Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola DW | Judge: Jeremy Rosen

1AC

FW

Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.

Winter and Leighton 99 ~Deborah DuNann Winter  and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5~
She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.

Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true.

GUENTHER 12 ~Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012~
Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
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and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.

Democracies' first obligation is to uphold critical constitutional rights

Alexy  03
Alexy, Robert. "Constitutional rights, balancing, and rationality." Ratio Juris 16.2 (2003): 131-140.
Robert Alexy is a jurist and a legal philosopher. He received his PhD in
AND
, as follows: "A 'balancing of interests' becomes necessary."6

Any form of ethical system must first acknowledge the social oppression of groups.

Young '90: 
Young, Iris Marion. Young was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the privileged
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cultural imperialism. Group representation in the public
c facilitates such expression.

Plan

QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to
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wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement.

TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers.

That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10

University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010
A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
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would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84

Advantage

The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a
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decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem.

Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as
AND
to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.

Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have
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. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission.

Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,

Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. ~#10-32 
Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more
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it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility. 

And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,

Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN ~Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~**
2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons
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manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice.

Underview

Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
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has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.

Tournament: HW | Round: 2 | Opponent: Meadows ET | Judge: John Scoggin

1AC

I affirm the resolution. Plan: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

To clarify, here's a comprehensive list of things the First Amendment does not permit –obscenity, expression that causes injury, and remarks that cause violence

Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM)
The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no
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constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole." 

Framework

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case

The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95

Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
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thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.

Brain studies prove that humans' most modern sense of morality is hardwired utilitarian. Lucretius '05

Lucretius, "Does Neuroscience Refute Ethics," August 24, 2005, Ludwig von Mises Institute. ~The Greene et al. study is a study on 41 participants. The results ALL had p values less than 0.05 AT LEAST, as some had p values even lower than 0.005. This means the null hypothesis is rejected and the chance of this correlation happening merely by chance is less than 5 making the results statistically significant according to currently agreed upon convention. THIS IS BEYOND LEGIT!~ (Citation for Greene et al. study: "The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment," Neuron, Vol. 44, 389-400, Oct. 14, 2004, Joshua D. Greene,1,2,* Leigh E. Nystrom,1,2Andrew D. Engell,1,2John M. Darley,1and Jonathan D. Cohen1,2 1Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Center for the Study of Brain, Princeton University)
So far, so good. Regardless of the validity of their data, Greene
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cognition, the more newly evolved brain areas must be recruited.
 

Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework

BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way of
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value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 

Innovation

Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment

Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it's a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM)
Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015
AND
dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets. 

This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-requisite to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures

ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM)
The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of
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be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument. 

Free speech on public colleges is a key internal link to scientific discovery —- campus speech restrictions allows for worse forms of coercion that skews data and a culture of open debate is key to advancement

Economist 16 ("Under Attack", "The Inconvenient Truth", http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699909-curbs-free-speech-are-growing-tighter-it-time-speak-out-under-attack, EmmieeM)
Intolerance among Western liberals also has wholly unintended consequences. Even despots know that locking
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Win the argument without resorting to force. And grow a tougher hide. 

Constant innovation in the chemical industry is key to check emerging diseases

NRC 2002, ~National Research Council Committee on Challenges for Chemical Sciences in the 21st century "National Security and Homeland Defense" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114822/)//a-berg
Many drugs are produced by either chemical synthesis or biosynthetic processes. Recent advances in
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them for their biological activities or functions also remains a challenge to industry.

Absent innovation, new pathogens guarantee extinction —- decreasing biodiversity means spread between hosts is easier which checks empirics and generic defense

Yule '13
(et al; Jeffrey V. Yule – Herbert McElveen Professor of Applied and Natural Sciences  At the School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Published April 2^nd – Humanities 2013, 2, 147–159; doi:10.3390/h2020147)
Since the 1940s, humans in industrialized nations have been relatively sheltered from the threat
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not, and the potential failure of our species has considerable biological implications.

Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony

Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
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, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.

Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in

Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Terror

Colleges can serve as unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but college censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other"

Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC's Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the 'Expectation of Confirmation'", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM)
In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-
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to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands. 

Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism

Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id=_kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM)
First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate
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law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them.          

This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views

Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp_facpub, EmmieeM)
It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites
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to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act.  

Lone wolf attackers are a unique threat – harder to track due to no required communication and much more deadly due to lack of constraints

Simon 13 (Jeffrey Simon – runs a terror and security consulting company; former RAND analyst; UCLA lecturer; published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, Foreign Policy, The Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence, The Columbia Journal of World Business, and The New York Times, "Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat", https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=MQxRCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PA3andots=w6d3tqK3hqandsig=zd9pzTPhaC2w5xBQPm1Uc3FSDHc~~#v=onepageandqandf=false,
pgs. 4, EmmieeM)  
With the lone wolf terrorist threat growing and
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dangerous because sometimes they can be mentally unstable, yet still very effective. 

Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs

Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security's Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released
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exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 

Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems

Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~
The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons
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well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19   

Solvency

Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication

Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM)
American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent,
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still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. 

Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.

Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 

CUT CUT CUT

Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues

Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM)
The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the
AND
diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lynbrook NA | Judge: Scott Nielson
See my HW AC

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Eagle LB | Judge: John Scoggin

1NC Shell

The claim that free speech leads to democratic debate and social progress is a neoliberal myth – the AFF's faith in the free exchange of ideas displaces a focus on direct action and re-entrenches multiple forms of oppression.  Instead, the alternative is to reject the AFF's neoliberal framing of speech and direct pedagogy to focus on direct action against oppression.

Tillett-Saks 13 Andrew Tillett-Saks (Labor organizer and critical activist author for Truth-Out and Counterpunch), Neoliberal Myths, Counterpunch, 11/7/13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/07/neoliberal-myths/ LADI
In the wake of the Brown University shout-down of Ray Kelly, champion
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greater freedom. To the contrary, direct action has always proved necessary. 

The AFF's notion of the marketplace of ideas is neoliberal rhetoric designed to strengthen corporate power.

Whatler 13 Stuart Whatley, Speak for Yourself: A Meditation on the Marketplace of Ideas, Los Angeles Review of Books, 10/4/13, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/speak-for-yourself-a-meditation-on-the-marketplace-of-ideas/~~#! LADI
The very notion of a "marketplace of ideas" tracks exactly with neoliberalism's rising
AND
~its~ great talents vigorously to the preservation of the system itself."

We have reached a tipping point – neoliberalism is no longer able to control its spiral into disaster.  Massive structural violence and extinction are inevitable without a fundamental rethinking of the current system.

Farbod 15 ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2) LADI
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
AND
enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return. 

A radical pedagogical stance is key – anti-capitalist movements can be effective, but critical consciousness is a necessary prerequisite.

Peter Mclaren 4, Education and Urban Schooling Division prof, UCLA—and Valerie Scatamburlo-D'Annibale; University of Windsor, Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2004, www.freireproject.org/articles/node2065/RCGS/class_dismissed-val-peter.10.pdf. LADI
These are the concrete realities of our time—realities that require a vigorous class
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memories. Its potential remains untapped and its promise needs to be redeemed.

1NC - Long

State cuts have led tuition to spike harming the ability to students to enter college, especially those who come from low income backgrounds or are people of color – The impact is a blow to the national economy because a college degree is a crucial internal link to working in a skilled job, decreasing health care costs, and bringing greater wealth to local communities

Mitchell et al 16 (Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, EmmieeM)
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
AND
the start of the recession will make it more difficult to achieve those goals

The only thing keeping graduation rates stable is financial aid —- allows students to study full-time, encourages academic progress, and is the only way low-income students can afford to enroll

Johnson 14 (Hans Johnson – supported by the College Access Foundation of California and writing for the Public Policy Institute of California, "Making College Possible for Low-Income Students: Grant and Scholarship Aid in California", http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_1014HJR.pdf, pg. 20-24, EmmieeM)
Students fail to complete college for many reasons, including financial constraints. Certainly it
AND
earn a degree if they first enroll at a four-year college. 

There's a contradiction within government policy —- restricting free speech may be unconstitutional, but not doing so causes public colleges to lose federal funding under Title IX

Bernstein 3 (David E. Bernstein – George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law with a focus on constitutional history, "You Can't Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", "Censoring Campus Speech", https://books.google.com/books?id=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy_Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn_nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, EmmieeM)
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
AND
Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

Federal funding is used to maintain financial aid resources and colleges are only growing more dependent on it as state funding goes down

Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, EmmieeM)
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
AND
, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.

College credentials are crucial to social mobility– affects everything from health insurance to better marriages to lower unemployment rates

White House 14 (Report by the Executive Office of the President, "Increasing College Opportunity for Low-Income Students: Promising Models and a Call to Action", pgs. 10 – 11, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/white_house_report_on_increasing_college_opportunity_for_low-income_students_1-16-2014_final.pdf, EmmieeM)
The benefits of postsecondary education are well documented and have major implications for economic growth
AND
their chances of moving out of the bottom increase by 50 percent.39

This turns your entire case: You require education to solve for criticism and racism, and without colleges and minorities in these colleges there can be no education

I solve under your framework and case: This is an example of progressivism AND critiquing: I solve for your case.

On Case

Counterspeech fails – Practical and structural barriers

Richards and Calvert 2k (Robert and Clay, Profs @ Penn State U., "Counterspeech 2000: A New Look at the Old Remedy for "Bad" Speech", http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1993andcontext=lawreview)**
The idea that "bad speech" can be effectively countered or cured with more
AND
reputation that cannot easily be repaired by counterspeech, however persuasive or effective."

The "truth wins out" presumption of their argument is false

Hilden 2 (Julie, staff attorney @ FindLaw, "THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND THE INTERNET: Why Traditional Legal Doctrines Apply Differently In Cyberspace", http://writ.news.findlaw.com/hilden/20020416.html)**
Traditional First Amendment doctrine is based on one basic metaphor, that of the "
AND
in the marketplace, the truth will out, has been empirically disproven.

