Tournament: xx | Round: Finals | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
Email me at 21akshaym@students.harker.org or hmu at Akshay Manglik on Facebook if you have questions or want the full text of a case.

Tournament: xx | Round: Finals | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
Email me at 21akshaym@students.harker.org or hmu at Akshay Manglik on Facebook if you have questions or want the full text of a case.

Tournament: xx | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

1AC

FW

Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.

Winter and Leighton 99 ~Deborah DuNann Winter  and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5~
She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.

Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true.

GUENTHER 12 ~Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012~
Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
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and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.

Plan

QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to
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wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement.

TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers.

That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10

University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010
A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
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would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84

Advantage

The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a
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decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem.

Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as
AND
to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.

Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have
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. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission.

Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,

Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. ~#10-32 
Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more
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it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility. 

And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,

Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN ~Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~**
2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons
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manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice.

Underview

Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
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has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.

Tournament: xx | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Part 1 is Framework

The standard is identifying the best strategy for resisting ableist oppression, as contextualized by aff offense.

Analysis of ableism is a critical focal point in addressing structural oppression caused by the hegemonic power structures of globalization. Academia is a uniquely key forum to bring about these issues. Mitchell '10

Snyder and Mitchell 10 (Introduction: Ablenationalism and the Geo-Politics of Disability Sharon L. Snyder David T. Mitchell Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2010, pp. 113-125)
As a result, Disability Studies in McRuer's point of view should continue to affiliate
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and, as such, key guiding principles of democracy are left unrealized.

Ableism operates as master trope illuminating the fundamental tactic of oppression—the naturalization of social inferiority as biological difference. Siebers 09

Siebers, University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism, Tobin, "The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification", Oct 28, 2009, Lecture, Google Books.
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
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represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Part 2 is the Topic

Plan Text: The US Supreme Court ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing its application to lawsuits under disability discrimination statutes.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The Supreme Court recently affirmed that the unambiguous lan guage of a statute is dispositive
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the text of the Acts manifests Congress's intent to bar any immunity defense.

Only the supreme court can be the actor because it is precedential, in overturning q/I for police officers, they must interpret the ADA in its explicit text, which implies the decision's application to q/I for all public officials.

Advantage 1 is Legislative History

Even if you think the state is bad, you cannot ignore the specificity of this historical analysis. Every relevant indicator implies that governments intended to help disabled people with these policies. Don't think of the aff as defending a policy but rather a movement, which QI stands in the way of.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The legislative history of the Rehabilitation Act reveals that Con gress intended to supply disabled
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Congress intended that each be broadly interpreted to provide effective remedies against discrimination...

Qualified immunity stands directly in conflict with the legislative history of disability discrimination statutes. There are two scenarios where it removes damages all together.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
First, because damages may not be obtained from the federal gov ernment under the
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is wholly inapplicable to actions for damages brought under the disability discrimination statutes.

Recognition of the disabled body creates ruptures in status quo thinking that challenge societal prejudice. Campbell 09

Campbell, Griffith University, 9 (Fiona Kumari, 2009, "Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness," page 12-13, Date Accessed: 7/7)
Returning to the matter of definitional clarity around abled(ness), Robert McRuer (
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'unavoidable duality' by putting forward another metaphor, that of the mirror.

Advantage 2 is Police Brutality

ADA suits are going to be popular to resist police violence, two scenarios:

Excessive force.

Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP)
In light of Yeskey, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a summary judgment
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on the police to handle problematic situations with people who have disabilities.172

Suicide Calls and Emergencies – will require a paradigmatic shift.

Harrington '01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor of Law, The University of Texas. B.A., Pontifical College Josephinum, 1968; M.A.(Philosophy), University of Detroit, 1970; J.D., University of Detroit, 1973. Director, Americans with Disabilities Act National Backup Center, 1995-1998. The author has been lead counsel or co-counsel in more than 350 ADA cases. "A RE-BIRTH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LITIGATION: USING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT TO OVERCOME SECTION 1983 HURDLES AND HOLD GOVERNMENT AND POLICE ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years" 2001 | SP)
Another common call to the police is for help with an individual who has suicidal
AND
175 There will likely continue to be considerable litigation in this area.176

The aff holds police accountable for this violence and deters future violations of disability discrimination status. Q/I makes being a plaintiff impossible.

