Tournament: any | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
anything on my teammates' wikis is fair game
contact me before the round if you want me to spec/defend anything

contact:
fb - Serena Lu
email - 18serenal@students.harker.org

Tournament: College Prep | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lynbrook NS | Judge: Cameron Cohen, Scott Phillips, John Scoggin

Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral frameworks.

Marsh 95 - Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
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move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.

Neoliberalism structures academic freedom in the status quo. It sets limits on what is acceptable behavior to quell dissent and any faculty truly radical enough to challenge corporate hegemony are tossed out before they can pose a real threat.

Chatterjee and Maira 14 Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The Imperial University: race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50.
Our geopolitical positions—of our immediate workplaces as well as trans- national work
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of labor and survival within the U.S. university system.11

Free speech is an illusion propagated by corporatists – their model of rights assumes an equal playing field analogous to free market economists view of capital. The promotion of free speech perpetuates the idea that speech is a commodity, which strengthens neoliberalism’s hold on the academy.

Brown 15 Brown, Wendy. Undoing the demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution. MIT Press, 2015.
At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate
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warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.

This turns the case – the commodification of speech reflects the capitalist illusion of freedom. It makes speech meaningless and kills value to life.

Smith ‘14 R.C. Smith April 24, 2014 "POWER, CAPITAL and THE RISE OF THE MASS SURVEILLANCE STATE: ON THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY, ETHICS, DISENCHANTMENT and CRITICAL THEORY" Heathwood Institute and Press http://www.heathwoodpress.com/power-capital-the-rise-of-the-mass-surveillance-state-on-the-absence-of-democracy-ethics-disenchantment-critical-theory/ JJN from file
One pressing issue, moreover, is that majority of the popular movements that have
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which produces and reproduces the epistemic context of its own validity.~13~

The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.

Reinsborough 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
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find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.

Tournament: College Prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: Young Genius SM | Judge: Bobby Ma

State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities

Mitchell et al 16 (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
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the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals

The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll

Johnson 14 (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R'1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
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earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college. 

There’s a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX

Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy'Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn'nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
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Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down

Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
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, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.

The impact is massive – combatting the structural barriers that prevent individuals from attending college is the main internal link to competitiveness

U.S. Department of Commerce 12 (Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce with consultation from the National Economic Council, "The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity in the United States", http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/thecompetitivenessandinnovativecapacityoftheunitedstates.pdf, pgs. 2-10, EmmieeM)
Education is a key element for promoting economic growth and increasing the innovative capacity of
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schools in 2011–2012 was lower than in 2007–2008.21 

Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony

Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
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, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.

Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in – that causes your heg bad impacts so it’s try or die for the AFF

Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
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leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Ransom Everglades HS | Judge: Paul Gravley

Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution through moral fameworks. Marsh 95,

Marsh 95 - Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore, even to talk about the possibility of a socialism
AND
move on. Recent events in eastern Europe only confirm such a judgment.

The affirmative’s use of tort law assumes the basis of civil damages to pay for injury - is both the cause and effect of capitalism

Abel 81
~ Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus), a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974. A Critique of American Tort Law British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Winter, 1981), pp. 199-231~ ~thiele~ ~http://www.jstor.org/stable/1409721~~
Tort law~1~ is intimately related to the rise of capitalism as both
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of surplus value),~26~ some of which is shared with physicians.

Capitalism makes racialized police brutality inevitable – their reforms will be counterproductive until we first destroy capitalism

Hedges 15
~ Chris writes a regular column for Truthdig.com. Hedges graduated from Harvard Divinity School and was for nearly two decades a foreign correspondent for The New York Times. "Corporate Capitalism Is the Foundation of Police Brutality and the Prison State" Common Dreams July 06, 2015~ ~thiele~ ~http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/07/06/corporate-capitalism-foundation-police-brutality-and-prison-state~~
Our national conversation on race and crime is based on a fiction. It is
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propelled carceral development that, through perverse turns, expanded lawful racial violence."

The ballot represents a choice between competing visions of social change – elevating the aff above the individual endorsement of the aff debater is false. The debate round represents competing strategies for social change: the question is not who does the alt or plan, but of a world without capitalism vs. the affirmative. Agency questions are irrelevant—we don’t have to win the alternative spills over, just that rejection in this round is comparatively better than the aff—any other evaluation makes no sense because the judge isn’t in a position to do the aff either. Critiquing assumptions is the best way to leverage change.

Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2, Patrick).
Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
AND
find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.

