Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx ZP | Judge: Chris Thies
Subpoint A is the interpretation
First, Resolved implies a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
Second, Prohibit is to legally prohibit
(http://www.dictionary.com/browse/prohibit, EmmieeM)
to forbid (an action, activity, etc.) by authority or law:
Our interpretation is that the resolution should define the division of affirmative and negative ground. It was negotiated and announced in advance, providing both sides with a reasonable opportunity to prepare to engage one another’s arguments.
Subpoint B is the violation -- The affirmative violates this interpretation because they do not implement a legal prohibition of nuclear power.

Subpoint C are reasons to prefer
1st – procedural fairness – the affirmative’s interpretation let’s them talk about anything. It’s 100 unpredictable – the affirmative can change from round to round, making it entirely unpredictable. Fairness is also the strongest internal link to education because if debate is not fair, then balance is not possible. It is not possible to research the topic if I do not know what the topic is.
2 - Heuristics. While fiat might not be “real”, accepting our discussion of the state as “a heuristic” and not as “a descriptor”, creates a contingent toolkit that best recognizes the complexity of politics
Zanotti 14 (Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304, obtained via school library being awesome.)
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
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where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations. 13
3 - Deliberation Skills – Substantive regulations that demarcate limits are necessary for dialogue – refusal to tailor their identity claims to normative, public stances shuts down the possibility for discussion and democratic respect
John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
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need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate.
The impact is massive – global problem-solving depends on a deliberative, pluralistic approach to democracy – solves all impacts
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
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with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.
4 - Constructive Constraints. Absolute affirmative flexibility leaves the negative without meaningful ground to advance well-developed counter-arguments. Establishing boundaries is important because they spur imagination and innovation, improving the quality of debates.  
Thomas and Brown 11 — Douglas Thomas, Associate Professor in the Annenberg School for
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Published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 1456458884, p. 35)
Learning Environments
We believe, however, that learning should be viewed in terms of an environment
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in figuring out novel situations within the constraints of the situation or context.
Environments with well-defined and carefully constructed boundaries are not usually thought of as standardized, nor are they tested and measured. Rather, they can be described as a set of pressures that nudge and guide change. They are substrates for evolution, and they move at varying rates of speed.
Topical version of the AFF solves – “Japan ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power” would solve 100 of your impacts because it would prevent future meltdowns. Also, you can run Fukushima as a contention

Or, run it as a kritik on the negative
Voting issue – if I win that either the affirmative’s interpretation is bad for fairness or bad for education, I win the debate. Topicality should be a voting issue because it is a pre-requisite to a fair debate.

Tournament: Voices RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lynbrook HW | Judge: Totally forgot
First, Framework. Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution. Marsh 95,
Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
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move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.

The role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change.  Trifonas 03,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
If we superimpose my formulation of “power as relation” on the discussion concerning
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to make the world a better place for us and for our children.
Second, Links. The energy debate has been subsumed into a single-issue form of politics—it’s a palliative that forces us into ignoring the class struggle at the heart of energy politics—the Kritik turns case; sustainable energy change can only occur with the alternative. Huber ‘13
Huber 13 Matt “What do we mean by “Energy Policy”? Life, Capitalism, and the Broader Field of Energy Politics” State of Nature May 4th 2013 http://www.stateofnature.org/?p=7138
In the 1970s we saw the rise of a peculiar concept: “energy policy
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begin to reimagine life and freedom as only possible through collective political struggle.
Nuclear power is not intrinsically harmful or dangerous. The ruling class’s control over the technology makes those harms possible. They choose to build the plants near minority populations or to cut corners during their construction. Turns case—freeing technology from the limitations of capitalism solves the aff. SLP ‘81  
SLP 81 “Socialism and Nuclear Power” A Socialist Labor Party Statement 1981 http://www.slp.org/res_state_htm/soc_nuc_power.html
Socialists can bring many important insights to the questions and concerns raised by nuclear technology
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the horror it currently is to the benefactor of an emancipated working class.

State regulations fail identify the our system failures combating the ecological crisis—all policy focused approaches operate within the logic of capitalism and serve its interests. Liodakis ‘01
Liodakis 01 (George, Professor of Social Science at Technical University of Crete, The people-nature relation and the historical significance of the Labour Theory of Value, Capital and Class, Spring 2001, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3780/is_200104/ai_n8940388) JXu
The overall attempt to respond to the exacerbated ecological crisis, from the side of
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the whole, the latter being the global economy and the planetary ecosystem. 

Third, Impact. Capitalism causes extinction—multiple ways. Webb 04,
Webb, 04 (Sam Webb, National Chairman, Communist Party USA. “War, Capitalism, and George W. Bush.” 4-20-04. http://www.pww.org/article/view/ 4967/1/207/O/)
Capitalism was never a warm, cuddly, stable social system. It came into
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pressures, and endemic diseases, is the threat of nuclear mass annihilation.

Fourth, the alternative is the rise of an environmental working class that breaks down hegemonic structures and capitalism. Foster ‘13
Foster 13 – John Bellamy Foster, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Editor of the Monthly Review, holds a Ph.D. from York University, 2013 (“The Epochal Crisis,” Monthly Review, Volume 65, Issue 05 (October), Accessed on 7/18/2014 from http://monthlyreview.org/2013/10/01/epochal-crisis)
It is an indication of the sheer enormity of the historical challenge confronting humanity in
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that we already have the potential many times over to redirect production and consumption

n to meet human needs and to practice conservation on a global level, creating
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humanity thus rests as never before on the revolutionary struggle of humanity itself.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SC | Judge: Erik Legried
CP Text: Public colleges and universities ought to ban handguns on campus and not restrict any other constitutionally protected speech – Kautzer is the solvency advocate
Campus Carry qualifies explicitly under the courts definition of constitutionally protected speech because it conveys a clear message
Blanchfield 14’
“What do Guns Say?” - The New York Times May 4 2014 - Patrick Blanchfield is a freelance writer with at a PhD in Comparative Literature from Emory University, and has completed four years of coursework in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute. He does critical writing on US culture, gun violence and politics AC 

Earlier this month, in Bunkerville, Nev., representatives of the Bureau of Land
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one such event told reporters. “But that’s not going to happen.”

Campus carry is associated with increasing rates of assault, aggressiveness, a chilling effect, and permit background checks don’t check
PHW 14 (Public Health Watch 14, https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/, EmmieeM)
In the wake of tragic shootings at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University, a
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to the detriment of the students, universities and ultimately, the nation.
Guns on campus kill free exchange of ideas--its antithetical to academic dialogue when you’re in fear of someone pulling out a gun over a difference of opinion.
PHW 14’
 "Point Blank: Guns Don’t Belong On College Campuses – Here’s Why,” by publichealthwatch, blogger and pHD candidate, March 10, 2014. https://publichealthwatch.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/point-blank-guns-dont-belong-on-college-campuses-heres-why/ AC 

In order to foster a healthy learning environment at America’s colleges
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you think regular citizens should be allowed to bring their guns onto college campuses?”

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AM | Judge: Donald Fagan, Sarah Sherwood, Adam Torson
CP: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected journalist speech but restrict reporting of student survivors and perpetrators of student criminal activity.
In the squo police blotters, crime reports put in student newspapers, are constitutionally protected Gersh ‘91
Judge Rules in Favor of Students in Campus Crime Reports Case By Gersh, Debra Judge Rules in Favor of Students in Campus Crime Reports Case By Gersh, Debra | Editor and Publisher, November 30, 1991
The Department of Education cannot prevent colleges and universities from releasing detailed information about campus
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they maintain, searching the local law-enforcement records is cumbersome and ineffective

This harms the students—creates a permanent online record of minor college crimes that are often expunged by the legal system. That harms post college job prospects and shaming on campus. Reimold ‘13
Dan Reimold, 10-22-2013, "Should college newspapers publish the names of student criminal suspects?," USA TODAY College, http://college.usatoday.com/2013/10/22/should-college-newspapers-publish-the-names-of-student-criminal-suspects/
As she contends, “Miami University is a place where students come to start
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take responsibility for your actions — breaking the law is breaking the law.”
Police blotters for college students are counterproductive; the safety and security of students is lost as their home becomes hostile towards them. Anonymity is lost and a regular education is impossible. Madison ‘16
Madison Nick, xx-xx-xxxx, "Public knowledge or public humiliation?," Tab Pitt, http://thetab.com/us/pitt/2016/03/21/public-knowledge-public-humiliation-236
Having your mistakes featured in a news article while you’re paying thousands in tuition to
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student’s futures and staying loyal to the people that call your university home?

This is particularly bad in regards to sexual violence—survivors are outed in reports. Schworm ‘12
By Peter Schworm GLOBE STAFF  APRIL 28, 2012. Naming of rape victim leads to dispute at Bridgewater State. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/04/27/student-newspaper-coverage-rally-against-sexual-assault-sets-off-controversy-bridgewater-state/DGe2IhVdQ16LYEKTrlguoK/story.html
A college newspaper that printed the name of a rape victim who spoke at a
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“I think it would set a dangerous precedent,’’ she said.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Newark BA | Judge:
A is the Counterplan text: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech for professors, especially in regard to academic freedom. I do not advocate for the removal of any other restrictions on constitutionally protected speech in the status quo. 

Net Benefits were the hate speech DA, handgun DA, and Title IX which are all disclosed on the wiki.

Tournament: College Prep | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola ST | Judge: Nick Steele
Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harassment is decreasing nationally now.  
Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease
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lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.
Removing restrictions on free speech allows hate speech – hate speech IS free speech
Volokh 15 Eugene Volokh,No, There’s No “hate Speech” Exception to the First Amendment, The Washington Post, 5/7/15, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/07/no-theres-no-hate-speech-exception-to-the-first-amendment/?utm_term=.05cfdd01dea4 LADI
I keep hearing about a supposed “hate speech” exception to the First Amendment
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with any established definition of “hate speech” that I know of.)
Hate speech leads to a genocidal increase in crimes against marginalized groups.  
Greenblatt 15 Jonathan Greenblatt, When Hateful Speech Leads to Hate Crimes: Taking Bigotry Out of the Immigration Debate, Huffington Post, 8/21/15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-greenblatt/when-hateful-speech-leads_b_8022966.html LADI
When police arrived at the scene in Boston, they found a Latino man shaking
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are working with a broad coalition of partners to get the ball rolling.
Empirically supported that hate speech desensitizes society to atrocities, justifying hate crimes and further acts of discrimination
Tsesis 2000 (Tsesis, Alexander. "The Empirical Shortcomings Of First Amendment Jurisprudence: An Historical Perspective On The Power." 40 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 729. 2000. Web. December 07, 2016. http://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1309andcontext=facpubs.)
The proliferation of hate material over the Internet is only partially responsible for recent hate
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lawless actions, but under current First Amendment jurisprudence its transmission was not punishable

