that we didn’t foresee or refused
AND
fish and plant life. Coal dust can cause respiratory problems in humans.

That runaway greenhouse guarantees destruction of all life on Earth

Brandenberg 99 – PhD, Physicist
(Dr. John, Physicist, Dead Mars, Dying Earth, p. 232-233)

The world goes on its merry way
AND
perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving

Fukushima nuclear reactors were too old. Biello 12:

Biello, David. "How Safe Are U.S. Nuclear Reactors? Lessons from Fukushima." Scientific American. Scientific America, 09 Mar. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2016.
But the disaster was no surprise given the type of reactors at Fukushima. In fact, nuclear power experts, computer models and other analyses have consistently shown for decades that a problem in the older boiling-water reactors employed at Fukushima Daiichi would become disastrous
because of a flawed safety system that houses the nuclear fuel, known as the Mark I containment. It is "the worst one of all the containments we have"—and in a complete blackout, "you're going to lose containment," noted U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Deputy Regional Administrator Charles Casto on March 16, 2011, who was in Japan to assist, according to transcripts of internal meetings released by the NRC. "There's no doubt about it." " 

Nuclear power is safe now – post-Fukushima regulations

Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, CRS, 2012
~6/20/12, Mark, Specialist in Energy Policy at the Congressional Research Service, "Nuclear Energy Policy," RL33558, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33558.pdf~~
The Fukushima accident
AND

World Nuclear Association 07, (Radiation and Nuclear Energy, August, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf05.htm)====
In the last 25 years a lot of research
AND
to be deliberately conservative.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Hunter College NP | Judge: John Scoggin

The aff's call for legal relief is the perfection of the slave as a slave. Relief is only possible via the master and can only be granted by the United States as a gift upon the slave—the fact of need itself means that the request will fail.

Farley 5 ~Boston College (Anthony, "Perfecting Slavery", http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp)~~
Slavery is with us still. We are haunted by slavery. We are animated
AND
beyond the veil, beyond death; hence, the end of forever.  

The rhetoric of pluralist reform helps protect and maintain stability for black suffering that underwrites the foundation of the US—their legislative antics help civil society maintain legitimacy at the expense of Indians and Blacks

Status quo intellectual protocol's ignore the way ontology doesn't permit us from understanding the being of the black man—ideas of civic participation is little more than a passionate dream that narrows the distance between the protester and the police—the fixation on specific unique experience of a myriad identities deals with conflicts within America and hides the suffering that underwrites the antagonism of America—their antics help civil society recuperate and maintain stability
Wilderson, '10 ~2010, Frank B. Wilderson is an Associate Professor of
AND
. But this stability is a state of emergency for Indians and Blacks.

White supremacy is the un-named political system that governs status-quo politics. We pass policies to satisfy a "social contract" that is inherently racist. The omission of any mention of this system is not accidental but a coordinated condition of the system.

White supremacy is the unnamed political system, however political theory has no mention of it—this omission is not accidental—white privilege is taken for granted that it isn't seen as political and is the background against which other systems are highlighted—the 1AC works in a way to not situate a broader debate about the role of racism as the political system—that's Mills
Mills '97 ~1997, Charles-; Associate Prof of Philosophy @ U Illinois
AND
talk is, after all, the political lingua franca of our times.

You cannot detach theory from its history- ethics must be informed by the injustice of empirical institutions, because the assumptions behind abstraction defy reality and serve to legitimize oppression. Curry 13

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013.
Despite the rhetorical strategies adopted by both Black and white political theorists  which urge Blacks
AND
-ethical, or a judgment refusing to write morality onto immoral entities.

Mainstream social science is structured by the entrenched, white-supremacists system which ignores the issue of race—you should prefer our impact arguments

Shaw, '04 ~Katharine, Associate Professor of Urban Studies at Ohio State Using Feminist Critical Policy Analysis in the Realm of Higher Education: The Case of Welfare Reform as Gendered Educational Policy Source: The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 75, No. 1, Special Issue: Questions of Research and Methodology, (Jan. - Feb., 2004), pp. 56-79~
The methods and theoretical frameworks that dominate current policy analysis have been developed and implemented
AND
tied to prevailing relations of power" (1997a, p. 3). 

