Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola DW | Judge: Jeremy Rosen

1AC

FW

Since ought implies moral obligation, I value morality, which presupposes inclusion since it assumes equal worth and B) since only inclusion can promote compliance. Morality has to guide action; if ethics aren't grounded in action, then they lose their prescriptive value, destroying morality.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion; it allows one group to become invisible.

Winter and Leighton 99 ~Deborah DuNann Winter  and Dana C. Leighton. Winter is a professor of psychology at Whitman College. Leighton is an assistant professor of psychology at Southern Arkansas University. "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Page 4-5~
She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Thus, the standard is decreasing structural violence.

Prefer since this is a constraint on all theories; if a theory excludes others, then their starting point is flawed. Their analysis of the world will be inaccurate, and if the first premise is flawed, then the conclusion can't be true.

GUENTHER 12 ~Lisa Guenther, The Living Death of Solitary Confinement, The Opinion Pages, The Stone, NYT, Aug 26, 2012~
Deprived of everyday encounters with other people, and cut off from an open-
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and to lend their own unique perspective to creating meaning in the world.

Democracies' first obligation is to uphold critical constitutional rights

Alexy  03
Alexy, Robert. "Constitutional rights, balancing, and rationality." Ratio Juris 16.2 (2003): 131-140.
Robert Alexy is a jurist and a legal philosopher. He received his PhD in
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, as follows: "A 'balancing of interests' becomes necessary."6

Any form of ethical system must first acknowledge the social oppression of groups.

Young '90: 
Young, Iris Marion. Young was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the privileged
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cultural imperialism. Group representation in the public
c facilitates such expression.

Plan

QI application has shifted—we now use reasonableness and precedent standards so broad that filing suit is IMPOSSIBLE. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Hope was short-lived.140 For one thing, the Court began to
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wounded or deceased victim of excessive force at the hands of law enforcement.

TEXT: The USFG ought to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity replacing the 'clearly established standard' and the 'reasonableness standard' with a 'clearly unconstitutional standard for police officers.

That allows us to provide adequate civil rights protection while maintaining consistency with current law—means no link to disads. Jeffries '10

University of Virginia School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 2010-21 What's Wrong With Qualified Immunity? John C. Jeffries, Jr. University of Virginia School of Law June 2010
A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
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would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is ―clearly unconstitutional.‖ 84

Advantage

The advantage is legal system legitimacy and racism. Court expansion of QI exacerbates racial discrimination in the criminal justice system—the law must be used to safeguard minority rights. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Unfortunately, the Court's recent treatment of federal habeas law and qualified immunity evinces a
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decisions in other areas of the law,176 only exacerbated the problem.

Courts no longer even raise the question of if a constitutional violation occurred—creates a system of continued rights violations only the aff can solve. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Although there is a great deal that is troubling about the qualified immunity doctrine as
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to articulate constitutional rights will surely have far-reaching, negative repercussions.

Public perception of the judicial system is at an all time low—its treatment of racial minorities is the cause. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
This is an especially unfortunate time to be limiting the opportunities of those who have
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. On this score, the Court has simply failed in its mission.

Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,

Robinson 11 (Paul, ) "Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility" Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. ~#10-32 
Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through a more subtle but potentially more
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it will be effective in doing so only if it has sufficient credibility. 

And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,

Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN ~Ki-Moon, "The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies", UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf~~**
2. The objective of the present report is to highlight key issues and lessons
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manner. Viewed this way, prevention is the first imperative of justice.

Underview

Even if police officers were taken to court—it's municipalities that would have to pay damages. Means no link to police enforcement DAs and the aff is key to challenging the state. Reinhardt '15

Michigan Law Review Volume 113 | Issue 7 2015 The Demise of Habeas Corpus and the Rise of Qualified Immunity: The Court's Ever Increasing Limitations on the Development and Enforcement of Constitutional Rights and Some Particularly Unfortunate Consequences Stephen R. Reinhardt United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Unfortunately, the Court's actions no longer match its rhetoric. In fact, they
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has once again exalted a lesser concern over the protection of constitutional rights.

