Tournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
Hey!

17mariam@students.harker.org or Emu Malyugina on facebook. I check my email more frequently though. Hit me up to ask for any positions I've read or past strats.

Tournament: all | Round: 1 | Opponent: everyone | Judge: all
The affirmative must disclose all broken positions on the NDCA wiki with cites and the first/last three words

The affirmative must disclose the 1AC on the NDCA wiki with cites and the first/last three words at least 15 minutes before the round

The counterplan must be entirely exclusive of the 1AC advocacy

Tournament: VBI | Round: Finals | Opponent: Me | Judge: Me
Check Open Source

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake VC | Judge: Matt Leuvano
1AC
Framework 6:00
Traditional education relies on believing that there is such a thing as absolute knowledge or truth, which separates minority students from their culture and identity – viewing graffiti as a legitimate pedagogical tool worthy of discussion allows for formation of alternative spaces that encourage critical thought, are inclusive, and subvert hegemonic ideologies
Franco 13 (Norma Franco – this is her thesis for her M.A. in Chicano/a studies at the Cal State Northridge University, “Humanizing Youth Through a Graffiti Discourse: A Critical Pedagogy Space”, pgs. 3 – 8, http://scholarworks.csun.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.2/3614/Franco-Norma-thesis-2013.pdf?sequence=1, EmmieeM)
According to Friere, traditional systems of power inside public education institutions have been based
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youth such as those who attend Youth Justice Coalition in Inglewood, California.
“At risk” youth are constantly de-humanized and branded as deviant – graffiti allows for a space where they can create new forms of knowledge and identities that differ from those forced on them by society and learn critical thinking and social activism. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that best crafts survival strategies for the marginalized student
Franco 13 (Norma Franco – this is her thesis for her M.A. in Chicano/a studies at the Cal State Northridge University, “Humanizing Youth Through a Graffiti Discourse: A Critical Pedagogy Space”, pgs. 55 – 56, http://scholarworks.csun.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.2/3614/Franco-Norma-thesis-2013.pdf?sequence=1, EmmieeM)
In education, graffiti provides a space for students to link knowledge of their social
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it can lead youth to actual deviancy and criminal activity (McLaren 2003).
Analyzing graffiti as a methodology precludes discussions of morality because it’s a process through which we become aware of ourselves and our relation to our environment – refusing to prioritize alternative self-analysis and graffiti as a foundation for epistemology means we default to the dominant narrative
Lovata and Olton 15 (Troy Lovata – Associate Professure of the University of New Mexico Honors College; PhD, Elizabeth Olton – co-editor of the book, “Introduction” “Understanding Graffiti: Multidisciplinary Studies From Prehistory to the Present”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=eyF6CgAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PR2andots=_kpzJ3Ba7Xandsig=pwyR7q2YmvRurbFO7IZAQKVZ69E#v=onepageandqandf=false, pgs. 15 – 16, EmmieeM)
Graffiti is a genre that invites dialogue. The four sections of this volume that
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quest to make sense of – to understand – our world and ourselves.
Graffiti is the best starting point for other discussions because it creates a forum where individuals can traverse their racial or class position and is best analyzed under various perspectives and styles
Rodriguez 15 (Amardo Rodriguez – Professor at Syracus; PhD. From Howard University; received several awards for teaching such as the Meredith Excellence in Teaching Award and the College Faculty Award, “On the Origins of Anonymous Texts that Appear on Walls”, “Understanding Graffiti: Multidisciplinary Studies From Prehistory to the Present”, https://books.google.com/books?id=ralmDAAAQBAJandpg=PA22andlpg=PA22anddq=graffiti+increasing+on+college+campusandsource=blandots=a6Y77s05Zuandsig=ApoLiTUIiNSoPi9KJppMB43u-Zsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiHjsaq3_7SAhXqsFQKHflMAa8Q6AEIYzAL#v=onepageandq=graffiti20increasing20on20college20campusandf=false, pgs. 21 – 22, EmmieeM)
Graffiti are a phenomenon driven by the need to express a proscribed opinion, thought
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public, as a medium that invites many perspectives and styles of investigation.
Thus I affirm: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict graffiti
Suliman 14 (Naushaad Suliman – Thesis for Degree of Master of the Arts in Toronto University, “Critical Conceptions of Graffiti in Schools”, https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/67865/1/Suliman_Naushaad_201406_MA_thesis.pdf, pgs. 68 – 71, EmmieeM)
The literature on graffiti indicates that graffiti is often used a means to get messages
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voice can be heard and the violence that causes graffiti can be addressed.
Survival Strategies 3:57
Attempts to get rid of the government empirically proven to only result in more predatory groups coming to power – the state is inevitable so it’s try or die for crafting spaces within society where marginalized groups can thrive
Holcombe 5 – Economics Professor, Florida State (Randall, Is Government Inevitable?, http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_09_4_5_controversy.pdf, AG)
Even if the ideological shift for which Stringham and Leeson are hoping were to happen
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people in developed nations now enjoy, will prevent them from embracing anarchy.
Graffiti creates a unique space that functions outside of hegemonic ideology and allows marginalized bodies to access agency and re-define their identities. The criminalization of graffiti is rooted in a desire to suppress people of color from low-income backgrounds – a ban is anti-blackness
Franco 13 (Norma Franco – this is her thesis for her M.A. in Chicano/a studies at the Cal State Northridge University, “Humanizing Youth Through a Graffiti Discourse: A Critical Pedagogy Space”, pgs. 19 – 23, http://scholarworks.csun.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.2/3614/Franco-Norma-thesis-2013.pdf?sequence=1, EmmieeM)
Graffiti according to Vigil has become a common culture for youth because it has arisen
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identity; graffiti has developed a safe space to discuss issues of identity.
The criminalization of graffiti becomes internalized by graffiti artists, leading youth to label themselves as “criminals” or “deviants” and prosecution of graffiti artists leads them into gangs and higher levels or crime – challenging the perception of graffiti within educational institutions is especially key
Franco 13 (Norma Franco – this is her thesis for her M.A. in Chicano/a studies at the Cal State Northridge University, “Humanizing Youth Through a Graffiti Discourse: A Critical Pedagogy Space”, pgs. 57 – 60, http://scholarworks.csun.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.2/3614/Franco-Norma-thesis-2013.pdf?sequence=1, EmmieeM)
Negotiating Hegemonic Relationships. Graffiti is defined by mainstream audiences as a criminal act and
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economic relations and practices that exploit some and privilege others” (1997).
Graffiti has been empirically proven to be a viable strategy of resistance and government transformation that subverts the dominant paradigm in a way that allows for historical materialism and community mobilization of people of different backgrounds
Bartolomeo 1 (Bradley J. Bartolomeo – B.S. in Psychology/This is their Anthropology Honors Thesis, “Graffiti as a Form of Public and Political Resistance”, “Cement or Canvas: Aerosol Art and The Changing Face of Graffiti in the 21st Century”, https://www.graffiti.org/faq/graffiti-is-part-of-us.html#Graffiti_as_Extreme_Resistance_Anarchism, EmmieeM)
A visually salient, though often artistic and creative manner of resistance, graffiti inherently
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is only one type of discourse by which these negative sentiments are expressed.
Even if my methodology is slightly flawed, graffiti provides the best starting point because it offers a voice to the voiceless and allows for larger reflection of society and human behavior while resulting in pragmatic benefits – empirically proven at Brown and Columbia where womyn used bathroom graffiti to out rapists that colleges refused to punish, leading to the creation of new anti-harassment programs
Rodriguez 15 (Amardo Rodriguez – Professor at Syracus; PhD. From Howard University; received several awards for teaching such as the Meredith Excellence in Teaching Award and the College Faculty Award, “On the Origins of Anonymous Texts that Appear on Walls”, “Understanding Graffiti: Multidisciplinary Studies From Prehistory to the Present”, https://books.google.com/books?id=ralmDAAAQBAJandpg=PA22andlpg=PA22anddq=graffiti+increasing+on+college+campusandsource=blandots=a6Y77s05Zuandsig=ApoLiTUIiNSoPi9KJppMB43u-Zsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiHjsaq3_7SAhXqsFQKHflMAa8Q6AEIYzAL#v=onepageandq=graffiti20increasing20on20college20campusandf=false, pgs. 24 – 26, EmmieeM)
Scheibel (1994) investigates reflections of group communication and organization modes and posits that
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failure of the university to properly and transparently deal with an important matter.
Wow, All of This is Topical! 1:25
Graffiti is protected under the First Amendment – it’s both pure and symbolic speech
Mettler 12 (Margaret L. Mettler – J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, “Graffiti Museum: A First Amendment Argument For Protecting Uncommissioned Art on Private Property”, pgs. 260 – 264, http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093andcontext=mlr , EmmieeM)
This Section analyzes how uncommissioned art fits within the purview of "speech" under
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of low-value speech that receives limited First Amendment protection. 1 2
Any does not assume all, but rather allows for subsets – prefer because it considers the semantic and pragmatic context and gives a laundry list of Supreme Court decisions
Fintel 11 (Kai von Fintel – Language Log, “Justice Breyer, Professor Austen, and the Meaning of ‘Any’”, http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3248, EmmieeM)
Tap tap. Is this thing on? I guess as a freshly minted
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a professional semanticist, I concur with Breyer and dissent from the dissenters.
Reasons to prefer
1 – It’s a linguistic professor citing 8 Supreme Court cases so it’s more semantically correct their T-any interp the Supreme Court decides what words mean relative to the constitution and the fact that they’ve decided this way 8 times means they’re comparatively more sure of this grammatic context than on one they’ve decided on once
2 – Better for ground -- A specific plan pins down the AFF and prevents it from reading generic weighing arguments or shifting out of what is “constitutional, which allows the NEG to clash starting with the 1AC.
3 – PICs Bad – (A) explodes the AFF research burden – I can’t find prep against infinite tiny args like satire, the right to remain silent, or arm-band wearing. This outweighs on fairness because at least under my interp, you can still win rounds (B) Biggest impact to education – kills clash because I won’t be able to generate offense if you coopt 99.9 of the AFF, which leads to every debate becoming PICs good/bad. Also kills topic specific education because the NEG could run the same small PIC every round and never have to discuss or research the AFF.
4 – Underlimiting is worse – (A) Forcing the AFF to only debate one plan leads to stale debates, which don’t benefit either of us. At worst, my interp means there’s a marginal chance that we get additional education or research skills. (B) The limit potential is small – small sections of free speech don’t have an expansive enough college-specific topic lit and cannot generate enough offense to be developed into AFFs – although it’s possible to find 1 mediocre card and run them as PICs. Here’s the case list: newspapers, free speech zones, professors, and big sections of the lit like hate speech – there’s no reason you can’t prep out a handful of AFFs.
Default to reasonability with a brightline of generic DA and turn ground – competing interps leads to race to the bottom, which is comparatively worse because it means we never get any topic specific education while a brightline means we can weigh under it.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake LC | Judge: Isis Davis-Marks
1AC
Framework
I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. Rhoads is the solvency advocate.
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case – maximizing wellbeing is the theory of the good.  
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
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thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
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, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
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value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
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the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Offshore Balance 5:08
Letting Trump have a strong military is dangerous and ensures bad policy and terror – this AFF is not about hegemony or military being bad, but rather about what we do with a leader who is so overly militaristic that we can’t have the diplomacy and allies that used to make heg work
Kahl 4/5/17 (Colin H. Kahl – Associate Professor of Security Studies Program at Georgetown and security consultant at Penn-Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement/ex-deputy assistant and national security advisor to Obama, “Like Middle East War? You’re Gonna Love President Trump”, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/like-middle-east-wars-youre-gonna-love-president-trump-214985, EmmieeM)
In a few short months since he became president, Donald Trump has made clear
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, “doing stupid shit” is not a great doctrine, either.
Hegemony is unsustainable – Syria, the Egypt coup, reliance on drones – only my evidence takes into account events from 2016
Colombo 17 (Alessandro Colombo and Paolo Magri – Italian Institute for International Political Studies, “The Age of Uncertainty: Global Scenarios and Italy”, “A Crisis in Legitimacy: The US and World Order”, “From Barack Obama to Donald Trump”, http://www.ispionline.it/it/EBook/2017_Report_ENG/The_Age_of_Uncertainty.pdf, pgs. 33 – 28, EmmieeM)
Central to this collapse in expectations – as it has already been the case for
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more, for instance, or by reducing the number of US enemies.
Choosing to embrace inevitable decline allows for peace and stability – fighting for what we can’t get makes violent conflict inevitable
Quinn 11 (Adam Quinn – Senior Lecturer in International Politics at the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, “The Art of Declining Politely: Obama’s Prudent Presidency and the Waning of American Power”, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20869760.pdf, pg. 822, EmmieeM)
As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline
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, regime change and democracy promotion in response to events in North Africa.
Offshore balancing is empirically better at retaining U.S. power, conserving resources, resolving inter-state disputes, and challenging terrorism – attempts to pursue hegemony have been failing and lead to prolif, conflict, and terrorism
Mearsheimer and Walt 16 (John J. Mearsheimer – R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at UChicago; Stephen M. Walt – Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, “The Case for Offshore Balancing: A Superior U.S. Grand Strategy”, http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/Offshore20Balancing.pdf, pgs. 70 –83, EmmieeM)
For the first time in recent memory, large numbers of Americans are openly questioning
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interests; it is also the one that aligns best with Americans’ preferences.
Dissent and protests are criminalized on campus now – debate, specifically on campus, is key to holding government accountable and teaching students to not buy into propaganda
Rhoads 7 (Robert Rhoads – PhD from Penn State; Professor at UCLA, “The New Militarism, Global Terrorism, and the American University: Making Sense of the Assault on Democracy ‘Here, There, Somewhere’”, “Concluding Remarks”, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/04166652#page-24, pgs. 23 – 25, EmmieeM)
The decision by George W. Bush to invade and then occupy Iraq was rooted in his administration’s fixation on global terrorism and its appeal to a seemingly childlike desire to strike out at some amorphous entity as a consequence of an injustice suffered. The tendency for his administration to resort to simplistic jingoisms, such as defining other nations and leaders as “evil,” or constituting an “axis of evil” (Woodward, 2002, p. 329), in the case of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, revealed the frightening reality of a nation adrift, isolated, and increasingly compromised in terms of its national security. It is perhaps the ultimate paradox that in supposedly seeking to advance a nation’s security, its leaders have given birth to hatred in countless spaces, “here, there, somewhere.” The willingness to engage in “perpetual war,” in some cases with a vague or deceitful rationale and an even vaguer plan of action, demonstrates the most inhumane kind of decision-making imaginable and suggests in some manner or form that Bush sees himself above all of it, as the quintessential prophet, capable of seeing what others cannot, including formless weapons of mass destruction. Indeed, in February 2003, the editors of The Progressive suggested that Bush had a “messiah complex,” and engaged the nation in a form of “messianic militarism,” seeking to “rid the world of evil – at the barrel of a gun” (p. 8). In exercising his vision of U.S. domination, disguised as global peacekeeping, Bush has pushed democracy aside and has led an assault on his citizens and their vital institutions, including the American university. Ideals related to academic freedom and the role of the university as a source of social criticism serve important roles in a truly democratic society (Lal, 2006). Under the principle of academic freedom and in the name of a democratic social good that includes free speech and open public debate, professors and students often engage in heated debates and criticism of public policy. Indeed, one of the hallowed traditions of the academy is the ability of intellectuals to pose critical questions and participate in verbal jousts aimed at governmental and public policies. Similar to the role of the press and the ideals of free speech, the academy and academic freedom help to hold a democratic government accountable to various sectors of society, both public and private. But this is changing and the reason we are told is the tragedy of September 11 and the reality of global terrorism. But what has U.S. society traded for a color-coded perpetual war against terrorism? What I suggest here is that democracy itself has been the exchange, and under the leadership of George W. Bush, the United States has moved that much closer to a totalitarian state, one in which the university and its dissenting voices must by necessity be contained. Despite containment efforts, many academics have offered forms of resistance to the anti-democratic assault. There are countless examples, including the efforts of the Taskforce on Middle East Anthropology, a group of scholars affiliated with Middle East studies, who produced a resource handbook for scholars and teachers titled, Academic Freedom and professional Responsibility after 9/11. The handbook explicitly addresses the present-day assault, highlighting how many scholars “have come into the cross-hairs of ideologues who argue that, ‘everything has changed’ – or ought to change – since September 11, including traditional bedrock American values upholding freedom of speech and public debate” (Abowd et al., 2006, p.4). The handbook offers a variety of strategies and points to consider as part of the struggle to protect academic freedom. Other forms of resistance also have emerged. At UCLA, a group calling itself “In Good Company” formed in the aftermath of the Bruin Alumni Association’s “Dirty 30” list. This group has attempted to unify support for academic freedom and create solidarity for those most likely to face right-wing persecution. National movements also exist, such as the Internet-based “Defend Dissent and Critical Thinking on Campus” (http://www.defendcriticalthinking.org), which was formed specifically to counter the efforts of right-wing attack dogs such as David Horowitz and to raise critical questions about institutionalized attempts to silence scholars like Ward Churchill. “Defend Dissent and Critical Thinking” includes important links to key documents and reports documenting the extensive neoconservative network (including funding sources) and its targeting of the academy, an “Archives” link documenting university statements and resolutions in support of open dissent, as well as an “Action” link for those wanting to get more involved in efforts to support critical dissent (there are additional links to the site as well). In closing, I want to suggest that pedagogy itself – the primary target of the right-wing assault on the university – ought to be the primary tool of resistance. After all, there is a reason it has been so targeted in this massive effort to turn the academy over to neoconservative ideologues, and the fact remains that despite a vicious, highly funded witch hunt, virtually no cases of ethical abuse in the classroom have been identified. Consequently, pedagogy must remain as the foundation for advancing critical thought and challenging out students to consider possibilities beyond those clever sound bites so frequently uttered in the mainstream media. This is a key part of the democratic potential universities serve, and this not a time to turn and run or to become overly defensive, but just the opposidt. Indeed, the challenge to sever the university from the democratic project must be met with increased and more focused energy to democratize classrooms and institutions of higher learning by voicing ever louder, and ever more often, criticism of abuse of power and oppressive structures that seek to silence dissenting voices.
Counter-recruitment movements have empirically proven successful, but without the ability to enter colleges they have become small and scattered – colleges are the key battle ground
Harding/Kershner 11 (Scott Harding – School of Social Work at the University of Connecticut/Seth Kershner – Simmons College, I am super sorry for all the size 3 stuff this article was really long, “’Just Say No’: Organizing Against Militarism in Public Schools ”, “Alternatives to Militarism: Counter-Recruitment as One Model”, http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3602andcontext=jssw, pgs. 86 – 107, EmmieeM)
It is within this context of deeply embedded militarism that the practice of counter-
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also bolster global defenses against militarism at a time of increasingly global war. 