You should view the impact debate from the lens of the dispossessed—conventional moral theory operates colorblindly—we must value the interests of minorities equally, before we make assessments on moral frameworks

• •     Mills Associate Prof of Philosophy @ U Illinois, Chicago 1997, Charles-; The Racial Contract
    The Racial Contract has always been recognized by nonwhites as the real determinant of (
    AND
    , part of the population covered by the moral operator, or not.

Our method of social resistance is the only way to create ethical agency – regardless of solvency, agency must come from an individual level via the choice to constantly rebel

Hedges, '10 ~Chris Hedges, Fellow at The Nation Institute, F. Ross Johnson-Connaught Distinguished Visitor in American Studies at the Centre for the Study of the United States at The University of Toronto, long-time foreign correspondent for the New York Times where he was part of a team of reporters that won a Pulitzer Prize for their coverage of the war on terrorism, recipient of the Amnesty International Global Award for Human Rights Journalism, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Colgate University and a Master of Divinity from Harvard Divinity School, 3/8/10, "Calling All Rebels", http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/03/08-2~~
How do we resist? How, if this descent is inevitable, as I
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are complicit in their own enslavement. They commit spiritual and moral suicide.

The alternative is to engage in unflinching paradigmatic analysis—calling attention to the antagonism that undergirds civil society is the only way to address the conflicts within it like the 1AC.

Wilderson, '10 ~2010, Frank B. Wilderson is an Associate Professor of African-American Studies at UC Irvine and has a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, "Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms,"~
Leaving aside for the moment their state of mind, it would seem that the
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foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows.

Voting negative has revolutionary potential

As debaters, we aren't policymakers or political activists but simply pedagogues in intellectual discussion—the act of an unflinching paradigmatic analysis allows us to deny intellectual legitimacy to the compromises that radical elements have made because of an unwillingness to hold moderates feet to the fire predicated on an unflinching paradigmatic analysis
Wilderson, '10 ~2010, Frank B. Wilderson is an Associate Professor of
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, Andile Mngxitama, Prishani Naidoo, John Shai, and S'bu Zulu.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

1NC - Agency

Because states are legal fictions created for a scheme of social cooperation, obligations of states must derive from the people's condition in the state of nature and the conditions that allow for the authority of the state. Pre-government people have an innate right to independence.

First, all moral obligations must derive from reason, since it is necessarily an authoritative basis for action.

Velleman 6 ~David. Self To Self. Cambridge University Press. 2006. Pg 18-19~
As we have seen, requirements that depend for their force on some external source
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something self-defeating about asking for a reason to act for reasons.

Reason is a necessary starting point for all moral questions that no agent can escape because it's impossible to question the authority reason without conceding that authority.

Second, Agency is the fundamental enterprise involved in taking any action, whereby the agent submits to a normative reason for action. It's impossible to reflect on whether we should exercise agency without already having engaged in the activity of agency. It follows that agency is the inescapable and universal across all rational agents. If the constitutive principle of agency is merely agency, then any valid practical judgment must be true of every practical agent and for every agent.

Furthermore, in tending toward any action, the agent must actually align herself with the pursuit of her end—you can't decide to do A and not A at the same time, since that doesn't make any decision at all. This involves willing compatible ends, which demands outer freedom because in tracking any end, you hold yourself to being able to reach it free from others' choice, which requires that you will consistently with your freedom as a precondition for bringing about that end at all. Thus, any maxim that subjects one person to someone else's choice is internally contradictory.

This places the coercive state seemingly at a contradiction. However, freedom is only possible if agents jointly will a common end, i.e. system of reciprocal constraints; else people could arbitrarily infringe upon the pursuit of your respective ends. You can't will yourself into a state of nature on pain of contradiction, since that would make the means of your action incompatible with the end. Thus, agents in willing any end at all are committed to willing a system of equal and outer freedom, that is, the state. Thus the standard is consistency with a system of equal outer freedoms.

I contend that banning private ownership of handguns violates the independence of individuals.

Prohibiting nuclear power production is a violation of property rights because:

It would require government confiscation of power plants owned by private companies, which directly violates their ownership rights of the reactors.

World Nuclear 16 "World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power" June 2016 AT
Government policy is central to any discussion of nuclear power in the USA. The
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-level nuclear waste that has accumulated at reactor sites across the nation.