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brentwood LR | Judge: Nick Steele
The USFG is reliant on government-funded university research for national defense developments, but 9/11 and the Anthrax attacks proves those are vulnerable to terrorist cooption, absent censorship which violates the First Amendment.
Jacobs 5 (Leslie Gielow Jacobs – Professor of Law at the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law, “A Troubling Equation in Contracts for Government Funded Scientific Research: “Sensitive But Unclassified” = Secret But Unconstitutional”, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_JACOBS_REPLACEMENT_PAGES.pdf, pgs. 113 – 115, EmmieeM)
Breakthrough science can lead both to great good and to great evil. The September
AND
is it clear when particular information “pertains” to a research contract.
This speech is constitutionally protected, especially in a college setting – the AFF would allow for information exchange about “sensitive but unclassified” research
Jacobs 5 (Leslie Gielow Jacobs – Professor of Law at the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law, “A Troubling Equation in Contracts for Government Funded Scientific Research: “Sensitive But Unclassified” = Secret But Unconstitutional”, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_JACOBS_REPLACEMENT_PAGES.pdf, pgs. 155 – 156, EmmieeM)
The university plays a special role in preserving and promoting speech free of government influence
AND
The special role of the university thus must weigh in the constitutional balance.
Restrictions on this speech are crucial to prevent bioterror from modified viruses
Knezo 6 (Genevieve J. Knezo – Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division + this is a CRS Report for Congress, pgs. 36 – 53, “Controls on Unclassified Biological Research Information”, “’Sensitive But Unclassified’ Information and Other Controls: Policy and Options for Scientific and Technical Information”, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/RL33303.pdf, EmmieeM)
Traditionally, open communication of biological information fosters the conduct of research and development.
AND
involve foreign nationals in any research project without obtaining a government license.227
Biowarfare leads to extinction and is the biggest existential threat facing humanity – technological increase checks empirics and generic defense
Smart 4 (John Smart – President of the Institute for the Study of Accelerating Change. 2004
Genetically modified pathogen (GMP) Policy, August 03)
It is possible that with the mobilization of massive logistical resources around the planet,
AND
of danger has been estimated to be anywhere from 30 to 50.”
Absent secrecy, certain cooperative research efforts would be impossible
Downs 4 (DA Downs – The Independent Institute, Oakland and The University of Wiscosin, Madison, “Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus”, pg. xvi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf , EmmieeM)
Although this book stresses the threats to academic and intellectual freedom posed by speech codes
AND
such gag orders poses a challenge to the idea of an open university.
Continued government funding and support is critical for continued university research programs, which is the lynchpin of innovation and competitiveness
NSB no date (National Science Board, “Research and Development: Essential Foundation For U.S. Competitiveness in a Global Economy”, “Global Competition in Science and Technology: A Strong National Response Required”, https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsb0803/start.htm, EmmieeM)
Innovation is a key to economic competitiveness and the technological breakthroughs that improve our lives
AND
is imperative that patterns and trends of RandD investments be monitored.
Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony
Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
AND
, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF
Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 (“The Economy and National Security,” National Review, February 8th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Newark DA | Judge: Arjun Tambe
The USFG is reliant on government-funded university research for national defense developments, but 9/11 and the Anthrax attacks proves those are vulnerable to terrorist cooption, absent censorship which violates the First Amendment.
Jacobs 5 (Leslie Gielow Jacobs – Professor of Law at the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law, “A Troubling Equation in Contracts for Government Funded Scientific Research: “Sensitive But Unclassified” = Secret But Unconstitutional”, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_JACOBS_REPLACEMENT_PAGES.pdf, pgs. 113 – 115, EmmieeM)
Breakthrough science can lead both to great good and to great evil. The September
AND
is it clear when particular information “pertains” to a research contract.
This speech is constitutionally protected, especially in a college setting – the AFF would allow for information exchange about “sensitive but unclassified” research
Jacobs 5 (Leslie Gielow Jacobs – Professor of Law at the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law, “A Troubling Equation in Contracts for Government Funded Scientific Research: “Sensitive But Unclassified” = Secret But Unconstitutional”, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_JACOBS_REPLACEMENT_PAGES.pdf, pgs. 155 – 156, EmmieeM)
The university plays a special role in preserving and promoting speech free of government influence
AND
The special role of the university thus must weigh in the constitutional balance.
Restrictions on this speech are crucial to prevent bioterror from modified viruses
Knezo 6 (Genevieve J. Knezo – Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division + this is a CRS Report for Congress, pgs. 36 – 53, “Controls on Unclassified Biological Research Information”, “’Sensitive But Unclassified’ Information and Other Controls: Policy and Options for Scientific and Technical Information”, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/RL33303.pdf, EmmieeM)
Traditionally, open communication of biological information fosters the conduct of research and development.
AND
new bioweapons, perhaps even selectively targeting certain racial or ethnic groups.”16

0 To deal with concerns like these, some types of biological sciences information have
AND
involve foreign nationals in any research project without obtaining a government license.227
Biowarfare leads to extinction and is the biggest existential threat facing humanity – technological increase checks empirics and generic defense
Smart 4 (John Smart – President of the Institute for the Study of Accelerating Change. 2004
Genetically modified pathogen (GMP) Policy, August 03)
It is possible that with the mobilization of massive logistical resources around the planet,
AND
of danger has been estimated to be anywhere from 30 to 50.”

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake JN | Judge: Matthew Leuvano
The plan causes national security leaks – The protected categories overlap with classified information critical to US military power
Schoenfeld 7 (Gabriel, 2/1, sr fellow @ The Hudson Inst., “Why Journalists Are Not Above the Law”, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/why-journalists-are-not-above-the-law/)
Considerations like these have, in fact, informed recent congressional debates over whether to
AND
other words, would effectively immunize one large category of leakers at a stroke

, and perhaps immunize almost all leakers, dramatically intensifying the flow of even the
AND
federal circuit courts would not be cleared up; it would be deepened.
Especially true of college newspapers – They could start publishing Wikileaks materials to keep it from disappearing
Feldman 16 (Noah, professor of constitutional and international law at Harvard University and was a clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Souter, “A College Newspaper Takes the Right Stand”, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-12-05/kentucky-kernel-takes-the-right-stand-against-university)
Yet once a newspaper is in possession of a document, First Amendment concerns enter
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like the Kernel has as much First Amendment protection as a national publication.
Leaks undermine US intelligence collection
Pillar 13 (Paul, 12/26, Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University and Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Leaks and an Irresponsible Press”, http://stage.nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/leaks-irresponsible-press-9633)
Biased coverage is only part of the problem in how the press has behaved in
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. diplomatic cables and the multitude of press stories made out of them.
Specifically, intelligence deters WMD attacks
Cillufo and Kupperman 97 (Frank, Associate Vice President at The George Washington University, and Robert, PhD NYU, terrorism expert, “Between War and Peace: Deterrence and Leverage”, https://cchs.gwu.edu/sites/cchs.gwu.edu/files/downloads/HSPI_Journal_1.pdf)
Traditional U.S. preventative and response options are inadequate to meet the challenges
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flexibility in terms of rapid response and the ability to conduct clandestine operations.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 2 | Opponent: forgot | Judge: forgot
State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities
Mitchell et al 16 (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, “Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges”, http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
AND
the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals
The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid --- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll
Johnson 14 (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, “Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California”, http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
AND
earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college.
There’s a contradiction within government policy --- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX
Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, “You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws”, “Censoring Campus Speech”, https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy_Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn_nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
AND
Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right.
Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down
Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, “Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape”, http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
AND
, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.
College credentials are crucial to social mobility and national economic growth – affects everything from health insurance to better marriages to lower unemployment rates
White House 14 (Report by the Executive Office of the President, “Increasing College Opportunity for Low-Income Students: Promising Models and a Call to Action”, pgs. 10 – 11, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/white_house_report_on_increasing_college_opportunity_for_low-income_students_1-16-2014_final.pdf, EmmieeM)
The benefits of postsecondary education are well documented and have major implications for economic growth
AND
their chances of moving out of the bottom increase by 50 percent.39
The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness
U.S. Department of Commerce 12 (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, “The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States”, http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
AND
schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21
Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony
Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
AND
, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF
Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 (“The Economy and National Security,” National Review, February 8th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
Independently, economic decline causes multiple war scenarios – the impact is extinction
Harris and Burrows - 2009 (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis,” The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SC | Judge: Erik Legried
State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities
Mitchell et al 16 (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, “Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges”, http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
AND
the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals

There’s a contradiction within government policy --- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX
Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, “You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws”, “Censoring Campus Speech”, https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy_Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn_nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until the federal Department of Education revived them in 1994. Male students at Santa Rosa Community College had posted anatomically explicit and sexually derogatory remarks about two female students in a discussion group hosted by the college’s computer network. Several aggrieved students filed a complaint against the college with the DOE’s Office for Civil Rights. The DOE found that the messages probably created a hostile educational environment on the basis of sex for one of the students. University toleration of such offensive speech, the government added, would violate Title IX, the law banning discrimination against women by education institutions that receive federal funding. Under this standard, to avoid losing federal funds, universities must proactively ban offensive speech by students and diligently punish any violations of that ban. The DOE failed to explain how its rule was consistent with the First Amendment. Speech codes enacted by public universities clearly violate the First Amendment even if the codes are enacted in response to the demands of the DOE, so requiring public universities to enact speech codes or forfeit public funds would obviously be unconstitutional. Nevertheless, facing this choice, public university officials have ignored the First Amendment issue and complied with DOE guidelines. Although a few schools may truly be concerned about the potential loss of federal funding, the prevailing attitude among university officials seems to be that the DOE’s Santa Rosa decision provides a ready excuse to indulge their preference for speech codes. University officials implicitly reason that if the DOE can get away with ignoring the First Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down
Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, “Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape”, http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but changes in recent years have resulted in their contributions being more equal than at any time in at least the previous two decades. Historically, states have provided a far greater amount of assistance to postsecondary institutions and students; 65 percent more than the federal government on average from 1987 to 2012. But this difference narrowed dramatically in recent years, particularly since the Great Recession, as state spending declined and federal investments grew sharply, largely driven by increases in the Pell Grant program, a need-based financial aid program that is the biggest component of federal higher education spending. Although their funding streams for higher education are now comparable in size and have some overlapping policy goals, such as increasing access for students and supporting research, federal and state governments channel resources into the system in different ways. The federal government mainly provides financial assistance to individual students and specific research projects, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.

College credentials are crucial to social mobility and national economic growth – affects everything from health insurance to better marriages to lower unemployment rates
White House 14 (Report by the Executive Office of the President, “Increasing College Opportunity for Low-Income Students: Promising Models and a Call to Action”, pgs. 10 – 11, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/white_house_report_on_increasing_college_opportunity_for_low-income_students_1-16-2014_final.pdf, EmmieeM)
The benefits of postsecondary education are well documented and have major implications for economic growth, equality, and social mobility. Getting a postsecondary credential leads to greater lifetime earnings, lower unemployment, and lower poverty. Over the course of one’s working lifetime, the median earnings of bachelor’s degree recipients are 65 percent higher than median earnings of high-school graduates. 30 College graduates are also more likely to find a job; the unemployment rate for bachelor’s degree recipients is half the unemployment rate of high school graduates – and this gap grew during the Great Recession, which hit lowwage, low-education workers especially hard.31 Gaining a postsecondary education has positive effects beyond higher earnings. Individuals with higher education levels are more likely have retirement benefits and health insurance through their employer.32 Education also leads to better decision making about health, marriage, and parenting; improves patience; and makes people more goal-oriented.33 College access and attainment also leads to positive externalities and benefits to taxpayers by reducing crime and the need for social services, and increasing taxes paid and civic engagement.34 Importantly, the returns to higher education have increased over time as the demand for college-educated workers has outpaced the number of students getting a college education.35 Over the past four decades, the median earnings gap for full-time workers aged 25-34 with and without a college degree increased substantially for women and more than doubled for men; from 1971 to 2011 the earnings premium for men increased from 25 percent to 69 percent.36 Likewise, the earnings gap between those with and without a college degree increases as workers age.37 In response to the growing earnings gap between those with and without postsecondary education, a report from the Pew Economic Mobility Project remarked that, “unless something is done to boost the number of young people earning postsecondary credentials, millions of Americans will continue to be limited in their economic mobility.”38 Without a college degree, children born in the lowest fifth of the income distribution children have a 45 percent chance of staying in the bottom, and just a 5 percent chance of moving to the top Figure 1. Yet when these same children go on to earn a college degree, their chances of making it to the top nearly quadruple, and their chances of moving out of the bottom increase by 50 percent.39