Only a focus that situates class at the center of both theoretical analysis and political struggle can resolve the root cause of anti-blackness.

Lance Selfa 10. Editor of and contributor to International Socialist Review, quoting Eric Williams, D.Phil from Oxford, first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, "The roots of racism," http://socialistworker.org/2010/10/21/the-roots-of-racism.
Racism is a particular form of oppression. It stems from discrimination against a group
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abolish racism's chief source—capitalism—and build a new socialist society.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Munster AW | Judge: Jane Brennan

Cities empirically proven to cut jobs, halt infrastructure spending, and increase other costs when their budgets are hit. Currently, we are in a state of growth, but the economic situation remains fragile and highly sensitive to changes.

NLC 12 (National League of Cities, "Cities Continue to Cut Jobs and Infrastructure in Face of Recession’s Impact", http://www.nlc.org/media-center/news-search/cities-continue-to-cut-jobs-and-infrastructure-in-face-of-recessions-impacts, EmmieeM)
Washington, DC - Cities continue to face the prolonged effects of the economic downturn
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College, has helped conduct the survey and author the report since 1991.

Limiting qualified immunity leads to a massive increase in costly court cases

Noll 8’ Noll, David L. "Qualified Immunity in Limbo: Rights, Procedure, and the Social Costs of Damages Litigation Against Public Officials." NYUL Rev. 83 (2008): 911
In the context of ordinary civil litigation between two private parties, the total (
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and has undoubtedly affected the development of the modern qualified immunity doctrine.53

Costs from court cases are financed by city pay-out —- impact is hyper-charged due to the rising costs of court cases

Elinson and Frosch 15 (Zusha Elinson and Dan Frosch – Wall Street Journal, "Cost of Police Misconduct Cases Sours in Big U.S. Cities", http://www.wsj.com/articles/cost-of-police-misconduct-cases-soars-in-big-u-s-cities-1437013834, EmmieeM)
The cost of resolving police-misconduct cases has surged for big U.S
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for Houston, Phoenix and Miami-Dade, a county police department.

Growth in cities is crucial to the economic stability of the U.S. – growth zones, stability, attractiveness of foreign capital, and technological advancement makes U.S. mega-cities carry 30 of US GDP

Khanna 16 (Parag Khanna – Senior Research Fellow/Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the University of Singapore, "How Much Economic Growth Comes From Our Ciites?", https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/how-much-economic-growth-comes-from-our-cities/, EmmieeM)
Cities are mankind’s most enduring and stable mode of social organization, outlasting all empires
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by Texas Central Railway and the bullet-train operator Central Japan Railway.

Economic decline causes multiple war scenarios – the impact is extinction

Harris and Burrows - 2009 (Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 ("Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis," The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr'Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Munster AW | Judge: Jane Brennan

The use of greater legal reform creates legal grey holes—piecemeal reform is legal legitimation without meaningful legal constrains; that’s terminal defense to the AFF. Feldman ‘15

Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
The advantage of Dyzenhaus’ "legal grey holes" concept over the concept of "
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even as fully consistent with norms of due process, reasonableness and equality.

The history of qualified immunity court decisions shows how each attempt to create more sound civil rights litigation procedures ends up inadvertently expanding protection for police officers. Layering temporalities, creating legal time frames, and replacing bright line rules with balancing tests prove how every single immunity reform just creates larger legal indeterminacy. The affirmative simply adds onto that indeterminacy turning case. Feldman ‘15

Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity Leonard Feldman Hunter College, CUNY. 2015
My argument in this section is that the Supreme Court has created a legal grey
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determination of "qualified immunity," which I discuss in the next section.

Legal reforms hurt social justice– starting from the perspective of legal solutions forecloses the political imaginary and hampers radical solutions—turns the aff Kandaswamy ‘12

Kandaswamy 12 (Priya Kandaswamy; Associate Professor Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies; "THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY" SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW Vol. 41, pg 265, 1/21/2012)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
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could look like and locate legal interventions in relation to this broader vision. 

Structural violence is the root cause of their impacts – Denounce their simplistic relationship with violence because the system produces the material reality which makes violence inevitable. Zizek ‘8

Zizek 8 (Slavoj, senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana, Global Distinguished Professor of German at New York University,~1~ and international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities of the University of London, Violence, p 11-12)
There is an old joke about a husband who returns home earlier than usual
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situation is "financially sound"—reality doesn’t matter, what matters is the situation of capital.