Scenario One: Free Riders – The perception of U.S. military aggressiveness leads allies to shift political and military burdens onto the US, which leads to armed conflict with Russia and China, prevents international cooperation, and makes global war inevitable
Posen 13 – Barry R. Posen, Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013 (“Pull Back: The Case for a Less Activist Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013 issue, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138466/barry-r-posen/pull-back | ADM)
Another problematic response to the United States' grand strategy comes from its friends: free
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This needless war ironically made Russia look tough and the United States unreliable.
Scenario Two: Terror – Kalh and Meirsheimer provide the internal links. Terrorism culminates a US-Russia war that causes extinction
Barrett et al 13 - *Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, AND Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, and Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University,  AND *Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University (Anthony, Seth D. Baum, Kelly R. Hostetler, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,” 6/28/3013, http://sethbaum.com/ac/2013_NuclearWar.pdf )
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Scenario Three: North Korea – Trump is gearing up to deploy military now. The perception that the U.S. will strike results in all-out war that will drag in Japan and South Korea
O’Connor 4/19/17 (Tom O’Conor – Writer for NewsWeek, “Attack on North Korea Could Start a War in Asia For U.S., Japan, South Korea and Other Nations”, http://www.newsweek.com/us-attacks-north-korea-kim-jong-un-stop-war-586410, EmmieeM)
Recent tensions between North Korea and the U.S. have escalated to the
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attack on Seoul. How extensive that is, that's a good question."
U.S – North Korean war goes nuclear and causes extinction
Chol 11 Kim Myong Chol is author of a number of books and papers in Korean, Japanese and English on North Korea, including Kim Jong-il's Strategy for Reunification. He has a PhD from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's Academy of Social Sciences "Dangerous games" Aug 20 www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/MH20Dg01.html
The divided and heavily armed Korean Peninsula remains the most inflammable global flashpoint, with
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each spewing as much radioactive fallout as 150-180 H-bombs.
Underview 1:16
Non-consequentialist theories are paradoxical—if agency is so important, we shouldn’t make the world worse—default to intuitive implausibility.
Alexander and Moore 12, Larry Alexander serves on the editorial boards of the journals Law and Philosophy, Ethics, Criminal Law and Philosophy, and the Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law and Michael Moore Illinois – Co-Director, Program in Law and Philosophy, One of the country's most prominent authorities on the intersection of law and philosophy, "Deontological Ethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), BE
On the other hand, deontological theories have their own weak spots. The most
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can allow each person's agency to be so uniquely crucial to that person.
Agency isn’t inescapable—people could just be shmagents.
David Enoch 6 studied law and philosophy in Tel Aviv University, where he
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, Vol. 115, No. 2 (Apr., 2006), BE
Or consider Korsgaard's hope of grounding a reply to the skeptic in what is constitutive
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with morality his bodily movements¶ will not be adequately described as actions.

Any restriction on constitutionally free speech leads to self-censorship of any beliefs that don’t align with the dominant paradigm
Majeed 9 (Azhar Majeed – Robert H. Jackson Legal Fellow/UMich Law School, “Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistance, and Prevalence of Campus Speech Codes”, “The Chilling Effect”, http://www.thefire.org/pdfs/aff11d01bb5af6e9d8e2f8303832c301.pdf, pgs. 499 – 500, EmmieeM)
As discussed in the previous section, speech codes are often overbroad or vague or
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ideas. Such chilling of expression is fundamentally impermissible under First Amendment law.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard Westlake JN | Judge: Adam Torson, Kris Kaya, John Overing
Framework
Current discussions of free speech operate under a straight understanding of queerness and force queer bodies to be split from their identity through separating identity from expression – we need to abstract from the “normal” insofar that queer voices are included as a pre-requisite to discussions of the topic because we can’t have objective evaluations using biased scholarship that teaches us to stigmatize an entire group of people. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that provides the best methodology for challenging the oppression of queer bodies.
Yalda 99 (Christine Yalda – Arizona State University/SAGE Publications, “Walking the Straight and Narrow: Performative Sexuality and the First Amendment After Hurley”, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/096466399900800102, pgs. 33 – 36, EmmieeM)
Although the Hurley Court conflates heterosexual act and identity to constitute the council, it
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, i.e. that someone can be both Irish and queer.
Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them while simultaneously doing very little to inspire real change – prefer discussions of impacts happening in the status quo over useless abstractions about catastrophe
Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive”, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
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the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
The resolution asks us to use colleges as sites of resistance, but the academy is bankrupt – policies like school surveillance and zero tolerance separate students into “deserving” and “undeserving” bodies with the latter corralled into choosing between crime and military. Instead of following the rules and attempting to show that we too are “worthy citizens”, we need to embrace anti-education and alternate scholarship that deconstructs the fundamental obedience to rules that the system valorizes
Cowen and Siciliano 11 (Deborah Cowen and Amy Siciliano – Deborah Cowen is an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. Amy Sicilliano is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the City Institute of York University in Toronto, This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, “Rights in Suspension”, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039andppg=1, pg. 108-119, EmmieeM)
Schools have long been crucial institutions of liberal citizenship for the production of both discipline
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are part of the assembling of a broad future of securitized social reproduction.
Queer Anarchy 4:03
‘Free speech’ is not a static concept – what is considered protected under the First Amendment reflects the position of civil society and those in power. The marketplace of ideas is a construct that is set up to give the perception of free discussion while simultaneously excluding “undeserving” voices
Fish 94 (Stanley Fish – American literary theorist, legal scholar, author, and public intellectual; Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Yeshiva University, “There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech: And It's a Good Thing Too”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=GtdrpVZpTfUCandoi=fndandpg=PR11andots=hRG0qlDGedandsig=7hFHzMjY7hisMGLN2yQjdkKmRvs#v=onepageandqandf=false, pgs. 15 –17, EmmieeM)
The moral is the one I draw in “There’s No Such Thing as Free
AND
infected in its very constitution (here both a noun and a verb).
Progress is futile – the security state has constructed the structure of the law  as something that will necessarily provide civil society an enemy to define both its own existence and the expansion of militarism  - step away from normativity and become the camouflaging terrorist that is slain by the benevolent state protector
Genova 11 (Nicholas de Genova – Visiting Scholar in the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture at the University of Chicago and has been a research professor at the University of Amsterdam. He has taught anthropology at Stanford and Columbia and been an international research fellow at the University of Warwick. This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, Chapter 2- Fugitive Corporeality, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039, Pg. 142-150, EmmieeM)
The demand for a dutiful and docile (and now, patriotic, even heroic
AND
, pre-emptively supplying the justificatory rationale for still more state power.
The queer body is the non-conforming societal terrorist – from the AIDs epidemic to the “destruction of marriage and the family”, the queer is perceived as a threat to both cis-straight bodies and heteronormative society. The only alternative positioning allowed by American biopolitics is that of a market commodity to be exploited.
Puar 7 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), “Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times”, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54234b64e4b080ee5d54b2f0/t/5424b19ee4b070e9080566cf/1411690910458/jasbir-puar_terrorist-assemblages_preface.pdf, pg. 4 – 10, EmmieeM)
Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times is an invitation to deeper exploration of these
AND
always-becoming (continual ontological emergence, a Deleuzian becoming without being).
There can never be any hope of progress within the legal system because it is set up in such a way to erase queerness while simultaneously perpetuating queer violence – things like the trans-panic defense and deliberate sabotage of statistical gathering to down-play incidents of queer violence force the queer to become bare life.
Stanley 11 (Eric Stanley, “Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological Capture”, https://queerhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/near-life-queer-death-eric-stanley.pdf, PG. 5 – 15, EmmieeM)
The numbers, degrees, locations, kinds, types, and frequency of attacks
AND
threat as a symbol of shattering difference, monstrosity, and irreconcilable contradiction. 

This fetishistic structure allows one to believe that queers are an inescapable threat and at
AND
hollow space of ontological capture that life might still be lived, otherwise.
Cruel optimism has tangible psychological effects on queer bodies because it forces them to remain attached to the idea that things can get better and repeatedly suffer the realization that it is impossible
Berlant 8 (Lauren Berlant, “Cruel Optimism: On Marx, Loss and the Sense”, “Optimism and its Objects”, http://www.chineseollie.com/didyouread/Berlant-Cruel-Optimism.pdf, pg. 33, EmmieeM)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a
AND
a sudden incapacity to manage startling situations, as we will see below.
We must abandon the political – state-based “support” forms is used to drive homonationalism – the view of the U.S. as benign, which masks militarism and Middle East interventionism
Puar 13 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), Jindal Global Law Review, “Homonationalism as Assemblage: Viral Travels, Affective Sexualities”, http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ucsd/3somesPlus/Puar.pdf, pg. 24-28, EmmieeM)
In my 2007 monograph, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (hereinafter TA
AND
the legislation regarding the severe compromises made in order to enable its passage.
Thus my advocacy – queer anarchy - the only viable option is to call for queer anarchy – a radical insurrection that overthrows civil society
Mary Nardini no date (Mary Nardini Gang, “Towards the Queerest Insurrection”, http://www.weldd.org/sites/default/files/Toward20the20Queerest20Insurrection.pdf, EmmieeM)
Susan Stryker writes that the state acts to “regulate bodies, in ways both
AND
The rioting spread throughout the city as others joined in on the fun!

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kinkaid SS | Judge: John Sims
1AC 5:50
Framework
Current discussions of free speech separate queer identity from expression, which results in erasure and exclusion – we need to abstract from the “normal” insofar that queer voices are included as a pre-requisite to discussions of the topic because we can’t have objective evaluations using biased scholarship. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that provides the best methodology for challenging the oppression of queer bodies.
Yalda 99 (Christine Yalda – Arizona State University/SAGE Publications, “Walking the Straight and Narrow: Performative Sexuality and the First Amendment After Hurley”, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/096466399900800102, pgs. 33 – 36, EmmieeM)
Although the Hurley Court conflates heterosexual act and identity to constitute the council, it
AND
, i.e. that someone can be both Irish and queer.
The resolution asks us to use colleges as sites of resistance, but the academy is bankrupt – policies like school surveillance and zero tolerance separate students into “deserving” and “undeserving” bodies with the latter corralled into choosing between crime and military. Instead of following the rules and attempting to show that we too are “worthy citizens”, we need to embrace anti-education and alternate scholarship that deconstructs the fundamental obedience to rules that the system valorizes
Cowen and Siciliano 11 (Deborah Cowen and Amy Siciliano – Deborah Cowen is an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. Amy Sicilliano is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the City Institute of York University in Toronto, This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, “Rights in Suspension”, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039andppg=1, pg. 108-119, EmmieeM)
Schools have long been crucial institutions of liberal citizenship for the production of both discipline
AND
are part of the assembling of a broad future of securitized social reproduction.
Queer Anarchy 4:30
‘Free speech’ is not a static concept – what is considered protected under the First Amendment reflects the position of civil society and those in power. The marketplace of ideas is a construct that is set up to give the perception of free discussion while simultaneously excluding “undeserving” voices
Fish 94 (Stanley Fish – American literary theorist, legal scholar, author, and public intellectual; Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Yeshiva University, “There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech: And It's a Good Thing Too”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=GtdrpVZpTfUCandoi=fndandpg=PR11andots=hRG0qlDGedandsig=7hFHzMjY7hisMGLN2yQjdkKmRvs#v=onepageandqandf=false, pgs. 15 –17, EmmieeM)
The moral is the one I draw in “There’s No Such Thing as Free
AND
infected in its very constitution (here both a noun and a verb).
Progress is futile – the security state has constructed the structure of the law as something that will necessarily provide civil society an enemy to define both its own existence and the expansion of militarism  - step away from normativity and become the camouflaging terrorist that is slain by the benevolent state protector
Genova 11 (Nicholas de Genova – Visiting Scholar in the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture at the University of Chicago and has been a research professor at the University of Amsterdam. He has taught anthropology at Stanford and Columbia and been an international research fellow at the University of Warwick. This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, Chapter 2- Fugitive Corporeality, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039, Pg. 142-150, EmmieeM)
The demand for a dutiful and docile (and now, patriotic, even heroic
AND
, pre-emptively supplying the justificatory rationale for still more state power.
The queer body is the non-conforming societal terrorist – from the AIDs epidemic to the “destruction of marriage and the family”, the queer is perceived as a threat to both cis-straight bodies and heteronormative society. The only alternative positioning allowed by American biopolitics is that of a market commodity to be exploited.
Puar 7 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), “Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times”, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54234b64e4b080ee5d54b2f0/t/5424b19ee4b070e9080566cf/1411690910458/jasbir-puar_terrorist-assemblages_preface.pdf, pg. 4 – 10, EmmieeM)
Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times is an invitation to deeper exploration of these
AND
always-becoming (continual ontological emergence, a Deleuzian becoming without being).
There can never be any hope of progress within the legal system because it is set up in such a way to erase queerness while simultaneously perpetuating queer violence – things like the trans-panic defense and deliberate sabotage of statistical gathering to down-play incidents of queer violence force the queer to become bare life.
Stanley 11 (Eric Stanley, “Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological Capture”, https://queerhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/near-life-queer-death-eric-stanley.pdf, PG. 5 – 15, EmmieeM)
The numbers, degrees, locations, kinds, types, and frequency of attacks
AND
hollow space of ontological capture that life might still be lived, otherwise.
Cruel optimism has tangible psychological effects on queer bodies because it forces them to remain attached to the idea that things can get better and repeatedly suffer the realization that it is impossible
Berlant 8 (Lauren Berlant, “Cruel Optimism: On Marx, Loss and the Sense”, “Optimism and its Objects”, http://www.chineseollie.com/didyouread/Berlant-Cruel-Optimism.pdf, pg. 33, EmmieeM)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a
AND
a sudden incapacity to manage startling situations, as we will see below.
We must abandon the political – state-based “support” forms is used to drive homonationalism – the view of the U.S. as benign, which masks militarism and Middle East interventionism
Puar 13 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), Jindal Global Law Review, “Homonationalism as Assemblage: Viral Travels, Affective Sexualities”, http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ucsd/3somesPlus/Puar.pdf, pg. 24-28, EmmieeM)
In my 2007 monograph, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (hereinafter TA
AND
the legislation regarding the severe compromises made in order to enable its passage.
Thus my advocacy – queer anarchy - the only viable option is to call for queer anarchy – a radical insurrection that overthrows civil society
Mary Nardini no date (Mary Nardini Gang, “Towards the Queerest Insurrection”, http://www.weldd.org/sites/default/files/Toward20the20Queerest20Insurrection.pdf, EmmieeM)
Susan Stryker writes that the state acts to “regulate bodies, in ways both
AND
The rioting spread throughout the city as others joined in on the fun!
The queer Atlantic is at the nexus of diaspora and power formations – recognizing queer forms of resistance during the Middle Passage and the imposed fluidity upon colonized bodies that gave rise to modern capitalism and imperialism is the best way to analyze other power structures
Tinsley 8 (Omise'eke Natasha Tinsley – Associate Professor of African and African Diaspora Studies at UTexas with a PhD from Cal/Duke University Press, “Black Atlantic, Queer Atlantic: Queer Imaginings of the Middle Passage”, pgs. 191 – 199, Emmiee)
And water, ocean water is the first thing in the unstable confluence of race
AND
diaspora scholarship in ways as surprising as Equiano’s first glimpse of the sea.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cypress Woods LC | Judge: Nigel Ward
Framework
Current discussions of free speech separate queer identity from expression, which results in erasure and exclusion – we need to abstract from the “normal” insofar that queer voices are included as a pre-requisite to discussions of the topic because we can’t have objective evaluations using biased scholarship. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that provides the best methodology for challenging the oppression of queer bodies.
Yalda 99 (Christine Yalda – Arizona State University/SAGE Publications, “Walking the Straight and Narrow: Performative Sexuality and the First Amendment After Hurley”, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/096466399900800102, pgs. 33 – 36, EmmieeM)
Although the Hurley Court conflates heterosexual act and identity to constitute the council, it
AND
, i.e. that someone can be both Irish and queer.
The resolution asks us to use colleges as sites of resistance, but the academy is bankrupt – policies like school surveillance and zero tolerance separate students into “deserving” and “undeserving” bodies with the latter corralled into choosing between crime and military. Instead of following the rules and attempting to show that we too are “worthy citizens”, we need to embrace anti-education and alternate scholarship that deconstructs the fundamental obedience to rules that the system valorizes
Cowen and Siciliano 11 (Deborah Cowen and Amy Siciliano – Deborah Cowen is an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. Amy Sicilliano is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the City Institute of York University in Toronto, This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, “Rights in Suspension”, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039andppg=1, pg. 108-119, EmmieeM)
Schools have long been crucial institutions of liberal citizenship for the production of both discipline
AND
are part of the assembling of a broad future of securitized social reproduction.
Queer Anarchy 4:38
‘Free speech’ is not a static concept – what is considered protected under the First Amendment reflects the position of civil society and those in power. The marketplace of ideas is a construct that is set up to give the perception of free discussion while simultaneously excluding “undeserving” voices
Fish 94 (Stanley Fish – American literary theorist, legal scholar, author, and public intellectual; Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Yeshiva University, “There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech: And It's a Good Thing Too”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=GtdrpVZpTfUCandoi=fndandpg=PR11andots=hRG0qlDGedandsig=7hFHzMjY7hisMGLN2yQjdkKmRvs#v=onepageandqandf=false, pgs. 15 –17, EmmieeM)
The moral is the one I draw in “There’s No Such Thing as Free
AND
infected in its very constitution (here both a noun and a verb).
Progress is futile – the security state has constructed the structure of the law as something that will necessarily provide civil society an enemy to define both its own existence and the expansion of militarism  - step away from normativity and become the camouflaging terrorist that is slain by the benevolent state protector
Genova 11 (Nicholas de Genova – Visiting Scholar in the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture at the University of Chicago and has been a research professor at the University of Amsterdam. He has taught anthropology at Stanford and Columbia and been an international research fellow at the University of Warwick. This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, Chapter 2- Fugitive Corporeality, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039, Pg. 142-150, EmmieeM)
The demand for a dutiful and docile (and now, patriotic, even heroic
AND
, pre-emptively supplying the justificatory rationale for still more state power.
The queer body is the non-conforming societal terrorist – from the AIDs epidemic to the “destruction of marriage and the family”, the queer is perceived as a threat to both cis-straight bodies and heteronormative society. The only alternative positioning allowed by American biopolitics is that of a market commodity to be exploited.
Puar 7 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), “Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times”, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54234b64e4b080ee5d54b2f0/t/5424b19ee4b070e9080566cf/1411690910458/jasbir-puar_terrorist-assemblages_preface.pdf, pg. 4 – 10, EmmieeM)
Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times is an invitation to deeper exploration of these
AND
always-becoming (continual ontological emergence, a Deleuzian becoming without being).
There can never be any hope of progress within the legal system because it is set up in such a way to erase queerness while simultaneously perpetuating queer violence – things like the trans-panic defense and deliberate sabotage of statistical gathering to down-play incidents of queer violence force the queer to become bare life.
Stanley 11 (Eric Stanley, “Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological Capture”, https://queerhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/near-life-queer-death-eric-stanley.pdf, PG. 5 – 15, EmmieeM)
The numbers, degrees, locations, kinds, types, and frequency of attacks
AND
hollow space of ontological capture that life might still be lived, otherwise.
Cruel optimism has tangible psychological effects on queer bodies because it forces them to remain attached to the idea that things can get better and repeatedly suffer the realization that it is impossible
Berlant 8 (Lauren Berlant, “Cruel Optimism: On Marx, Loss and the Sense”, “Optimism and its Objects”, http://www.chineseollie.com/didyouread/Berlant-Cruel-Optimism.pdf, pg. 33, EmmieeM)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a
AND
a sudden incapacity to manage startling situations, as we will see below.
We must abandon the political – state-based “support” forms is used to drive homonationalism – the view of the U.S. as benign, which masks militarism and Middle East interventionism
Puar 13 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), Jindal Global Law Review, “Homonationalism as Assemblage: Viral Travels, Affective Sexualities”, http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ucsd/3somesPlus/Puar.pdf, pg. 24-28, EmmieeM)
In my 2007 monograph, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (hereinafter TA
AND
the legislation regarding the severe compromises made in order to enable its passage.
Thus my advocacy – queer anarchy - the only viable option is to call for queer anarchy – a radical insurrection that overthrows civil society
Mary Nardini no date (Mary Nardini Gang, “Towards the Queerest Insurrection”, http://www.weldd.org/sites/default/files/Toward20the20Queerest20Insurrection.pdf, EmmieeM)
Susan Stryker writes that the state acts to “regulate bodies, in ways both
AND
The rioting spread throughout the city as others joined in on the fun!
Solvency 1:15
Queer anarchy destroys the LGBTQ rights movement that is predicated on inscribing white gay men into heterosexual norms – marriage “equality”, military service, etc result in pinkwashing, backlash against the most marginalized queers, and obscures the ontological and state-based violence. The AFF tears down those structures and embraces rage as a form of taking back queer liberation
Veneuse 17 (Mohamed Jean Veneuse – citing Dean Spade and Craig Willse; Craig Willse – Assistant Professor of Cultural Studies at GMU; Dean Spade – Associate Professor of Law at the Seattle University School of Law, “On the Delusion of (non)violence and Difference Between Progressive-Liberalism and Radicalism: Between Trump, BLM, DAPL-INM, and Tahrir”, https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/mohamed-jean-veneuse-on-the-delusion-of-non-violence-difference-between-progressive-liberalism, EmmieeM)
“Marriage is a coercive state structure that perpetuates racism and sexism through forced family
AND
we are fighting for revolution. Back to the streets!” (2015)
The only way to resolve racism and the heteropatriarchy is to dismantle humanism – the state constructs a false hope of progress and the future to suppress radical rebellion and justify maintaining the anti-human. What we need is a critical analysis of the inter-relationships between violence, race, sex, and gender to overthrow the state in its entirety – anything less fails to challenge squo notions of what it means to be a human, and makes ontological oppression inevitable
Dillon 13 (Stephen Dillon – Assistant Professor of Queer Studies at the Hampshire College, “’It’s Here, It’s That Time:’ Race, Queer Futurity, and the Temporality of Violence in Born in Flames”, http://cwillse.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Dillon.BIF.pdf, pgs. 38 – 49, EmmieeM)
Born in Flames is a film about the futures imagined within the no future of
AND
the past have not faded, but, rather, have intensified (Fr