That's offense for me —- individual sovereignty is absolute —- any excess limitation on freedom is domination and inconsistent with a system of equal freedoms.

Ripstein, (Arthur Ripstein, "Beyond the Harm Principle," University of Toronto, http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Ripstein/beyond_harm_principle.pdf//FT
Finally, the sovereignty principle ~warrants~ gives defenders of the harm principle the
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of others, the individual's sovereignty is, as Mill says, absolute. 

It would close off nuclear power production to everyone. The government cannot unilaterally declare certain industries as illegal to own and operate even if doing so will reduce accident risk, just as it cannot prohibit people from owning cars for the same purpose, because mere ownership does not violate the rights of any other person. At worst, the government can pass safety regulations to prohibit nuclear plants from posing a threat to others, but cannot outright prohibit it. Nuclear energy doesn't intrinsically interfere with anyone's ends because it doesn't involve force. It's illegitimate to prohibit it.

Levendis et al 6 John Levendis (Dr. John V. Connor Professor in Economics and Finance Associate Professor of Economics at Loyola University New Orleans), Walter Block and Joseph Morrel "Nuclear Power" Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 67, No. 1 (Aug., 2006), pp. 37-49
Let us make a more philosophical rebuttal to at the zoning chaUenge. Under the
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one, advocates grounding all planes for this or any other such reason.

Tournament: Voices RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

The affirmative reinforces the dichotomy between humans and nature – setting up humans as being able to technologically control nature by controlling waste.

Krupar '12 ("Transnatural ethics: revisiting the nuclear cleanup of Rocky Flats, Colorado, through the queer ecology of Nuclia Waste", Shiloh R Krupar, Shiloh Krupar is a Geographer and Provost's Distinguished Associate Professor at Georgetown University, where she currently serves as Field Chair of the Program in Culture and Politics in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. She holds a Ph.D. in Geography from the University of California-Berkeley, an MA in East Asian Studies from Stanford University, and a BA from Case Western Reserve University, 24 May 2012, http://cgj.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/05/28/1474474011433756 | SP)
A variety of container technologies were developed to separate, solidify, and/or
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War regime of nature was emerging in the US centered around Rocky Flats:

Their use of the state is a link and turns case – allows governments to avoid answering hard questions about things like the military industrial complex, instead labeling themselves as heroes of the environment and furthering institutionalization of environmental ethics.

Krupar '12 ("Transnatural ethics: revisiting the nuclear cleanup of Rocky Flats, Colorado, through the queer ecology of Nuclia Waste", Shiloh R Krupar, Shiloh Krupar is a Geographer and Provost's Distinguished Associate Professor at Georgetown University, where she currently serves as Field Chair of the Program in Culture and Politics in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. She holds a Ph.D. in Geography from the University of California-Berkeley, an MA in East Asian Studies from Stanford University, and a BA from Case Western Reserve University, 24 May 2012, http://cgj.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/05/28/1474474011433756 | SP)
The extraction of waste through on-site burial and off-site dispersal ordained
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surrounding sites like Rocky Flats. Its appearance contradictorily dissolves its own mandate.

The securitization of contamination reproduces a fear of difference, producing transphobic and ableist responses – only the alternative framework of transnaturalism can solve.

Krupar '12 ("Transnatural ethics: revisiting the nuclear cleanup of Rocky Flats, Colorado, through the queer ecology of Nuclia Waste", Shiloh R Krupar, Shiloh Krupar is a Geographer and Provost's Distinguished Associate Professor at Georgetown University, where she currently serves as Field Chair of the Program in Culture and Politics in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. She holds a Ph.D. in Geography from the University of California-Berkeley, an MA in East Asian Studies from Stanford University, and a BA from Case Western Reserve University, 24 May 2012, http://cgj.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/05/28/1474474011433756 | SP)
While great care must be taken when discussing the hazardous consequences of toxicity, this
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;65 and reconsidering the figures we use to think through contemporary environments.

Representations are a prior question – even if we lose framework, the K outweighs as a procedural disad – political rhetoric frames our understanding of political reality and outweighs everything – star this card

Hinds and Windt Jr. 1991 (Lynn Boyd, is Associate Professor of Broadcasting at West Virginia University. and Theodore Otto, Professor of Political Rhetoric at the University of Pittsburgh. "The Cold War As Rhetoric: The Beginnings, 1945–1950," 1991, 6-10, MT)
The primary materials for this examination are the central rhetorical texts that formulated the American
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language guides our understanding about rhetoric's role in the political construction of reality.