Gildin '99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. "DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED" University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The United States Congress has endeavored to guarantee the equal participation of the disabled in
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construed to provide disabled individuals with broad remedies should they suffer discrimination. n14

Tournament: xx | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Part 1 is Framework

Traditional ethics has functioned from a place of privilege and domination, thereby silencing the voices of marginalized groups. Morality can't be a set of rigid rules based on a universal white, masculine subject's "reason." Arnault 92

Lynne S Arnault,PhD, Prof Miss State Gender/Body/Knowledge, Ed. By Alison Jagger, 1992
For many philosophers in the American-British analytic tradition, radical feminist moral theory
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have reinforced dualistic ideologies of masculinity and femininity. (186-7)

Theories that fail to acknowledge the prevalence of patriarchy are subject to flawed epistemology – any framework must be filtered through an understanding of the gendered politics of the resolution. Stanley 02

Liz Stanley Prof. Womens Studies @ Manchester and Sue Wise Prof of social justice Lancaster, Breaking out Again , 2002
Is there a distinct feminist method, in the sense of a technique of data
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Existing feminist epistemologies do this in varied ways. (188-9)

The role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change. Trifonas 03

PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
If we superimpose my formulation of "power as relation" on the discussion concerning
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to make the world a better place for us and for our children.

Only working within the state resolves gender violence – reforming assumptions in policy is uniquely valuable

Tickner, feminist IR theorist and a distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services, American University, 01 
~J. Ann, Gendering World Politics, p. 11-13, MM~
Feminist theories are multidisciplinary; they draw from both the social and natural sciences as
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biases in the ways in which our theories have been focused and developed.

Part 2 is Offense

The impacts to intimate partner violence are horrific and experienced by 1.3 million women each year. NCADV '07

NCADV 07 ("Domestic Violence Facts." National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Every Home a Safe Home. NCADV Public Policy Office, Washington D.C. July 2007.")
Domestic violence is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault,
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restraining orders against intimate partners who raped or stalked the victim were violated.

Police departments fail to investigate domestic violence in the squo – DOJ investigations prove. ACLU 12/15

American Civil Liberties Union. 12/15/15 For nearly 100 years, the ACLU has been our nation's guardian of liberty, working in courts, legislatures, and communities to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and the laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country. With more than a million members, activists, and supporters, the ACLU is a nationwide organization that fights tirelessly in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. to safeguard everyone's rights. It is a non partisan group. "POLICE DEPARTMENTS ASKED TO EXAMINE GENDER-BIAS AND VICTIM TREATMENT" ACLU Accessed 11/12/16 https://www.aclu.org/news/doj-issues-new-guidance-police-domestic-violence-and-sexual-assault-cases | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships.
The guidance comes on the heels of DOJ investigations of gender-biased policing in
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a victim is put at greater risk as a result of police conduct.

Police fail to enforce restraining orders – studies prove. Jain 11

Niji Jain. 2011. Jain is an associate in the firm's litigation department. Prior to joining the firm, Ms. Jain served as a law clerk to the Honorable Orinda D. Evans in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Ms. Jain has been active in litigation at all stages, including pre-litigation counseling, discovery, motions practice, mediation, and trial. She has a JD with honors from Emory, was a Robert W. Woodruff Fellow there and was Notes and Comments Editor at the Emory Law Journal. She has a BA from Stanford. "ENGENDERING FAIRNESS IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ARRESTS" EMORY LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 60, 2011~ Accessed 11/4/16 http://law.emory.edu/elj/_documents/volumes/60/4/comments/jain.pdf | AM
The facts of the Castle Rock case are egregious but sadly common. Nationally,
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violence and their children. The next section discusses these barriers to accountability.

