Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Quarry Lane SK | Judge: Lawrence Zhou

Interpretation: The aff must defend that the United States limits qualified immunity through governmental action. To clarify, their actor has to be the United States government.

The United States is a republic, ie: a governing body

 
Free Legal Dictionary (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/The+United+States+of+America~-~-ghs//sk)
a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of
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Abbr.: U.S., US Also called United States of America.

Limits

Deliberation

Only our interpretation solves – education through participation in debates is essential to check manipulation of the government by powerful private interests

 
Donald S. Lutz, Professor of Polisci at Houston, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 36-7
The position argued here is that to the extent such a discussion between political theorists
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effective, by itself for marrying justice with power in the long run. 

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to social problems

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
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with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

Engaging The Law Is Key To Queer Politics

  
Duggan, 1994:
(Queering the State, Lisa Duggan, associate professor of American studies and history at New York University, Social Text, No. 39 (Summer, 1994), pp. 1-14, http://www.jstor.org/stable/466361
When we turn our attention to this project, we run into difficulty the moment
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complex ideas about the construction of racial and sexual identities and their intersections.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cy- Fair TW | Judge: Lee Quinn

Politics are structurally exclusive of black people—claiming we should push for progress forms cruel optimism that supports more anti-black violence.

Warren 15 Calvin (Assistant Professor of American Studies at George Washington University) “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope” CR: The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2015, pp. 215–248 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/578044/pdf JW
II. THE POLITICS OF HOPE To speak of the “Politics of Hope”
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the only “hope” for blackness in an anti- black world.

Refusing the temptation to support normative legal thought opens up space to recognize the brutality beneath the liberal humanist mask of the state. The individual is strong enough – embracing the will to order through organized political resistance results in mastery and violence

Saurette 96 (Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Volume 25, Number 1, 1 March 1996 , pp. 1-28(28), Paul, Professor of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, “I Mistrust All Systematizers And Avoid Them': Nietzsche, Arendt And The Crisis Of The Will To Order In International Relations Theory”).
It has always been a great temptation, for men of action no less than
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, control, and violence are inextricably imposed onto the realm of politics. 

The governmental system is the basis of the oppression the affirmative critiques. ALT- The only way to solve for this is to completely withdraw from the state.

Helfand 13 (Judy Helfand, Media activist, University of Dayton, “Constructing Whiteness,” http://academic.udayton.edu/race/01race/white11.htm)
Government economic and political policies affecting workers also construct whiteness. The Social Security Act
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workers blame people of color themselves for their poverty and lack of advancement.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep RS | Judge: Carlos Taylor

IT WILL NOT GET BETTER–Trayvon Martin and Renisha McBride are our generation’s Emmett Till–the promise of the political has never and will never be realized for Black Americans–the American dream and the political is dependent on ever-increasing black suffering

 
Calvin L. Warren 15, Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University, Professor of  “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope,” The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Perverse juxtapositions structure our relation to the Political. This becomes even more apparent and
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advances political apostasy as the only “ethical” response to black suffering.

Placing hope in the political constitutes a cruel optimism that keeps blacks chasing after a political object that only strengthens anti-black systems–they’ll say “WE CAN’T DO NOTHING” but that’s just a link–anti-black systems create a false binary between action and inaction that tricks blacks into continuing to trust the political

 
Calvin L. Warren 15, Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University, Professor of  “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope,” The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
The politics of hope, then, constitutes what Lauren Berlant would call “cruel
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the only “hope” for blackness in an anti- black world.

The alternative is black nihilist political apostasy that rejects the anti-black political entirely–NO PARTIAL ATHEISM–the perm fails because it’s impossible to support the political structure without participating in the ruse of false transformation and an exploited hope

 
Calvin L. Warren 15, Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University, Professor of  “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope,” The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Can we reject this racist god and, at the same time, support the
AND
symbolic as inherently wicked and rejects it both as critique and spiritual practice.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Byram Hills AG | Judge: Akhil Gandra

THE ROB IS TO QUESTION THE 1AC’S SCHOLARSHIP PRIOR TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR INTERROGATION-
Focusing on the inner self trades off with the fight against global injustice

Zizek 01: Slavoj, On Belief (Thinking in Action), New York City: Routledge, 2001, 13-5
“Western Buddhism” thus perfectly fits the fetishist mode of ideology in our allegedly
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is the social involvement which he tends to dismiss as a mere game.”