The alternative is to embrace the mutant drag performance of Nuclia Waste. This model of exaggerated difference and humor solves case, builds coalitions, and is an actual method to reshape our ontological position.

Krupar '12 ("Transnatural ethics: revisiting the nuclear cleanup of Rocky Flats, Colorado, through the queer ecology of Nuclia Waste", Shiloh R Krupar, Shiloh Krupar is a Geographer and Provost's Distinguished Associate Professor at Georgetown University, where she currently serves as Field Chair of the Program in Culture and Politics in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. She holds a Ph.D. in Geography from the University of California-Berkeley, an MA in East Asian Studies from Stanford University, and a BA from Case Western Reserve University, 24 May 2012, http://cgj.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/05/28/1474474011433756 | SP)
Nuclia Waste is one such potent figure that offers a way of querying and queering
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of life and politicize the sites at which this excess is eradicated.'73

Fiat is not just illusory but delusionary. Not only does the plan not actually pass but we'll pre empt the 1ar arguments about critical thinking or agency.

Schlag '90 (Pierre, professor of law at the University of Colorado, Stanford Law Review, lexis, AM)
In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will
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in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.

Tournament: Voices RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

The aff ignores the prior question of Native American colonization. Where are we? How did we get here? What right does our government have to exist? They fail to come to terms with a basic material fact: we are colonial occupiers of stolen land.  Failure to address these questions means that their politics of liberation will fail.

Churchill, 03 (Ward, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, "I am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World").
Leaving aside questions concerning the validity of various treaties, the beginning point for any
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for attainment of everyone seriously committed to accomplishing positive change in North America.

Their project is destroyed by the failure to address colonial violence.  No state can both wage a racist war within its borders and claim to engage in politics of liberation.  Moreover, they will make things WORSE because the continued failure of progressivism will result in a public disenchanted with the very notion of fundamental change.

Churchill, 03  (Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader.  THE NEW FACE OF LIBERATION:  
Indigenous Rebellion, State Repression, and the Reality of the Fourth World).
It's time to stop fantasizing and confront what this consummation might look like. To
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question, then, comes down to where to look for a replacement.

Given the aff's negligence, our alternative is to prioritize land return.  This must come before engaging the aff, which abandons material questions in favor of theoretical gestures that only serve to comfort colonial oppressors.

Churchill, 03 (Ward, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, "I am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World").
Not only is it perfectly reasonable to assert that a restoration of native control over
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make themselves part of the problem rather than becoming part of the solution.

Taking the decolonization of North America seriously is the only way to control the state. It is impossible to end oppression without starting in Indian Country. Otherwise, extinction is inevitable.

Churchill, 03 (Ward, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, "Radioactive Colonization").
It is worth observing that the ensuing decolonization of Native North America would offer benefits
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goes around, comes around, " as Charlie Manson liked to say).

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

K

The 1ACs assumption that US military power needs to be curbed because it is an entrenchment of US dominance over other countries assumes that others can't handle the US's nuclear energy reproduces inequality and re-entrenches state power. They only ban nuclear power for the US – assuming developing nations aren't capable. Their Connory 2 evidence criticizes the US for being anglo centric and dominating – this is a link.

Mathur '16 — Department of Political Science and Geography, Univ of Texas (Ritu, Sly civility and the paradox of equality/inequality in the nuclear order: a post-colonial critique, Critical Studies on Security, Volume 4, 2016, Issue 1)
The contemporary efforts of scholars to describe the nuclear order as an 'enlightened' or
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'nuclear apartheid' will receive some serious consideration from those interested in peace.

The role of the ballot is to reject orientalism as a prejudiced and inaccurate view of the world. Their language is a first priority – stereotypes shape how we think

Mathur '16 — Department of Political Science and Geography, Univ of Texas (Ritu, Sly civility and the paradox of equality/inequality in the nuclear order: a post-colonial critique, Critical Studies on Security, Volume 4, 2016, Issue 1
Sly civility can be understood as a concept encompassing practices of racial etiquette and strategic
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dispositions' towards others in the field of arms control and disarmament (23).