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Quarry Lane SK | Judge: Calen Smith
Class must be foregrounded – intersectionality precludes the fundamental nature of class relations as the primary power relation deterministic of all other sources of oppression – the combination waters down the alt and makes it entirely ineffectual.
Gimenez 1 (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) Martha, “Marxism and Class; Gender and Race”, Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
ethnomethodology ignores power relations. Power relations underlie all processes of social interaction and this is why social facts are constraining upon people. But the pervasiveness of
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
Queering identity falls in line with neoliberal governmentality – the aff gets co-opted in favor of creating new markets for queers
Ladelle McWhorter 12 – Professor of Philosophy, Women, Gender, Sexuality, and Environmental Studies, University of Richmond, “Queer Economies”, Foucault Studies, No. 14, pp. 61-78, September 2012
Neoliberal Subjectivity My focus in this article, however, is not population management but
AND
into resisting neoliberalism? I believe so, and I believe we should.
Narrativity as resistance distracts from collective politics by valorizing the individual overcoming of the individual
Coughlin 95
Anne, associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229
The outsider narratives do not reflect on another feature of autobiographical discourse that is perhaps
AND
 political, economic, social and psychological structures that attend such success.
n211 In this light, the outsider autobiographies unwittingly deflect attention from collective social
AND
, rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.
Capitalism causes mass death, anti-blackness, and environmental destruction.
Dean 15 (Jodi, Political Theorist @ Hobart William Colleges, “Red, Black, and Green” Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society, 27:3, pp. 399-401)
Two ideas voiced in the present discussion impress the urgency of the need for a left party oriented toward communism: racism (Buck 2015) and the Anthropocene (Healy 2015).
Given anthropogenic climate change, the stakes of contemporary politics are almost unimaginably high.
AND
and soon. Forcing that change is the political challenge of our time.
Given the persistence of racialized violence and the operation of the state as an instrument
AND
ideas need to be chosen, systematized into a program, and defended.
Consciously reiterating the colors of the Black Liberation Flag, the red, black,
AND
dismantling of the carbon-based economy and the global redistribution of wealth.
The three colors should not be read as three separate issues or groups. They
AND
the Left that have stood in the way of our forging collective counterpower.
Here and now, movements are pushing the organizational convergence of communist, climate,
AND
relate to ourselves as comrades, as solidary members of a fighting collective.
The alternative is to stop and think Communism – breaking free from the political closure of the status quo requires refusing the call to radical action in favor of developing a new, comprehensive understanding of the institutional constraints of the status quo.
Swyngedouw and Wilson 14 (Erik, Professor of Geography @ Manchester U., and Japhy, Lecturer in International Political Economy and Hallsworth Research Fellow @ Manchester U., “There Is No Alternative,” The Post-Political and Its Discontents: Spaces of Depoliticisation, Spectres of Radical Politics, pp. 308-310)
The idea of communism may appear as little more than a mirage on the political
AND
one that haunted Europe in 1848: the real possibility of communism now.
But the communism that haunts the contemporary Left is not a real possibility. It
AND
-lived Bakhtinian carnivals whose geographical staging is carefully choreographed by the state. The relationship between our critical theories and the political as egalitarian-emancipatory process has AND
, aims to take control again of life and its conditions of possibility.
Communism as a hypothesis and political practice is much older than the twentieth century and
AND
1966, which was brutally smashed by the forces of the Chinese state.
The key task, therefore, is to stop and think, to think communism
AND
a truth that can only be established through a new emancipatory political sequence.
The communist hypothesis forces itself onto the terrain of the political through the process of
AND
keep saying there is no alternative, when there really is no alternative?

Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Ranch JW | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo, Aaron Timmons
Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,
Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
AND
the free, rational unfolding of human potentiality in all of its fullness. 

In both systems is a tendency to ignore or repress the subjectivity of human beings
AND
move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.
Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any facult truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat. Chatterjee and Maira 14
Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.
Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
AND
of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11

Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy. Brown 15
Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.
At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate
AND
venues, and existing solely for the advancement or enhancement of its bearer’s interests

. The classic associations of political speech with freedom, conscience, deliberation, and
AND
warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.

This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life. Smith ‘14
R.C. Smith April 24, 2014 “POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY” Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file
One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have
AND
all the more dangerous and difficult to resist because of the appearance of freedom

. This is not the fault of Enlightenment ideals as such, but the instrumental
AND
which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.13
The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.
Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick). 

Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
AND
of ideas to expose pathological logic, cast doubt and undermine existing loyalties.

 Successful direct action at the point of assumption identifies, isolates and confronts the
AND
find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.
Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned. Farbod 15
 ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2)
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
AND
enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.
Neolib is the driving force of militarism. Bhagwat ‘10
Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat, 10-23-2010, "Globalization and Militarization: The Root Causes of the Worldwide War against Humanity," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/globalization-and-militarization-the-root-causes-of-the-worldwide-war-against-humanity/21543
Neoliberal globalisation is a type of totalitarian neo-mercantilism in which all resources,
AND
“executor of capital accumulation.”(Luxemburg 1970)— potentially everywhere and enduringly.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Semis | Opponent: Dougherty CS | Judge: Donald Fagan, Sarah Sherwood, Sean Fee
First, recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution. Marsh 95,
Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
AND
move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.

Second, Links Their conception of free expression promotes market ideals that undermine genuine free exchange of ideas—that both turns the aff and is the backbone of capitalism. Dawes ‘15
Dawes 15 (Simon, Sociology @ Universite Paul Valery, Montpelier, France, “Charlie Hebdo, Free Speech and Counter-Speech”, http://www.socresonline.org.uk/20/3/3.html)
In both French and Anglo-Saxon contexts, however, the concepts of 'freedom
AND
, above and beyond those of an individual, in a multicultural society.
Free speech is impossible in a capitalist environment—the right to free speech hinders on social relations and economic status; all means of expression assume socioeconomic means that the aff glosses over.
Morley 15 (Our Cherished Freedom of Speech Myth Written by Daniel MorleyFriday, 20 February 2015 http://www.marxist.com/our-cherished-freedom-of-speech-myth.htm)
As Lenin succinctly summed up,
AND
 fight for real freedom of expression!
The affirmative’s call to a ‘marketplace of ideas’ where progress is made is a ruse—Privileged perspectives always win out. That is terminal defense on their solvency claims—counterspeech can solve nothing unless we strip the system apart.
Beijer ’16 (Carl Beijer Friday, May 6, 2016 Three critiques of liberal discourse http://www.carlbeijer.com/2016/05/three-critiques-of-liberal-discourse.html)
The discourse is controlled by capital. Barack Obama, in The Audacity of Hope
AND
and turn off the megaphones. Everything else is shouting into a fugue.
Capitalism causes extinction from resource over-use, only alternative can solve.
Ahmed 14 - Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, and taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex (2014, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, The Guardian, “Scientists vindicate 'Limits to Growth' – urge investment in 'circular economy'”, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2014/jun/04/scientists-limits-to-growth-vindicated-investment-transition-circular-economy  SM)
According to a new peer-reviewed scientific report, industrial civilisation is likely to
AND
production, and with all that, very different types of social structures.

 In the absence of a major technological breakthrough in clean energy production such as
AND
fossil fuels has declined so much that we have nothing left to invest."
Fourth, the alternative is the rise of an environmental working class that breaks down hegemonic structures and capitalism. Foster ‘13
Foster 13 – John Bellamy Foster, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Editor of the Monthly Review, holds a Ph.D. from York University, 2013 (“The Epochal Crisis,” Monthly Review, Volume 65, Issue 05 (October), Accessed on 7/18/2014 from http://monthlyreview.org/2013/10/01/epochal-crisis)
It is an indication of the sheer enormity of the historical challenge confronting humanity in
AND
humanity thus rests as never before on the revolutionary struggle of humanity itself.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Newark DA | Judge: Arjun Tambe
Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral frameworks.
Marsh 95 (Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
AND
move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.
Class must be foregrounded – intersectionality placing race on an equal plane precludes the fundamental nature of class relations as the primary power relation deterministic of all other sources of oppression – the combination waters down the alt and makes it entirely ineffectual.
Gimenez 1 (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) Martha, “Marxism and Class; Gender and Race”, Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
from gender and race and cannot be considered just another system of oppression.

 As Eagleton points out, whereas racism and sexism are unremittingly bad, class
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any faculty truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat.
Chatterjee and Maira 14 (Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.)
Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
AND
of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11
Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause to go unquestioned.
Farbod 15  (Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2)
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
AND
enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.
The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.
Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick). 

Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
AND
find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.
Only a focus that situates class at the center of both theoretical analysis and political struggle can resolve the root cause of anti-blackness.
Lance Selfa 10. Editor of and contributor to International Socialist Review, quoting Eric Williams, D.Phil from Oxford, first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, “The roots of racism,” http://socialistworker.org/2010/10/21/the-roots-of-racism.

Racism is a particular form of oppression. It stems from discrimination against a group
AND
Indians resisted being forced to work, and they escaped into the surrounding area

, which, after all, they knew far better than the English. One
AND
abolish racism's chief source--capitalism--and build a new socialist society.
K takes out AFF solvency – students are too scared to speak out because they fear they won’t get research funding or financial aid and professors won’t speak out because they’re scared of being passed up for tenure or a promotion, which means that (A) you can’t access any form of protest, especially for people of color because they face the most backlash for saying controversial things and their protest goes against white academia (B) the only mindset we adopt is the dominant, elite one, which prevents minority subjects from achieving recognition and continues their oppression.
Alt resolves the AFF impacts –  Capitalism makes resolving black oppression impossible, which means the K must be a pre-requisite.

Tournament: College Prep | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Palo Alto FZ | Judge: Myka Yamasaki, Eliza Haas, Sameer Ziaee
The affirmative attempts to create a better space for education, but ignores the inherent corruption within the system. The academy divides children into “deserving” elite and “undeserving” minorities, with the latter corralled into choosing between crime and military through policies like zero tolerance and school surveillance. Instead of being complicit, we need to embrace anti-education and deconstruct the academy. Thus, ROB is to vote for the best debater to resist oppression.
Cowen and Siciliano 11 (Deborah Cowen and Amy Siciliano – Deborah Cowen is an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. Amy Sicilliano is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the City Institute of York University in Toronto, This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, “Rights in Suspension”, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039andppg=1, pg. 108-119, EmmieeM)
Schools have long been crucial institutions of liberal citizenship for the production of both discipline
AND
in schools positively and significantly correlates with racial, ethinic, ability minority populations

, and the percentage of students benefiting from free lunch programs (Travis and Coon
AND
are part of the assembling of a broad future of securitized social reproduction.
Attempts to fix the law to prevent Otherization will never work because the security state has constructed the structure of the law as something that will necessarily provide civil society an enemy to define both its own existence and the expansion of militarism  - step away from normativity and become the camouflaging terrorist that is slain by the benevolent state protector
Genova 11 (Nicholas de Genova – Visiting Scholar in the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture at the University of Chicago and has been a research professor at the University of Amsterdam. He has taught anthropology at Stanford and Columbia and been an international research fellow at the University of Warwick. This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, Chapter 2- Fugitive Corporeality, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039, Pg. 142-150, EmmieeM)
The demand for a dutiful and docile (and now, patriotic, even heroic
AND
, pre-emptively supplying the justificatory rationale for still more state power.
The queer body is the non-conforming societal terrorist – from the AIDs epidemic to the “destruction of marriage and the family”, the queer is perceived as a threat to both cis-straight bodies and heteronormative society. The only alternative positioning allowed by American biopolitics is that of a market commodity to be exploited.
Puar 7 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), “Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times”, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54234b64e4b080ee5d54b2f0/t/5424b19ee4b070e9080566cf/1411690910458/jasbir-puar_terrorist-assemblages_preface.pdf, pg. 4 – 10, EmmieeM)
Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times is an invitation to deeper exploration of these
AND
always-becoming (continual ontological emergence, a Deleuzian becoming without being).
There can never be any hope of progress within the legal system because it is set up in such a way to erase queerness while simultaneously perpetuating queer violence – things like the trans-panic defense and deliberate sabotage of statistical gathering to down-play incidents of queer violence force the queer to become bare life.
Stanley 11 (Eric Stanley, “Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological Capture”, https://queerhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/near-life-queer-death-eric-stanley.pdf, PG. 5 – 15, EmmieeM)
The numbers, degrees, locations, kinds, types, and frequency of attacks
AND
threat as a symbol of shattering difference, monstrosity, and irreconcilable contradiction. 

This fetishistic structure allows one to believe that queers are an inescapable threat and at
AND
hollow space of ontological capture that life might still be lived, otherwise.
Cruel optimism has tangible psychological effects on queer bodies because it forces them to remain attached to the idea that things can get better and repeatedly suffer the realization that it is impossible
Berlant 8 (Lauren Berlant, “Cruel Optimism: On Marx, Loss and the Sense”, “Optimism and its Objects”, http://www.chineseollie.com/didyouread/Berlant-Cruel-Optimism.pdf, pg. 33, EmmieeM)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a
AND
a sudden incapacity to manage startling situations, as we will see below.
We must abandon the political – state-based “support” forms is used to drive homonationalism – the view of the U.S. as benign, which masks militarism and Middle East interventionism
Puar 13 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), Jindal Global Law Review, “Homonationalism as Assemblage: Viral Travels, Affective Sexualities”, http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ucsd/3somesPlus/Puar.pdf, pg. 24-28, EmmieeM)
In my 2007 monograph, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (hereinafter TA
AND
the legislation regarding the severe compromises made in order to enable its passage.
Thus my advocacy – queer anarchy - the only viable option is to call for queer anarchy – a radical insurrection that overthrows civil society
Mary Nardini no date (Mary Nardini Gang, “Towards the Queerest Insurrection”, http://www.weldd.org/sites/default/files/Toward20the20Queerest20Insurrection.pdf, EmmieeM)

Susan Stryker writes that the state acts to “regulate bodies, in ways both
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The rioting spread throughout the city as others joined in on the fun!

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SC | Judge: Erik Legried
Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren’t grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.
Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.
Winter and Leighton 99 Deborah DuNann Winter  and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Page 4-5
She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.
Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can’t be true.
GUENTHER 12 Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012
Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
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and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.