Buddhism accelerates capitalist dynamics by allowing them to publicly renounce capital while remaining an active participant—Western appropriation of Buddhism is the perfect phantasmatic supplement to global capital because it makes participation in hegemony easier to stomach

Zizek 01: Slavoj, On Belief (Thinking in Action), New York City: Routledge, 2001, 13-5
The ultimate postmodern irony is thus the strange exchange between Europe and Asia: at
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Ethic, entitled The Taoist Ethic and the Spirit of Global Capitalism. 7

You have an ethical obligation to reject cap – it causes violence and kills all value to life.

 
Zizek and Daly:- (Glyn Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton, Slajov Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia “Conversations with Zizek”, p. 14-16) GHSGB
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
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) social antagonisms and to absorb them within a culture of differential affirmation.

The alternative -- we should reject the aff’s capitalist underpinnings and completely withdraw from the logic of capitalism—individual criticism is key to solve.

Adrian Johnston 4 Dept of Philosophy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, “The Cynic’s Fetish: Slavoj Žižek and the Dynamics of Belief”, International Journal of Zizek Studies, Volume 1, 2004, BE
Perhaps the absence of a detailed practical roadmap in Žižek’s political writings isn’t
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comforting fiction (“Capitalist commodity fetishism or the truth? I choose fetishism.”).

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll JC | Judge: Anthony Ogbuli

The word “CRIP” masks privilege and has a history that is oppressive. Don’t hide behind academia – you abstract from lived experiences of the bodies you are talking about.

  
Mark Sherry 13 Ph.D. Associate Professor of Sociology and Anthropology, at the University of Toledo, Ohio, "Crip Politics? Just...No," The Feminist Wire, November 23, 2013, GHSMM
That’s because the term “crip” has a long history – one that is
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what so many academics have, and so few disabled people actually experience.

“Crip” is rooted in exclusion and privilege. There is no justification of imposing a “crip” identity over a large group of people.

 
Mark Sherry 13 Ph.D. Associate Professor of Sociology and Anthropology, at the University of Toledo, Ohio, "Crip Politics? Just...No," The Feminist Wire, November 23, 2013, GHSMM
But claiming a “crip” identity as a nondisabled person is not a sign
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the vast majority of disabled people, who do not have physical impairments.

Thus the CP text: The United States should take similar aff actions to decrease ablenormativity to guarantee the right to housing, with the exception of endorsing “crip-ing the home.”

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chaminade RA | Judge: Tim McHugh

I. The Aff asks us to simply trust their identity. Such moves discount evidence and reduce epistemology to the value we are demanded to place in our sympathies with the authority of the person. When “performing evidence” substitutes for evidence, the appearance of legitimacy dooms the pursuit of knowledge and propagates decadence.

Lewis Gordon 06—professor at philosophy, African and Judiac Studies at University of Connecticut Storrs—2006 (Disciplinary Decadence: Living Thought in Trying Times, p 28-29)
A striking feature (among many) of the contemporary intellectual climate, as I
AND
of past failures of certain social remedies take the form of perennial truths.

II. Afro-pessimism’s ontologization of language as the constitutive foundation of the world and Blackness is decadent. Afro-pessimists exclude the possibility of meanings and concepts outside of their disciplinary boundaries, in fact making the slave a permanent sign through disciplinary cosmologies.

Lewis Gordon 14—professor of philosophy, African and Judiac Studies at the University of Connecticut—2014 (“Disciplinary Decadence and the Decolonization of Knowledge,” Africa Development 39.1: 81-92, 86-88).
Failure to appreciate reality sometimes takes the form of recoiling from it. An inward
AND
. It serves as further proof of the pathological nature of such people.

III. Decadence allows the colonization of methods, thinking, and destroys the possibility of a decolonized ethics of the oppressed to overturn.

Lewis Gordon 14—professor of philosophy, African and Judiac Studies at the University of Connecticut—2014 (“Disciplinary Decadence and the Decolonization of Knowledge,” Africa Development 39.1: 81-92, 88).
The first is regarding the political significance of this critique. For politics to exist
AND
approaches, even in the name of liberation, face a similar fate.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IP | Judge: Erik Legried, Liz Letak, Ryan Fink

THE ROB IS TO MINIMIZE STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE.  
Before engaging in their ethic, we must resist structural violence because otherwise we’re already divided into moral in- and out-groups where injustices go unnoticed—they assume a meritocracy.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

The link is that the feminist standpoint inherently legitimates a gender duality. By defining women as a distinct social and biological group with certain characteristic experiences, the aff divides the world into male and female.