The alternative is to embrace an emancipatory post-colonial politics –must create a knowledge base that can foster cooperative attempts at meaningful political change. Brydon '06

Diana Brydon, University of Western Ontario, '6 ~Postcolonial Test 2.1, "Is There a Politics of Postcoloniality?" http://journals.sfu.ca/pocol/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/508/175~~**
For Hasseler and Krebs, then, the politics of postcoloniality are academic politics,
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the implications of such transference for the practice of a politics of postcoloniality?

Colonial racism is the biggest impact in the round – viewing others as subhuman, dangerous, and irrational is the root cause of many of society's ills

Mathur '14 (Ritu, 'The West and the Rest': A Civilizational Mantra in Arms Control and Disarmament?   Contemporary Security Policy, 35:3, 332-355)
To further protect the 'well springs of technological innovation' education, fundamental research in
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of force, and equates civilization with the ability to wage war.65

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Apple Valley DA | Judge: Evnen, Lipton

K

Representing the dangers of proliferation to third world nations relies on racist orientalism

Gusterson '99 (Gusterson, Hugh,"Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination" Cultural Anthropology, 14.1 Feb 1999 http://www.jstor.org/stable/656531 Aug 17/2009 TBC 6/29/10)
Thus in Western discourse nuclear weapons are represented so that "theirs" are a
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is also to be found in U.S. national security discourse.

The 'proliferation' metaphor is epistemologically bankrupt —- their framing obscures the root cause of the spread of weapons, turning the case

Mutimer 00 (David, Professor of Political Science – York University (Canada), The Weapons State: Proliferation and the Framing of Security, p. 58-63)
To this point I have discussed the various images through which weapons technology has been
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has constituted the object of those practices as a "proliferation" problem. 

immediate replacements for security are constructions of expert knowledge that rely on circular and epistemologically-closed narratives—- the drive for certainty and closure produces violence.  It crowds out vital ethical questions about IR

Biswas 7 (Shampa, Professor of Politics – Whitman College, "Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist", Millennium, 36(1), p. 117-125)
It has been 30 years since Stanley Hoffman accused IR of being an 'American
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expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

The alternative is to embrace an emancipatory post-colonial politics –must create a knowledge base that can foster cooperative attempts at meaningful political change. Brydon '06

Diana Brydon, University of Western Ontario, '6 ~Postcolonial Test 2.1, "Is There a Politics of Postcoloniality?" http://journals.sfu.ca/pocol/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/508/175~~**
For Hasseler and Krebs, then, the politics of postcoloniality are academic politics,
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the implications of such transference for the practice of a politics of postcoloniality?

Questions of framing are a meta-argument that must precede policy discussion

Crawford 2 (Neta, Ph.D. and MA – MIT, Professor of Political Science – Boston University, Argument and Change in World Policy, p. 19-21)
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
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entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument.

Tournament: Valley RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lake Highland MK | Judge: xx

Interpretation: If the affirmative choses to parametricize an advocacy, they must specify at minimum two actors, with a solvency advocate that species both of them taking an action.

GREG N. CARLSON, 1977,  A UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH BARE PLURAL*, http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~~ivano/LogicSeminar_15W/Material/Carlson_1977_EnglishBarePlurals.pdf**
The notion that the null determiner is the plural counterpart of u is bolstered by
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. It is not clear to me how to state these restrictions formally.

Violation:

Standards:

Textuality: "Countries" is a plural word. By definition, a plural noun must have more than one subject. Grammatically, the resolution reads that multiple countries have to prohibit nuclear production. Grammar is key to fairness because it is the only predictable, not arbitrary way of debating the resolution. Key to education because we cannot clash if you are unpredictable.

Limits: There are 144 countries that the aff can spec—forcing the aff to spec at least two countries decreases the number of combinations the aff can specify. My interpretation is uniquely key on this topic because nuclear power initiatives are often multinational—empirically proven through Saudi-Korean relations. The topic already huge, don't make it bigger. Limits are key to clash because you can only prepare so much—their interpretation means there will never be real substantive debate, just generic K rounds. And key to fairness because it ensures that one debater will not arbitrarily be ahead in the debate.