The negative advocates a rejection of the faith the affirmative places in the law’s ability to solve social problems in favor of critical analysis of the laws purported objectivity and its violent exclusion of alternative perspectives. Singer ‘84

"The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory," Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, http://www.jstor.org/stable/796315
What shall we do then about legal theory? I think we should abandon the
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live together. We are going to have to answer that question ourselves.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Eastside Catholic DC | Judge: Rory Jacobson, Ashan Peiris, Nick Steele

Interpretation: the affirmative must defend that countries prohibit the production of nuclear power.

First, Resolved implies a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm**
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) 

Second, Prohibit is to legally prohibit

(http://www.dictionary.com/browse/prohibit, EmmieeM)
to forbid (an action, activity, etc.) by authority or law:

B is the violation: The affirmative violates this interpretation because they do not advocate a fiated piece of legislation from a country’s government that prohibits the production of nuclear power. Also, they are EXTRA TOPICAL – CX concessions prove the individuals will also reject capitalism.

C is reasons to prefer

1^st – procedural fairness – the affirmative’s interpretation lets them talk about anything. It’s 100 unpredictable – the affirmative can change from round to round, making it entirely unpredictable. Fairness is also the strongest internal link to education because if debate is not fair, then balance is not possible. It is not possible to research the topic if I do not know what the topic is.

2 – Decisions-making: Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 26 Freeley 13 (David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Stasis is the internal link to solving the aff – Debate has the ability to change people’s attitudes because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a focused topic of debate

Goodin 26 Niemeyer 3 – Australian National University (Robert and Simon, "When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy" Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
AND
least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

3 - Predictable limits are critical to skill-building that’s crucial to problem-solving – Only effective skills solve the aff

Goodin 26 Niemeyer 3 (Robert 26 Simon, Australian National University When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf)
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

d. T is a voter for fairness and education as well as pedagogical reasons.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Eastside Catholic DC | Judge: Rory Jacobson, Ashan Peiris, Nick Steele

It is impossible to replace nuclear power with renewables – banning nuclear power would increase fossil fuel use and substantially increase global warming.

Bryce 7-19(a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute), Robert Bryce, 7-19-2016, "Democrats Ignore Inconvenient Math on Nuclear Power," National Review, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438038/nuclear-power-necessary-green
In 2015, America’s nuclear plants produced 839 terawatt-hours of electricity. (
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the State’s carbon emission reduction requirements as well as maintaining electric system reliability." 

Nuclear power plants will be replaced by fossil fuels, not renewables

Conca 16 (a scientist in the field of environmental sciences for 33 years and a consulter for state environment agencies), James Conca, 5-16-2016, "Natural Gas," Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/05/16/natural-gas-is-replacing-nuclear-power-not-renewables/~~232ec93cfc4abb
Across some parts of the country, nuclear power plants have been closing amid political
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the obvious choice for new electricity generation in all regions of the country.

Coal exacerbates warming

TWC 14 ("Black as Coal", http://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/Coal-Mining-Effects-on-the-Environment)
We were so happy with this cheap fuel source that we didn’t foresee or refused
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fish and plant life. Coal dust can cause respiratory problems in humans.

Warming devastates oppressed populations here and abroad – there’s no tradeoff between plan and other struggles for justice

Smith 14 Mychal Denzel Smith is a contributing writer at The Nation, a blogger at TheNation.com and a Knobler Fellow at the Nation Institute, The Nation, April 22, 2014, "Racial and Environmental Justice Are Two Sides of the Same Coin", http://www.thenation.com/article/racial-and-environmental-justice-are-two-sides-same-coin/
According to a study conducted by researches at the University of Minnesota, nonwhite
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do the work. It’s time for all of us to show up.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic JL | Judge: Erik Legried

Congressional GOP will lose because of Trump; Obama’s record is critical to down-ballot Dems

Tracy 10/24 (Abigail, staff @ Vanity Fair, "TRUMP IS TANKING—AND OBAMA WANTS TO TAKE THE G.O.P. DOWN WITH HIM", http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/10/donald-trump-barack-obama-election-2016)
As Donald Trump lurches toward defeat, cocky Democrats are turning their attention to Congress
AND
much he’ll take the G.O.P. down with him.

Overwhelming public support for nuclear power – plan is massively unpopular

NEI 16 (http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Public-Opinion)
NEI’s public opinion survey found learning about nuclear energy’s clean air contributions promotes favorability for
AND
role in meeting U.S. electricity needs in the years ahead.