 
Ferguson 91 – (Kathy E. Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawaii“Interpretation and Genealogy in Feminism” Signs, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Winter, 1991), pp. 322-339) GHSGB
An important tension within current feminist theory is that between articulating women's voice and deconstructing
AND
voices which create different, albeit related, possibilities for knowledge and politics.

This exclusion is dangerous – if you don’t fit into neatly defined categories your experiences don’t count and you don’t matter.

Hope 12 - (Hope  PR specialist and journalist “A Penis and a Dress: Why the Gender Binary Needs to Go Away” Huffington Post) GHSGB
If your genitalia don't match the gender you  most identify with, the American Psychiatric
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against those who do not fit cleanly into the existing and limiting categories.

The alternative is to deconstruct gender and reject the 1AC’s perpetuation of the male/female binary that perpetuates heteronormativity as the only “proper” form of existence.

Mirabelli 12 – (Rebecca “My Anatomy, Your Sex: Deconstructing the sex/gender binary and heteronormativity through the isolation of gender from sexuality” http://youngchicagoauthors.org/girlspeak/blog/essays-articles/my-anatomy-your-sex-deconstructing-the-sexgender-binary-and-heteronormativity-through-the-isolation-of-gender-from-sexuality-by-rebecca-mirabelli) GHSGB
In a patriarchal society that encourages heteronormative behaviours, we are persuaded to believe that
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think outside of two genders? It becomes ubiquitous by dismantling into nothing.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Millard North PK | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo

HERE’S THEIR ADVOCACY TEXT FROM THE WIKI, FROM 4/29 AT 13:38
“Thus the advocacy: I affirm the value inherent in the conceptualization of speech that exceeds Man through habeas viscous. Instead of trying to assimilate into the voice of Man, we weaponize our noise and embrace its illegibility. We use the noise, the buzzing of habeas viscous to access the freedoms that lie on frequencies beyond man's vibes and access other dimensions, other ways of living that are vibrant for us.”
CP TEXT- Thus the advocacy: I affirm the value inherent in the conceptualization of speech that exceeds Man through habeas viscus. Instead of trying to assimilate into the voice of Man, we weaponize our noise and embrace its illegibility. We use the noise, the buzzing of habeas viscus to access the freedoms that lie on frequencies beyond man's vibes and access other dimensions, other ways of living that are vibrant for us.

“Habeas viscus” refers to Weheliye’s theory of queer racialized assemblages

Robin James 14 , "Notes On Weheliye’s Habeas Viscus: or why some posthumanisms are better than others," No Publication, 11-26-2014, https://www.its-her-factory.com/2014/11/notes-on-weheliyes-habeas-viscus-or-why-some-posthumanisms-are-better-than-others/, ghsBZ
“Habeas viscus” is Alexander Weheliye’s term for the queerly racialized mobilities activated by
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debt–that produce the material, social immobility they claim to manage.

The PIC is definitonally competitive – “viscous” means sticky – what about black people is sticky??

Dictionary.com 8 , "the definition of viscous," 11-5-2008, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/viscous, ghsBZ
viscous vis-kuh s Spell Syllables Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com adjective 1. of a glutinous nature or consistency; sticky; thick; adhesive. 2. having the property of viscosity.

DON’T LET THEM DEFEND THIS AS MEANING VISCOUS LIKE A LIQUID- THEIR  JAMES ARTICLE’S TITLE IS LITERALLY ““Notes on Weheliye’s Habeas Viscus: Or Why Some Posthumanisms are Better than Others,”” with it as A U ONLY, NO O.

THIS IS BOTH FUNCTIONALLY AND TEXTUALLY COMPETETIVE- VISCOUS WITH AN O MEANS STICKY AND VISCUS WITHOUT THE O MEANS AN ORGAN USUALLY WITHIN THE CHEST OF THE BODY- WE LITERALLY TAKE A DIFFERENT ACTION FROM THE AFF BECAUSE THEY DO SOMETHING THAT EMBRACES BLACK PEOPLE AS STICKY WHEREAS WE ARE CONSISTENT WITH WEHELIYE’S ORIGINAL INTENT OF ANALYZING RACIALIZED ASSEMBLAGES. ALSO TEXTUALLY COMPETETIVE BECAUSE IT’S PLAN MINUS- WE TAKE OUT THE O. THIS ALSO MEANS ONLY THE NEG HAS SOLVENCY FOR THE AFF HARMS- THEIR PLAN DOES NOTHING RELEVANT IN THAT CONTEXT.