eeman 2010, 27). It is to deploy what Jasbir Puar calls an “
AND
always-moving horizon; rather, it is all we have now.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Connor Engell | Judge: idk
Framework 6:00
0:40 The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias
Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, “The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)”, http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
0:18 Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them – prefer being an intellectual coming up with methodologies for change rather than feeding the security machine
Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive”, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
AND
the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
0:22 Challenging background beliefs about security measures is a prior question because educational spaces like debate is where knowledge about war is created and asserted. Acting as a critical outsider within public spaces is crucial to changing prevailing beliefs and practices
Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, “What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war”, http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 286-288, EmmieeM)
While the deeper background ideas about war are not routinely surfaces, foregrounded, and
AND
has been the case with assumptions about the legitimacy and utility of war.
0:25 Questioning the legitimacy of war and securitization is key to deconstruct the background ideas that shape the development of tactics, research, and weapons. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state through policy action
Crawford 16 (Neta C Crawford is a professor of Political Science at Boston University who focuses on international relations theory and discourse ethics. She has won the American Political Science Association Jervis and Schroeder Award for her writings on international politics. She has been published in numerous scholarly journals and books, in addition to having served as the chair of the International Studies Association, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, “What is war good for? Background ideas and assumptions about the legitimacy, utility, and costs of offensive war”, http://bpi.sagepub.com/content/18/2/282.full.pdf+html, pages 284-186, EmmieeM)
War is defined as the use of military force to achieve a political objective.
AND
may be rarely expressed in explicit propositional form among the politically dominant classes.
Offense 4:10
0:38 Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights
Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, “Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities” (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
1:22 The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.
Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist,
AND
20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, “Academic Containment”, EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
0:35 Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous “Others” to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.
McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia“Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib”, pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
AND
contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
0:10 Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. “Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus”, pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
AND
commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
Solvency 1:20
0:47 The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology
Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 (“Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left,” Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

0:36 The security state operates on a binary where people are either complacent allies or dissenters to be suppressed at all costs – by framing unsavory speech acts as coming from people who are our equals and share more similarities than differences rather than evil “Others” to be destroyed, the affirmative avoids cooption of “protection” movements and the antagonisms that drive war. Anything other than complete rejection hyperlinks to the impacts of the AFF.
Ivie 5 (Robert L. Ivie – PhD in Rhetoric and Communication at WashU, “Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique”, “Dissent as a Form of Struggle” – entire section, pg. 279 – 280, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.832.4092andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, EmmieeM)
Democracy’s formidable challenge may be most clearly indicated on the occasion of war. War
AND
polity of adversaries and thus no politics, only forced unity and unmitigated enmity 

that is the end of politics, per se. The depoliticized alternatives to dissent
AND
it is otherwise curtailed and constrained by a regime of crisis and war?

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state through policy action.
Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, “The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)”, http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. “Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus”, pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
AND
commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
Recognition 5:05
Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights
Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, “Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities” (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.
Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist,
AND
20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, “Academic Containment”, EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
Any form of free speech restrictions leads to massive overreach and censorship of minority movements – empirically proven
Gey 98 (Steven G. Gey – John W. and Ashley E. Frost Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law, “Postmodern Censorship Revisited: A Reply to Richard Delgado”, “Professor Delgado and the Problem of Government Overreaching” – partway through, EmmieeM)
Professor Delgado responds to the problem of controlling the application of speech-regulation statues
AND
in a "deliberate, planned extermination or attempted extermination of a people."  
Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous “Others” to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.
McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia“Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib”, pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
AND
contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
Free speech codes shut down campus criticism and replace it with government-approved propaganda – there’s a massive spillover effect because journalism grads lose the ability to pursue controversial pieces and censorship becomes normalized
Sanders 6 (Chris Sanders –  University of Arizona Law Review, “Censorship 101: Anti-Hazelwood Laws and the Preservation of Free Speech at Colleges and Universities”, “Say no More: Hazelwood’s Dangers For College Students’ Free Expression” – through the end of “Too Much Freedom: How the Extension of Hazelwood to Universities Could Endanger the Future of the First Amendment”, pgs. 171 – 173, https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2058/Issue201/sanders.pdf , EmmieeM)
Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number
AND
” speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.
Discourse is a pre-requisite to change – relationships must first be made visible before reformation can occur
Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, “Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy,” pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover//LADI)
Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony
AND
opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution.
Underview 1:14
The affirmative is an act of carpentry – the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology
Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 (“Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left,” Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.
Totalizing accounts of power freeze resistance – working within structures of power creates spaces of meaning contra oppressive scripts.
Zanotti 13 (Laura, Ph.D., Virginia Tech, “Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 201X, Vol XX(X) 1–17)
Political agency is not portrayed as the free subjects’ total rejection of a unified totalizing
AND
position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emma Blum | Judge: Akhil Gandra
ROB
The political process has changed - instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not 'me-search' and radical utopias. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state through policy action.
Chandler 7 (David Chandler - Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He's also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, “The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)”, http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs - Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. “Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus”, pgs. Xx - xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus free speech and academic freedom
AND
commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
Recognition 5:05
Colleges are the newest target of the security state - the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights
Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux - one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, “Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 - 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities” (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated - the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.
Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee - Gender and Woman's Studies Chair of the Feminist,
AND
20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, “Academic Containment”, EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
Any form of free speech restrictions leads to massive overreach and censorship of minority movements - empirically proven
Gey 98 (Steven G. Gey - John W. and Ashley E. Frost Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law, “Postmodern Censorship Revisited: A Reply to Richard Delgado”, “Professor Delgado and the Problem of Government Overreaching” - partway through, EmmieeM)
Professor Delgado responds to the problem of controlling the application of speech-regulation statues
AND
in a "deliberate, planned extermination or attempted extermination of a people."  
Security thrives on insecurity - the state fabricates dangerous “Others” to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed - only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.
McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock - B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia“Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib”, pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo Bay? Is
AND
contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
Free speech codes shut down campus criticism and replace it with government-approved propaganda - there's a massive spillover effect because journalism grads lose the ability to pursue controversial pieces and censorship becomes normalized
Sanders 6 (Chris Sanders -  University of Arizona Law Review, “Censorship 101: Anti-Hazelwood Laws and the Preservation of Free Speech at Colleges and Universities”, “Say no More: Hazelwood's Dangers For College Students' Free Expression” - through the end of “Too Much Freedom: How the Extension of Hazelwood to Universities Could Endanger the Future of the First Amendment”, pgs. 171 - 173, https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2058/Issue201/sanders.pdf , EmmieeM)
Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number
AND
” speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.
Discourse is a pre-requisite to change - relationships must first be made visible before reformation can occur
Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, “Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy,” pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover//LADI)
Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony
AND
opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution.
Underview 1:14
The affirmative is an act of carpentry - the world is a really messed up place, but you cannot deny the existence of 6 billion people who cannot survive absent infrastructure and networks that provide food, transportation, and medicine. Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology
Bryant 12 - Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 (“Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left,” Larval Subjects-Levi R. Bryant's philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today-half irritated, half amused-because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.
Speech codes are turned around on minorities, give racists a cross on which to hang themselves, drives racism underground and makes it worse, and prevents community mobilization - psychological studies and empirics
Strossen 90 (Nadine Strossen - Professor of Law at the New York Law School + J.D. at Harvard Law School + General Counsel to the ACLU who serves on the Executive Committee and National Board of Directors, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke University School of Law, “Banning Racist Speech Could Aggravate Racism” - whole thing, pg. 555-561, EmmieeM)
For several reasons banning the symptom of racist speech may com- pound the underlying
AND
more expensive, but ultimately more meaningful, approaches for combating racial discrimination.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Marlborough ZW | Judge: Jacob Nails
1AC
ROB
The political process has changed – instead of trying to engage with society, we have become fixated on symbolic gestures and looking to personal ethics, leading to serial policy failure and the War on Terror. We need to engage with concrete action not ‘me-search’ and radical utopias. Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs the security state through policy action.
Chandler 7 (David Chandler – Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Westminster. He’s also the founding editor of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, “The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere (The Inaugural Lecture of Professor David Chandler)”, http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Inaugural-lecture.pdf, pgs. 1-9, EmmieeM)
Introduction. It seems that our engagement with and understanding of politics is increasingly shaped
AND
, critique, and ultimately overcome the practices and subjectivities of our time.
Thus, the plan. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
Downs 4 (Donald Alexander Downs – Professor of Political Science, Law and Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Research Fellow at the Independent Institute, Oakland, California. He has won the Annisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Gladys M. Kammerer Award of the American Political Science Association, and has been in published in journals, encyclopedias, and professional books. “Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus”, pgs. Xx – xxi, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5243N.pdf, EmmieeM)
During most of the twentieth century, threats to campus
AND
 commitment on campus can help to bring about this retrieval of liberal principles.
Recognition 5:05
Colleges are the newest target of the security state – the perception that universities are uniquely capable of supporting democracy and dissent over the War on Terror and free enterprise drives right-wing extremists to enforce censorship, under the guise of advancing tolerance and rights
Giroux 6 (Henry A. Giroux – one of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy, PhD from Carnegie, was a professor at Boston University and scholar at Miami University. Was the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. Published by John Hopkins University Press, “Academic Freedom Under FIre: The Case for Critical Pedagogy, pgs. 1 – 9, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/203608/pdf, EmmieeM)
Higher education in the United States appears to be caught in a strange contradiction.
AND
the best talent to American universities” (Jonathan Cole 2005b, B7).
The dissenter has become the terrorist to be eradicated – the security state has transformed college censorship into a tool of suppression for radical or brown students under the pretense of enforcing diversity and tolerance for right-wing students. Absent analysis of the War on Terror, liberation becomes impossible because struggles for racial or gender equality becomes coopted to further Islamaphobia and Middle East interventionism.
Chatterjee 14 (Piya Chatterjee – Gender and Woman’s Studies Chair of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Department at Scripps; B.A. from Wellesley in Political Science/Anthropology; M.A. at UChicago in Political Science/Anthropology; PhD at UChicago in Anthropology; numerous awards (professor of the year, bridging theory to practice grant, ford foundation grant, etc); Sunandra Maira – Professor of Asian American studies at UC Davis; Ed.D in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard; “The Imperial University: Race, War, and the Nation-State”, “Academic Contaiment” – entire section, pg. 17 – 25, https://www.csun.edu/cdsc/Imperial20University20Introduction20-20Piya20Chatterjee20and20Sunaina20Maira.pdf, “Academic Containment”, EmmieeM)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
the mission of higher education and the future of the nation-state.
Any form of free speech restrictions leads to massive overreach and censorship of minority movements – empirically proven
Gey 98 (Steven G. Gey – John W. and Ashley E. Frost Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law, “Postmodern Censorship Revisited: A Reply to Richard Delgado”, “Professor Delgado and the Problem of Government Overreaching” – partway through, EmmieeM)
Professor Delgado responds to the problem of controlling the application
AND
planned extermination or attempted extermination of a people."  
Security thrives on insecurity – the state fabricates dangerous “Others” to justify endless warfare in order to sustain hegemony and the myth of perpetual threats. Any weighing calculus that fails to account for the invisible violence happening in the status quo is epistemologically flawed – only through acknowledging that the War on Terror is fueled by the torture and slaughter of ordinary citizens can we deconstruct securitization.
McClintock 9 (Anne McClintock – B.A in English from University of Cape Town; M.Phil in Linguistics at the University of Cambridge; PhD in English Literature from Columbia; previous Associate Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at Columbia“Paranoid Empire: Specters From Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib”, pgs. 50-54, http://english110fall2014leroy.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/files/2014/06/13.1.mcclintock.pdf, EmmieeM)
The question is still open: what is the purpose of Guantanamo
AND
those contradictory sites where imperial racism, sexuality, and gender catastrophically collide.11
Free speech codes shut down campus criticism and replace it with government-approved propaganda – there’s a massive spillover effect because journalism grads lose the ability to pursue controversial pieces and censorship becomes normalized
Sanders 6 (Chris Sanders –  University of Arizona Law Review, “Censorship 101: Anti-Hazelwood Laws and the Preservation of Free Speech at Colleges and Universities”, “Say no More: Hazelwood’s Dangers For College Students’ Free Expression” – through the end of “Too Much Freedom: How the Extension of Hazelwood to Universities Could Endanger the Future of the First Amendment”, pgs. 171 – 173, https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2058/Issue201/sanders.pdf , EmmieeM)
Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number
AND
” speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.
Discourse is a pre-requisite to change – relationships must first be made visible before reformation can occur
Wingenbach 11 (Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies PhD, “Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy,” pg 190-198, https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8JrC64UgwCandprintsec=frontcover//LADI)
Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony
AND
opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution.
Underview 1:14
Empty critiques and radical upheavals devoid of concrete proposals are incomprehensible, doomed to failure, and drive people towards reigning ideology
Bryant 12 — Levi R. Bryant, Professor of Philosophy at Collin College, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Loyola University in Chicago, 2012 (“Underpants Gnomes: A Critique of the Academic Left,” Larval Subjects—Levi R. Bryant’s philosophy blog, November 11th, Available Online at http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/, Accessed 02-21-2014)
I must be in a mood today–half irritated, half amused–because I find myself ranting.  
AND
Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.
Speech codes are turned around on minorities, give racists a cross on which to hang themselves, drives racism underground and makes it worse, and prevents community mobilization – psychological studies and empirics
Strossen 90 (Nadine Strossen – Professor of Law at the New York Law School + J.D. at Harvard Law School + General Counsel to the ACLU who serves on the Executive Committee and National Board of Directors, “Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?”, Duke University School of Law, “Banning Racist Speech Could Aggravate Racism” – whole thing, pg. 555-561, EmmieeM)
For several reasons banning the symptom of racist speech
AND
but ultimately more meaningful, approaches for combating racial discrimination.
The Chaplinsky ruling means that hate speech is not constitutionally protected
Gates 94 (Henry Louis Gates – Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchings Center for African and African American Research at Harvard, “Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment”, pgs. 23 – 24, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=bM4VCgAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP7andots=g0rp1FB1Duandsig=cxc3xfDbJtmTJhLZq9hJ9CgUYG4#v=onepageandqandf=false, EmmieeM)
But the hate speech movement hasn’t been content with exposing the sort
AND
of thought. “The racial invective is experienced as a blow, not a proffered idea,” Lawrence writes.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
I affirm the resolution. Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
To clarify, here’s a comprehensive list of things the First Amendment does not permit – meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expression that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence
Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, “Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment”, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM)
The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no
AND
constitutes a “true threat,” and not against mere “political hyperbole.”
 Framework (5:38)
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case. This is the ROB.
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
AND
thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
AND
value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Innovation (4:49)
Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment
Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, “Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus”, pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM)
Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015
AND
dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets.
This hamstrings innovation --- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-requisite to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures
ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. “Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education”, pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM)
The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of
AND
be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument.
Free speech on public colleges is a key internal link to scientific discovery --- campus speech restrictions allows for worse forms of coercion that skews data and a culture of open debate is key to advancement
Economist 16 (“Under Attack”, “The Inconvenient Truth”, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699909-curbs-free-speech-are-growing-tighter-it-time-speak-out-under-attack, EmmieeM)
Intolerance among Western liberals also has wholly unintended consequences. Even despots know that locking
AND
Win the argument without resorting to force. And grow a tougher hide.
Constant innovation in the chemical industry is key to check emerging diseases
NRC 2002, National Research Council Committee on Challenges for Chemical Sciences in the 21st century “National Security and Homeland Defense” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114822/)//a-berg