Police enforcement is key to solve domestic violence – failure condones and emboldens abusers. Jain 11

Niji Jain. 2011. Jain is an associate in the firm's litigation department. Prior to joining the firm, Ms. Jain served as a law clerk to the Honorable Orinda D. Evans in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Ms. Jain has been active in litigation at all stages, including pre-litigation counseling, discovery, motions practice, mediation, and trial. She has a JD with honors from Emory, was a Robert W. Woodruff Fellow there and was Notes and Comments Editor at the Emory Law Journal. She has a BA from Stanford. "ENGENDERING FAIRNESS IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ARRESTS" EMORY LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 60, 2011~ Accessed 11/4/16 http://law.emory.edu/elj/_documents/volumes/60/4/comments/jain.pdf | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships.
There are several compelling reasons for encouraging police enforcement of protective orders. First,
AND
will continue to disregard the safety of gender-based violence victims.77

Intimate partner violence spills over to affect the security of all women in society. Seith 97

Escaping Domestic Violence: Asylum as a Means of Protection for Battered Women (Fall, 1997) Patricia A. Seith - Columbia Law Review, Vol. 97, No. 6
Violence is used against women as a form of social control and is effective because
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the manifestation of the power that men use to maintain control over women.

Structural violence is the largest proximate cause of war- creates priming that psychologically structures escalation

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois '4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Part 3 is the Plan

Plan Text: The USFG should amend qualified immunity with a standard which exempts police officers from protection when they create danger to domestic violence victims through actions or an act of omission. Shtelmakher 10 explains:

Milena Shtelmakher. 6/1/10 Shtelmakher focuses on complex civil litigation in the state and federal courts in New York, including cases of catastrophic property damage and fire loss, construction defect, and professional liability. Mila has significant experience handling all aspects of civil litigation, including case development, suit evaluation, motion support, and trial preparation. Prior to joining SGL, Mila was an Associate at a New York City firm where she represented individual health care providers and hospitals in all types of high-exposure healthcare and professional liability claims. Prior to law school, she worked in the Investor Protection Bureau of the New York State Attorney General's Office, where she assisted with prosecutions of fraud in the insurance, mutual fund, and mortgage industries. Mila earned her Juris Doctorate from Loyola Law School, Los Angeles where she was an editor of the Loyola Law Review. She also interned with the Honorable Charles E. Ramos of the New York Supreme Court, Commercial Division and the Honorable Dean D. Pregerson of the United States District Court, Central District of California. Additionally, she volunteered at a domestic violence clinic helping victims obtain restraining orders in court. "POLICE MISCONDUCT AND LIABILITY: APPLYING THE STATE-CREATED DANGER DOCTRINE TO HOLD POLICE OFFICERS ACCOUNTABLE FOR RESPONDING INADEQUATELY TO DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE SITUATIONS" Loyola Law Review Rev. 1533 Accessed 11/1/16 http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2701andcontext=llr | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships.
In cases arising from domestic-violence complaints, federal courts apply the state-
AND
subjects them to liability whether they take action or fail to do so.

Part 4 is Solvency

Qualified immunity is a key obstacle in fighting domestic violence. Shtelmakher 10

Milena Shtelmakher. 6/1/10 Shtelmakher focuses on complex civil litigation in the state and federal courts in New York, including cases of catastrophic property damage and fire loss, construction defect, and professional liability. Mila has significant experience handling all aspects of civil litigation, including case development, suit evaluation, motion support, and trial preparation. Prior to joining SGL, Mila was an Associate at a New York City firm where she represented individual health care providers and hospitals in all types of high-exposure healthcare and professional liability claims. Prior to law school, she worked in the Investor Protection Bureau of the New York State Attorney General's Office, where she assisted with prosecutions of fraud in the insurance, mutual fund, and mortgage industries. Mila earned her Juris Doctorate from Loyola Law School, Los Angeles where she was an editor of the Loyola Law Review. She also interned with the Honorable Charles E. Ramos of the New York Supreme Court, Commercial Division and the Honorable Dean D. Pregerson of the United States District Court, Central District of California. Additionally, she volunteered at a domestic violence clinic helping victims obtain restraining orders in court. "POLICE MISCONDUCT AND LIABILITY: APPLYING THE STATE-CREATED DANGER DOCTRINE TO HOLD POLICE OFFICERS ACCOUNTABLE FOR RESPONDING INADEQUATELY TO DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE SITUATIONS" Loyola Law Review Rev. 1533 Accessed 11/1/16 http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2701andcontext=llr | AM I do not endorse the gendered language in this card, nor that domestic violence only affects women or those in heterosexual relationships.
Part of the battle against domestic violence is to make adequate, and thus appropriate
AND
of the danger of domestic violence by making them accountable for their conduct.