Tournament: College Prep | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola ST | Judge: Nick Steele
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
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thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
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, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
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value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
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the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82

Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Ranch JW | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo, Aaron Timmons
T – “Any” (3:30)
Interpretation: The affirmative must defend that public colleges and universities in the Unites States ought to restrict NO constitutionally protected speech. To clarify they may not specify any one type of constitutionally protected speech that ought not be restricted.
Counterplans by the negative that PIC out of specific kinds of constitutionally protected speech are illegitimate.
Violation:
Vote Neg

1. Textuality – repeated court rulings define “any” as “all” and explicitly rejected using “any” to refer to “some”.
   Elder ‘91(David S. Elder, October 1991, "Any and All": To Use Or Not To Use?” "Plain Language' is a regular feature of the Michigan Bar Journal, edited by Joseph Kimble for the State Bar Plain English Committee. Assistant editor is George H. Hathaway. Through this column the Committee hopes to promote the use of plain English in the law. Want to contribute a plain English article? Contact Prof. Kimble at Thomas Cooley Law School, P.O. Box 13038, Lansing, MI 48901, http://www.michbar.org/file/generalinfo/plainenglish/pdfs/91_oct.pdf | SP)
   The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in
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   sensible connotation of the word any' implies 'all' and not 'some,' t

he legal conclusion follows that the defendant is entitled to retain the earned renewal commissions
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(1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)
Outweighs:
a) Semantic Context – yes, any may have a bunch of different, more inclusive definitions, but only ours takes into consideration groups of words together. “security for any claim due or to become due to” is the passage analyzed in Gibson v Agricultural Life, which mirrors the structure of the words in the res, with “any” followed by a singular object (ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech).
b) Legal Context – Courts are the definitive interpreters of what a law and its words mean. Defer to courts over the slew of dictionary definition coming in the 1ar, they lack the context necessary to evaluate semantics in a legal setting. By defending a subsection of constitutional rights, they have literally inserted their own words into the resolution, which have fundamentally changed the policy they defend.
Semantics come prior to pragmatic considerations:
a) Decision Rule – The topicality rule is superior and non uniques your offense.
Nebel 15 Jake Nebel (debate coach his students have won the TOC, NDCA, Glenbrooks, Bronx, Emory, TFA State, and the Harvard Round Robin. As a debater, he won six octos-bid championships and was top speaker at the TOC and ten other major tournaments) “The Priority of Resolutional Semantics by Jake Nebel” VBriefly February 20th 2015 http://vbriefly.com/2015/02/20/the-priority-of-resolutional-semantics-by-jake-nebel/ JW 2/20/15
One reason why LDers may be suspicious of my view is because they see topicality
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the first premise, not the second premise, in the argument above.
b) Jurisdiction – the ballot asks you to endorse the better debater in the context of the resolution issued by the tournament rules-if you don’t defend the topic then it’s impossible to vote for you, that’s the most important voter.

2. Limits – Free Speech is incredibly broad. Star this card, it literally says the only coherent way to conceive of the free speech debate is to consider its few exceptions, which is a comparison of the whole res with its converse.
Silvergate ’05 (Harvey A. Silvergate, attorney in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the co-founder, with Alan Charles Kors, of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, for which he also serves as the current Chairman of the Board of Directors. January 2005, “FIRE’s Guide to Free Speech on Campus,” https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/free-speech-2.pdf | SP)
The First Amendment declares that Congress shall make “no law…abridging the freedom
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will briefly describe the limited categories of so-called “unprotected speech.”
Especially bad in the context of this AFF – “criticize the militaries policies” is incredibly vague. Is a gay rights movement a criticism of the military because of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell? Do you allow student protest? Burning draft cards? This makes it impossible for me to establish links – even if I had prepped specific DAs against militarism.
Outweighs:
a) Fairness – There’s just too many affs for the negative to reasonably prep out. You can specify other things like subsets of public universities, or question the scope of constitutionally protected in the 1AC, which grants you a reasonably large case list without the explosion outlined in the Silvergate evidence. This means the affirmative always has a significant advantage because they only have to prepare and frontline one position. Disclosure and solvency advocates don’t solve, even if we could perfectly predict every aff, there’s just too many for the neg to reasonably prepare for in the world of their interpretation.
b) Clash – Theirs is a model of debate that reduces each debate to the negative trying to apply generics to cases where they probably don’t usually apply. Ours is one where we engage in the actual debate that’s taking place in the literature. It’s the most important form of education because its most real world and is also key to opinion formation because detailed disagreement is better than vacuous monologues. The level of depth their interpretation seeks to reach in each policy can only ever be reached by one side, which makes the discussion useless.

Voters (Long):

1. Fairness is a voter, debate’s a competitive activity with wins and losses-if the round is skewed towards once debater you can longer test debate skill. Education’s a voter since it’s the end goal of debate and provides portable skills.
   2. Drop the debater on T:
   a. Severance – Drop the arg is severance from the AC- you can read new args in the 1AR and connect the plan to whole res which is like restarting in the 1AR.
   b. Recourse – Drop the arg discourages me from reading T to check back abuse since I lose speech time, making non-topical affs strategic.
   c. Time Skew – I had to spend time reading T to check back abuse- dropping the arg moots a portion of the 1NC.
   3. Competing interps:
   a. Race to the Bottom: reasonability encourages increasingly unfair practices that minimally fit the brightline. Competing interps maximizes fairness and education by fostering good norms for the activity.
   b. Judge intervention: Each debater and the judge will have differing interpretations of reasonableness, which ultimately makes the decision arbitrary, which will always be unfair to one debater.
   4. No RVIs:
   a. Topical clash – once theory is initiated we never go back to substance because its unnecessary so no one engages in the topic.
   b. Chilling effect – debaters will be scared to read theory for fear of losing to a prepped out counter interp, proliferating abuse.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Quarry Lane SK | Judge: Calen Smith
A is the interpretation - the affirmative may not claim offense from anything other than colleges and universities mandating that there ought not be any limits on constitutionally protected speech – this must be a fiated, concrete policy.
First, “public university” implies one that is state owned
Wikipedia (“Public University”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university, EmmieeM)
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape.
Second, Resolved implies a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
My interpretation is that the resolution should define the division of affirmative and negative ground. It was negotiated and announced in advance, providing both sides with a reasonable opportunity to prepare to engage one another’s arguments.
This does not require the use of any particular style, type of evidence, or assumption about the role of the judge — only that the topic should determine the debate’s subject matter.  
B is the violation: The affirmative violates this interpretation because they call for queer rage as an advocacy
TVA solves: You could – ENTER
Queer rejection of the state absent a commitment to actual political change results in nothing
Kerl 10 (Eric, Contemporary anarchism, http://isreview.org/issue/72/contemporary-anarchism)
By the end of the decade, anarchism had established itself as a provocative,
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of the means prefiguring the ends, the means have become the ends.
State is accessible for LGBTQ – recent ruling and trajectory prove
Edgar 8 ENGAGING WITH THE STATE: CITIZENSHIP, INJUSTICE, AND THE PROBLEM WITH QUEER Edgar, Gemma. is a research fellow at The Australia Institute Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review4.3 (2008): 176-187. http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview//21403791/7D43C20E17E146FCPQ/1?accountid=14667
One response to the worry that LGBTI individuals and other minorities will be subsumed by
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fully belong, that has allowed it to do the work it does.
Simulated legal debates that emphasize switch-side argumentation are crucial for social transformation---teaching legal precision is net-better for eliminating oppression. Infusing the law with egalitarian concepts can overcome larger social biases, even if one-shot legal solutions don’t work the first time. Their pessimism towards the law is a knee-jerk reaction that constrains transformative possibilities so err on the side of optimism.
Karl Klare, George J. and Kathleen Waters Matthews Distinguished University Professor, Northeastern University School of Law, “Teaching Local 1330—Reflections on Critical Legal Pedagogy,” (‘11). School of Law Faculty Publications. Paper 167. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20002528

By now it has begun to dawn that one of the subjects of this class
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case is to go back and do more work in the legal medium.
C is reasons to prefer
1 – Stasis - Stasis is the internal link to solving the aff – Debate has the ability to change people’s attitudes because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused topic of debate
Goodin and Niemeyer 3 – Australian National University (Robert and Simon, “When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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stored memory rather than just consulting our running on-line ‘summary judgments

’. Crucially for our present discussion, once again, what prompts that shift
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
2 – Fallibility – Even if the 1AC is factually correct, failure to subject their claims to testing by a well-prepared opponent produces groupthink that prevents effective advocacy – treat their claims as false until properly tested
Poscher 16—director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing, forthcoming)
Hegel’s dialectical thinking powerfully exploits the idea of negation. It is a central feature
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unlikely to share some of our more fundamental convictions or who opposes the view 

towards which we lean. This might even be the most helpful way of corroborating
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concept of justice to art such as to engage in an intelligible controversy.
3 – Fairness – ENTER

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Oakwood JW | Judge: Matt Delateur, Adam Torson, Carlos Taylor
CP Text: The United States Federal Government ought to mandate and that all police officers wear body cameras and provide funding. These body cameras should turn on automatically and automatically upload footage as per the recommendation of Richard Stallman
Newitz 15 (Annalee Newitz, http://gizmodo.com/what-about-restroom-breaks-1721826694, EmmieeM)
Richard Stallman is famous for creating the GNU operating system, and founding the free
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we use software to verify that there’s transparency in law enforcement, too.
CP solves the entirety of the case -- empirics
Feige 15 David Feige, television writer and the author of Indefensible and spent 15 years as a public defender “Brutal Reality: When police wear body cameras, citizens are much safer,” Slate, April 10, 2015, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2015/04/police_body_cameras_cops_commit_less_violence_and_complaints_are_real.html
The difficulty in indicting and convicting police officers illuminates an uncomfortable truth of the criminal
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citizens are dismissed in favor of the self-justification of the police.
Multiple studies have found that body cameras make police act without undue measure or force
Wasserman 15 , Howard. “Moral Panics And Body Cameras.” Washington University Law Review. 2015. Web. October 06, 2016. https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0ahUK EwiU86DY7MLPAhUWwWMKHRhNBRcQFggeMAAandurl=http3A2F2Fopensc holarship.wustl.edu2Fcgi2Fviewcontent.cgi3Farticle3D613626context3Dlaw _lawreviewandusg=AFQjCNFuX6hOO2BRp- qssdJv6XlYEvbkzgandsig2=ctgVDle8ve2Wk0wIyc-RSw.
Two studies offer some preliminary answers. The first examined a pilot program in Mesa
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use-of- force incidents compared with the previous twelve months.40
Body cameras are effective because of the “observer effect.”
University of Cambridge 16. “ Use of Body-worn Cameras Sees Complaints Against Police ‘virtually Vanish’, Study Finds.”. September 29, 2016. Web. October 07, 2016. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/use-of-body-worn-cameras-sees-complaints- against-police-virtually-vanish-study-finds.
Researchers say this may be down to wearable cameras modifying behaviour through an ‘observer
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body- worn cameras are a “profound sea change in modern policing”.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Munster MY | Judge: Jane Brennan
Cities empirically proven to cut jobs, halt infrastructure spending, and increase other costs when their budgets are hit. Currently, we are in a state of growth, but the economic situation remains fragile and highly sensitive to changes.
NLC 12 (National League of Cities, “Cities Continue to Cut Jobs and Infrastructure in Face of Recession’s Impact”, http://www.nlc.org/media-center/news-search/cities-continue-to-cut-jobs-and-infrastructure-in-face-of-recessions-impacts, EmmieeM)
Washington, DC - Cities continue to face the prolonged effects of the economic downturn
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College, has helped conduct the survey and author the report since 1991.
Limiting qualified immunity leads to a massive increase in costly court cases  
Noll 8’
Noll, David L. "Qualified Immunity in Limbo: Rights, Procedure, and the Social Costs of Damages Litigation Against Public Officials." NYUL Rev. 83 (2008): 911
In the context of ordinary civil litigation between two private parties, the total (
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and has undoubtedly affected the development of the modern qualified immunity doctrine.53

Costs from court cases are financed by city pay-out --- impact is hyper-charged due to the rising costs of court cases
Elinson and Frosch 15 (Zusha Elinson and Dan Frosch – Wall Street Journal, “Cost of Police Misconduct Cases Sours in Big U.S. Cities”, http://www.wsj.com/articles/cost-of-police-misconduct-cases-soars-in-big-u-s-cities-1437013834, EmmieeM)
The cost of resolving police-misconduct cases has surged for big U.S
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for Houston, Phoenix and Miami-Dade, a county police department.
Growth in cities is crucial to the economic stability of the U.S. – growth zones, stability, attractiveness of foreign capital, and technological advancement makes U.S. mega-cities carry 30 of US GDP
Khanna 16 (Parag Khanna – Senior Research Fellow/Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the University of Singapore, “How Much Economic Growth Comes From Our Ciites?”, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/how-much-economic-growth-comes-from-our-cities/, EmmieeM)
Cities are mankind’s most enduring and stable mode of social organization, outlasting all empires
AND
by Texas Central Railway and the bullet-train operator Central Japan Railway.
Economic decline causes multiple war scenarios – the impact is extinction
Harris and Burrows - 2009 (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis,” The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Recessions disproportionately affect people of color – Asians, Hispanics, and Black people are more likely to lose their jobs
Reidenbach and Weller 10 (Luke Reidenbach and Christian Weller – Center for American Progress, “The State of Minorities in the Economy”, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2010/01/15/7131/the-state-of-minorities-in-the-economy/, EmmieeM)
The recession that began at the end of 2007 has produced enormous hardships for households
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a faster annual rate for African Americans and Hispanics than for other groups.