Many drugs are produced by either chemical synthesis or biosynthetic processes. Recent advances in
AND
them for their biological activities or functions also remains a challenge to industry.
Absent innovation, new pathogens guarantee extinction --- decreasing biodiversity means spread between hosts is easier which checks empirics and generic defense
Yule ‘13
(et al; Jeffrey V. Yule – Herbert McElveen Professor of Applied and Natural Sciences  At the School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Published April 2nd – Humanities 2013, 2, 147–159; doi:10.3390/h2020147)
Since the 1940s, humans in industrialized nations have been relatively sheltered from the threat
AND
not, and the potential failure of our species has considerable biological implications.
Independently, competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony
Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html

The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
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, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF
Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 (“The Economy and National Security,” National Review, February 8th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
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leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
Terror (2:58)
Colleges can serve as unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but college censorship is ruining that --- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil “Other”
Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,“How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’”, “Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber” – “Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?”, http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM)
In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing Us Apart, journalist Bill Bishop compellingly argues that the United States is growing more politically polarized partially because Americans are increasingly moving to cities, neighborhoods, and counties that reflect their values and political beliefs. The reality of this clustering was laid out in even greater detail in Charles Murray’s 2012 book, Coming Apart, which cited extensive data about the increasing isolation of neighborhoods according to both political viewpoints and economic class. At the same time, the physical isolation that Bishop and Murray discuss is accompanies by increased opportunities to interact in online environments that reflect our existing biases. This trend was already fostered by twenty-four-hour news environments that reflect our existing biases. This trend was already only accelerated as the amount of media produced by partisan websites has grown enough to occupy devoted readers every minute of every day. Left to their own devices, humans have a tendency to prefer to hear their existing views reflected back to them – and technological advancement has only increased our ability to achieve twenty-four-hour confirmation. We should be concerned about creating echo chambers. Well-documented social science research demonstrates that people are prone to becoming more radical, and less understanding of opposing viewpoints, the more they cluster together with the like-minded. This affinity can lead to polarization and an intensified sense of tribalism in society, as we see our opponents increasingly as something more akin to alien enemies than fellow citizens with whom we disagree (Sunstein). It’s important, however, to step back for a moment and think about how this polarization may very well be the natural result of what we might otherwise consider progress. The aggregation of people into mutually sympathetic niches not only accords with the basic American right to assembly, but it also follows from the general advance of prosperity and leisure. Ronal Inglehart has outlines the “post-materialist society.” Starting with work he published in the 1970s up through and including his word today, Inglehart theorizes that as societies become more affluent and move up Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, they increasingly seek greater opportunities not only to express themselves and their values but also to have a sense of belonging in like-minded communities. Seen in this light, the clustering of like-minded Americans seems only natural and is indeed part of the vision of a society we might all find seductive. In my everyday life I call these “problems of comfort,” in that increasingly affluent societies generate problems that are the result of relative historic abundance and security. (The modern obesity epidemic, for example, is a “problem of comfort.”) In this case, polarization is the natural result of people seeking out comfortable, self-affirming, morally coherent, and sympathetic tendencies that increase over time – as well as the illiberal mores and communication breakdowns that accompany them. It is all the more pressing, then, that we model and reform cultural institutions to combat these downsides. There is, in fact, an existing institution that can help America minimize the negative consequences of a society whose citizens increasingly are able to cocoon themselves in self-affirming communities: higher education. Whereas once only a small percentage of Americans enrolled in college, as of 2012, as many as two-thirds of high school graduates attend college for at least some amount of time (National Center for Education Statistics). That percentage gets even higher when we factor in the number of citizens who take college classes at some point in their lives. Both the Bush and Obama administration have pressed for more access and admissions to college, and employers increasingly demand workers with skills typically acquired in postsecondary coursework. The result is an everybody-should-go-to-college mode of thought that makes higher education a central feature of American culture and society. Given its power and reach, higher education would seem to provide a ready-made solution to the problem of a society that naturally fragments into tighter echo chambers. After all, in theory at least, higher education valorizes the Socratic style of skeptical questioning and the systematization of doubt as represented by great scientific heroes such as Newton and Einstein. Also, in the 1960s and 1970s, the academy largely embraced the free-speech, “question authority” culture, and its impact reached beyond the campus walls to become a standard feature of popular culture and political discussion. American higher education should, therefore, be at the vanguard of teaching students to examine their assumptions, to engage in debate and discussion, to seek out opposing viewpoints, and to cultivate the crucial intellectual habit of applying skepticism to one’s most dearly held beliefs. Unfortunately, as I illustrated in my 2012 book, Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate, higher education is failing to instill in students these intellectual habits, as is, to a surprising degree, teaching students not to question much at all. In Unlearning Liberty, I discuss my twelve years fighting for free speech, academic freedom, and the right to dissent on college campuses at the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). My experience and that of my colleagues leaves me consistently appalled by how transgressions can land a student of professor in trouble. I cannot do justice to the thousands of cases I’ve seen of censorship on campus (see FIRE’s blog, The Torch – http://thefire.org/torch -- for an ongoing record of issues and incidents), but some standout examples over the years include: A professor at Brandeis University was found guilty of racial harassment for explaining the historical origins of a racial epithet (Guess). Numerous cases where campuses refused to recognize Christian students groups because of their stance on sexuality and traditional marriage (Shibley). A student at Modesto Junior College who was refused the right to hand out copies of the Constitution in the public areas of campus on Constitution Day because he did not request advance state permission and did not limit his activities to the campus’s tiny free speech zone (Kopan). For the better part of two decades, researchers have studied the reservations college students seem to have about sharing their opinions and engaging in debate in class. While sociologists scratch their heads as to why this might be, a 2010 study by the Association of American Colleges and Universities might provide insight (Dey). The study simply asked students, professors, and staff if they believed it was “safe to hold unpopular positions on college campuses.” Note how this question is worded: it does not ask if it is safe to express unpopular opinions of view, play devil’s advocate, or engage in challenging through experimentation, but merely if it is “safe” simply to “hold” a point of view. Despite this weak wording, only 40 percent of college freshmen strongly agreed. That percentage gets worse when put to sophomores, and then worse still when put to juniors. Notably, only 30 percent of seniors strongly agree. Apparently, as students learn more about the academic environment on their campuses, they become more pessimistic about their ability to dissent, disagree, and debate. Tellingly, the most pessimistic group on campus was college professors, of whom only 16.7 percent strongly agreed that it is “safe to hold” unpopular points of view on campus. The Chronicle of Higher Education, perhaps the most influential niche publication for higher education professionals, placed an interesting spin on this study (Chapman). Despite the fact that the authors themselves were troubled by the low level of “strongly agree” responses to such a weakly worded question, the Chronicle reported the findings as positive because 45 percent of students answered they “somewhat agree” that it is “safe to hold unpopular positions” on campus. If nearly half of students only somewhat agree that it is safe to merely hold an unpopular view on campus, this does not indicate a positive environment for dissent or debate on campus. And again, optimism about the openness of the academic environment declined as students, employees, and professors spent more time on campus. As my experience at FIRE can attest, this pessimism is warranted. But students generally avoid getting in trouble by following four simple rules: Talk to the students you already agree with. Join ideological groups that reflect your existing beliefs. Do not disagree with professors whose egos cannot take it. In general, shy away from discussing controversial topics. These four guidelines can keep most students out of the dean’s office and free of their peers’ displeasure during their time in college. Unfortunately, these rules only reinforce a problem of clustering and polarization that Mark Bauerlein and many others have observed accelerating on campus over the years – a problem that we know already exists in broader society. The rules also neutralize the unique opportunity that higher education makes possible: having intelligent discussions across lines of ideological difference. The harm of these bad intellectual habits was perhaps best illustrated in a 2011 book titled Academically Adrift: Limited learning on College Campuses (Arum and Roksa), which demonstrated that students are not showing improvements in their critical thinking skills from matriculation to graduation. Part of this evaluation tested students’ ability to articulate more than one side of an argument. To a disturbing degree, students across institutions could not effectively accomplish this basic intellectual task. If campuses lived up to the promise of encouraging robust debate rather than squelching it, we could expect far better results. What’s more, there can be little doubt that university students are taking the bad habits they learn on campus into the larger society once they graduate. In Diana Mutz’s 2006 book, Hearing the Other Side, the author cites striking evidence of an inverse relationship between how much education one has acquired and how many political disagreements one undergoes in an average month. In other words, people with a high school education or less are the most likely to engage in discussions along lines of political and philosophical disagreement, while those with higher levels of education are less likely. This is precisely the opposite effect that one would expect from an educational environment that properly teaches students that educated people seek out for discussion those with whom they disagree. Confirmation bias refers to the human tendency to prefer data that confirm preexisting hypotheses and discount contrary evidence. It is, to put it mildly, generally considered to be a problem to be overcome, not only in scientific contexts, but in cultural and political settings as well. Unfortunately, given Mutz’s evidence and the caseload at FIRE, we can conclude that higher education seems actually to work toward the opposite goal, promoting in some students a provisional openness to contrary opinions, but an expectation of confirmation: that is, an expectation that their biases should be, at best, validated, but at the very least, not challenged. In a distorted reflection of how fighting confirmation bias helps bring science and other disciplines to better and sturdier ideas, the establishment on campus of this expectation of confirmation threatens to allow thinner, less coherent, and less useful (but more comforting) ideas to flourish.  So, American academia, an institution that should help us fight the tendency of Americans to cluster ourselves in self-affirming cliques, instead encourages citizens to reinforce the walls of their echo chambers. Indeed, colleges today instill in students an unrealistic expectation that their environment should conform to their existing biases and beliefs. As they do so, young people earning college degrees fail to recognize that they inhabit a pluralistic society made up of individuals and groups with discrete and sometimes conflicting interests and outlooks, and when they encounter opposing forces, they judge them as wrongheaded or worse and act toward their suppression. Is it possible to set things right? To produce a kind of higher education experience that teaches a generation the creativity, insight,  and wisdom that is unleashed by stepping outside our comfortable self-affirming cliques to engage those with whom we disagree and figure out why we disagree? I’m not always optimistic, but I can chart promising steps toward reform. Perhaps the most important thing that universities can do is simply to require students to engage in formal debates on meaningful and controversial topics as part of general education requirements. Part of students’ orientation, too, should involve instruction in productive academic engagement, including the axiom that we fight offensive speech not with censorship but with contrary words. The practice of making oneself take the other side of an argument would help critical thinking skills, and it would also reduce the likelihood of people viewing those on the “other side” as representatives of societal evil. Being able fully to comprehend the opposing side of an argument is a vital skill that will only become more important given that the trend toward self-affirming physical and online environments is unlikely to stop. Even these modest proposals face serious challenges, the magnitude of which was brought home to me by a student with whom I spoke at Harvard in the spring of 2013. He approached me after a speech, saying that he completely believed in everything I had to say about free speech and debate on campus, but that his attempts to get Oxford-style debates on serious issues to happen was met with constant pushback. On the truly controversial issues, whether they were immigration, affirmative action, or the “War on Terror,” he added, the student population would not accept anyone representing the “other side” of the issue. Obviously, it is hard to have real discussions without a willingness to put an onus on the listener to deal with hearing an opinion he or she might dislike or believe to be wrong. After all, a key measure of being an intellectual used to be how well the thinker in question knew the details of opponents’ best arguments. We should instruct students that educated people see it as a duty to seek out intelligent people with whom they disagree for debate and discussion. This would require a major cultural shift away from the way campuses currently operate and is nearly impossible to achieve as long as the “right not the be offended” and the “expectation of confirmation” remain a reality on campus. If we should be so lucky as to have a global environment in which relative material comfort continues to spread, such progress is going to produce new and emergent problems. Economic advancement, we must realize, may entail certain social and cultural costs that education institutions must address. In much the same way that regular exercise and a disciplined diet help in the fight against obesity, teaching the intellectual habit of fighting confirmation bias, rather than expecting to have views affirmed, is crucial to the intellectual development and civic health of our society. Higher education could and should play a crucial role in this process – but it needs to take a long, hard look at itself and ask if it actually creates an environment that is conducive to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands.
Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them -- speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism
Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, “Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism”, https://books.google.com/books?id=_kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM)
First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
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law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them.          
This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views
Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, “Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement”, “Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp_facpub, EmmieeM)
It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites
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to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act.  
Lone wolf attackers are a unique threat – harder to track due to no required communication and much more deadly due to lack of constraints
Simon 13 (Jeffrey Simon – runs a terror and security consulting company; former RAND analyst; UCLA lecturer; published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, Foreign Policy, The Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence, The Columbia Journal of World Business, and The New York Times, “Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=MQxRCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PA3andots=w6d3tqK3hqandsig=zd9pzTPhaC2w5xBQPm1Uc3FSDHc#v=onepageandqandf=false,
pgs. 4, EmmieeM)  
With the lone wolf terrorist threat growing and attracting increased attention throughout the world,
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dangerous because sometimes they can be mentally unstable, yet still very effective.
Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves --- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs
Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, “Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released
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exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons.
Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems
Ackerman and Pinson 14 Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, “An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014
The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons
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well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19   
Solvency (0:48)
Outlawing hate-speech is counter-productive – rules will be turned on minorities, discussions become diverted towards fights over censorship, and students are taught to rely on their oppressors for protection. The AFF allows for counterspeech, which creates community mobilization, turns third-parties away from hate-speech, and is empowering – empirically proven to work
Calleros 95 (Charles R. Calleros – Professor of Law at Arizona State University, “PATERNALISM, COUNTERSPEECH, AND CAMPUS HATE-SPEECH CODES: A REPLY TO DELGADO AND YUN”,
 “II. Reply to the Authors’ Rejection of The Arguments of the Moderate Left”, EmmieeM)
To challenge them on their strongest ground, I will work within the analytic framework
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it sparked counterspeech and community action that strengthened the campus support for diversity.
Censoring hate speech entrenches racism --- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication
Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, “Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship”, “The Prohibitionist Challenge”, pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM)
American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent,
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Jean-Marie LePen’s self-styled image as a free speech martyr. 

Yet he fails to notice that it is precisely the penalties for speech, which
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still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll JC | Judge: Tim Alderete
Framework
The standard is identifying the best strategy for resisting ableist oppression, as contextualized by aff offense.
Analysis of ableist representations is a critical focal point in addressing structural oppression caused by the hegemonic power structures of globalization. Academia is a uniquely key forum to bring about these issues. Mitchell ‘10
Snyder and Mitchell 10 (Introduction: Ablenationalism and the Geo-Politics of Disability Sharon L. Snyder David T. Mitchell Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2010, pp. 113-125)
As a result, Disability Studies in McRuer's point of view should continue to affiliate
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and, as such, key guiding principles of democracy are left unrealized.
The normative, autonomous subject is an illusion that the abled body constructs so as to not face the reality of disability. The aff framework is a prereq.
Hughes 07 (Bill Hughes, Glasgow Caledonian University, “Being disabled: towards a critical social ontology for disability studies”, Disability and Society Vol. 22, No. 7, December 2007, pp. 673–684)
Whilst borrowing from black culture smacks of cool and complicates but adorns the self-
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or in the most mundane everyday words or deeds that exclude or invalidate.
And, especially within a sphere of government, liberties are positive, not merely negative. HOLLENBACH

DAVID HOLLENBACH – The Common Good Revisited. Theological Studies. 50:1 (1989 March). “Gewirth argues that…or dictatorial activity.” 