Tournament: Des Moins Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Mountain View VP | Judge: John Scoggin
1AC

All countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power using Highly Enriched Uranium.
FW
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case
The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95
Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure ...defensible public philosophy.
Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
I believe that ... of all values.
Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework
BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on... any existential catastrophe. 

1AC Proliferation and Terror Advantage
Proliferation will be rapid and escalate – kills stability – multiple reasons.
Horowitz, 2009
April, Michael, Department of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons,” journal of conflict resolution, vol 53, no 2

Learning as states ... of the adopter.   

Nuclear terrorism through HEU is highly likely and causes extinction
Hui Zhang 5, Kennedy School of Government,  May 2005, Harvard University, Preventing Nuclear Terrorism: Reducing the Danger of Highly Enriched Uranium, http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/files/Prevention20of20Nuclear20Terrorism.pdf ||RS
The September 11 ... and psychological impact. 

Plan solves terror and prolif – results in global agreements for conversion away from highly enriched uranium usage
Oswald 10 – Rachel Oswald, Global Security Newswire, 2010 (“Fissile Material Ban Should Include Civilian HEU, Experts Say,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, March 30th, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/fissile-material-ban-should-include-civilian-heu-experts-say/ | ADM)
WASHINGTON -- The influence ... on the work.

1AC LEU Good Advantage
Plan solves – a complete ban on HEU would force countries to switch to LEU
Alan J. Kuperman and and Frank N. von Hippel 14 , an associate professor at the University of Texas and the editor of “Nuclear Terrorism and Global Security: The Challenge of Phasing out Highly Enriched Uranium” and  Frank N. von Hippel , a senior research physicist in the Program on Science and Global Security at Princeton and a co-chairman of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, Highly Enriched Danger,  3/21/14,  New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/22/opinion/highly-enriched-danger.html ||RS
International efforts to ...proliferation and terrorism.

Shift to LEU would significant lower costs for the Navy
Allyson Versprille 15, 3/19/15,  reporter for National Defense Industrial Association, internally cits FAS report, Federation of American Scientists: Navy Should Phase Out Highly Enriched Uranium as Nuclear Fuel, National Defense Magazine, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/lists/posts/post.aspx?ID=1779||RS
The Navy should consider phasing out its use of highly enriched uranium as fuel for nuclear-powered vessels in favor of a low enriched alternative, which is not as easily converted into nuclear weapons, a new study recommends. 

The Federation of American ...U.S. naval reactors.
Rising ship costs shrink the navy crushing naval power and causing overstretch
Seth Cropsey 15, Director, Center for American Seapower, Our Navy Is Getting Dangerously Smaller, And No One Is Paying Attention, March 17th, 2015, Hudson Institute, http://www.hudson.org/research/11143-our-navy-is-getting-dangerously-smaller-and-no-one-is-paying-attention ||RS
The Times published ...forward operational capacity
Asbjornsen 12 (Rear Admiral Douglas J. Asbjornsen, United States Navy, deputy commander, Navy Region Northwest, senior Navy representative for Spokane Navy Week, “Guest opinion: Strong Navy still essential,” May 12, 2012, http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/may/12/guest-opinion-strong-navy-still-essential/)
The Navy’s job continues ...the sea.
Reliance on naval mobility and deployment is inevitable because of offshore balancing --- effective naval power is critical to foster cooperation and de-escalate all conflicts
England 11 (Gordon England, former secretary of the Navy, James L. Jones, former commandant of the Marine Corps, Vern Clark, former chief of naval operations, Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2011, “The Necessity of U.S. Naval Power”)
All our citizens... of the future.

Specifically, naval power solves South China Sea conflict, global food crisis, Arctic war, Iranian aggression and Israel war --- they all go nuclear
Eaglen 11 – research fellow for national security – Heritage, and McGrath, former naval officer and director – Delex Consulting, Studies and Analysis, 5/16/11 (Mackenzie and Bryan, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy,” Heritage Foundation)
Global Implications. Under a scenario of dramatically ... little airlift capacity.