Nuclear power popular with public – trend is upward

Laezman 15 (Rick, Staff – ECMag, http://www.ecmag.com/section/your-business/public-response-nuclear-power-glowing)
Now, the industry has apparently recovered from such memorable, recent accidents as Three
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nuclear energy will play an important role in meeting the nation’s electricity needs.


Dems will win now; that’s key to appointments

Boag 10/26 (Keith, staff @ CBC News, "'Down ballot' races hold high stakes in U.S. election", http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/boag-down-ballot-races-1.3821263)
Forecasting models give the Democrats a slight edge to win control of the Senate.
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Senate in November, they will have squandered their say in the process.

Clinton’s appointments are key to climate solutions, turns case

Lavelle 10/3 (Marianne, staff @ Inside Climate News, "What's at Stake for the Climate in the 2016 Election? Everything", https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30092016/stake-climate-change-2016-election-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-paris-clean-power-plan)
Clinton has pledged to "defend, implement, and extend" the Clean Power
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and international level remains a crucial element of global progress on climate change."

Clinton appointments overturn Citizen’s United

Matt 10/20 (Frank, staff @ Al Jazeera, "Why the Supreme Court is a key US election issue", http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/supreme-court-election-issue-161019160931685.html)
Clinton said she would appoint justices who would reverse a past court decision allowing corporations
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just the text of the words on the page when interpreting the law."

Citizens United reduces the value of life to nothing, makes us cogs in a corporate faux democracy

Mendilow and Peleg 14 (Jonathan, Ilan, Poli Sci/Theory @ Rider U., "Corruption in the Contemporary World: Theory, Practice, and Hotspots", p. 128-9)
Perhaps one of the most striking examples of this shift is the notion that money
AND
, where will he find his exceptions in order to confirm his rules?

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IP | Judge: Rory Jacobson, Dan Miyamoto, Liz Letak

Congressional GOP will lose because of Trump; Obama’s record is critical to down-ballot Dems

Tracy 10/24 (Abigail, staff @ Vanity Fair, "TRUMP IS TANKING—AND OBAMA WANTS TO TAKE THE G.O.P. DOWN WITH HIM", http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/10/donald-trump-barack-obama-election-2016)
As Donald Trump lurches toward defeat, cocky Democrats are turning their attention to Congress
AND
much he’ll take the G.O.P. down with him.

Obama’s actions on nuclear energy prove that pro-nuclear is key to 2016, it’s the kind of reach across the aisle moderate view that grabs votes.

Street 14 CHRISS W. STREET. Obama Triangulates, Okays some Nuclear Power. http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2014/10/29/obama-politically-triangulates-in-favor-of-nuclear-power/
After a two-year suspension in issuing nuclear power plant licenses, the U
AND
eliminating some contentious Obamacare issues, and modestly cutting the corporate tax rate.

Senate control key to CTBT – That stops prolif

Hastings 16 (Sam, 8/19, staff @ Joplin Independent, "Easy solution for ridding gridlock", http://www.joplinindependent.com/ display'article.php/hastings1471634838)
The US Senate is up for grabs. Republicans hold 54 seats but 34 senate
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would sign), the single easiest and verifiable way to stop nuclear proliferation.

Norm erosion coming; causes escalatory nuclear use – Only CTBT solves

Robinson 9/1 (Kathy, Senior Public Policy Director for the WAND Education Fund, a national nonprofit that educates public and opinion leaders about the need to reduce violence and militarism, "Senate should support efforts against nuclear tests", http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/294087-senate-should-support-efforts-to-against-nuclear-tests)
In this geopolitical environment, we cannot afford to be unclear about the global norm
AND
when thinking of a particular example, like India and Pakistan for instance.

Women uniquely want a ban on nuclear testing—impacts their entire way of life and the fight against testing is intimately tied unequal power relations between men and women. That turns the aff—gender marginalization is inevitable if nuclear testing can occur.

Rolls 14 Sharon Bhagwan Rolls. FemLINKPACIFIC: Women building a more peaceful Pacific. BANNING NUCLEAR WEAPONS A PACIFIC ISLANDS PERSPECTIVE. 2014.
Generations of Pacific island women have voiced concern about the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons
AND
media, public demonstrations and civil disobedience – peace is on its way.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cape Fear MA | Judge: Rick Brundage

HTGRs CP

CP Text: Countries ought to replace all current nuclear power plants with HTGRs and VHTRs. 

HTGRs solve the energy crisis and are safe and meltdown proof – also immune to cyberattacks.