NET BENEFITS

Conflating “viscous” AND “viscus” represents a historical inaccuracy and implicit disregard for black studies –the aff creates an underspecialization of race studies, manipulating black scholarship and propping up racism- turns case and outweighs on magnitude

 
tommy j. Curry 10, “Concerning the Underspecialization of Race Theory in American Philosophy: How the Exclusion of Black Sources Affects the Field.,” the pluralist Volume 5, Number 1 Spring 2010 : pp. 44–64 44 ©2010 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, ghsBZ
despite the recent rise in articles by American philosophers willing to deal with race,
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addressing, and pro- ducing scholarship from their own culturally relevant experience.

Misunderstanding and misusing black scholarship is used by non black people to erase black people-also oppresses/dehumanizes and co-opts black experience to highlight whiteness- turns case

 
Trudy ‘14 (March 4th, Gradient Lair, womanist blog about black women run by Trudy who has a Master’s degree in Criminal Justice with a certification in Behavioral Science and I completed additional graduate work in Mental Health Counseling. I studied race, gender and mental health education and practice. I studied Behavioral and Social Sciences at the baccalaureate level with a concentration in Health Science and a minor in Health Services Administration. “White People Using Blackness and Anti-Black Racism Analogies For Their Experiences Is NOT Intersectionality”, Gradient Lair, http://www.gradientlair.com/post/78604958164/dehumanization-anti-blackness-racism-metaphors~-~-ghs//sk)
Comparing things to anti-Black racism while purposely ignoring the intersectional experiences of Black
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caricature. For how long will anti-Blackness be mistaken for intersectionality?

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina JR | Judge: Greg Malis

Theoretical critique is insufficient—our discussion should be based around finding policies, changes in the empirical world, that can both reorient our values and change tangible conditions of oppression. Thus, the role of the judge is to vote for the debater who best methodologically reorients our values.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
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used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Ideal theory is unattainable and evades issues of reality, failing to solve actual injustice

Mills ‘09 (Mills, Charles. W, May 22nd 2009, department of philosophy and Northwestern, ”Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy, http://havenscenter.wisc.edu/files/Mills-Rawls20on20Race.pdf~-~-ghs//sk)
Now how can this ideal ideal—a society not merely without a past history
AND
to have been of much help when and if it ever did arrive.

Defending ideal theories of punishment will only subvert systematic analysis of racism-~-- we cannot afford to be unconscious, we MUST deal with these issues because precluding it from the conversation is a form of color-blindedness that perpetuates injustice

Charles W. Mills 05, John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology", Hypatia vol. 20, no. 3 (Summer 2005).
Now what distinguishes ideal theory is not merely the use of ideals, since¶
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-ideal, one is only guaranteeing the perpetuation¶ of the nonideal.

Baudrillard is the epitome of ivory tower philosophy

Lars Vaupel, Olaf Arndt, and Janneke Schönenbach, 8-19-2006, members of BBM, a Berlin-based artists group, “on first cyborgs, aliens and other sides of new technologies,” http://www.balsas.cc/modules.php?name=Newsandfile=printandsid=151
Valentinas: We all know that Jean Baudrillard did not believe that the Gulf War
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they are as well fighting with the same energy on the diplomatic battlefield.

Their thesis overly generalizes the completeness of illusion and hyper-reality – since it is impossible to verify whether or not there has been a total break from all past forms of social relations, we should discount their claims that our representations are meaningless.