Gewirth argues that these conditions fall into two broad categories: freedom and well-
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themselves rather than simply being the passive objects of paternalistic or dictatorial authority.
Absolute rules fail to account for the relative stringency of moral duties. Morality must be comparative. Moore  
There is an aura of paradox in asserting that all deontological duties are categorical ―
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) seems the best way of making sense of greater versus lesser wrongs.
Thus I affirm the plan. Resolved: The US Supreme Court ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by removing its application to lawsuits under disability discrimination statutes.
Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The Supreme Court recently affirmed that the unambiguous lan guage of a statute is dispositive
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the text of the Acts manifests Congress's intent to bar any immunity defense.
Legislative History (4:18)
Even if you think the state is bad, you cannot ignore the specificity of this historical analysis. It has not been one policy, there has been no cooption, and its breadth has only increased. Every relevant indicator implies that governments intended to help disabled people with these policies. Don’t think of the aff as defending a policy but rather a movement, which qualified immunity stands in the way of.
Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The legislative history of the Rehabilitation Act reveals that Con gress intended to supply disabled
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Congress intended that each be broadly interpreted to provide effective remedies against discrimination...
Qualified immunity stands directly in conflict with the legislative history of disability discrimination statutes. There are two scenarios where it removes damages all together.
Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
First, because damages may not be obtained from the federal gov ernment under the
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is wholly inapplicable to actions for damages brought under the disability discrimination statutes.
Upholding policies like the ADA combats the invisibility of disabled people in society.
Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The legislative history of the ADA likewise mandates a broad construction of the Act.
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ADA "must be in terpreted broadly to carry out its purpose." n154
Recognition of the disabled body creates ruptures in status quo thinking that challenge societal prejudice. Campbell 09
Campbell, Griffith University, 9 (Fiona Kumari, 2009, “Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness,” page 12-13, Date Accessed: 7/7)
Returning to the matter of definitional clarity around abled(ness), Robert McRuer (
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‘unavoidable duality’ by putting forward another metaphor, that of the mirror.
Police Brutality (2:53)
The only existing case law explanation on the subject set up a ridiculous standard for avoiding QI for ADA suits
Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
As was true of actions under the Rehabilitation Act, the courts have mechanically incorporated
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cials sued for constitutional violations under 42 U.S.C. 1983
ADA suits are going to be popular to resist police violence, two scenarios:
1) Excessive force.
Harrington ’01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor
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ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years” 2001 | SP)
In light of Yeskey, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a summary judgment
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on the police to handle problematic situations with people who have disabilities.172
2) Suicide Calls and Emergencies – will require a paradigmatic shift.
Harrington ’01 (James Harrington, Director, Texas Civil Rights Project. Adjunct Professor
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ACCOUNTABLE. A Review of the Past Seventeen Years” 2001 | SP)
Another common call to the police is for help with an individual who has suicidal
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175 There will likely continue to be considerable litigation in this area.176
The aff holds police accountable for this violence and deters future violations of disability discrimination status. Q/I makes being a plaintiff impossible.
Gildin ’99 (Gary S. Gildin, Professor of Law, The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University. B.A. 1973, University of Wisconsin; J.D. 1976, Stanford Law School. “DIS-QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DISABLED” University of Illinois Law Review, 1999 | SP)
The United States Congress has endeavored to guarantee the equal participation of the disabled in
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construed to provide disabled individuals with broad remedies should they suffer discrimination. n14
Underview (1:14)
The aff should win if we prove we have presented the most desirable policy option
a) Fairness—alternate frameworks moot 6 minutes of the 1ac – it’s the only basis for aff offense – that means we should get to weigh our impacts
b) Decisionmaking – debate should develop our ability to weigh the consequences of our actions – it’s the only portable skill – that means the ballot should compare policy options – the only acceptable alt is one that presents a clear policy action
c) Considering policy implications is key to effective theory
Feaver 01 (Peter, Asst. Prof of Political Science at Duke University, Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation, p 178)

At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy.  Indeed
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.  Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so.
d) The government has flawed components but challenging our understanding of government is important and valuable through discussion of federal policies-~-- learning the language of that allows us to confront and challenge those institutions outside of this round and resolves a lot of the impacts at the root of their explanation
Hoppe 99 Robert Hoppe is Professor of Policy and knowledge in the Faculty of Management and Governance at Twente University, the Netherlands. "Argumentative Turn" Science and Public Policy, volume 26, number 3, June 1999, pages 201–210 works.bepress.com
ACCORDING TO LASSWELL (1971), policy science is about the production and application of
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, she/he should be able to mediate between science and politics. 

Hence Dunn's (1994, page 84) formal definition of policy analysis as an
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and to a broader audience of an ideologically disoriented and politically disenchanted citizenry.
e) Focusing on particular structures and on content is more important in terms of ableism
Hughes 2k7 (Bill, prof business and society @ Glasgow Caledonian U, Scotland, researcher in disability studies “ Being disabled: towards a critical social ontology for disability studie” Disability and Society Vol. 22, No. 7, December 2007, pp. 673–68)
For most people ‘it goes without saying’ that they are human beings. For
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the hegemony of the ontological view that human worth is closely associated with ability

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mission San Jose LS | Judge: Kathy Wang
Framework
Current discussions of criminology either ignore the queer body or treat it as a violent, destructive force to be controlled by the police – we need to abstract from the “normal” insofar that queer voices are included as a pre-requisite to discussions of criminology because we can’t have objective evaluations using biased scholarship that teaches us to stigmatize an entire group of people
Ball 16 (Matthew Ball – Senior Lecturer at the School of Justice, Queensland University of Technology in Australia. Also contributed to by Angela Dwyer and Thomas Crofts. Angela Dwyer is also a Senior lecturer at the School of Justice Faculty of Law at the Queensland University of Technology in Australia. Thomas Crofts is an Associate Professor and Director of the Sydney Institute of Criminology at the University of Sydney, “Queering Criminologies”, https://books.google.com/books?id=6iXeCgAAQBAJandpg=PT45andlpg=PT45anddq=The+past+is+the+past?+The+impossibility+of+erasure+of+historical+LGBTIQ+policing.andsource=blandots=OzV63A2h8qandsig=FvA8ZjT00TGm1v_BQe2a75BtPHoandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjB46Xnw4PQAhXKq1QKHWpcDzoQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepageandq=matthew20ballandf=false, pg. 1-4, EmmieeM)
Since the 1990’s, there has been a move towards an academic articulation of the
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approaches) that span the intersections between queer scholarship/communities and criminologies.
Focus on big, apocalyptic scenarios justifies all atrocities carried out in the name of avoiding them while simultaneously doing very little to inspire real change – prefer discussions of impacts happening in the status quo over useless abstractions about catastrophe
Matheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive”, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pg. 187-189, EmmieeM)
The danger of seeking the Real of nuclear warfare in language is that the inevitable
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the impossibility of an eventual triumph of automaton against the caprice of tuché.
The academy divides children into “deserving” elite and “undeserving” minorities, with the latter corralled into choosing between crime and military through policies like zero tolerance and school surveillance. Instead of following the rules and attempting to show that we too are “worthy citizens”, we need to embrace anti-education and alternate scholarship that deconstructs the fundamental obedience to rules that the system valorizes
Cowen and Siciliano 11 (Deborah Cowen and Amy Siciliano – Deborah Cowen is an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. Amy Sicilliano is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the City Institute of York University in Toronto, This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, “Rights in Suspension”, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039andppg=1, pg. 108-119, EmmieeM)
Schools have long been crucial institutions of liberal citizenship for the production of both discipline
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are part of the assembling of a broad future of securitized social reproduction.
There is no different between the wars the US wages with other countries and its internal war against ‘deviant’ bodies – both are premised on a state-driven creation of out-groups against which society defines itself through constant warfare, justified by the logic of productive and unproductive bodies. Thus the Role of the Ballot is to vote for the debater that provides the best methodology for challenging the oppression of queer bodies.
Cheah 11 (Pheng Cheah -  Professor of Rhetoric at Berkeley, This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, Chapter 2- Fugitive Corporeality, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039, Pg. 298-301, EmmieeM)
In the wake of September 11, 2001, and the U.S.
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whose exclusion founds the city of men. “(Agemben 1998, 7).
Queer Anarchy (3:41)
The resolution asks us to fix the law, but ignores the ways in which the security state has constructed the structure of the law and police as something that will necessarily provide civil society an enemy to define both its own existence and the expansion of militarism  - step away from normativity and become the camouflaging terrorist that is slain by the benevolent state protector
Genova 11 (Nicholas de Genova – Visiting Scholar in the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture at the University of Chicago and has been a research professor at the University of Amsterdam. He has taught anthropology at Stanford and Columbia and been an international research fellow at the University of Warwick. This book is compiled/edited by Shelley Feldman, Charles Geyser, Gayatri Menon – Shelley Feldman is an International Professor of Development Sociology and the Director of Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Cornell. Charles Geisler is an International Professor of Development Sociology at Cornell. Gayatri Menon is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Franklin and Marshall College, “Geographies of Justice and Social Transformation: Accumulating Insecurity: Violence and Dispossession in the Making of Everyday Life”, Chapter 2- Fugitive Corporeality, http://puffin.harker.org:2341/lib/harker/reader.action?docID=10457039, Pg. 142-150, EmmieeM)
The demand for a dutiful and docile (and now, patriotic, even heroic
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are compelling, and any desire to understand or question them savours of sacrilege

” (147). In a terrorist society, “each individual trembles lest he
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, pre-emptively supplying the justificatory rationale for still more state power.
The queer body is the non-conforming societal terrorist – from the AIDs epidemic to the “destruction of marriage and the family”, the queer is perceived as a threat to both cis-straight bodies and heteronormative society. The only alternative positioning allowed by American biopolitics is that of a market commodity to be exploited.
Puar 7 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), “Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times”, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54234b64e4b080ee5d54b2f0/t/5424b19ee4b070e9080566cf/1411690910458/jasbir-puar_terrorist-assemblages_preface.pdf, pg. 4 – 10, EmmieeM)
Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times is an invitation to deeper exploration of these
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always-becoming (continual ontological emergence, a Deleuzian becoming without being).
There can never be any hope of progress within the legal system because it is set up in such a way to erase queerness while simultaneously perpetuating queer violence – things like the trans-panic defense and deliberate sabotage of statistical gathering to down-play incidents of queer violence force the queer to become bare life.
Stanley 11 (Eric Stanley, “Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological Capture”, https://queerhistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/near-life-queer-death-eric-stanley.pdf, PG. 5 – 15, EmmieeM)
The numbers, degrees, locations, kinds, types, and frequency of attacks
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hollow space of ontological capture that life might still be lived, otherwise.
Cruel optimism has tangible psychological effects on queer bodies because it forces them to remain attached to the idea that things can get better and repeatedly suffer the realization that it is impossible
Berlant 8 (Lauren Berlant, “Cruel Optimism: On Marx, Loss and the Sense”, “Optimism and its Objects”, http://www.chineseollie.com/didyouread/Berlant-Cruel-Optimism.pdf, pg. 33, EmmieeM)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a
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a sudden incapacity to manage startling situations, as we will see below.
We must abandon the political – state-based “support” forms is used to drive homonationalism – the view of the U.S. as benign, which masks militarism and Middle East interventionism
Puar 13 (Jasbir Puar – associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University who has received countless national awards (Association for Asian American Studies Cultural Studies Book Award, Excellence in Graduate Teaching Award, etc), Jindal Global Law Review, “Homonationalism as Assemblage: Viral Travels, Affective Sexualities”, http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ucsd/3somesPlus/Puar.pdf, pg. 24-28, EmmieeM)
In my 2007 monograph, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (hereinafter TA
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the legislation regarding the severe compromises made in order to enable its passage.
Thus my advocacy – queer anarchy - the only viable option is to call for queer anarchy – a radical insurrection that overthrows civil society
Mary Nardini no date (Mary Nardini Gang, “Towards the Queerest Insurrection”, http://www.weldd.org/sites/default/files/Toward20the20Queerest20Insurrection.pdf, EmmieeM)

Susan Stryker writes that the state acts to “regulate bodies, in ways both
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The rioting spread throughout the city as others joined in on the fun!