PR Newswire, 7-15
X-Energy (X-energy is dedicated to developing transformational nuclear energy solutions that change the world. The company is designing the Xe-100 series), 7-15-2016, "X-energy CEO Addresses Industry on HTGR Reactor Advancement," PR Newswire, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/x-energy-ceo-addresses-industry-on-htgr-reactor-advancement-300299355.html
X-energy CEO Dr. Kam Ghaffarian addressed the nuclear industry at the Nuclear
AND
oil refining) that require steam temperatures beyond the capabilities of conventional nuclear.

Net Benefit

HTGRs can help stop global warming while providing as much energy as a gas-fired generator.

Maize 13
07/01/2013, Kennedy Maize (executive editor of Managing Power and a Power contributing editor), "The Beguiling Promise of the HTGR," POWER Magazine, http://www.powermag.com/the-beguiling-promise-of-the-htgr/
The claims of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) advocates are
AND
its own containment, able to withstand pressures of 1,000 atmospheres.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sunset RB | Judge: Akhil Gandra

The only viable energy sources we currently have other than nuclear are fossil fuels – renewable shift is possible, but natural gas will have to be used as a bridge

Smil 15 (Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor Emeritus who has published over 37 books and works in interdisciplinary research in areas such as energy, environment, and public policy. He has been a consultant for several international organizations and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada, which is a science academy. "Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21^st Century", http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119012864.html, pg. x, EmmieeM)
To many forward-looking energy experts, this may seem to be a strangely
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thorough understanding of requirements, benefits, and challenges of natural gas ascendance. 

Renewables require back-up due to intermittency – natural gas industry will expand in conjunction with renewables

Trembath et al 13 (Alex, policy analyst in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough Institute, where he researches and writes about renewable energy technologies, American federal energy policy and the history of public investments in technological innovation, and Max Luke, policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough, where his research focused on a range of energy issues and topics including nuclear power, natural gas, renewables, energy efficiency rebound and backfire, national energy subsidies, and electricity systems, with Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution", http://thebreakthrough.org/images/main'image/Breakthrough'Institute'Coal'Killer.pdf)
Gas-fired power provides cheap, low-carbon, and flexible backup support
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power sources and can ramp as fast as 100 MW per minute.97

Natural gas is key to Russian expansionism – they hold a monopoly on the global LNG market

Hermant, 14  (ABC's Moscow correspondent from 2010-13. He returned in March 2014 to cover the Ukraine crisis from Moscow and Kiev. (Norman, "Russia's natural gas is Vladimir Putin's political and economical weapon," ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/natural-gas-is-putins-political-and-economical-weapon/5394030) IS
For Vladimir Putin, natural gas is not just a resource. It is an
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it seem like energy from Russia is simply part of the European fabric.

Russian expansionism triggers multiple scenarios for extinction

Blank 9,( strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March. "RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?"  
Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
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perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cape Fear MA | Judge: Rick Brundage

Prices DA

Electricity prices declining

Aurium 16 (Aurium Capital Markets – Organization dedicated to investor information, "Why Are Electricity Prices Falling", http://auriumcapital.com/why-are-electricity-prices-falling/, EmmieeM)
Wholesale electricity prices are down from £60/MWh a few year ago to
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lifted at a time when global demand is falling, particularly in Asia.

Renewables spike prices – empirics show

Brook 13 – Barry, ARC Future Fellow in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Adelaide, Australia, Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change, Director of Climate Science at the Environment Institute and co-runs the Global Ecology Lab."Renewable Energy's Hidden Costs?, March 23, 2013  http://theenergycollective.com/barrybrook/201991/counting-hidden-costs-energy)//a-berg
Table 1 omitted, Figure 1 included
A recent Bloomberg press release got wide
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New Fossil Fuels in Australia", which attracted a great deal of attention.

Energy price spikes cause food insecurity and spike food prices.

CRS, 08 (Tom Capehart and Joe Richardson, Specialists in Agricultural Policy, Resources, Science and Industry Division, Congressional Research Service, State Department, 4/10/2008, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/104281.pdf, JKahn)
Higher commodity and food prices reduce our ability to provide food aid to other countries
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world’s poorest people to spend a larger proportion of their income on food.

Food price spikes and insecurity cause global resource wars that escalate to nuclear war.