The best way to solve domestic violence is to limit qualified immunity for police officers for domestic violence. Dean '98

Michael Dean. April 8, 1998 Dean has been an attorney, counselor and businessman in Southeast Oakland County since 1981. Attorney Michael Dean graduated from Albion College, cum laude, with a degree in Economics and Professional Management. Michael Dean worked in the family business while attending the University of Detroit Law School. "THE FAILURE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT TO ENFORCE THE LAW" Michael Dean Accessed 11/4/16 "http://mdean.tripod.com/immunity.html" | AM
For example, historically, there has been a general reluctance on the part of
AND
where the elements of negligence could be proven and the facts demanded it.

QI is the biggest hurdle in domestic violence cases – inconsistent standards and lack of judicial oversight prove Harper '90

Laura Harper September 9 1990 Powell is MFA's Associate General Counsel. Laura is responsible, along with other MFA counsel, for monitoring, analyzing and commenting on regulatory and legislative developments affecting the alternative investment industry. Prior to joining MFA, Laura was Of Counsel in the New York office of Kirkland and Ellis LLP, where she practiced in the firm's Corporate Group and focused on derivatives and corporate finance transactions. As part of her practice, Laura represented end-users in preparing and negotiating customized over-the-counter derivatives and other trading documentation for their asset management and risk management strategies. Laura also represented investment advisers, pension fund investors, issuers and other capital markets participants in a broad range of public and private securities offerings and investments and related regulatory compliance and disclosure matters. Laura received her Juris Doctor from Cornell Law School in 1991 and her Master of Business Administration degree from Cornell University's Johnson Graduate School of Management in 1990. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Utah. "Battered Women Suing Police for Failure to Intervene: Viable Legal Avenues After Deshaney v. Winnibago County Department of Social Services" 75 Cornell L. Rev. 1392 (1990) Accessed 11/14/16 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3473andcontext=clr | AM
Should a battered woman plaintiff proffer sufficient evidence of an equal protection or due process
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hurdle for battered women seeking redress for the deprivation of their constitutional rights.

Part 5 is Framing

Their invocation of extinction risk is just a tool of the imperial elite to justify continued domination – reject high magnitude low risk arguments that only serve to perpetuate everyday violence.

Saunders 5 ~Rebecca Comparative Lit @ Illinois St., "Risky Business: Edward Said as Literary Critic" Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle Eas p. 529-532~
Risk-free ethics, like all protection from risk, are a class privilege
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which judging is everywhere beset. . . . to admit that 'obligation'

Prediction is impossible – linear analysis causes policy failure

Sa, 04 – Deug Whan, Dong-U College, South Korea, ("CHAOS, UNCERTA I N T Y, AND POLICY CHOICE: UTILIZING THE ADAPTIVE MODEL," International Review of Public Administration, vol. 8, no. 2, 2004, scholar)RK
In many cases, a small choice might lead to overwhelming results that generate either
AND
states, the same environments, and governed by the same causal relationships.

Their fixation on national interests and apocalyptic scenarios justifies endless violence, totalitarianism, and nuclear war – reject their improbable securitizing scenarios

Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
AND
, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Reject patriarchy as a starting point for broader social reform — ignoring this impact is heteronormative and wrong.

Ferber 04 — Abby Ferber, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Matrix Center for the Advancement of Social Equity and Inclusion at the University of Pittsburgh, co-organizer of the national White Privilege Conference, Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Oregon, M.A. in Sociology from the University of Oregon, ("Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors," Feminism and Masculinities, Published by Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0–19–926724–3, pgs. 235-236)
Kipnis (1995) argues that 'male-bashing is de rigueur in today's
AND
, and white men in particular, today's truly oppressed. ~. . .~

Women security against gender violence is the internal link to global stability—solves a litany of global impacts.  Hudson '12

Hudson 12 (Valerie M, What Sexs Mean for World Peace, Valerie M. Hudson is professor and George H.W. Bush chair in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM , .http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/24/what_sex_means_for_world_peace?page=full)
Well, here is some robust empirical evidence that we cannot ignore: Using the
AND
— and in turn its rise to world power — in this century. 