Tournament: Voices | Round: Octas | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Tim Alderete, Nick Steele, Scott Phillips
1AC
Plan text: Resolved: The People’s Republic of China ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. This means I affirm the prohibition of nuclear power for electrical purposes.
Tickell 15 (Oliver Tickell – The Ecologist; Journalist/BBC Broadcaster, “China’s Nuclear Energy Boom Threatens Global Catastrophe. Coastal Array of 300 Reactors Vulnerable to Earthquakes and Tsunamis.”, http://www.globalresearch.ca/chinas-nuclear-energy-boom-threatens-global-catastrophe-coastal-array-of-300-nuclear-reactors-vulnerable-to-earthquakes-and-tsunamis/5485346, EmmieeM)
China’s plans for 400 nuclear reactors threaten global catastrophe, writes Oliver Tickell. In the normal way of things we could expect major accidents every few years, but with 300 reactors along China’s seismically active coast, a major tsunami would be a Fukushima on steroids – wiping out much of China and contaminating the whole planet. “China shows the way to build nuclear reactors fast and cheap.” That was the bullish headline in a Forbes magazine article last week. It went on to praise the scale of the planned nuclear investment in China’s new Five-Year Plan that runs from 2016 to 2020. Under the plan the government is to invest over US$100 billion to build seven new reactors a year until 2030. “By 2050″, James Conca wrote for Forbes, “nuclear power should exceed 350 GW in that country, include about 400 new nuclear reactors, and have resulted in over a trillion dollars in nuclear investment.” Now Conca is pretty enthusiastic about this. But the reality is a potential nuclear nightmare in the making. Experience to date shows that we should, on average, expect a major nuclear accident to take place for every 3,000 to 4,000 years of reactor operation. And with over 400 reactors running at once, it doesn’t take long to clock up those 3,000 years. In fact, you could reasonably expect a major Chernobyl or Fukushima level accident every seven to ten years – in China alone, if it pursues nuclear build on that scale.
Framework  (5:45)
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids gratuitous sacrifices, it ensures as best we are able to ensure in the uncertain world of public policy-making that policies are sensitive to people’s interests or desires or preferences. The great failing of more deontological theories, applied to those realms, is that they fixate upon duties done for the sake of duty rather than for the sake of any good that is done by doing one’s duty. Perhaps it is permissible (perhaps it is even proper) for private individuals in the course of their personal affairs to fetishize duties done for their own sake. It would be a mistake for public officials to do likewise, not least because it is impossible. The fixation on motives makes absolutely no sense in the public realm, and might make precious little sense in the private one even, as Chapter 3 shows. The reason public action is required at all arises from the inability of uncoordinated individual action to achieve certain morally desirable ends. Individuals are rightly excused from pursuing those ends. The inability is real; the excuses, perfectly valid. But libertarians are right in their diagnosis, wrong in their prescription. That is the message of Chapter 2. The same thing that makes those excuses valid at the individual level – the same thing that relieves individuals of responsibility – makes it morally incumbent upon individuals to organize themselves into collective units that are capable of acting where they as isolated individuals are not. When they organize themselves into these collective units, those collective deliberations inevitably take place under very different circumstances and their conclusions inevitably take very different forms. Individuals are morally required to operate in that collective manner, in certain crucial respects. But they are practically circumscribed in how they can operate, in their collective mode. And those special constraints characterizing the public sphere of decision-making give rise to the special circumstances that make utilitarianism peculiarly apt for public policy-making, in ways set out more fully in Chapter 4. Government house utilitarianism thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong, in scientific terms, because moral concerns translate into facts about how our thoughts and behaviors affect the well-being of conscious creatures like ourselves. If there are facts to be known about the well-being of such creatures—and there are—then there must be right and wrong answers to moral questions. Students of philosophy will notice that this commits me to some form of moral realism (viz. moral claims can really be true or false) and some form of consequentialism viz. the rightness of an act depends on how it impacts the well-being of conscious creatures). While moral realism and consequentialism have both come under pressure in philosophical circles, they have the virtue of corresponding to many of our intuitions about how the world works. Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all questions of value (right and wrong, good and evil, etc.) depend upon the possibility of experiencing such value. Without potential consequences at the level of experience—happiness, suffering, joy, despair, etc. —all talk of value is empty. Therefore, to say that an act is morally necessary, or evil, or blameless, is to make (tacit) claims about its consequences in the lives of conscious creatures (whether actual or potential).I am unaware of any interesting exception to this rule. Needless to say, if one is worried about pleasing God or His angels, this assumes that such invisible entities are conscious (in some sense) and cognizant of human behavior. It also generally assumes that it is possible to suffer their wrath or enjoy their approval, either in this world or the world to come. Even within religion, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know—at least not in concrete detail—what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not or even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving—and ideally improving—our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that is really the objective evil for us, not because it deprives us of a prospective future of overall good judged better than the alter- native of non-being. It cannot be about harm to a former person who has ceased to exist, for no person actually suffers from the sub-sequent non-participation. Rather, death in itself is an evil to us because it ontologically destroys the current existent subject — it is the ultimate in metaphysical lightening strikes.80 The evil of death is truly an ontological evil borne by the person who already exists, independently of calculations about better or worse possible lives. Such an evil need not be consciously experienced in order to be an evil for the kind of being a human person is. Death is an evil because of the change in kind it brings about, a change that is destructive of the type of entity that we essentially are. Anything, whether caused naturally or caused by human intervention (intentional or unintentional) that drastically interferes in the process of maintaining the person in existence is an objective evil for the person. What is crucially at stake here, and is dialectically supportive of the self-evidency of the basic good of human life, is that death is a radical interference with the current life process of the kind of being that we are. In consequence, death itself can be credibly thought of as a ‘primitive evil’ for all persons, regardless of the extent to which they are currently or prospectively capable of participating in a full array of the goods of life.81  In conclusion, concerning willed human actions, it is justifiable to state that any intentional rejection of human life itself cannot therefore be warranted since it is an expression of an ultimate disvalue for the subject, namely, the destruction of the present person; a radical ontological good that we cannot begin to weigh objectively against the travails of life in a rational manner. To deal with the sources of disvalue (pain, suffering, etc.) we should not seek to irrationally destroy the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Accidents (4:52)
China is expanding its construction of nuclear power plants at previously unseen rates, using broken material and stretching engineers and safety experts too thin in the plants’ riskiest stages. An accident will happen – none of their generic defense will take into account our specific scenario
Neuhauser 16 (Alan Neuhauser – US News; Journalism degree from Columbia; Awarded by Garden State Journalists Association 3 times, “30 Years After Chernobyl, Anxious Eyes Turn to China”, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-04-26/30-years-after-chernobyl-anxious-eyes-turn-to-china, EmmieeM)
In the realm of nuclear power, there is China, and then there is the rest of the world. By any count, the pace of construction is astronomical: Half the reactors built around the world in the past two decades were constructed in the People's Republic of China. Aiming to expand the country's electric grid and clean the air, another 22 are under construction. Still another 42 are proposed. Yet 30 years after the catastrophe at Chernobyl in Ukraine – the worst nuclear disaster in world history, one triggered by a design flaw that had been known about in Moscow but hidden from the world by Soviet secrecy – discerning the safety risks at China's nuclear plants is akin to trying to peer through a reactor's concrete containment dome. "China is totally nontransparent on these issues," says Albert Lai, founding chairman of the Professional Commons, a public policy think tank in Hong Kong. "The only information we've gotten so far – strangely – is from France." France generates three-quarters of its electricity from nuclear, and it's long exported that technology. In 2007, French and Chinese companies partnered to build two of the newest reactor design in Taishan, a coastal city in Guangdong province. Another two would be built in Finland and a fifth in France. Yet the project was soon mired by delays and cost overruns: Regulators discovered flaws in the reactors' concrete foundations in Finland, and there were problems with the French reactor's steel dome and base. Yet in China, the work pressed on – until French regulators pointed out the very same issues there last year. "What if the French did not notify the Chinese authorities?" Lai says. "The nuclear fuel would have been put into the plant, the plant would have been up and running with the flaw." China is hardly the only country where nuclear safety is under scrutiny. More than three-fourths of the nuclear power plants in the U.S. have leaked radiation and faced pointed questions about maintenance and security. The meltdown at Fukushima Dai-ichi in Japan in March 2011 was triggered by a tsunami, but adamning parliamentary investigation concluded "collusion between the government, the regulators and Tepco" – the plant's operator – created conditions that made it even worse. Even the French nuclear powerhouse Areva, which sells nuclear fuel and builds power plants, went virtually bankrupt in January, inflaming concerns over whether it's able to guarantee the safety and security of sensitive nuclear materials. "If you let your guard down for a moment, you can have a billion-dollar investment become a billion-dollar liability in about an hour," says David Lochbaum, director of the nuclear safety project at the Union of Concerned Scientists, a science advocacy group. Yet China, between its nuclear building boom and cloak of secrecy, stands alone. China's first-ever white paper on its nuclear industry, released in January, found its ability to respond to an emergency is "inadequate." A visit by a delegation from the International Atomic Energy Agency in July 2010 uncovered dozens of safety problems, including a lack of resources for the agency in charge of regulating the country's nuclear plants. "The speed with which they've been building the nuclear power program is insane," says Mycle Schneider, an independent energy and nuclear policy analyst based in Paris, and convening lead author of the World Nuclear Industry Status Report. It's stretched the country's nuclear workforce, thinly spreading engineers and experts across dozens of different projects, rather than keeping that expertise concentrated at just a handful of plants, Schneider says. And that's occurred just as the plants are in the riskiest stages of their lives. The reactors at Chernobyl were not some aging, crumbling legacy of the Soviet Union;Unit 4 exploded just two years after it started commercial operation, as workers were still learning and kinks were being worked out. The same was true at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, where a partial meltdown of a new reactor released a plume of radiation in the worst nuclear accident in the U.S. It's what's known in engineering as the bathtub curve: Danger is most pronounced at the beginning and at the end – before new knowledge becomes institutional experience – and later, when infrastructure begins to crumble. "Where you want to be is one of the countries that has reactors in the flat part of the curve, where the risk is not zero, but lower," Lochbaum says. "China has a lot of plants on the break-in area of this curve."
Even if safety regulations can be resolved, most of China’s reactors are near the coast and they’re planning to add 300 more – 13 chance of tsunami in near future and nearby earthquake cycle is about to begin it’s active phase. This guarantees 300 separate Fukushimas.
Tickell 15 (Oliver Tickell – The Ecologist; Journalist/BBC Broadcaster, “China’s Nuclear Energy Boom Threatens Global Catastrophe. Coastal Array of 300 Reactors Vulnerable to Earthquakes and Tsunamis.”, http://www.globalresearch.ca/chinas-nuclear-energy-boom-threatens-global-catastrophe-coastal-array-of-300-nuclear-reactors-vulnerable-to-earthquakes-and-tsunamis/5485346, EmmieeM)
It’s also instructive to look at the map of nuclear reactors scheduled for completion in the next decade provided by Forbes. The great bulk of them – 77 reactors in all – are built along China’s east and south coasts, for two reasons: that’s where the demand is, and that’s where the cooling water is readily available, from the sea. But of course that’s just the ones due to be completed in the next decade. If the full plan for 400 reactors by 2050 is fulfilled, probably some 300 of them would be sea-facing. There are, of course, nuclear hazards to inland reactors from flooding on the Yellow and Yangtse rivers and tributaries. But a much greater danger arises from the sea. China’s south and east coasts face out to seismically active waters. And as the Japanese discovered at Fukushima, nuclear power, earthquakes and tsunamis make a dangerous combination. Interest in the danger of tsunamis on China’s south and east coast was stimulated by the two Hengchun Earthquakes off Taiwan in December 2006, which damaged buildings and disrupted communications by severing undersea cables. One recent study put the risk of a powerful tsunami greater than 2m in height striking Hong Kong or Macau at about 10 over the coming century, mainly due to seismic activity in the Manila Trench. But head further north and east and the chances go up significantly to 13.34 at Shantou in Guangdong province. And it may be more than that, the authors note: “This probability estimate may increase with a recent rise in the earthquake activities, which started with the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, because the Taiwan region has a earthquake cycle time of around 80-100 years.” What is certain is that the tsunami hazard is real and substantial. Literature of historical seismic records of this region is “abundant”, the authors write. The northern Manila Trench near Taiwan is “is likely to have a very large earthquake in the future. In addition the region is a volcanic belt. If volcano and earthquake occur in concert, a much larger tsunami disaster would develop. “Although the southern part of the Manila Trench is far away from the coast of China, the local historical records of this region have many tsunami earthquakes up to the magnitude of around 8.0. Since the oceanic portion of the South China Sea is mostly deep, tsunamic waves generated in the Manila Trench region can reach the coast of China with little loss in energy. “The wave energy can then be released in the shallow water region, and can impose a tremendous tsunami hazard to the coastal regions.” I have done no study of the tsunami vulnerability of all the 300 nuclear reactors that could end up being built along China’s east and south coasts. But at least one – the CANDU reactor shown in the photo(above right) at Qinshan, where seven reactors are currently operational, looks vulnerable in the extreme. And the consequences of a really big earthquake and tsunami hitting China’s coastal array of 300 nuclear reactors would be catastrophic. Many dozens of reactors could be struck down, each doing their own ‘Fukushima’. This would not just bring massive radioactive contamination to China’s most developed, prosperous, productive and populated regions, but spread around the world in air and sea currents to make the world’s first truly global nuclear catastrophe. The only good news in all this is that nuclear construction in China is not proceeding anything like as fast as Forbes magazine claims. Most of the more modern ‘Generation III’ reactors are well behind in their completion times, echoing the European experience with the failed EPR design. We can only hope that construction difficulties persist and abound – and that China’s rulers realise that investments in solar, wind and other renewables are a quicker, surer, safer way to bring power to the masses – and one that poses no existential threat to their country, and the world.
Radioactive pollution leaking into the ocean as a result of an accident leads to loss of marine biodiversity – the impact is magnified for China because most of their power plants are on the coast
Alexeev 16 (Denis Alexeev and Valentina Galtsova are from the Department of Applied Ecology at the Russian State Hydrometeriological University, “Effect of Radioactive Pollution on the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Ecosystems on the Russian Arctic Shelf”, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965212000138, EmmieeM)
Radioactive pollution of marine ecosystems is one of the most dangerous anthropogenic impacts on the biota. Radioactive pollution results from the discharge of contaminated water from industry, the disposal of radioactive waste, and accidental contamination following mechanical failures on atomic submarines. Several areas in the Russian Arctic seas have been exposed to significant contamination by radionuclides. Chernaya Bay is the location of one of the former underwater, atmospheric, and underground Novaya Zemlya nuclear test sites; the Abrosimova and Stepovogo inlets on the east coast of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago have been used for underwater storage of barges, ships and containers containing radioactive waste. The Obskaya Inlet and the Yenisei Gulf were exposed to radionuclides from contaminated inflow via rivers for many years. The spatial distribution of radiocaesium in marine sediments of the Arctic seas of Russia is presented in Fig. 7. In sandy and gravel-pebble sediments of offshore areas, radiocaesium has accumulated in low quantities (1-8 Bq/kg). To the east of Novaya Zemlya on the continental shelf, the concentration of radiocaesium in the sand and coarse-grained sediments varies from 3 to 10 Bq/kg, although the value is much higher in some depressions in the bays; e.g., the Stepovoy gulf, where muddy bottom sediments contain high concentrations of Cs, up to 90Bq/kg. The concentration of Cs is 0.8-6.2 Bq/kg in sediments of Baidaratskaya Bay and in shallow waters near Sharapov Cats. This is typical for these types of coastal marine sediments. The bottom sediments at depths of 95 m to the north of the Ugra Peninsula, where silty sediment radiocaesium content is up to 27-31 Bq/kg, appear anomalous. In the sandy sediments of the shallow waters between the Yamal Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, 137Cs concentration varies from 4 to 10 Bq/kg; in this zone the level of radiocaesium increases to 15–18 Bq/kg in silt-filled hollows. The highest concentrations recorded are in the clayey mud channels associated with Siberian rivers. Along the Ob-Yenisey coast, large volumes of suspended contaminants in river water drain into the Kara Sea. Fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the migration of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems. The biotic components of aquatic ecosystems play an essential role in the redistribution of pollutants, including radionuclides. We can conclude, from available research (Ilus et al., 1993 and Kuznetsov et al., 1995), that macrobenthic communities are the most inert component of marine bottom ecosystems. Many of the major macrobenthic organisms can live for several years. Therefore, this category of benthos is slow to respond to an increase in radioactivity levels in their environment, which would be reflected either by a change in population structure or species diversity. A substantial build-up of radionuclide concentration in the macrobenthos is therefore highly probable and to be expected, especially in mobile and fixed sestonophages, detritophages, and deposit-feeders. There are few studies focusing on the influence of radioactive pollution on meiofauna. Galtsova and Alexeev (2009) analyzed the relationship between the biodiversity and abundance of meiobenthic organisms and radiocaesium volumetric activity using material collected from: around the Novaya Zemlya nuclear test site in the Chernaya Bay (depth 31–87 m) during an expedition on the RV Geologist Fersman; the Stepovogo and Abrosimova inlets (44–74 m); around the Novozemelskaya Depression (333–403 m); and the shelf zone of the Barents and Kara seas, including the Ob Inlet and Yenisei Gulf aboard the hydrographic ship Captain Smirnitsky in 1995. There is a positive correlation between radiocaesium concentration and the taxonomic diversity of meiobenthos (Fig. 9). However, the effect of cesium-137 concentration on the quantitative measure of meiobenthos abundance is ambiguous. It is likely that small concentrations of 137Cs have no effect on, or can even lead to insignificant increases in, the abundance of the meiobenthos. At greater levels of contamination (c. 20 Bq/kg), however, there is a negative effect on meiobenthos abundance that may be irreversible, representing a tolerance threshold (Fig. 10). In conclusion, the meiobenthos reacts to radioactive pollution through changes in diversity and abundance faster than the macrobenthos, which is more stable and shows fewer effects in the short-term. However, in the long-term, the macrobenthos may show greater accumulation of radionuclides in their cells and tissues.
Biodiversity loss is an impact filter – exacerbates existing crises and leads to extinction.
Torres 16 (Phil is a graduate of Cornell University with degrees in Entomology and Biology; "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change"; 5-20-2016; FLI - Future of Life Institute; http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/; DT)
Catastrophic consequences for civilization The consequences of this rapid pruning of the evolutionary tree of life extend beyond the obvious. There could be surprising effects of biodiversity loss that scientists are unable to fully anticipate in advance. For example, prior research has shown that localized ecosystems can undergo abrupt and irreversible shifts when they reach a tipping point. According to a 2012 paper published in Nature, there are reasons for thinking that we may be approaching a tipping point of this sort in the global ecosystem, beyond which the consequences could be catastrophic for civilization. As the authors write, a planetary-scale transition could precipitate “substantial losses of ecosystem services required to sustain the human population.” An ecosystem service is any ecological process that benefits humanity, such as food production and crop pollination. If the global ecosystem were to cross a tipping point and substantial ecosystem services were lost, the results could be “widespread social unrest, economic instability, and loss of human life.” According to Missouri Botanical Garden ecologist Adam Smith, one of the paper’s co-authors, this could occur in a matter of decades—far more quickly than most of the expected consequences of climate change, yet equally destructive. Biodiversity loss is a “threat multiplier” that, by pushing societies to the brink of collapse, will exacerbate existing conflicts and introduce entirely new struggles between state and non-state actors. Indeed, it could even fuel the rise of terrorism. (After all, climate change has been linked to the emergence of ISIS in Syria, and multiple high-ranking US officials, such as former US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and CIA director John Brennan, have affirmed that climate change and terrorism are connected.) The reality is that we are entering the sixth mass extinction in the 3.8-billion-year history of life on Earth, and the impact of this event could be felt by civilization “in as little as three human lifetimes,” as the aforementioned 2012 Nature paper notes. Furthermore, the widespread decline of biological populations could plausibly initiate a dramatic transformation of the global ecosystem on an even faster timescale: perhaps a single human lifetime. The unavoidable conclusion is that biodiversity loss constitutes an existential threat in its own right. As such, it ought to be considered alongside climate change and nuclear weapons as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Independently, the radioactive steam just from one meltdown would be enough to kill thousands and irreversibly destroy thousands of square miles of ecosystems
Wasserman, 02 (Harvey, American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy, author of The Last Energy War and co-author of Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, Spring, Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism” | ADM)
Had one of those hijacked jets hit one of the operating reactors at Indian Point, the ensuing cloud of radiation would have dwarfed the ones at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. The intense radioactive heat within today's operating reactors is the hottest anywhere on the planet. Because Indian Point has operated so long, its accumulated radioactive burden far exceeds that of Chernobyl. The safety systems are extremely complex and virtually indefensible. One or more could be wiped out with a small aircraft, ground-based weapons, truck bombs or even chemical/biological assaults aimed at the work force. A terrorist assault at Indian Point could yield three infernal fireballs of molten radioactive lava burning through the earth and into the aquifer and the river. Striking water, they would blast gigantic billows of horribly radioactive steam into the atmosphere. Thousands of square miles would be saturated with the most lethal clouds ever created, depositing relentless genetic poisons that would kill forever. Infants and small children would quickly die en masse. Pregnant women would spontaneously abort or give birth to horribly deformed offspring. Ghastly sores, rashes, ulcerations and burns would afflict the skin of millions. Heart attacks, stroke and multiple organ failure would kill thousands on the spot. Emphysema, hair loss, nausea, inability to eat or drink or swallow, diarrhea and incontinence, sterility and impotence, asthma and blindness would afflict hundreds of thousands, if not millions.  Then comes the wave of cancers, leukemias, lymphomas, tumors and hellish diseases for which new names will have to be invented.  Evacuation would be impossible, but thousands would die trying. Attempts to quench the fires would be futile. More than 800,000 Soviet draftees forced through Chernobyl's seething remains in a futile attempt to clean it up are still dying from their exposure. At Indian Point, the molten cores would burn uncontrolled for days, weeks and years. Who would volunteer for such an American task force? The immediate damage from an Indian Point attack (or a domestic accident) would render all five boroughs of New York City an apocalyptic wasteland. As at Three Mile Island, where thousands of farm and wild animals died in heaps, natural ecosystems would be permanently and irrevocably destroyed. Spiritually, psychologically, financially and ecologically, our nation would never recover.