 Both African Americans and Hispanics’ unemployment rates increased an average 3.6 percentage
AND
differences in unemployment rates by race and ethnicity persisted through the entire decade.
Queer people are affected harder by economic downturn – they’re more likely to already be living in extreme poverty and have a more difficult time accessing social mobility
Murray 16 (Laura Murray – Fusion, new source, “The Troubling Reality We Ignore About Queer Twentysomethings”, http://fusion.net/story/273915/poor-queer-millennials/, EmmieeM)
Tamara Williams knew her mother wasn’t comfortable with having a transgender child when the wigs
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four times more likely to live in extreme poverty compared to the general population

. “My family lives below the poverty line,” says Cleo Anderson. “
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on a façade,” she says. “I’m feeling unapologetic these days.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Scarsdale JG | Judge: idk man
Clinton’s winning, but the race is tight – Trump can win
Silver 11/1 (Nate, polling guru, Russell’s lab assistant, “Election Update: Yes, Donald Trump Has A Path To Victory”, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/election-update-yes-donald-trump-has-a-path-to-victory/)
Tuesday was another pretty good day of polling for Donald Trump. It’s also not
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probability since Oct. 2 — and 30 percent in polls-plus.
Police indemnity is popular – Officers, unions, and victims
Emery and Maazel 2k (Richard and Ilann, Emery, Cuti Brickerhoff and Abady PC, “Why Civil Rights Lawsuits Do NOt Deter Police Misconduct: The Conundrum of Indemnification And a Proposed Solution”, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52ed/fb8e47951dc3ab21a083dd596acad513ec28.pdf)
When the city errs on the side of indemnifying every officer, no one complains
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a voice in the process with any interest in disturbing the status quo.
That’s critical to voter mobilization
Clift 14 (Eleanor, staff @ The Daily Beast, “The GOP and Police Unions: A Love Story”, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/12/the-gop-and-police-unions-a-love-story.html)
Republicans and unions are like oil and water: They don’t go together. Except
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Progress. “It’s about knowing which side your bread is buttered on.”
Approval of Obama’s administration key to Clinton’s chances  
Stanage, 16 –  (contributor to The Hill (Niall, 5/29. “Clinton's ace in the hole: Obama.” http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/281575-hillary-clintons-ace-in-the-hole-obama)
Hillary Clinton will have a not-so-secret weapon in her quest for
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when you have a popular sitting president,” said Democratic strategist Evan Stavisky.
Merely tightening the polls cranks the economy – Investors are on the brink; we can win this disad independent of uq ow’s the link arg’s
RTE 11/2 (Russia Today – Euro edition, “Tightening US election race causes market jitters”, http://www.rte.ie/news/2016/1102/828737-us-election-2016/)
As Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump pushed their closing arguments ahead of next
AND
lead to a more dovish stance from the Fed in the months ahead.
Economic decline causes extinction. Burrows ‘09
Burrows and Harris ‘09 (Mathew J. Burrows, counselor in the National Intelligence Council, PhD in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, April 2009 “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Conservative ideology is worse for social mobility and racial justice
McElwee 14 (Sean, , a research associate at Demos, 9/14, “Facts vs. the GOP: Why America is living through a new era of segregation” http://www.salon.com/2014/09/14/facts_vs_the_gop_why_america_is_living_through_a_new_era_of_segregation/
Recent events in Ferguson, Missouri, have once again made the nation consider the
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(Source) mcelwee figure 1 2. War on drugs and mass incarceration 

The war on drugs disproportionately targets people of color: One in 12 working-
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, a far more productive solution is to redress our massive public policy problems

 — like the war on drugs and dropout mill schools — that are proven
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all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living.”

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Oakwood JW | Judge: Matt Delateur, Adam Torson, Carlos Taylor
Courts are experiencing a slow down but are still functioning.
Palazzolo 3/15
Joe Palazzolo, 3/15/16 “In federal courts, fewer lawsuits but a longer wait” The Wall Street Journal -   Joe Palazzolo writes about legal affairs from The Wall Street Journal's headquarters in New York. His areas of coverage include the federal judiciary, privacy, gun laws and anticorruption.

The judicial backlog has grown about 28 since 2011. The pending cases included
AND
results in the displacement or delay of civil disputes, creating a backlog. 

Courts are increasingly overstretched but qualified immunity is a key doctrine to keep the workload down—aff clogs the courts. Ferris ‘92
Putnam and Ferris 92 (Charles Putnam, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Office of the New Hampshire Attorney General, J.D. 1985, University of Connecticut. Charles Ferris, J.D. 1992, Franklin Pierce Law Center, Concord, New Hampshire.)“DEFENDING A MALIGNED DEFENSE: THE POLICY BASES OF THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DEFENSE IN ACTIONS UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1983” BRIDGEPORT LAW REVIEW QUINNIPIAC COLLEGE Volume 12 Number 3 Spring 1992
A second policy consideration present in section 1983 litigation and furthered by the qualified immunity
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the Due Process Clause and is therefore not actionable under section 1983.2
Turns the aff—clogged courts mean there’s zero avenue for plaintiffs to combat police misconduct—that’s the internal link to solvency in the AFF.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Oakwood JW | Judge: Matt Delateur, Adam Torson, Carlos Taylor
Downturn in econ causes spending cuts that destroy heg. Thompson ‘9,
Thompson 9 (Loren, chief executive officer of Lexington, Armed Forces Journal, Mar 9, http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2009/03/3922551) ET
As if all this were not enough, the parts of the defense program that
AND
national economic power will be paced by the erosion of national military power.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Oak Hall KZ | Judge: Lauren Burdt
Identity precludes the fundamental nature of class relations as the primary power relation deterministic of all other sources of oppression – the combination waters down the alt and makes it entirely ineffectual. ROB should be to vote for whoever better presents the better strategy against capitalism.
Gimenez 1 (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) Martha, “Marxism and Class; Gender and Race”, Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html
There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
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ethnomethodology ignores power relations. Power relations underlie all processes of social interaction a

nd this is why social facts are constraining upon people. But the pervasiveness of
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
Capitalism causes mass death, anti-blackness, and environmental destruction.
Dean 15 (Jodi, Political Theorist @ Hobart William Colleges, “Red, Black, and Green” Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society, 27:3, pp. 399-401)
Two ideas voiced in the present discussion impress the urgency of the need for a left party oriented toward communism: racism (Buck 2015) and the Anthropocene (Healy 2015).
Given anthropogenic climate change, the stakes of contemporary politics are almost unimaginably high.
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and soon. Forcing that change is the political challenge of our time.
Given the persistence of racialized violence and the operation of the state as an instrument
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ideas need to be chosen, systematized into a program, and defended.
Consciously reiterating the colors of the Black Liberation Flag, the red, black,
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dismantling of the carbon-based economy and the global redistribution of wealth.
The three colors should not be read as three separate issues or groups. They
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the Left that have stood in the way of our forging collective counterpower.
Here and now, movements are pushing the organizational convergence of communist, climate,
AND
relate to ourselves as comrades, as solidary members of a fighting collective.
The alternative is to stop and think Communism – breaking free from the political closure of the status quo requires refusing the call to radical action in favor of developing a new, comprehensive understanding of the institutional constraints of the status quo.
Swyngedouw and Wilson 14 (Erik, Professor of Geography @ Manchester U., and Japhy, Lecturer in International Political Economy and Hallsworth Research Fellow @ Manchester U., “There Is No Alternative,” The Post-Political and Its Discontents: Spaces of Depoliticisation, Spectres of Radical Politics, pp. 308-310)
The idea of communism may appear as little more than a mirage on the political
AND
one that haunted Europe in 1848: the real possibility of communism now.
But the communism that haunts the contemporary Left is not a real possibility. It
AND
-lived Bakhtinian carnivals whose geographical staging is carefully choreographed by the state.

The relationship between our critical theories and the political as egalitarian-emancipatory process has
AND
, aims to take control again of life and its conditions of possibility.
Communism as a hypothesis and political practice is much older than the twentieth century and
AND
1966, which was brutally smashed by the forces of the Chinese state.
The key task, therefore, is to stop and think, to think communism
AND
a truth that can only be established through a new emancipatory political sequence.
The communist hypothesis forces itself onto the terrain of the political through the process of
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keep saying there is no alternative, when there really is no alternative?

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Scarsdale JG | Judge: idk man
The use of greater legal reform creates legal grey holes—piecemeal reform is legal legitimation without meaningful legal constrains; that’s terminal defense to the AFF. Feldman ‘15
Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
The advantage of Dyzenhaus’ “legal grey holes” concept over the concept of “
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even as fully consistent with norms of due process, reasonableness and equality.

The history of qualified immunity court decisions shows how each attempt to create more sound civil rights litigation procedures ends up inadvertently expanding protection for police officers. Layering temporalities, creating legal time frames, and replacing bright line rules with balancing tests prove how every single immunity reform just creates larger legal indeterminacy. The affirmative simply adds onto that indeterminacy turning case. Feldman ‘15
Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
My argument in this section is that the Supreme Court has created a legal grey
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determination of “qualified immunity,” which I discuss in the next section.

The Aff’s appeal to civil liberties is a façade that only furthers the state’s biopolitical control over the population—destroys rights and turns case. Anders ‘13
Anders 13, Abram Anders is an Assistant Professor, University of Minnesota Duluth, nearest date given is 2013, “Foucault and "the Right to Life": From Technologies of Normalization to Societies of Control,” http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/3340/3268, NN
The essential and unavoidable problem with rights discourse is that it appeals to a liberal
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functional impairment as an essential pre-condition for legal findings about disability."
Legal reforms hurt social justice– starting from the perspective of legal solutions forecloses the political imaginary and hampers radical solutions—turns the aff Kandaswamy ‘12
Kandaswamy 12 (Priya Kandaswamy; Associate Professor Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies; “THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY” SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW Vol. 41, pg 265, 1/21/2012)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
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could look like and locate legal interventions in relation to this broader vision.
Structural violence is the root cause of their impacts – Denounce their simplistic relationship with violence because the system produces the material reality which makes violence inevitable. Zizek ‘8
Zizek 8 (Slavoj, senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy at
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sound”—reality doesn’t matter, what matters is the situation of capital.