International stability solves nuclear escalation—interstate aggression with the nuclear option means there is always a risk—only way to avoid extinction. Morgan '09

Morgan 09 (Dennis Ray Morgan *
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus - South Korea, Elsevier, Futures 41 (2009) 683–693, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race")
Besides the accidental factor, another factor that could incite nuclear war is that of
AND
, military, industrial or civilian targets and preemptively attacks that nation.'' 

Structural violence transcends ethics- it biases our thought processes to exclude others and consider violence acceptable. Winter and Leighton 99

Deborah DuNann Winter (Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology) and Dana C. Leighton (PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century."
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sunset AB | Judge: Jeff Joseph

1AC

Framework

The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not 'me-search' and radical utopias

Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He's also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 

Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine

Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
AND
the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.

Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
AND
has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 

Offense

Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights

Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).

The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.

Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman's Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 

Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.

McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
AND
contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11

Free speech codes shut down campus criticism and replace it with government-approved propaganda – there's a massive spillover effect because journalism grads lose the ability to pursue controversial pieces and censorship becomes normalized

Sanders 6 (Chris Sanders –  University of Arizona Law Review, "Censorship 101: Anti-Hazelwood Laws and the Preservation of Free Speech at Colleges and Universities", "Say no More: Hazelwood's Dangers For College Students' Free Expression" – through the end of "Too Much Freedom: How the Extension of Hazelwood to Universities Could Endanger the Future of the First Amendment", pgs. 171 – 173, https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2058/Issue201/sanders.pdf , EmmieeM)
Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number
AND
" speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.

Discourse is a pre-requisite to change – relationships must first be made visible before reformation can occur

Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, "Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy," pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover//LADI)
Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony
AND
opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution. 

Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
AND
commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.

Solvency

The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.

Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, ?http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)    
Democracy's formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
AND
it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?

The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – calculative ordering is the root cause of extinction threats which turns their DA's

Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant's moral demand for the eventual abolition
AND
and violence as necessary policy responses, however ineffective, dysfunctional or chaotic.

The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant's philosophy blog, November 11^th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

1AC

Framework

The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not 'me-search' and radical utopias

Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He's also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 

Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine

Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
AND
the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.

Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
AND
has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 

Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
AND
may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes. 

Offense

Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights

Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).

The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.

Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman's Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 

Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.

McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
AND
contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11

Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
AND
commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.

Solvency

The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant's philosophy blog, November 11^th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of "protection" movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.

Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
Democracy's formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
AND
it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
See War on Terror 1AC (v1)

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Yichen Zhu | Judge: John Scoggin

1AC

Framework

The political process has changed – we have become fixated on looking to personal ethics- instead we need to engage with concrete action not 'me-search' and radical utopias

Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He's also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, "The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)", http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time. 

Offense

Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship

Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, "Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities" (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).

The security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing tolerance for right-wing students - struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.

Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman's Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; "The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State", "Academic Contaiment" – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, "Academic Containment", EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state. 

The state fabricates dangerous "Others" to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony - Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.

McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia"Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib", pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
AND
contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11

Free speech codes shut down campus criticism and replace it with government-approved propaganda – there's a massive spillover effect because journalism grads lose the ability to pursue controversial pieces and censorship becomes normalized

Sanders 6 (Chris Sanders –  University of Arizona Law Review, "Censorship 101: Anti-Hazelwood Laws and the Preservation of Free Speech at Colleges and Universities", "Say no More: Hazelwood's Dangers For College Students' Free Expression" – through the end of "Too Much Freedom: How the Extension of Hazelwood to Universities Could Endanger the Future of the First Amendment", pgs. 171 – 173, https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2058/Issue201/sanders.pdf , EmmieeM)
Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number
AND
" speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.

Discourse is a pre-requisite to change – relationships must first be made visible before reformation can occur

Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, "Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy," pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover//LADI)
Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony
AND
opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution. 

Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. "Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus", pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
AND
commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.