TlMOTHY W. LUKE 91 *, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Power and politics in hyperreality: The critical project of Jean Baudrillard. By: Luke, Timothy W., Social Science Journal, 03623319, 1991, Vol. 28, Issue 3, Ebsco
Baudrillard's critical project clearly outlines a fascinating and innovative appraisal of the often confusing and
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he never really demonstrates definitely how this all works with carefully considered evidence.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Millard North PK | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo

THIS POSITION IS CALLED ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS WHERE WE WILL FLIP THE SCRIPT.
The affirmative rhetorically chains blackness to whiteness and destroys the creative possibilities of blackness meaning blackness can never be its own thing in relation to the world but is subservient to what whiteness forces it to be.
LINK SCENARIO 1
SELF LOATHING AND INTERNALIZED STEREOTYPING
- The comparison of blackness as the opposite of white civility and knowledge locks blackness into being the savage and the unworthy
NEXT, 

- The marking of blackness to whiteness eliminates the existential creativity that blackness could utilize to carve out original existential space for itself
LINK SCENARIO TWO
AUTHENTICITY TESTING AND BLACK INTRACULTURAL VIOLENCE
- Certain Black people get seen as “authentically” Black while anything else is concerned to be selling out 

EX. Rutgers MN is Black because they tell jokes in debates while Aaron Timmons and Chris Randall are not 

This causes Black bodies to police themselves and causes psychic and existential trauma that continues to give white supremacy control over their lives  
A. EXPOSITION
Postmodern blackness is at odds with ontological blackness, which connotes categorical, essentialist, and representations depicting black life and experience. Black identities are fluid and occur in multiple sites.====
Anderson ’95 Victor – Assistant Professor of Christian Ethics at Vanderbilt Divinity School; PhD in religion, ethics and politics from Princeton University, “BEYOND ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS: An Essay on African American Religious and Cultural Criticism
Beyond Ontological Blackness examines the ways that racial discourse operates rhetorically in African American cultural
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ways that African Americans constitute and negotiate their identities under changing social conditions.

B.  LINK: THE AFFIRMATIVE REINSCRIBES A NOTION OF ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS SUBJUGATING BLACK BODIES’ INTEREST IN FULFILLED INDIVIDUALITY AND CAUSES BLACK TO BE A “PSEUDOSPECIES”

 
Anderson ’95 Victor – Assistant Professor of Christian Ethics at Vanderbilt Divinity School; PhD in religion, ethics and politics from Princeton University, “BEYOND ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS: An Essay on African American Religious and Cultural Criticism
Race linguistically designates ethnic groups of human beings. Sometimes these groups are identified by
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, subjugates, and calls into question African Americans’ interests in fulfilled individuality.

IMPLICATIONS OF ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS
TURNS ALL OF YOUR OFFENSE

ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS DISTORTS CONDITIONS OF BLACK LIFE AND EXPERIENCE, RACIAL HENOTHEISM THAT IS INCOMMENSURABLE AND AT ODDS WITH THE NEW POSTMODERN CULTURAL POLITICS OF BLACK IDENTITY

Anderson ’95 Victor – Assistant Professor of Christian Ethics at Vanderbilt Divinity School; PhD in religion, ethics and politics from Princeton University, “BEYOND ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS: An Essay on African American Religious and Cultural Criticism
As a critic of the categorical and representational functions of ontological blackness, I suggest
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their legitimacy from ontological blackness are at odds with contemporary postmodern black life.

THE ALT IS TO REJECT THE AFF’S PERFORMANCE OF ONTOLOGICAL BLACKNESS IN FAVOR OF A METHODOLOGY OF POST-BLACKNESS.

First Post-Blackness does not mean forgetting the history of Black struggle in any context. Nor does it mean that there is no shared struggle or identity struggles between individual black people. What it does mean is that just because history has effected the black body the way it has should not mean that Black bodies should be locked into monolithic notions that destroy individuality and most importantly opposite what your evidence and articles advocate that there is no and should be no “authentic” or correct way to do blackness
ADAMS Chair of the Africana Studies department @ John Jay College 2K11                         C. Jama “Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness: What It Means to Be Black Now book review” http://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/Book-Review.pdf
Toure jumps and is soon in trouble as one of his arms becomes entangled in
AND
less that is useful in the anti-racism strategies of the past.

THE ROB IS TO ENDORSE THE MORE PRODUCTIVE LIBERATION STRATEGY FOR OPPRESSED BODIES.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Finals | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Scott Phillips, Monica Amestoy, James Braden

NOBODY IS INNOCENT WHEN ANTI-BLACK RACISM HAS OCCURRED
The process of debate is not free from the lens of racial bias.  An activity that is painted with the brush of whiteness is not devoid of prejudicial, subjective and preferential decisions that privilege white presence and students at the expense of black bodies. Our argument will be that institutional racism has moved beyond OVERT forms of discrimination and individual bigotry shifting to a COVERT and more insidious form of exclusion that is difficult to measure, RACISM WITHOUT RACISTS.  