The alternative is a counter-reading of the harms of the 1AC. We REFUSE their faith in policy stories.  Legalism underpins the violence of empire and creates the conditions of possibility for liberal violence. Dossa ‘99
Dossa ’99 Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, “Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity,” The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1
No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective
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liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.
We ought to prioritize movements for deconstructive resistance over blind faith in legal studies. Only the alt can effectively contest domestic cultures of violence. Hirst ‘15
Hirst ‘15 (Aggie She, Lecturer in International Politics @ City University London, “Derrida and Political Resistance: The Radical Potential of Deconstruction” Globalizations, Vol. 12.1)
There are many manifestations of the practical consequences of deconstructive resistance across a range of
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commitments, dealing with difference in terms and contexts other than the familiar.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Munster MY | Judge: Jane Brennan
The use of greater legal reform creates legal grey holes—piecemeal reform is legal legitimation without meaningful legal constrains; that’s terminal defense to the AFF. Feldman ‘15
Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
The advantage of Dyzenhaus’ “legal grey holes” concept over the concept of “
AND
even as fully consistent with norms of due process, reasonableness and equality.
The history of qualified immunity court decisions shows how each attempt to create more sound civil rights litigation procedures ends up inadvertently expanding protection for police officers. Layering temporalities, creating legal time frames, and replacing bright line rules with balancing tests prove how every single immunity reform just creates larger legal indeterminacy. The affirmative simply adds onto that indeterminacy turning case. Feldman ‘15
Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
My argument in this section is that the Supreme Court has created a legal grey
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to the factual circumstances as they appeared to a reasonable officer on the scene

. In 2006, the Supreme Court in Scott v. Harris went even further
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determination of “qualified immunity,” which I discuss in the next section.
Legal reforms hurt social justice– starting from the perspective of legal solutions forecloses the political imaginary and hampers radical solutions—turns the aff Kandaswamy ‘12
Kandaswamy 12 (Priya Kandaswamy; Associate Professor Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies; “THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY” SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW Vol. 41, pg 265, 1/21/2012)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
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could look like and locate legal interventions in relation to this broader vision.
The negative advocates a rejection of the faith the affirmative places in the law’s ability to solve social problems in favor of critical analysis of the laws purported objectivity and its violent exclusion of alternative perspectives. Singer ‘84
“The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory,” Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, http://www.jstor.org/stable/796315
What shall we do then about legal theory? I think we should abandon the
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live together. We are going to have to answer that question ourselves.

We ought to prioritize movements for deconstructive resistance over blind faith in legal studies. Only the alt can effectively contest domestic cultures of violence. Hirst ‘15
Hirst ‘15 (Aggie She, Lecturer in International Politics @ City University London, “Derrida and Political Resistance: The Radical Potential of Deconstruction” Globalizations, Vol. 12.1)
There are many manifestations of the practical consequences of deconstructive resistance across a range of
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and interventions are by no means dissociable from the concrete sphere of global politics

. While certainly not their sole origin or source, socio-political framings and
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commitments, dealing with difference in terms and contexts other than the familiar.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Oak Hall KZ | Judge: Lauren Burdt
A is the interpretation - the affirmative may not claim offense from anything other than a fiated piece of legislation that limits qualified immunity for police officers
First, “United States” means the three branches of the central government. The affirmative does not advocate action by the USFG.
OECD 87 — Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Council, 1987 (“United States,” The Control and Management of Government Expenditure, p. 179)

1. Political and organisational structure of government
   The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. States have their own constitutions and within each State there are at least two additional levels of government, generally designated as counties and cities, towns or villages. The relationships between different levels of government are complex and varied (see Section B for more information).
   The Federal Government is composed of three branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. Budgetary decisionmaking is shared primarily by the legislative and executive branches. The general structure of these two branches relative to budget formulation and execution is as follows.
   Second, Resolved implies a policy
   Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
   Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
   My interpretation is that the resolution should define the division of affirmative and negative ground. It was negotiated and announced in advance, providing both sides with a reasonable opportunity to prepare to engage one another’s arguments.
   This does not require the use of any particular style, type of evidence, or assumption about the role of the judge — only that the topic should determine the debate’s subject matter.  
   B is the violation: The affirmative violates this interpretation because they call
   TVA solves: You could exp
   Knowing the law is powerful – legal education prevents state coercion and improves enforcement
   Jananeethi 8 Non-Profit Organization, “Legal Literacy: Social Empowerment for Democracy and Good Governance,” http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/asia-pacific/section1/08Jananeethi.pdf
   Knowledge of law is power and helps self-realization. India, the largest
   AND
   knowledge of law, which can transform people's lives, is legal literacy.
   Around 35 of India’s population have no formal education.1 Most of them
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   and access to justice, etc., are manifestations of their vulnerable existence. 

Major social reformation efforts are required to bring about a change in the rural scenario. Non-governmental agencies that have deeper contacts at the grassroots level than official government machineries play crucial role in this regard. Legal literacy and human rights education are effective and practical means to strengthen the social fabric for a successful democracy.
Article 39A2 of the Constitution of India requires the State to ensure that the operation
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no one from compliance therewith,” the need for legal literacy is undisputable.
Legal literacy, therefore, is a tool for bringing about qualitative change at the grassroots level. Experience shows that better awareness of laws helps people work more effectively in diverse spheres. The non-implementation of many laws is partly attributed to the beneficiaries' lack of awareness.
Even if the State is imperfect of academically obsolete, we can’t underestimate its centrality. Normative refusal to discuss or work with it is naïve and counter-productive
Dr. Inis Claude is a Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs, Emeritus, at the University of Virginia. During his teaching career, Professor Claude held positions at the University of Michigan, Harvard University, Columbia University, University of Wales, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Institute of Social Studies at the Hague. States and the Global System – 1988
Finally, let us take note of the view that the state is obsolete,
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rather than to rail against the system and to dream of abolishing it.  
Only the state can restrain violent domination—the alt will get crushed by elites and make the problems worse
Taylor 2k – Professor of Environmental Ethics, Florida (Bron, Beneath the Surface, p 282-4, AG)

A more trenchant problem is how bioregionalists (and the anarchists who influenced their most
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, the most beautiful bioregional experiments and models will be overwhelmed and futile. 

the importance of TVA is that it allows me to engage --- non-T version of the AFF makes the 1AC become the end of the discussion, not the start of it
C is reasons to prefer
1 – Stasis - Stasis is the internal link to solving the aff – Debate has the ability to change people’s attitudes because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused topic of debate
Goodin and Niemeyer 3 – Australian National University (Robert and Simon, “When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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rather than just consulting our running on-line ‘summary judgments’. C

rucially for our present discussion, once again, what prompts that shift from online
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
2 – Fallibility – Even if the 1AC is factually correct, failure to subject their claims to testing by a well-prepared opponent produces groupthink that prevents effective advocacy – treat their claims as false until properly tested
Poscher 16—director at the Institute for Staatswissenschaft and Philosophy of Law at the University of Freiburg (Ralf, “Why We Argue About the Law: An Agonistic Account of Legal Disagreement”, Metaphilosophy of Law, Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki/Adam Dyrda/Pawel Banas (eds.), Hart Publishing, forthcoming)
Hegel’s dialectical thinking powerfully exploits the idea of negation. It is a central feature
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exchange of arguments can still serve to test and improve our position. W

e have to do the “labor of the negative” for ourselves. Even
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concept of justice to art such as to engage in an intelligible controversy.
D is the voter --- this is a voter for education (1) it’s a turn to the AFF methodology (2) voter for portable skills – spills overe (substantive ed)

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Millard West GG | Judge: Dan Carlson
Apocalyptic rhetoric about climate change constructs a problem that is impossible to solve, or if it is to be prevented, fascist social engineering would be required.  We need to turn away from doom saying so that we can weigh the ethic implications of a wide range of public policies—human survival is at stake.
Hulme, 08
Discussion version, May 2008 Three Meanings of Climate Change: lamenting Eden, presaging Apocalypse, constructing Babel Professor Mike Hulme School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Paper for the Future Ethics workshop ‘What is to be done: apocalyptic rhetoric and political action’ University of Manchester, Friday 13 June 2008 ‘

I have suggested three underlying ideologies – or myths - that shape and inflect our
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achieve for humanity: whether this be affluence, justice or mere survival.
This framing of global warming blocks broader efforts to transform society’s relationship to the Earth, and displaces concern for other environmental issues – their depictions actively produce biodiversity loss, topsoil erosion, deforestation, and ocean acidification
Crist 7
(Eileen, has been teaching at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology in Society since 1997, where she is advisor for the undergraduate program Humanities, Science, and Environment, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse”, Telos, 141 (Winter 2007): 29–55.)

While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even
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to—will barely address—the ongoing destruction of life on Earth.

Tournament: Voices | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Albany EK | Judge: Tim Alderete, Scott Wheeler, Todd Newkirk
China poised to become leader in nuclear energy
Abe 15(Tetsuya Abe, Asian Review, October 11 2015, da: Sep 5, China aims to become world's top nuclear power producer by 2030, http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/China-aims-to-become-world-s-top-nuclear-power-producer-by-2030,PS)
BEIJING -- Chinese President Xi Jinping's government is poised to greatly expand the country's nuclear
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major infrastructure export in the future, along with high-speed trains.
Chinese clean tech leadership is key to their economy, internal stability, and solves extinction  
Paul Denlinger 10, consultant specializing in the China market who is based in Hong Kong, 7/20/10, “Why China Has To Dominate Green Tech,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/china/2010/07/20/why-china-has-to-dominate-green-tech/
On the policy level, the Chinese government has to perform a delicate balancing act
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why the Chinese government has chosen to invest in developing new green energy tech

nology. The country is very fortunate in that most of the discovered deposits of
AND
century. For all practical purposes, we’re all in the same boat.
China’s economic rise is good --- they’re on the brink of collapse --- causes CCP instability and lashout --- also tubes the global economy, US primacy, and Sino relations
Mead 9 Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8
The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations and to American power
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modernization and change; nobody knows what will happen if the growth stops.
Chinese lashout goes nuclear
The Epoch Times, Renxing San, 8/4/2004, 8/4, http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-4/30931.html
Since the Party’s life is “above all else,” it would not be surprising
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now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.  
Extinction
Yee and Storey 2 Herbert is a Professor of Politics and IR @ Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian is a Lecturer in Defence Studies @ Deakin University. “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p. 5
The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
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disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marcus AE | Judge: Rory McKenzie
Clinton ahead of Trump, but the gap is narrow – both parties are currently campaigning in swing states and the winner is highly likely to win the election
Struyk September 8th, 2016 (Ryan Struyk – ABC reporter, “Battleground State Polls Show Tight Race Between Trump and Clinton”, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/battleground-state-polls-show-tight-races-trump-clinton/story?id=41952502, EmmieeM)
Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are locked in tight battles in four key battleground states
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gap among Republicans and Democrats but a wide split by gender among independents.
Approval of Obama’s administration key to Clinton’s chances  
Stanage, 16 –  (contributor to The Hill (Niall, 5/29. “Clinton's ace in the hole: Obama.” http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/281575-hillary-clintons-ace-in-the-hole-obama)
Hillary Clinton will have a not-so-secret weapon in her quest for
AND
when you have a popular sitting president,” said Democratic strategist Evan Stavisky. 

Voters love nuclear power
Newport 12 (“Americans Still Favor Nuclear Power A Year After Fukushima”, http://www.gallup.com/poll/153452/americans-favor-nuclear-power-year-fukushima.aspx, EmmieeM)
PRINCETON, NJ -- One year after the tsunami and resulting failure of the Fukushima
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each time have been within a narrow 56 to 58 range.