Solvency

The aff spills over - we should engage in discourse that criticizes the security state because it challenges the social practice of war

Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, "What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war", http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
AND
has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war. 

By framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals rather than evil "Others" to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption - anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.

Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique", "Dissent as a Form of Struggle" – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, ?http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)    
Democracy's formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
AND
it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?

Underview

The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant's philosophy blog, November 11^th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – calculative ordering is the root cause of extinction threats which turns their DA's

Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant's moral demand for the eventual abolition
AND
and violence as necessary policy responses, however ineffective, dysfunctional or chaotic.

Tournament: xx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Akhilesh Chegu | Judge: Jacob Lugo

1AC

Fmwk

Because ought implies a moral obligation, I value morality. 

Phenomenal introspection is reliable and proves that util's true.

Sinhababu Neil (National University of Singapore) "The epistemic argument for hedonism" http://philpapers.org/archive/SINTEA-3 accessed 2-4-16 JW
The Odyssey's treatment of these events demonstrates how dramatically ancient Greek moral intuitions differ from
AND
not do something I commit the action of not doing or choosing the action

Only consequentialism can be applied to a government actor. Woller:

Gary Woller ~BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10~
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
offs implied by their polices are somehow to the overall advantage of society. 

Extinction must matter under any framework so that deliberation over the alternatives will continue. Bostrom '11

Nick Bostrom '11, "The Concept of Existential Risk", 2011, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority Accessed 4/15/16 http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
the process of getting there (but rather, if possible, improved).

Adv 1: Disease

Currently – the world is at risk of a disease epidemic – no one is prepared – McNeil 7-31

Donald G. Mcneil Jr., Donald G. McNeil Jr. is a science and health reporter specializing in plagues and pestilences. He covers diseases of the world's poor, including AIDS, Ebola, malaria, swine and bird flu, mad cow disease, SARS and so on. , 7-31-2017, "Only Six Nations Have Evaluated Readiness for Global Pandemic," NYT, https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/health/global-pandemic-preparedness.html?_r=1 | AM
Of the world's countries, only six — three rich ones and three poor ones
AND
since 1980, and air travel spreads contagions across oceans far more often.

Diseases will cause extinction – laundry list of causes checks burnout and generic defense

Gordon, 8 – BA in Engineering, MBA, CEO of Early Warning, Inc. (Neil, "Biohazards are the greatest threat to humankind," Early Warning, Accessed 6/12/16 http://www.earlywarninginc.com/biohazards.php)//SY
Biohazard outbreaks from pathogens and infectious diseases occur every day in the U.S
AND
count the dead, the dying, environmental damage, and economic costs.

Disease is the most probable threat – o/ws all other impacts Gates 2-18

Bill Gates, 2-18-2017, "BILL GATES: A new kind of terrorism could wipe out 30 million people in less than a year — and we are not prepared," Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/bill-gates-op-ed-bio-terrorism-epidemic-world-threat-2017-2  | AM
When I decided 20 years ago to make global health the focus of my philanthropic
AND
world's biggest challenges to create a safer, healthier, more stable world.

It's the most likely existential risk – Checks stop all other impacts

Harack '16 (3/21, Ben, staff @ Vision of the Earth, "How likely is human extinction due to a natural pandemic?", http://www.visionofearth.org/future-of-humanity/existential-risks/human-extinction-by-natural-pandemic/)**
Unsurprisingly, estimates of this risk vary wildly; even expert commentators tend to be
AND
risk among the natural existential risks we consider to be the most dangerous.

Only takes months

Newitz 14 (7/3, Annalee, staff @ Gizmodo, "7 Global Apocalypse Scenarios That Might Really Happen", http://io9.gizmodo.com/7-global-apocalypse-scenarios-that-might-really-happen-1599781413)**
There's nothing that a pandemic disease loves more than city life, with lots of
AND
virulent enough, humanity could be wiped out in a matter of months.