Terror (3:10)
PRC’s previous restricted use of HEU and plutonium checked terror threats, but recent explosion of nuclear development guarantees attacks - risk of dirty bomb creation and attacks on the plants that causes spent fuel pool fires
Zhang 14 (Hui Zhang – Kennedy School; Senior Research Associate at the Project of Managing the Atom in the Belfast Center for Science and International Affairs; Has authored books about China’s nuclear policy, “Reducing the Danger of Nuclear Terrorism in China”, http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/files/ChinaNT-INMM2014_hzhang.pdf, pg. 2-4, EmmieeM)
Chinese nuclear weapons experts believe that, once terrorists acquire enough fissile materials through theft, smuggling, purchase, or other means, they would be able to manufacture a crude nuclear weapon and explode it, although such a weapon would not be as easily deliverable, complicated or high-yield as those of nuclear-weapon states. In particular, a gun-type bomb made of HEU is quite possibly within the capabilities of a sophisticated terrorist group. While HEU would therefore be the material most coveted by terrorists, a terrorist bomb made from plutonium is also plausible. Chinese experts agree that any grade of plutonium, including reactor-grade plutonium, could be used to build an implosion bomb.9 According to unclassified estimates, the Chinese military’s inventory of fissile material includes approximately 16 metric tons of weapons-grade HEU and 1.8 tons of weapons-grade plutonium. 10 China stopped producing HEU for all purposes in 1987 and halted plutonium production for military purposes in 1991. China has the smallest military stocks of fissile materials among the P5 nuclear weapon states. Most of China’s weapon-usable fissile materials are tightly controlled within the military. Less than half of China’s military stocks of fissile materials are believed to be contained in its nuclear warheads.11 Sites at which the remaining stocks may be stored include: the Jiuquan and Guangyuan plutonium production complexes, which conduct HEU and plutonium processing, warhead component production and weapon assembly; the China Academy of Engineering Physics, which conducts research, development and design of nuclear weapons; and dedicated fissile material storage facilities. Use in China of HEU and plutonium for non-weapon purposes are very limited. China has become the central focus of the international nuclear industry, due to its ambitious plans for its nuclear energy program before and continuing after the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. Currently, China has a relatively small fleet of 20 nuclear reactor units in operation with a total capacity of 16 GWe. However, China leads the world in term of nuclear development pace and new reactor construction. 31 reactors in China, capable of producing a total of 34 GWe, are now under construction Beijing officially plans to increase its total nuclear capacity to 58 GWe by 2020,14and much more are under consideration for the coming decades. Chinese nuclear experts consider the risk of sabotage at civilian nuclear facilities, in particular a nuclear power plant, is plausible.15 As the number of nuclear power plants in China is rapidly increasing such a risk poses a challenge to China’s nuclear security. The Fukushima accident may also increase the terrorists’ interest in targeting China’s power reactors. In a comprehensive assessment of the risk of sabotage of nuclear facilities, the China Academy of Engineering’s 2005 book “Management of Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism Incidents” concluded that, “one possible route nuclear terrorists would take is to sabotage a nuclear facility. Once it happens, it could seriously affect the environment and public. China has a number of nuclear facilities that have a variety of vulnerabilities if attacked.”16 Based on the design features of China’s power reactors and the likely characteristics of a terrorist attack, the book’s authors identified five potential modes of attack against a nuclear power plant.17 These are: 1) attacks against the reactor building with the goal of causing a large-scale release of radioactive materials, which would lead to serious consequences including social and psychological disruption; 2) thefts of nuclear materials for future terrorist acts, including passive, explosive (i.e. dirty bomb) or atmospheric dispersal of the materials to incite public panic; 3) attacks against secondary facilities that would disrupt reactor operations, causing a shutdown with economic and psychological effects; 4) attacks against conventional facilities at nuclear power plants that would result in economic and psychological effects; and 5) attacks against plant workers, leading to a collapse in reactor operations and/or plant command structures, and inflicting a psychological setback. Among these five modes of attack, the experts concluded that the first, an attack against a reactor building, is the only mode that could result in the severe consequence of a radioactive release. The impact of the others would be limited to social and psychological disruption.18 However, it should be noted that the above conclusions are incomplete. As the Fukushima accident demonstrated, the destruction of off-site power supplies and on-site diesel generators could also lead to a major radioactive release even while the reactor building remained intact. Destroying the reactor’s connection to the ultimate heat sink would be another possible out-of-building strategy. So might be causing a fire in the 4 spent fuel pool if it is outside the building. Post-Fukushima reviews have concluded that assets outside the protected area of the reactor also need to be protected to avoid major releases. Those Chinese experts have also discussed sabotage scenarios against the reactor and spent-fuel pool buildings. Sabotage attempts by an outsider against a reactor could involve the use of portable weapons and limited amounts of explosives outside the reactor building. Experts believe that the safety measures incorporated in the existing DBA (design base accident), combined with security measures already in place, would prevent terrorists causing a radioactive release with those tools. However, they neglect to consider that terrorists would probably be able to take out off-site power and diesel generators from outside buildings. Chinese experts have also suggested that the current DBA also prescribes protection for the containment of damage to a reactor caused by the impact of a small airplane. However, like most other countries, it does not protect against a commercial plane impact or heavy weapons including missiles, which would damage the containment and cooling system of the reactor, resulting in reactor core meltdown and a radioactive release. In addition, if explosives are used inside the reactor building, the explosion could also lead to release of some radioactive material. Commercial planes and missiles could damage the spent fuel pool and create a loss of cooling water. This could overheat the spent fuel or damage it directly, leading to a radioactive release.19 However, many experts argue that the risk of an attack involving commercial planes and heavy weapons is extremely low in China.
Scientific studies prove that one spent fuel pool fire would affect over 3.5 million people and dwarf the effects of Fukushima
Stone 16 (This card cites research done at Princeton using mathematical calculations and computer programs in order to gauge probability and magniture. Richard Stone has a degree in biophysics from UPenn and has written for National Geographic and Smithsonian, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/spent-fuel-fire-us-soil-could-dwarf-impact-fukushima, “Spent Fuel Fire on U.S. Soil Could Dwarf Impact of Fukushima”, EmmieeM)
A fire from spent fuel stored at a U.S. nuclear power plant could have catastrophic consequences, according to new simulations of such an event. A major fire “could dwarf the horrific consequences of the Fukushima accident,” says Edwin Lyman, a physicist at the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit in Washington, D.C. “We’re talking about trillion-dollar consequences,” says Frank von Hippel, a nuclear security expert at Princeton University, who teamed with Princeton’s Michael Schoeppner on the modeling exercise. The revelations come on the heels of a report last week from the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on the aftermath of the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami in northern Japan. The report details how a spent fuel fire at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant that was crippled by the twin disasters could have released far more radioactivity into the environment. The nuclear fuel in three of the plant’s six reactors melted down and released radioactive plumes that contaminated land downwind. Japan declared 1100 square kilometers uninhabitable and relocated 88,000 people. (Almost as many left voluntarily.) After the meltdowns, officials feared that spent fuel stored in pools in the reactor halls would catch fire and send radioactive smoke across a much wider swath of eastern Japan, including Tokyo. By a stroke of luck, that did not happen. But the national academies’ report warns that spent fuel accumulating at U.S. nuclear plants is also vulnerable. After fuel is removed from a reactor core, the radioactive fission products continue to decay, generating heat. All nuclear power plants store the fuel onsite at the bottom of deep pools for at least 4 years while it slowly cools. To keep it safe, the academies report recommends that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and nuclear plant operators beef up systems for monitoring the pools and topping up water levels in case a facility is damaged. The panel also says plants should be ready to tighten security after a disaster. At most U.S. nuclear plants, spent fuel is densely packed in pools, heightening the fire risk. NRC has estimated that a major fire at the spent fuel pool at the Peach Bottom nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania would displace an estimated 3.46 million people from 31,000 square kilometers of contaminated land, an area larger than New Jersey. But Von Hippel and Schoeppner think that NRC has grossly underestimated the scale and societal costs of such a fire. NRC used a program called MACCS2 for modeling the dispersal and deposition of the radioactivity from a Peach Bottom fire. Schoeppner and Von Hippel instead used HYSPLIT, a program able to craft more sophisticated scenarios based on historical weather data for the whole region. In their simulations, the Princeton duo focused on Cs-137, a radioisotope with a 30-year half-life that has made large tracts around Chernobyl and Fukushima uninhabitable. They assumed a release of 1600 petabecquerels, which is the average amount of Cs-137 that NRC estimates would be released from a fire at a densely packed pool. It’s also approximately 100 times the amount of Cs-137 spewed at Fukushima. They simulated such a release on the first day of each month in 2015. The contamination from such a fire on U.S. soil “would be an unprecedented peacetime catastrophe,” the Princeton researchers conclude in a paper to be submitted to the journal Science and Global Security. In a fire on 1 January 2015, with the winds blowing due east, the radioactive plume would sweep over Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and nearby cities. Shifting winds on 1 July 2015 would disperse Cs-137 in all directions, blanketing much of the heavily populated mid-Atlantic region. Averaged over 12 monthly calculations, the area exposed to more than 1 megabecquerel per square meter -- a level that would trigger a relocation order -- is 101,000 square kilometers. That’s more than three times NRC’s estimate, and the relocation of 18.1 million people is about five times NRC’s estimates. NRC has long mulled whether to compel the nuclear industry to move most of the cooled spent fuel now held in densely packed pools to concrete containers called dry casks. Such a move would reduce the consequences and likelihood of a spent fuel pool fire. As recently as 2013, NRC concluded that the projected benefits do not justify the roughly $4 billion cost of a wholesale transfer. But the national academies’s study concludes that the benefits of expedited transfer to dry casks are fivefold greater than NRC has calculated. “NRC’s policies have underplayed the risk of a spent fuel fire,” Lyman says. The academies panel recommends that NRC “assess the risks and potential benefits of expedited transfer.” NRC spokesperson Scott Burnell in Washington, D.C., says that the commission’s technical staff “will take an in-depth look” at the issue and report to NRC commissioners later this year.
Even if foreign terrorists can’t attack outright, they’ll cyber-attack, which triggers a meltdown and is another internal link to theft of nuclear materials
Metzger 16 –(Matt Metzger, internally cites Nuclear Security Index (Developed with the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) and with input from a respected international panel of nuclear security experts, the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) Nuclear Security Index) “Cyber-security threat could cause 'Fukushima-like disaster,'” 1/20/16, accessed 7/16/16, http://www.scmagazineuk.com/cyber-security-threat-could-cause-fukushima-like-disaster/article/466160/)
A new report has warned of the danger of cyber-threats to nuclear facilities around the world, notably how an act of cyber-sabotage could “produce a similar release of radiation” to Fukushima. The report, the Nuclear Security Index: Building a Framework for Assurance, Accountability and Action, was released by the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), a nonprofit which monitors the security of nuclear facilities worldwide. It is unambiguous in its findings: “A cyber attack against a nuclear facility could facilitate the theft of nuclear materials or an act of sabotage leading to a catastrophic radiation release. Yet most states are not effectively prepared to deal with this emerging threat.” While much of global public infrastructure could be said to be open to cyber-attack, the report details the multiple ways in which cyber-threats could pose a nuclear danger of catastrophic proportions. If a wilful hacker were to compromise the access control systems of a nuclear facility, it could allow someone to sabotage or steal nuclear material. Someone could also compromise the accounting systems of a nuclear facility, hiding the theft of nuclear material. Or, perhaps the most worrying of these threats, notes the report: “Reactor cooling systems could be deliberately disabled, resulting in a Fukushima-like disaster.” The NTI are certainly not the first to issue these kinds of warnings. Chatham House conducted its own study into the cyber-security of nuclear facilities, saying “as cyber-criminals, states and terrorist groups increase their online activities, the fear of a serious cyber-attack is ever present. This is of particular concern because of the risk – even if remote – of a release of ionising radiation as a result of such an attack.” The report points to the fact that many countries, though they are looking at and developing nuclear technology, lack the regulatory and technological capacity to make sure that it's safe. Since 2012, 17 countries with weapons-grade nuclear materials have updated their laws to bring cyber-security to nuclear facilities, but many have not. Of the 47 countries that the report surveyed, 20 “do not even have basic requirements to protect nuclear facilities from cyber attacks.” These include China, Iran, Italy, Argentina, North Korea, Italy, Algeria, Spain, Uzbekistan, Mexico and Indonesia. To this end, the report makes several recommendations for those individual states. Firstly, that governments have to including cyber-risks within the national threat assessment. Secondly, strengthening physical security for nuclear materials and facilities to protect against theft and sabotage is a requirement. States, the report recommends, should refrain from starting nuclear energy programmes before an effective nuclear security regime is established, and independent regulatory agencies should be established to watch over the cyber-security of that state's nuclear facilities. Tony Dyhouse, a man with a long history in industrial control systems and current knowledge transfer director at the Trustworthy Software Initiative, told SCMagazineUK.com that while the threat to nuclear facilities is, according to Dyhouse, “very large”, the UK is well equipped to deal with them. And while the world nuclear has a particular way of causing mass public panic, cyber-security threats to nuclear power will not always be overt. While state actors may try to steal data, ideological warriors like the so-called Islamic State may be interested in causing real damage. Dyhouse added: “We're lucky in the UK, this was realised very early.” He said nuclear and industrial regulators work with all critical industry in the UK and understand these specific dangers. And the industry, too, is “well aware of the threat" and can fall back on the government for support if needed.
Chinese nuclear power plants are uniquely threatened by home-grown Uyghur terrorists – checks defense about costs, transportation, and lack of motivation
Zhang 16 (Hui Zhang - Kennedy School; Senior Research Associate at the Project of Managing the Atom in the Belfast Center for Science and International Affairs; Has authored books about China’s nuclear policy, “China’s Nuclear Security: Progress, Challenges, and Next Steps”, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Chinas20Nuclear20Security-Web.pdf, pg. 7-10, EmmieeM)
Terrorist attacks from outside groups may someday pose a real threat to China’s nuclear facilities. China faces a growing threat from extremists in the predominantly Muslim Uighur community who want to form a separate state called East Turkestan in the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang. The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) claimed responsibility for more than 200 acts of terrorism between 1990 and 2001. Since 2013, members of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement have carried out more than forty attacks, resulting in several hundred deaths. Typical events include: October 28, 2013: A car crashed into a group of tourists in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, killing five people (including three inside the car) and injuring 38. The ETIM claimed responsibility for this suicide attack. Beijing described it as the first terrorist attack in Beijing’s recent history. More importantly, the attack targeted China’s symbols of power. March 1, 2014: A group of eight knife-wielding men and women pulled out long-bladed knives and stabbed and slashed passengers at Kunming railway station (the capital city of Yunnan province), resulting in the deaths of 29 civilians and 4 attackers with over 140 others injured. April 30, 2014: ETIM conducted a suicide bomb attack on the Urumqi railway station (in the capital of Xinjiang province), killing three and injuring 79. May 22, 2014: A car bomb attack on an open-air market in Urumqi killed 31 and injured 94. This attack was commanded from abroad by ETIM. Since 2013, the nature of domestic terrorist attacks has changed. Incidents are more geographically dispersed, the targets are more diverse, and the methods of attack have varied. Religiously inspired terrorist attacks have become significantly more frequent, more violent, and more sophisticated. From the 1990s to the late 2000s, most of the terrorist acts were limited to Xinjiang locals. However, recent attacks have been spreading over several large cities beyond Xinjiang including Beijing, Kunming, and Guangzhou (the capital of Guangdong). The types of targets are also expanding. In the past, most of the targets focused on government buildings and police stations. But recently the attacks have extended to civilians, for example train stations and super markets, and have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of civilian casualties. The type of attacks has changed significantly. In the past, attackers relied mainly on simpler tools including knives and axes. But recently, attackers have engaged in suicide bombings, car bombings, and have used grenades and other explosives. Nevertheless, so far, China has not seen complex terrorist attacks such as the terrorist attacks on heavily guarded targets. Terrorists operating in Xinjiang are also known to have close relations with international groups. Beijing has confirmed that the ETIM has long received training, financial assistance, and support from al Qaeda. Moreover, hundreds of Xinjiang’s Uighur Muslims are reportedly fighting alongside the Islamic State in the Middle East. Some of them, after receiving terrorist training and gaining actual combat experience, return for attacks in China. Also, terrorist attacks inside China could be inspired or supported by the Islamic State due to its connections with local groups. Returning militants have recently been arrested in Xinjiang. In the years to come, it is plausible that terrorist groups might be able to put together an attack on civilian nuclear facilities, in particular a nuclear power plant – especially as the number of such plants rapidly increases. The Fukushima accident may also increase terrorists’ interest in targeting China’s power reactors. In addition, China’s neighbors in Central Asia and Pakistan have served as safe havens for ETIM members. These countries also are home to a high level of terrorist activity and have been at the center of nuclear smuggling and proliferation activities. It is possible that East Turkestan extremists could acquire fissile material or nuclear weapons from their bases in these areas, which they could also use to plan and launch attacks. In short, both the domestic threats to China’s nuclear materials and facilities and the nuclear dangers that foreign terrorists might pose to China are rapidly evolving. Chinese nuclear security planners must design security systems able to continue to provide effective protection as these threats continue to evolve in the future.
Independently, the impact to terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons is extinction due to precipitated global warfare
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by the country attacked in the first place, would not necessarily represent the worst of the nuclear worlds imaginable. Indeed, there are reasons to wonder whether nuclear terrorism should ever be regarded as belonging in the category of truly existential threats. A contrast can be drawn here with the global catastrophe that would come from a massive nuclear exchange between two or more of the sovereign states that possess these weapons in significant numbers. Even the worst terrorism that the twenty-first century might bring would fade into insignificance alongside considerations of what a general nuclear war would have wrought in the Cold War period. And it must be admitted that as long as the major nuclear weapons states have hundreds and even thousands of nuclear weapons at their disposal, there is always the possibility of a truly awful nuclear exchange taking place precipitated entirely by state possessors themselves. But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a catastrophic interstate nuclear exchange—are not necessarily separable. It is just possible that some sort of terrorist attack, and especially an act of nuclear terrorism, could precipitate a chain of events leading to a massive exchange of nuclear weapons between two or more of the states that possess them. In this context, today's and tomorrow's terrorist groups might assume the place allotted during the early Cold War years to new state possessors of small nuclear arsenals who were seen as raising the risks of a catalytic nuclear war between the superpowers started by third parties. These risks were considered in the late 1950s and early 1960s as concerns grew about nuclear proliferation, the so-called n+1 problem. It may require a considerable amount of imagination to depict an especially plausible situation where an act of nuclear terrorism could lead to such a massive inter-state nuclear war. For example, in the event of a terrorist nuclear attack on the United States, it might well be wondered just how Russia and/or China could plausibly be brought into the picture, not least because they seem unlikely to be fingered as the most obvious state sponsors or encouragers of terrorist groups. They would seem far too responsible to be involved in supporting that sort of terrorist behavior that could just as easily threaten them as well. Some possibilities, however remote, do suggest themselves. For example, how might the United States react if it was thought or discovered that the fissile material used in the act of nuclear terrorism had come from Russian stocks,40 and if for some reason Moscow denied any responsibility for nuclear laxity? The correct attribution of that nuclear material to a particular country might not be a case of science fiction given the observation by Michael May et al. that while the debris resulting from a nuclear explosion would be “spread over a wide area in tiny fragments, its radioactivity makes it detectable, identifiable and collectable, and a wealth of information can be obtained from its analysis: the efficiency of the explosion, the materials used and, most important … some indication of where the nuclear material came from.”41 Alternatively, if the act of nuclear terrorism came as a complete surprise, and American officials refused to believe that a terrorist group was fully responsible (or responsible at all) suspicion would shift immediately to state possessors. Ruling out Western ally countries like the United Kingdom and France, and probably Israel and India as well, authorities in Washington would be left with a very short list consisting of North Korea, perhaps Iran if its program continues, and possibly Pakistan. But at what stage would Russia and China be definitely ruled out in this high stakes game of nuclear Cluedo? In particular, if the act of nuclear terrorism occurred against a backdrop of existing tension in Washington's relations with Russia and/or China, and at a time when threats had already been traded between these major powers, would officials and political leaders not be tempted to assume the worst? Of course, the chances of this occurring would only seem to increase if the United States was already involved in some sort of limited armed conflict with Russia and/or China, or if they were confronting each other from a distance in a proxy war, as unlikely as these developments may seem at the present time. The reverse might well apply too: should a nuclear terrorist attack occur in Russia or China during a period of heightened tension or even limited conflict with the United States, could Moscow and Beijing resist the pressures that might rise domestically to consider the United States as a possible perpetrator or encourager of the attack? Washington's early response to a terrorist nuclear attack on its own soil might also raise the possibility of an unwanted (and nuclear aided) confrontation with Russia and/or China. For example, in the noise and confusion during the immediate aftermath of the terrorist nuclear attack, the U.S. president might be expected to place the country's armed forces, including its nuclear arsenal, on a higher stage of alert. In such a tense environment, when careful planning runs up against the friction of reality, it is just possible that Moscow and/or China might mistakenly read this as a sign of U.S. intentions to use force (and possibly nuclear force) against them. In that situation, the temptations to preempt such actions might grow, although it must be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response. As part of its initial response to the act of nuclear terrorism (as discussed earlier) Washington might decide to order a significant conventional (or nuclear) retaliatory or disarming attack against the leadership of the terrorist group and/or states seen to support that group. Depending on the identity and especially the location of these targets, Russia and/or China might interpret such action as being far too close for their comfort, and potentially as an infringement on their spheres of influence and even on their sovereignty. One far-fetched but perhaps not impossible scenario might stem from a judgment in Washington that some of the main aiders and abetters of the terrorist action resided somewhere such as Chechnya, perhaps in connection with what Allison claims is the “Chechen insurgents' … long-standing interest in all things nuclear.”42 American pressure on that part of the world would almost certainly raise alarms in Moscow that might require a degree of advanced consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide.
1AR (1:17)
Semantics and common usage flow Aff – bare plurals are commonly used to make specific statements all the time in everyday language
Leslie no date (SJ Leslie. Generics. Princeton University. No date. https://www.princeton.edu/~sjleslie/RoutledgeHandbookEntryGenerics.pdf. FZ)
The truth conditions of generics have proved quite elusive for semanticists. For example, “dogs are mammals” seems to require for its truth that all (possible) dogs be mammals. “A tiger is striped” or “ravens are black”, however, are is somewhat more forgiving, since it is they are compatible with the existence of a few stripeless tigers (as Siegfried and Roy’s performances attest), and white albino ravens. “Ducks lay eggs” and “a lion has a mane” are more forgiving still; these generics are true even though it is only a subset the mature members of one gender which possess the relevant properties. This truth conditional laxity is limited in scope, however: we do not accept “ducks are female” or “lions are male”, even though every egg laying duck is a female duck, and similarly mutatis mutandis for maned lions. Finally, we accept “mosquitoes carry the West Nile virus”, even though fewer than one percent of mosquitoes do carry the virus, while also rejecting “books are paperbacks”, when over eighty percent of books are paperbacks. The correct analysis of the truth conditions for generics is a matter of great controversy among theorists working on the problem.
China has developed carbon capture storage, which solves greenhouse gas emissions even if it shifts to fossil fuels – prefer my evidence for specificity
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 09, November, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is transforming the nation's ability to predict climate change and its impacts. This research was supported and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy; the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; the multilateral Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum; the many public and private sector sponsors of the PNNL-led Global Energy Technology Strategy Program, “China Shows Promise in Carbon Capture and Storage,” https://www.pnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?id=685. JG
China's rapid industrial growth has come at a price—the country now ranks as the world's top emitter of carbon dioxide, the chief culprit in global warming. But new research points to a cost-effective, promising option to dramatically reduce industrial greenhouse gas emissions while meeting China's growing energy demands. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory scientists, working with their Chinese partners, showed that China has adequate deep geologic storage capacity for carbon dioxide storage to meet likely demand for more than 100 years. Furthermore, these natural storage reservoirs already are located near many of China's stationary carbon dioxide-emission sources. Why it matters: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies may represent a cost-effective, viable option to help China continue to meet its growing energy demands while also delivering deep and sustained reductions in industrial greenhouse gas emissions. 