Trump is an outspoken advocate for nuclear
Follett 16 (Andrew: energy and environment reporter; "Here’s Where The 2016 Candidates Stand On Nuclear Power"; 2-20-2016; Daily Caller; http://dailycaller.com/2016/02/20/heres-where-the-2016-candidates-stand-on-nuclear-power/; DT)
Donald Trump: The real estate mogul has made strong public statements supporting nuclear power
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Saudi Arabia times 100 of natural gas, but we don’t use it.”
Trump makes nuclear war more likely—risks accidental launch and crisis escalation
Blair, 16 – nuclear security expert and a research scholar at the Program on Science and Global Security at Princeton and the co-founder of Global Zero (Bruce G., 6/11. “What Exactly Would It Mean to Have Trump’s Finger on the Nuclear Button?” http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/2016-donald-trump-nuclear-weapons-missiles-nukes-button-launch-foreign-policy-213955#ixzz4FTPobknd)
What would it mean to have Trump’s fingers on the nuclear button? We don't
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or procedural grounds to defy it no matter how inappropriate it might seem.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: St Andrews IB | Judge: Daniel Shatzkin, Bennett Eckert, Rick Brundage
Clinton winning now, but margins are thin- election could flip to Trump
Rucker 9/17 (Phillip Rucker, Dan Balz- Washington post, “As Trump rises in battleground states, Clinton moves to block his path”, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-clinton-trump-battleground-states-20160917-story.html)
Tiny New Hampshire has just four votes in the electoral college, but Tim Kaine
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“People are starting to see that Trump can actually pull this off.”
Overwhelming public support for nuclear power – plan is massively unpopular
NEI 16 (http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Public-Opinion)
NEI’s public opinion survey found learning about nuclear energy’s clean air contributions promotes favorability for
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role in meeting U.S. electricity needs in the years ahead.
Approval of Obama’s administration key to Clinton’s chances  
Stanage, 16 –  (contributor to The Hill (Niall, 5/29. “Clinton's ace in the hole: Obama.” http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/281575-hillary-clintons-ace-in-the-hole-obama)
Hillary Clinton will have a not-so-secret weapon in her quest for
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when you have a popular sitting president,” said Democratic strategist Evan Stavisky.
Trump is an outspoken advocate for nuclear
Follett 16 (Andrew: energy and environment reporter; "Here’s Where The 2016 Candidates Stand On Nuclear Power"; 2-20-2016; Daily Caller; http://dailycaller.com/2016/02/20/heres-where-the-2016-candidates-stand-on-nuclear-power/; DT)
Donald Trump: The real estate mogul has made strong public statements supporting nuclear power
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Saudi Arabia times 100 of natural gas, but we don’t use it.”
Trump will first use nuclear weapons – Causes extinction in hours
O’Hanlon 16 (Michael, Co-Director, Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, 3/1, “Going it alone? The president and the risks of a hair-trigger nuclear button” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2016/03/01-president-and-nuclear-button-ohanlon)
The president of the United States can, in theory, launch nuclear war by
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his candidacy is enough at least to raise the salience of the question.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harrison LC | Judge: Jeffrey Richards
Clinton winning now, but margins are thin- election could flip to Trump
Rucker 9/17 (Phillip Rucker, Dan Balz- Washington post, “As Trump rises in battleground states, Clinton moves to block his path”, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-clinton-trump-battleground-states-20160917-story.html)
Tiny New Hampshire has just four votes in the electoral college, but Tim Kaine
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“People are starting to see that Trump can actually pull this off.”
Overwhelming public support for nuclear power – plan is massively unpopular
NEI 16 (http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Public-Opinion)
NEI’s public opinion survey found learning about nuclear energy’s clean air contributions promotes favorability for
AND
role in meeting U.S. electricity needs in the years ahead.
Approval of Obama’s administration key to Clinton’s chances  
Stanage, 16 –  (contributor to The Hill (Niall, 5/29. “Clinton's ace in the hole: Obama.” http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/281575-hillary-clintons-ace-in-the-hole-obama)
Hillary Clinton will have a not-so-secret weapon in her quest for
AND
when you have a popular sitting president,” said Democratic strategist Evan Stavisky.
Trump is an outspoken advocate for nuclear
Follett 16 (Andrew: energy and environment reporter; "Here’s Where The 2016 Candidates Stand On Nuclear Power"; 2-20-2016; Daily Caller; http://dailycaller.com/2016/02/20/heres-where-the-2016-candidates-stand-on-nuclear-power/; DT)
Donald Trump: The real estate mogul has made strong public statements supporting nuclear power
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Saudi Arabia times 100 of natural gas, but we don’t use it.”
Conservative ideology is worse for social mobility and racial justice
McElwee 14 (Sean, , a research associate at Demos, 9/14, “Facts vs. the GOP: Why America is living through a new era of segregation” http://www.salon.com/2014/09/14/facts_vs_the_gop_why_america_is_living_through_a_new_era_of_segregation/
Recent events in Ferguson, Missouri, have once again made the nation consider the
AND
, a far more productive solution is to redress our massive public policy problems

 — like the war on drugs and dropout mill schools — that are proven
AND
all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living.”
Trump will first use nuclear weapons – Causes extinction in hours
O’Hanlon 16 (Michael, Co-Director, Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, 3/1, “Going it alone? The president and the risks of a hair-trigger nuclear button” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2016/03/01-president-and-nuclear-button-ohanlon)
The president of the United States can, in theory, launch nuclear war by
AND
his candidacy is enough at least to raise the salience of the question.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 6 | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Nicholas Rogers
Japan is moving towards federalism now; regional governments are strong but not truly autonomous.
Cruz 7/21/16 (Elfren S. Cruz, July 21, 2016, MBA professor at the De La Salle University, “Federalism: No one perfect model, ” http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2016/07/21/1605061/federalism-no-one-perfect-model | SP)
Federalism is becoming increasingly important in the world today. Although only 28 countries claim
AND
, Sudan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal have started moving towards federalism.
Negotiations for re-opening of nuclear plants is a historical prerogative of regional governments.
Ahmad ’14 (Dr. Arshad Ahmad, educator, professional trainer, safety consultant, researcher, social worker, outdoor enthusiast, and a thinker. November 13, 2014, “Federalism vs regional autonomy – an energy example,” https://arshadahmad.wordpress.com/2014/11/13/federalism-vs-regional-autonomy-an-energy-example/ | SP)
I had an interesting discussion today with an interesting Professor from Kyushu University. We
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, which is better? A strong federalism, or more regional autonomy?
After Fukushima, every battle matters and this is a huge one, local leaders are putting up a fight now but so far responses have been half-hearted.
Kingston et al ’12 (Jeff Kingston, Abingdon, Routledge, 2012, Natural disaster and nuclear crisis in Japan: response and recovery after Japan's 3/11 | SP)
Since they are there working on the ground, they understand what issues are in
AND
and mayors. It is a new and encouraging development in Japanese politics.
Federalism key to the Japanese economy because of increased competition and federal political deadlock – the pursuit of federalism is new, so every policy matters.
Hallen ’14 (Jay Hallen has written numerous foreign and economic policy articles for National Review Online, City Journal, and the American, having previously edited the international business journal at Columbia Business School. Jay got his start in foreign affairs when standing up the Iraq Stock Exchange in 2003-04, and then went on to consult financial institutions in Egypt.  He currently works in finance and most recently participated in the New York Leaders program of the Foreign Policy Initiative. JUL 21, 2014, “Federalism is the Key to Japan's Economic Doldrums” http://www.forbes.com/sites/jayhallen/2014/07/21/federalism-is-the-key-to-japans-economic-doldrums/#436b908a10ba | SP)
The Japanese economy is now in the second decade of a slump so deep that
AND
draw business and talent at the expense of other prefectures that do not.

 Fukushima Prefecture, for example, may choose to embrace the third arrow because
AND
politics, is the best means to allow these reforms to take shape.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola | Judge: idk
Virtually all power plant development is happening through the Russian nuclear company Rosatom
Kraev 16 (Kamen Kraev – New Eastern Europe, which is a news site dedicated to Central and Eastern Europe, “Russia’s Nuclear Energy Expansion – A Geopolitical Footprint?”, http://www.neweasterneurope.eu/articles-and-commentary/2040-russia-s-nuclear-energy-expansion-a-geopolitical-footprint, EmmieeM)
Oil and natural gas usually dominate the media discourse on Russia’s energy policies and the
AND
in nuclear energy during an annual energy forum in Johannesburg in February 2016.

Here’s your specific India link
Novosoti 16 (Ria Novosoti – Russia and India Report – literally a new site about Russian and Indian relations, http://in.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2016/09/14/russia-india-agree-to-build-2-kudankulam-nuke-power-units_629833, EmmieeM)
Russia and India have worked out an agreement to build the fifth and sixth reactors
AND
according to the Russian design AES-2006 with the VVER-1200 reactors
Expansion of Russia’s nuclear industry is key to Russian growth
Evans 15 (Gareth Evans – citing a World Nuclear Association Report; member of European Federation of Biotech; has a doctorate, “Russia: New Nuclear Tech Titan”, http://www.power-technology.com/features/featurerussia-new-nuclear-tech-titan-4647211/, EmmieeM)
According to recently published research from the World Nuclear Association (WNA), Russia is
AND
to support the power plant with spare parts and fuel supplies as needed."
Russian economic growth is vital to recover from 2015 shocks – some stability and predicted increase now, but plan would reverse that
Khlebnikov 16 (Alexey Khlebnikov – citing Deputy Minister of Economic Growth in Russia; Russian news source, “Cautious Hopes for a Russian Economic Rebound in 2016”, http://www.russia-direct.org/qa/cautious-hopes-russian-economic-rebound-2016, EmmieeM)
The Big Three credit rating agencies - Standard and Poor's (SandP),
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about the current state of affairs and preparing measures to strengthen these dynamics.
Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
Filger 9 Sheldon Filger, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356 vv
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
that the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence

Tournament: Voices RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Sakthi Ponnuswamy, Michael OKrent
Nuclear reactors in Japan supply at least 30 of the electricity.
World Nuclear Association, 16
World Nuclear Association, August 2016, "Nuclear Power in Japan,” World Nuclear Association, http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power.aspx
Japan needs to import about 84 of its energy requirements. Its first commercial
AND
the continuation of reliable and affordable electricity supplies is being worked out politically.
Japan key to both East Asia and global economy.
Li, 16
Cindy Li (analyst at the Country Analysis Unit in the Division of Financial Institution Supervision and Credit (FISC)), 3-31-2016, "The Global Impact of Chinese and Japanese Economic Growth," Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, http://www.frbsf.org/banking/asia-program/pacific-exchange-blog/global-impact-chinese-japanese-economic-growth/
Asia’s two economic giants collectively account for two-thirds of the region’s output and
AND
-border banking, a role they have not played in two decades.

Banning nuclear power leads to economic downfall
Belogolova 13 (Olga Belogolova – The Atlantic; ex-staff reporter for National Journal, “Why Japan Can’t Quit Nuclear Power”, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-japan-cant-quit-nuclear-power/437028/, EmmieeM)
TOKYO — Hiroko Sata, an 87-year-old nurse, walked out
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— but the choice is the same. Call it the myopia of power
Economic decline causes multiple war scenarios – the impact is extinction
Harris and Burrows - 2009 (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis,” The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Human extinction is the greatest act of suffering imaginable.  Epstein 09
Epstein and Zhao 9, Richard J. Epstein and Y. Zhao ‘9 – Laboratory of Computational Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, The Threat That Dare Not Speak Its Name; Human Extinction, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Volume 52, Number 1, Winter 2009, Muse. 

Human extinction is 100 certain—the only uncertainties are when and how.
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, could pay dividends in minimizing the eventual cumulative burden of human suffering.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: St Andrews IB | Judge: Daniel Shatzkin, Bennett Eckert, Rick Brundage
The only viable energy sources we currently have other than nuclear are fossil fuels – renewable shift is possible, but natural gas will have to be used as a bridge
Smil 15 (Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor Emeritus who has published over 37 books and works in interdisciplinary research in areas such as energy, environment, and public policy. He has been a consultant for several international organizations and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada, which is a science academy. “Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21st Century”, http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119012864.html, pg. x, EmmieeM)
To many forward-looking energy experts, this may seem to be a strangely
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thorough understanding of requirements, benefits, and challenges of natural gas ascendance. 

Renewables require back-up due to intermittency – natural gas industry will expand in conjunction with renewables
Trembath et al 13 (Alex, policy analyst in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough Institute, where he researches and writes about renewable energy technologies, American federal energy policy and the history of public investments in technological innovation, and Max Luke, policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough, where his research focused on a range of energy issues and topics including nuclear power, natural gas, renewables, energy efficiency rebound and backfire, national energy subsidies, and electricity systems, with Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, “Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution”, http://thebreakthrough.org/images/main_image/Breakthrough_Institute_Coal_Killer.pdf)
Gas-fired power provides cheap, low-carbon, and flexible backup support
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power sources and can ramp as fast as 100 MW per minute.97

Natural gas is key to Russian expansionism – they hold a monopoly on the global LNG market
Hermant, 14  (ABC's Moscow correspondent from 2010-13. He returned in March 2014 to cover the Ukraine crisis from Moscow and Kiev. (Norman, “Russia's natural gas is Vladimir Putin's political and economical weapon,” ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/natural-gas-is-putins-political-and-economical-weapon/5394030) IS
For Vladimir Putin, natural gas is not just a resource. It is an
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it seem like energy from Russia is simply part of the European fabric.

Russian expansionism triggers multiple scenarios for extinction
Blank 9,( strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March. “RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?”  
Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
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perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harrison LC | Judge: Jeffrey Richards
Electricity prices declining
Aurium 16 (Aurium Capital Markets – Organization dedicated to investor information, “Why Are Electricity Prices Falling”, http://auriumcapital.com/why-are-electricity-prices-falling/, EmmieeM)
Wholesale electricity prices are down from £60/MWh a few year ago to
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lifted at a time when global demand is falling, particularly in Asia.
Renewables spike prices – empirics show
Brook 13 – Barry, ARC Future Fellow in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Adelaide, Australia, Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change, Director of Climate Science at the Environment Institute and co-runs the Global Ecology Lab.“Renewable Energy's Hidden Costs?, March 23, 2013  http://theenergycollective.com/barrybrook/201991/counting-hidden-costs-energy)//a-berg
Table 1 omitted, Figure 1 included

A recent Bloomberg press release got wide coverage with its claim that wind power is
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each technology as might apply in the Australian context – see Figure 1.
Figure 1: Total system cost for generation technology (2012) including carbon and grid-level costs Ignoring such costs distorts the picture. For example, Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) recently put out a press release headed “Renewable Energy Now Cheaper Than New Fossil Fuels in Australia”, which attracted a great deal of attention.