Solvency

Plan Text: The Department of Health and Human Services should make service in either the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service or the Medical Reserve Corps compulsory for medical and public health professionals. To clarify, a medical or public health professional would be required to participate in one of the two programs. Townshend 06, the solvency advocate, elaborates

Frances Fragos Townshend. February 2006. Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. "ThE FEDERAL RESPONSE TO HURRICANE KATRINA LESSONS LEARNED" Office of the President of the United States https://books.google.com/books?id=qbLtB_3lIWkC | AM
HHS should organize, train, equip, and roster medical and public health professionals
AND
system to quickly and efficiently identify, credential and assign personnel to missions. 

The MRC engages in a laundry list of localized, community actions and disaster responses– key to rapid response to stop emerging pathogens. NACCHO '16

National Association of County and City Health Officials June 2016 The National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) was founded in the 1960's. Since its inception, NACCHO has sought to improve the public's health while adhering to a set of core values: equity, excellence, participation, respect, integrity, leadership, science and innovation. Today, NACCHO is comprised of nearly 3,000 local health departments across the United States. Together, we form an organization focused on being a leader, partner, catalyst, and voice for change for local health departments around the nation. "Medical Reserve Corps" NACCHO http://www.naccho.org/uploads/downloadable-resources/13-06-Medical-Reserve-Corps.pdf | AM
MRC units are trained and ready. Units train their volunteers to meet core competencies
AND
engaging their local MRC units to help keep the public both safe and healthy

Commissioned Corps uniquely key to solve disease – laundry list of issues Flowers et al '09

CDR Louis Flowers, PharmD, MS, CAPT Jeannette Wick, RPh, MBA, CAPT William Douglas Figg, Sr., PharmD, MBA, CAPT Robert H. McClelland, PharmD, BCPS, NCPS, CDR Michael Shiber, BS Pharm, CDR James E. Britton, PharmD, LCDR Diem-Kieu H. Ngo, PharmD, LCDR Vicky Borders-Hemphill, PharmD, LCDR Christina Mead, PharmD, NCPS, LT Jerry Zee, PharmD, and CDR Paul Huntzinger, BS Pharm, MA May June 2009 "U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Pharmacists: Making a Difference in Advancing the Nation's Health" J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2009 May–Jun; 49(3): 446–452. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824555/ | AM
Public health—the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting
AND
to more than 1.1 affected individuals in the focus countries.21

Ebola proves laundry list of benefits Brown-Stephenson '17

Michelle Brown-Stephenson, MS, MLS, BSN, CHES 2017. CAPT Michelle Brown-Stephenson is a Regional Nurse Consultant in the Federal Bureau of Prisons South Central Region and a Commissioned Corps Officer in the United States Public Health Service (USPHS). CAPT Brown-Stephenson has served 20 years in correctional nursing in various sub specialties. She has deployed in staff and leadership positions in response to numerous public health catastrophes. Michelle earned a baccalaureate in nursing science degree, dual Master's degrees in health education and medical librarianship, and advanced certification as a Health Education Specialist. She is currently pursuing a PhD degree in public health. "United States Public Health Service Nurses: Deployment in Global Crisis" ANA PeriodicalsOJINTable of ContentsVol 22 2017No1 Jan 2017 http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-22-2017/No1-Jan-2017/United-States-Public-Health-Service-Nurses.html | AM
Nurses serving in the uniformed forces are often first responders to medical crises throughout the
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health crises, as they have done throughout history of the nursing profession.

Underview

Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology

Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 ("Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left," Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant's philosophy blog, November 11^th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
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.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

Institutional approaches are key to movements and salvaging good parts of the state

Grossberg, 92 (Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture", page 388-389)
The demand for moral and ideological purity often results in the rejection of any
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reasonably democratic structures of institutionalization, even if they are impure and compromised.

Tournament: xx | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx

Plan Text: The Department of Health and Human Services should make service in either the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service or the Medical Reserve Corps compulsory for medical and public health professionals. To clarify, a medical or public health professional would be required to participate in one of the two programs. Townshend 06, the solvency advocate, elaborates

Frances Fragos Townshend. February 2006. Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. "ThE FEDERAL RESPONSE TO HURRICANE KATRINA LESSONS LEARNED" Office of the President of the United States https://books.google.com/books?id=qbLtB_3lIWkC | AM
HHS should organize, train, equip, and roster medical and public health professionals
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system to quickly and efficiently identify, credential and assign personnel to missions.