This research defines the pivotal role that CCS technologies can play in cost effectively reducing China's greenhouse gas emissions over the course of this century. Until now, the discussions around China's options were limited. "A lot of the policy dialogue and technical discussions have this really sharp dichotomy: Either China continues to use its vast supplies of coal and bad things happen to the environment, or they agree to forgo the use of this valuable coal and bad things happen to their economy," stated James Dooley, PNNL scientist and co-author of the report. Dooley leads CCS research for the Joint Global Change Research Institute (a collaboration of PNNL and the University of Maryland) and the Global Energy Technology Strategy Project. But the new study shows there is a much-needed third option for addressing these twin challenges—large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technologies. The study is the first to map enormous and widely distributed deep geologic CO2 storage formations in China that could allow for long-term, cost-effective, large-scale deployment of CCS. The mapping of over 2,300 billion metric tons of theoretical geologic CO2 storage capacity in 90 onshore storage formations represents a vast and valuable domestic natural resource for China. The team has also identified an additional 780 billion metric tons of CO2 capacity in 16 offshore geologic formations along mainland China's heavily developed coastal regions, which could prove immensely valuable in this part of China where there is strong potential demand for storage. The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum(Offsite link) awarded the team its recognition award for this project in October 2009.
Nuclear power plants exacerbate warming and rejection is key to bolster the renewable industry
Mez 16 (Lutz Mez works for the Berlin Center for Caspian Region Studies at the University of Berlin, http://thebulletin.org/experts-nuclear-power-and-climate-change8996, EmmieeM)
In the coming decades, indirect carbon dioxide emissions from nuclear power plants will increase considerably, because high-grade resources of uranium are exhausted and much more fossil energy will have to be used to mine uranium. In view of this trend, nuclear power plants will no longer have an emissions advantage over modern gas-fired power plants, let alone in comparison to the advantages offered by increased energy efficiency or greater use of renewable energies. Nuclear power plants may also contribute to climate change by emitting radioactive isotopes such as tritium or carbon 14 and the radioactive noble gas krypton 85. Krypton 85 is produced in nuclear power plants and released on a massive scale in the reprocessing of spent fuel. The concentration of krypton 85 in earth’s atmosphere has soared over the last few years as a result of nuclear fission, reaching a new record. Krypton 85 increases the natural, radiation-induced ionization of the air. Thus the electrical balance of the Earth’s atmosphere changes, which poses a significant threat to weather patterns and climate. Even though krypton 85 is “one of the most toxic agents for climate,” according to German physicist and political figure Klaus Buchner, these emissions have no received any attention in international climate-protection negotiations down to the present. As for the assertion that nuclear power is needed to promote climate protection, exactly the opposite would appear to be the case: Nuclear power plants must be closed down quickly to exert pressure on operators and the power plant industry to redouble efforts at innovation in the development of sustainable and socially compatible energy technologies and especially the use of smart energy services.
Put away your politics DA – Xi doesn’t need political capital to pass policies – he’s an autocrat who uses his “anti-corruption campaign” as an excuse to murder any opposition – this also means he’s guaranteed re-election
Anderlini 14 

(Jamil Anderlini – Asia Editor of the Financial Times writer. Was awarded Journalist of the Year at the Society of Publishers for Asia Editorial Excellence Awards, “Xi Jinping’s Anti-Corruption Campaign Drive in China Takes Autocratic Turn”, https://www.ft.com/content/9b645f40-fac1-11e3-8959-00144feab7de, EmmieeM)
Ever since Mao Zedong launched the devastating 1966-1976 Cultural Revolution that wiped out China’s intelligentsia and much of its traditional culture, scholars and China watchers have wondered what the lingering effects of that period would be. A little over a year into his first term as president, China’s current leader, Xi Jinping, is providing the beginning of an answer. Mr. Xi came of age in that turbulent time and watched as his elite revolutionary family and everything he knew were torn to pieces. Now it seems it is his turn to wreak havoc on the cozy networks of power and wealth that have established themselves in the era of “socialism with Chinese characteristics”. In recent weeks, the president’s signature campaign against official corruption appears to have spilled into something more significant and potentially destabilizing for the increasingly autocratic regime. In his efforts to clean house, Mr. Xi is targeting a broad swath of individuals, families, factions and societal forces that do not answer directly to him. The tantalizing signs of a full-blown political purge are coming thick and fast, even if they are still mostly hidden between the lines of the country’s tightly controlled state media. In a typically terse one-line statement late last week, China’s anti-corruption authorities revealed they were investigating a mid-ranking provincial official by the name of Ling Zhengce for “serious crimes and breaches of Communist party discipline”. There was nothing particularly special about the announcement – except for one thing: Ling Zhengce is the older brother of Ling Jihua, head of the United Front Work Department- a government agency that seeks to influence non-party elite – and a former right-hand man of retired president Hu Jintao. In the Chinese system, arrests like that are not accidents since everyone in the power structure is acutely aware of where invisible patronage linkages lie. Mr. Ling has been particularly vulnerable since his only son died in a Ferrari crash in 2012 that also badly injured two naked female passengers. But the assault on the Ling clan, and by extension Mr. Hu, is just the latest jab at some of the most powerful ruling families in China, including some who were previously seen as patrons to Mr. Xi. In late March, the Financial Times reported that China’s two living retired paramount leaders, Mr. Hu and his immediate predecessor Jiang Zemin, had both warned Mr. Xi not to take his anti-corruption campaign too far. Not only did the campaign have the potential to undermine morale and loyalty within party ranks, some retired elders and their families were getting nervous they could become targets themselves. But in the months since, Mr. Xi has only ramped up his onslaught. Former internal security chief Zhou Yongkang, officially the ninth most powerful man in China until late 2012, has been in detention since late last year. An investigation into power sector corruption has been interpreted as a direct attack on the family and network of former premier Li Peng, the man known to many as the “Butcher of Beijing” for his role in the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. The son of former anti-corruption boss He Guoqiang, previously the eighth most powerful man in China, and at least one of his close business associates have been detained on corruption charges. The Chinese military is also in turmoil as several top-ranking generals from the previous administration have been charged with corruption and selling officer ranks. The official line is that Mr. Xi is serious about tackling corruption and blind to where he might find it. But in Beijing’s political circles, many are muttering about the vindictive nature of this purge and the autocratic turn that has accompanied it. Journalists, lawyers, non-governmental organisations, activists and other vestiges of civil society have all been subject to greater controls and repression over the past year. Most telling have been the harsh prison sentences handed down to transparency advocates for their peaceful anti-corruption campaigns and calls for party officials to disclose their assets. The message is clear: the authority to decide who is corrupt and who is not is the exclusive domain of Mr. Xi and his closest allies. As the purge rumbles on, many of the pundits who initially compared Mr. Xi to Deng Xiaoping, the architect of marker reforms and modern China, are starting to think he may be more like Mao.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity EM | Judge: Victor Wu
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
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thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
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, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
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value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
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the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Meltdowns
Nuclear meltdown is going to happen within the next decade
Gesellschaft 12 (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: research society in Germany; "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests."; ScienceDaily; 22 May 2012; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm; DT)
Catastrophic nuclear accidents such as the core meltdowns in Chernobyl and Fukushima are more likely
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reactor meltdowns comes to four -- one in Chernobyl and three in Fukushima.
Unprecedented nuclear disasters are coming – scientific studies prove that spent fuel fires are both likely and would have a much greater impact than Fukushima
Stone 16 (This card cites research done at Princeton using mathematical calculations and computer programs in order to gauge probability and magniture. Richard Stone has a degree in biophysics from UPenn and has written for National Geographic and Smithsonian, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/spent-fuel-fire-us-soil-could-dwarf-impact-fukushima, “Spent Fuel Fire on U.S. Soil Could Dwarf Impact of Fukushima”, EmmieeM)
A fire from spent fuel stored at a U.S. nuclear power plant
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look” at the issue and report to NRC commissioners later this year.
Nuclear meltdown would cause widespread deaths, long-term diseases, and permanent ecological damage
Wasserman, 02 (Harvey, American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy, author of The Last Energy War and co-author of Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation, Spring, Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism” | ADM)
Had one of those hijacked jets hit one of the operating reactors at Indian Point
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Spiritually, psychologically, financially and ecologically, our nation would never recover.
Mining (4:05)
Global nuclear energy sector is expanding
Handley 13 (Meg: staff writer for US News; "Emerging Nations To Power Nuclear Energy Expansion Over Next Decade"; 3-25-2013; US News andamp; World Report; http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/25/emerging-nations-to-power-nuclear-energy-expansion-over-next-decade; DT)
Despite a slew of developed nations putting the brakes on nuclear programs in the wake
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be a mix of technology and nuclear is an important part of that."
Nuclear energy requires uranium mining – thorium is not a feasible alternative
National Nuclear Library 12 (Report made for the Department of Energy and Climate Change, National Nuclear Library – UK, “Comparison of Thorium and Uranium on a Global Scale”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65504/6300-comparison-fuel-cycles.pdf. pg 16, EmmieeM)
Thorium fuel cycle RandD has a long history dating back to the very
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that there is little appetite or belief in the safety or performance claims.

Uranium mining leads to an increase in above-ground radiation, which causes biodiversity loss
Sullivan 13 (Sian Sullivan works for the Department of Geography, Environment, and Developmental Studies at the University of London, “After the Green Rush? Biodiversity Offsets, Uranium Power and the ‘Calculus of Causalities’ in Greening Growth, pg. 94, EmmieeM)
The circuit traced here, that seems likely to connect nuclear power production in Hinkley
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been amply demonstrated. How is it possible to offset such radioactive futures?

Independently, radioactive dumping in the ocean destroys marine biodiversity
Alexeev 16 (Denis Alexeev and Valentina Galtsova are from the Department of Applied Ecology at the Russian State Hydrometeriological University, “Effect of Radioactive Pollution on the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Ecosystems on the Russian Arctic Shelf”, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965212000138, EmmieeM)
Radioactive pollution of marine ecosystems is one of the most dangerous anthropogenic impacts on the
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the macrobenthos may show greater accumulation of radionuclides in their cells and tissues.
Biodiversity loss is an impact filter – exacerbates existing crises and leads to extinction.
Torres 16 (Phil is a graduate of Cornell University with degrees in Entomology and Biology; "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change"; 5-20-2016; FLI - Future of Life Institute; http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/; DT)
Catastrophic consequences for civilization The consequences of this rapid pruning of the evolutionary tree of
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as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Terror (2:36)
Terrorist organizations have started targeting nuclear power plants for resources and attacks
Rubin 16 (Alissa J. Rubin is an American journalist who covers the Middle East for the New York Times. She has won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. “Belgium Proves Nuclear Plants are Vulnerable”, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/europe/belgium-fears-nuclear-plants-are-vulnerable.html?_r=0, EmmieeM)
BRUSSELS — As a dragnet aimed at Islamic State operatives spiraled across Brussels and into
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the planning stages of some kind of operation at a Belgian nuclear facility.
Nuclear power plants are extremely vulnerable to terrorist attacks and break-ins
Holt and Andrews 14
Mark Holt and Anthony Andrews Specialists in Energy Policy. Nuclear Power Plant Security and Vulnerabilities. Congressional Research Service. January 13, 2014. FZ.
To strengthen nuclear plant security inspections, EPACT05 required NRC to conduct “force-
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addressed some of those concerns and included a number of other security enhancements.
The results to a terror attack on a nuclear power plant is devastating
Caldicott 6
Helen Caldicott bestselling author, Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Nuclear power is not the answer. The New Press. September 20, 2006. http://tria.fcampalans.cat/images/Nuclear20Power20is20not20the20answer20-20H.20Caldicott.pdf. FZ.
In this day and age, nuclear power plants are also obvious targets for terrorists
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nuclear weapons, a situation that will further destabilize an already unstable world. 

Independently, the impact to terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons is extinction
Volders 16 (Brecht Volders is a researcher in the Department of Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, and a PhD candidate.
 Tow Sauer is  Associate Professor in International Politics at the Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, “Nuclear Terrorism – Countering the Threat”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=dVmpCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=nuclear+terrorismandots=6M4Kdlfm8Handsig=prlipwaAYy2hMbOl9cbznqSuHdg#v=onepageandq=nuclear20terrorismandf=false, pg. 3-4, EmmieeM)
While no major act of nuclear terrorism actually took place, these regularly occurring events
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endeavor – are clandestine organizations. Stealth and secrecy complicate valid threat assessments.
Solvency (1:31)
Banning nuclear power is key to get us away from unsustainable energy production and catastrophe – nuclear power plants self-destruct and construction emits too much CO2
Covino 13 (K: independent journalist, BA in English, nuclear power researcher; "The Most Unsustainable Energy Source on Earth"; 6-11-2013; HubPages; http://hubpages.com/politics/Unsustainable-Nuclear; DT)
In our technologically developed society, concerns about electricity generation have become one of the
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help me save the world: call and write your government officials today.
No shift to coal – it’s phasing out and will be non-existent in the next two decades
Worldwatch 13 (The Worldwatch Institute works to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world that meets human needs; “Clean Energy Poised to Phase Out Coal and Avert Catastrophic Climate Change”; 2013; http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5948; DT)
Washington, D.C.- New technologies will permit rapid decarbonization of the world
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percent or more, with the investment paid for via lower energy bills. 

Clean coal tech is coming – even if there’s a shift to coal, no waste or emission problems
Makino 16 (Keiji Makino works for the Japan Coal Energy Center, “Clean Coal Technology and Sustainable Development”, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=EavCDAAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PR6anddq=22clean+coal22+technologyandots=pLWspd0CYeandsig=0ikrw3zen1VOpa7955oU288xh9U#v=onepageandq=22clean20coal2220technologyandf=false, EmmieeM)
In recent world, demand for energy is increasing rapidly. In particular, power
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, advanced coal utilization technology that is involved JCOAL Road Map is explained. 

Nuclear power plants exacerbate warming and rejection is key to bolster the renewable industry
Mez 16 (Lutz Mez works for the Berlin Center for Caspian Region Studies at the University of Berlin, http://thebulletin.org/experts-nuclear-power-and-climate-change8996, EmmieeM)
In the coming decades, indirect carbon dioxide emissions from nuclear power plants will increase
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and socially compatible energy technologies and especially the use of smart energy services.
Focus on material impacts key – rejection without a viable alternative makes solution oriented thinking impossible
Samiei 10 , Faculty of World Studies - University of Tehran, 10
(Neo-Orientalism? The relationship between the West and Islam in our globalised world, Third World Quarterly)

The increasing human interdependence brought about by globalisation has made the cultivation of common human
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understand and respect other places, other problems and other ways of life.
Reject root cause logic - evaluating proximate causes is necessary to avoid over determination which is a flawed model of predictions
Sagan 2000 Scott D. Sagan – Political Science, Stanford  –2000, ACCIDENTAL WAR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE – available via: www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/sagan.doc

To make reasonable judgements in such matters it is essential, in my view,
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that a nuclear war was neither inevitable nor overdetermined during the Cold War.