The spiral of silence undermines the marketplace of ideas concept

Halbrooks 14 (Ben, 9/2, founder and executive director of the Fixed Point Foundation, "The Spiral of Silence", http://larryalextaunton.com/blog/the-spiral-of-silence/)**
"People who use Facebook and Twitter are less likely than others to share their
AND
and gain from understanding alternative perspectives is a polarized society," he said.

Individuals have unequal access to effective counterspeech: Turns your race impacts

Barron 7 (Benjamin, Law Clerk to the Honorable Diarmuid F. O'scannlain, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. J.D., Magna Cum Laude, Harvard, 57 Am. U.L. Rev. 73, "A PROPOSAL TO RESCUE NEW YORK TIMES V. SULLIVAN BY PROMOTING A RESPONSIBLE PRESS", lexis)
The actual malice standard forecloses nearly all access to damages for public plaintiffs, yet
AND
that he also assumed the risk of being defamed in the national press.

Tournament: Des Moins Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Mountain View VP | Judge: John Scoggin
1AC

All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power using Highly Enriched Uranium.
FW
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure ...defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that ... of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on... any existential catastrophe. 

1AC Proliferation and Terror Advantage
Proliferation will be rapid and escalate – kills stability – multiple reasons.
Horowitz, 2009
April, Michael, Department of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons,” journal of conflict resolution, vol 53, no 2

Learning as states ... of the adopter.   

Nuclear terrorism through HEU is highly likely and causes extinction
Hui Zhang 5, Kennedy School of Government,  May 2005, Harvard University, Preventing Nuclear Terrorism: Reducing the Danger of Highly Enriched Uranium, http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/files/Prevention20of20Nuclear20Terrorism.pdf ||RS
The September 11 ... and psychological impact. 

Plan solves terror and prolif – results in global agreements for conversion away from highly enriched uranium usage
Oswald 10 – Rachel Oswald, Global Security Newswire, 2010 (“Fissile Material Ban Should Include Civilian HEU, Experts Say,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, March 30th, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/fissile-material-ban-should-include-civilian-heu-experts-say/ | ADM)
WASHINGTON -- The influence ... on the work.

1AC LEU Good Advantage
Plan solves – a complete ban on HEU would force countries to switch to LEU
Alan J. Kuperman and and Frank N. von Hippel 14 , an associate professor at the University of Texas and the editor of “Nuclear Terrorism and Global Security: The Challenge of Phasing out Highly Enriched Uranium” and  Frank N. von Hippel , a senior research physicist in the Program on Science and Global Security at Princeton and a co-chairman of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, Highly Enriched Danger,  3/21/14,  New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/22/opinion/highly-enriched-danger.html ||RS
International efforts to ...proliferation and terrorism.

Shift to LEU would significant lower costs for the Navy
Allyson Versprille 15, 3/19/15,  reporter for National Defense Industrial Association, internally cits FAS report, Federation of American Scientists: Navy Should Phase Out Highly Enriched Uranium as Nuclear Fuel, National Defense Magazine, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/lists/posts/post.aspx?ID=1779||RS
The Navy should consider phasing out its use of highly enriched uranium as fuel for nuclear-powered vessels in favor of a low enriched alternative, which is not as easily converted into nuclear weapons, a new study recommends. 

The Federation of American ...U.S. naval reactors.
Rising ship costs shrink the navy crushing naval power and causing overstretch
Seth Cropsey 15, Director, Center for American Seapower, Our Navy Is Getting Dangerously Smaller, And No One Is Paying Attention, March 17th, 2015, Hudson Institute, http://www.hudson.org/research/11143-our-navy-is-getting-dangerously-smaller-and-no-one-is-paying-attention ||RS
The Times published ...forward operational capacity
Asbjornsen 12 (Rear Admiral Douglas J. Asbjornsen, United States Navy, deputy commander, Navy Region Northwest, senior Navy representative for Spokane Navy Week, “Guest opinion: Strong Navy still essential,” May 12, 2012, http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/may/12/guest-opinion-strong-navy-still-essential/)
The Navy’s job continues ...the sea.
Reliance on naval mobility and deployment is inevitable because of offshore balancing --- effective naval power is critical to foster cooperation and de-escalate all conflicts
England 11 (Gordon England, former secretary of the Navy, James L. Jones, former commandant of the Marine Corps, Vern Clark, former chief of naval operations, Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2011, “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power”)
All our citizens... of the future.

Specifically, naval power solves South China Sea conflict, global food crisis, Arctic war, Iranian aggression and Israel war --- they all go nuclear
Eaglen 11 – research fellow for national security – Heritage, and McGrath, former naval officer and director – Delex Consulting, Studies and Analysis, 5/16/11 (Mackenzie and Bryan, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy,” Heritage Foundation)
Global Implications. Under a scenario of dramatically ... little airlift capacity.