Klare 6 - professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College in Amherst, Mass ("The Coming Resource Wars" Michael March 11, 2006 http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Oil'watch/ComingResourceWars.html)
It's official: the era of resource wars is upon us. In a major
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with the rest of the world to slow the pace of global climate change

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart DD | Judge: Mike Shackelford

Virtually all power plant development is happening through the Russian nuclear company Rosatom

Kraev 16 (Kamen Kraev – New Eastern Europe, which is a news site dedicated to Central and Eastern Europe, "Russia’s Nuclear Energy Expansion – A Geopolitical Footprint?", http://www.neweasterneurope.eu/articles-and-commentary/2040-russia-s-nuclear-energy-expansion-a-geopolitical-footprint, EmmieeM)
Oil and natural gas usually dominate the media discourse on Russia’s energy policies and the
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in nuclear energy during an annual energy forum in Johannesburg in February 2016.

Here’s your specific India link

Novosoti 16 (Ria Novosoti – Russia and India Report – literally a new site about Russian and Indian relations, http://in.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2016/09/14/russia-india-agree-to-build-2-kudankulam-nuke-power-units'629833, EmmieeM)
Russia and India have worked out an agreement to build the fifth and sixth reactors
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according to the Russian design AES-2006 with the VVER-1200 reactors

Expansion of Russia’s nuclear industry is key to Russian growth

Evans 15 (Gareth Evans – citing a World Nuclear Association Report; member of European Federation of Biotech; has a doctorate, "Russia: New Nuclear Tech Titan", http://www.power-technology.com/features/featurerussia-new-nuclear-tech-titan-4647211/, EmmieeM)
According to recently published research from the World Nuclear Association (WNA), Russia is
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to support the power plant with spare parts and fuel supplies as needed."

Russian economic growth is vital to recover from 2015 shocks – some stability and predicted increase now, but plan would reverse that

Khlebnikov 16 (Alexey Khlebnikov – citing Deputy Minister of Economic Growth in Russia; Russian news source, "Cautious Hopes for a Russian Economic Rebound in 2016", http://www.russia-direct.org/qa/cautious-hopes-russian-economic-rebound-2016, EmmieeM)
The Big Three credit rating agencies - Standard and Poor's (SandP),
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about the current state of affairs and preparing measures to strengthen these dynamics.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war

Filger 9 ~Sheldon Filger, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction" http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356~~ vv
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
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that the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sunset RB | Judge: Akhil Gandra

Space colonization not possible without nuclear energy – it’s the only source of energy that’s long-lasting and reliable enough to support a flight

Suciu 12 (Peter Suciu – Tech News Agency, "Nuclear Power Could Blast Humans Into Deep Space", http://www.technewsworld.com/story/76699.html, NT)
Although progress in manned space exploration beyond Earth's orbit is not progressing at light speed
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energy sources such as the one proposed would make such dreams more feasible."

We have already found an inhabitable planet

Placko 15 (Mereditch Placko – reporter specializing in future technology, "NASA Has Found Another Earth-like Planet, Only It’s 60 Bigger", http://www.geek.com/science/nasa-has-found-another-earth-like-planet-only-its-60-bigger-1629209/, NT)
Did NASA just discover Earth 2.0? At a news conference Thursday afternoon
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should all the necessary ingredients and conditions for life exist on this planet."

Colonization is the only way for humans to survive

Baum 10 (Seth D., Ph.D in Geography from Pennsylvania State University and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Northeastern University and scholar at Columbia University's Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, "Cost–Benefit Analysis Of Space Exploration: Some Ethical Considerations", Space Policy Volume 25, Issue 2, May, pg 75-80, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964609000198)
Another non-market benefit of space exploration is reduction in the risk of the
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-effective means of increasing the probability of long-term human survival. 

We have already begun the sixth mass extinction – it’s try or die for space colonization and acting now is key

Hance 15 (Jeremy Hance – author and journalist focusing on climate change, "How Humans Are Driving the Sixth Mass Extinction", https://www.theguardian.com/environment/radical-conservation/2015/oct/20/the-four-horsemen-of-the-sixth-mass-extinction, EmmieeM)
Periodically, in the vast spans of time that have preceded us, our planet’s
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current extinction crisis is being amplified by what the researchers call the technosphere.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart DD | Judge: Mike Shackelford

Interpretation: If the affirmative choses to parametricize an advocacy, they must specify at minimum two actors

GREG N. CARLSON, 1977,  A UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH BARE PLURAL*, http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~~ivano/LogicSeminar'15W/Material/Carlson'1977'EnglishBarePlurals.pdf**
The notion that the null determiner is the plural counterpart of u is bolstered by
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. It is not clear to me how to state these restrictions formally.

Standards:

Limits
Textuality

Voters

Fairness