Energy price spikes cause food insecurity and spike food prices.
CRS, 08 (Tom Capehart and Joe Richardson, Specialists in Agricultural Policy, Resources, Science and Industry Division, Congressional Research Service, State Department, 4/10/2008, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/104281.pdf, JKahn)

Higher commodity and food prices reduce our ability to provide food aid to other countries
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world’s poorest people to spend a larger proportion of their income on food.

Food price spikes and insecurity cause global resource wars that escalate to nuclear war – turns case
Klare 6 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College in Amherst, Mass (“The Coming Resource Wars” Michael March 11, 2006 http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Oil_watch/ComingResourceWars.html)

It's official: the era of resource wars is upon us. In a major
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with the rest of the world to slow the pace of global climate change

Independently, low electricity prices key to chemical industry.
Perry 12 (Mark, Prof of Economics @ Univ. of Michigan, "America's Energy Jackpot: Industrial Natural Gas Prices Fall to the Lowest Level in Recent History," http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/07/americas–energy–jackpot–industrial.html)

Building petrochemical plants could suddenly become attractive in the United States. Manufacturers will "
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seems like a win, win, win, win situation to me. 

Chemical industry key to solve disease mutation.
NRC 2002, National Research Council Committee on Challenges for Chemical Sciences in the 21st century “National Security and Homeland Defense” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114822/)//a-berg

Many drugs are produced by either chemical synthesis or biosynthetic processes. Recent advances in
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them for their biological activities or functions also remains a challenge to industry.

Mutations ensure extinction
Yu 9 Victoria Yu, Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", 5-22-09 http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate

A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
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could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marcus AE | Judge: Rory McKenzie
The AFF is rife with examples of a thematic framing of human beings as benevolent protectors of the environment – monitoring, manipulating and controlling nature to ensure it functions in a systematically predictable way. This is a dangerous illusion that promotes futile managerial approaches to an untameable natural world.
Kuletz, '98
Valerie Kuletz, University of Canterbury. The Tainted Desert: Environmental and Social Ruin in the American West. New York: Routledge, 1998. 285-287.  myost
We have seen how comparing two sets of perceptions about the environment and their intellectual
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escapes our control—multiplying and taking on a life of its own.  
Next, the AFF's attempt to unify nature around a “sustainable” solution to ecological catastrophe fantasises the existence of a singular, harmonious Nature, rather than coming to terms with the facticity of multiple, contingent Natures. This presupposition mandates the imagining of ecological Armageddon as a tactic to stave off a more vital project of reimagining our relationship to the Earth.
Swyngedouw, '6
Erik Swyngedouw, University of Manchester. “Impossible 'Sustainability' and the Post-Political Condition.” 2006. Also published in The Sustainable Development Paradox: Urban Political Economy in the United States and Europe. Eds. Rob J. Krueger and David Gibbs. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. www.liv.ac.uk/geography/seminars/Sustainabilitypaper.doc.  myost
Slavoj Žižek suggests in Looking Awry that the current ecological crisis is indeed a radical
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expresses a fear that to stop acting would lead to catastrophic consequences. I

n his words, obsessive acting becomes a tactic to stave off the ultimate catastrophe
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be achieved, and what sort of natures do we wish to inhabit.

The impact turns the case. Their construction of the environment as manageable by Human Will is responsible for the very ecological abuse they decry. Once presented as a mere standing reserve for human use, environmental destruction becomes not just possible, but natural.
Luke, '3
Timothy Luke, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. “Eco-Managerialism: Environmental Studies as a Power/Knowledge Formation.” AURORA. 2003.  http://aurora.icaap.org/index.php/aurora/article/view/79/91.  myost
Before scientific disciplines and industrial technologies turn its' matter and energy into products, nature
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incitement of discoveries, and a formation of special knowledges that strengthen the contro

l that can be linked to one another as the impericities of nature for academic
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natural resources for a more thorough, rapid, and perhaps intensive utilization. 

The result of this eclipse of Being is a Will, which reduces the world to a stable and predictable “Standing Reserve”. This ontology represents a constant consumption, which renders all beings objects—setting the tone for warfare and environmental destruction in the wake of the rejection of Being itself.
Zimmerman, '81
Michael E. Zimmerman, Tulane University. Eclipse of the Self: The Development of Heidegger's Concept of Authenticity. 220-224.  myost
In 1951 Heidegger noted that Spengler's idea of the "decline of the West"
AND
is merely a capitalist gone mad, the capitalist is a rational miser.

The alternative is to do nothing. Don't be fooled – this isn't a question of passivity but of a releasement from the Will to Technology and an openness to the mystery of Being which transcends activity. Only such an ontological disarmament inaugurates new modes of revealing that don't depend on nature's subordination to human motivations.
McWhorter, '92
Ladelle McWhorter, University of Richmond. Heidegger and the Earth: Issues in Environmental Philosophy. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 1992. 3-7.  myost
Heidegger's work is a call to reflect to think in some way other than calculatively
AND
of the power configurations of current thinking that must be allowed to dissipate. 

But of course, those drives and those conceptual dichotomies are part of the very
AND
threatens our very being, the configurations of subjective existence in our age.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 4 | Opponent: Nueva AK | Judge: idk
Opposition between Western and indigenous epistemologies is grounded in essentialism.  Criticism of “Western epistemological forms” undermines struggles against colonialism.
Chris Andersen Michif (Métis) from western Canada, associate professor in the Faculty of Native Studies @ Alberta ‘9 “critical indigenous studies From Difference to Density” Cultural Studies Review 15 (2) p. 80-84
In two recent articles,3 American Indian studies professor Duane Champagne challenges ‘Western’
AND
concepts and methodologies as immutable precisely where and when they are most necessary. 

Regarding the second, he dismisses the contextual importance of accounting for the academic institutional
AND
exists outside the life and reach of contemporary nation-states’ cultural power.
Defining indigenous identity in opposition to white and western epistemologies reduces Native peoples to a caricature of everything that non-Natives are not.  
Valuing indigenous perspectives because of their difference results in condescending policy action and creates a static identity trap.
Chris Andersen Michif (Métis) from western Canada, associate professor in the Faculty of Native Studies @ Alberta ‘9 “critical indigenous studies From Difference to Density” Cultural Studies Review 15 (2) p. 80-84
Champagne’s abstraction, imprecision and internal contradictions make it difficult to produce definitive conclusions about
AND
undertake an immanent deconstruction of Indigenous representations produced in and by white society.

Using non-Western perspectives as a form of truth as self-evidence promotes fascism.   
Rey Chow Modern Culture and Media @ Brown ’98 Ethics After Idealism p.8-9
The Story of O, or, the New Fascism In the foregoing pages,
AND
task of exploring "how difference is established, how it operates, h

ow and in what ways it constitutes subjects who see and act in the world
AND
further argument about its history or what Scott calls its "discursive character."
Our alternative is to recognize the epistemological diversity and density of native communities. Epistemological investigation should emphasize density not absolute difference because Western epistemes assist everyday struggles against indigenous exploitation.  
Chris Andersen Michif (Métis) from western Canada, associate professor in the Faculty of Native Studies @ Alberta ‘9 “critical indigenous studies From Difference to Density” Cultural Studies Review 15 (2) p. 80-84
By way of conclusion, let me offer some thoughts on where my removal of
AND
of expertise which might nonetheless prove of central concern to the communities. C

hampagne contends that ‘the issues confronting indigenous peoples are not reducible to race,
AND
the danger of producing a naive, substantialist and ultimately parochial Indigenous studies.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 6 | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Nicholas Rogers
Securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence- creates an epistemology and ontology of violence
Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
supplied by the ontological claim to national existence, security, or order. 

However in practice, technique quickly passes into ontology. This it does in two
AND
more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
Hegemony is a paranoid fantasy---the strategy omnipotence sees threats to empire everywhere, which necessitates constant violence---you have an obligation to place the structural violence that hegemony invisibilizes at the core of your decision calculus
McClintock 9—chaired prof of English and Women’s and Gender Studies at UW–Madison. MPhil from Cambridge; PhD from Columbia (Anne, Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib, Small Axe Mar2009, Issue 28, p50-74)
By now it is fair to say that the United States has come to be
AND
cost of catastrophic self-delusion and the infliction of great calamities elsewhere.
I have come to feel that we urgently need to make visible (the better
AND
come to characterize the  United States as a super-carceral state. 5
Can we, the uneasy heirs of empire, now speak only of national things
AND
. Rather, the force of empire comes to reconfigure, from within,
Prolif is an epistemological excuse for violence – their discourse wrecks alternative approaches – and trades off with structural violence
Woods 7 Matthew, PhD in IR @ Brown - Researcher @ Thomas Watson Institute of International Relations Journal of Language and Politics 6.1“Unnatural Acts: Nuclear Language, proliferation, and order,” p. 116-7
It is important to identify, expose and understand the successful creation of 'proliferation' as
AND
realizes its ideological preferences while marginalizing other possibilities and co-opting subordinates.
Their fixation on those national interests and apocalyptic scenarios justifies endless violence, totalitarianism, and nuclear war— the alternative is an intellectual criticism of their securitizing representations
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
AND
of state security planning in the context of counter-terrorism operations abroad.
The intensifying problematisation and externalisation of Muslim-majority regions and populations by Western security

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Millard West GG | Judge: Dan Carlson
Their politics of naming pain generates portraits of abuse that lock in an exploitative system where one only earns recognition from judges when the body is portrayed as violated. Recognition becomes predicated on the displaying of abjection and pain. In order to gain the ballot, the curious, intrigued judge requests that you show your scars.
Tuck and Yang 14 (Eve Tuck – Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz, K. Wayne Yang – Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies and Affiliated Professor of Urban Studies and Planning at the University of California, San Diego, “R-Words: Refusing Research”, Humanizing Research, pp. 223-247)
An initial and partial answer is because settler colonial ideology believes that,¶ in fiction
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writing or talking about wounds, and perceptions of¶ authenticity of voice.
This reifies logic of settler colonialism through its interpretation of subaltern voice—refuse to participate in the marketplace of trauma
Tuck and Yang 14 Eve, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz, and K. Wayne, Associate Professor in Ethnic Studies at UC San Diego, “R-Words: Refusing Research,” Humanizing Research, p. 224-6
Our thinking and writing in this essay is informed by our readings of postcolonial literatures
AND
2010, p. 8) takes the shape of a pain narrative.
Our alternative is desire-based research—pain narratives only seek to entrench a racist developmental hierarchy
Tuck and Yang 14 Eve, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz, and K. Wayne, Associate Professor in Ethnic Studies at UC San Diego, “R-Words: Refusing Research,” Humanizing Research, p. 231
Alongside analyses of pain and damage-centered research, Eve (Tuck 2009,
AND
. 14). Desire interrupts this metanarrative of damaged communities and White progress.
A politics of pain forecloses any chance of resistance – if victimhood becomes the prerequisite for change, then inversely, agency represents a threat
Tuck and Yang 14 (Eve Tuck – Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz, K. Wayne Yang – Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies and Affiliated Professor of Urban Studies and Planning at the University of California, San Diego, “R-Words: Refusing Research”, Humanizing Research, pp. 223-247)
Elsewhere, Eve (Tuck, 2009, 2010) has argued that educational research
AND
a reinscription of¶ subjugation and pained existence?” (p. 55).
Their alternative modes of communication only become commodified by the academy through assimilation
Tuck and Yang 14 Eve, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations and Coordinator of Native American Studies at the State University of New York at New Paltz, and K. Wayne, Associate Professor in Ethnic Studies at UC San Diego, “R-Words: Refusing Research,” Humanizing Research, p. 236-7
Many scholars may feel motivated to reimagine such activities as research, presumably in order
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of epistemological respect and reciproc- ity rather than epistemological assimilation or colonization.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harrison LC | Judge: Jeffrey Richards
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
AND
thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
AND
value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82

Tournament: Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: American Heritage Plantation DM | Judge: Alex Tisher, Nick Smith, Tom Even
A is the interpretation: the affirmative must defend that countries ban water being turned into steam in nuclear power plants 

B is the violation: the affirmative bans uranium mining

C is the standard -- limits (education, fairness)

T is a voter for pedagogical reasons - it's the only way we can learn to rigorously test ideas and respond to rigorous testing.