THE CONFRONTATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF PRIVILEGE ALSO EXTENDS TO THE JUDGE IN THE BACK OF THE ROOM!!!!!!!

All of you as judges have the responsibility to stand for something your ballots become norms in the community it is never ok to discriminate against black people and all who are related to this discrimination should be punished.

Aversive Racism is unconscious and is more likely to lead to discriminatory decisions when the choices are not clear-cut and competing arguments are flying about.  In the game of debate this means that in close decisions our race based arguments from our social location are more likely to be pushed to the margins and our personal convictions isolated to the periphery.

The decision becomes an averted way to say I don’t feel comfortable voting for your personal race based arguments usually coming across as “you dropped this or that argument” or “if you had only said XYZ” you would have won.

OR WE FELT UNCOMFORTABLE HAVING THAT BLACK GUY JUDGE US  

The role of the judge is to be an educator in the debate space—that requires rejecting debaters who performativity or methodologically justify racism—WE DON’T EXIST IN A VACCUM

Vincent 13 – (Christopher Debate Coach, former college NDT debater “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/10/re-conceptualizing-our-performances-accountability-in-lincoln-douglas-debate) GHSGB
Charles Mills argues that “the moral concerns of African Americans have centered on the
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color, and in turn destroy the transformative potential this community could have.

Faced with complex decisions aversive racists feel doubt about a BLACK person and attribute that doubt to other areas

This is especially important at the NDCA tournament that has made a direct attempt at increasing diversity in both policy and Lincoln Douglas

Kristoff op ed columnist for the NY TIMES   2k8
Nicholas- (w) 2 time Pulitzer Prize winner, former Associate Managing editor of the Times, member of the NYT staff since 1984; Racism Without Racists; NYTIMES; Oct. 4; op-ed column; http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/opinion/05kristof.html
One of the fallacies this election season is that if Barack Obama is paying an
AND
1960. ¶ It just might happen again, this time with race. 

AS THE JUDGE YOU HAVE A CHANCE TO USE YOUR BALLOT AS A WAY OF CONFRONTING UNCONSCIOUS BIAS THAT I HAVE BROUGHT TO LIGHT. A VOTE FOR THE NEGATIVE IS A VOTE FOR REJECTING THIS INSIDIOUS FORM OF RACISM THAT DENIES IS OPPRESIVE STATUS IN A SOCIETY THAT TURNS AWAY FROM THE PLIGHT OF THE BLACK BODY.

The exclusion of black adjudicators kills the integrity of debate and mask racism this is exactly what happened. In this debate, they are the prosecutor, you are the Justice Department and I am the defense, THE  Equal justice initiative ’10,====
llegal Racial Discrimination in Jury Selection:¶ A Continuing Legacy¶ Equal Justice Initiative¶ The Equal Justice Initiative is a non-profit law organization with headquarters in¶ Montgomery, Alabama.¶ For more information, please contact:¶ Equal Justice Initiative¶ 122 Commerce Street¶ Montgomery, Alabama 36104¶ (334) 269-1803¶ www.eji.org¶ Email: raceandjury@eji.org¶ August 2010, http://www.eji.org/files/EJI20Race20and20Jury20Report.pdf
The 1875 Civil Rights Act outlawed race-based discrimination in jury service, but
AND
diversity absolutely critical¶ to preserving the credibility of the criminal justice system.

THE NDCA TOURNAMENT MADE A CONSCIOUS EFFORT TO HIRE BLACK JUDGES AND MAKE DEBATE A MORE INCLUSIVE SPACE. WHEN YOU STRIKE ALL OF THEM, YOU CREATE AN INCENTIVE FOR TOURNAMENT DIRECTORS TO NOT HIRE BLACK JUDGES BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THEY WON’T BE USED. THIS CONTINUES THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSION THAT I HAVE MADE VISIBLE. 

HE’S GOING TO SAY THE STRIKE TO NOT RANK HIGH ENOUGH TO NOT END UP ON A PANEL: ALSTON, SUNHEE, NADIA, THE CEDA AND NDT CHAMPION AND TOP SPEAKER IS ALL BASED ON STYLISTIC DIFFERENCE… IT’S ALWAYS SOMETHING ELSE!
AND THAT’S EXACTLY OUR ARGUMENT. FOLLOWING THE ANALOGY OF THE JUSTICE SYSTEM, THEIR REASONS ARE MERELY MASKS AND DISGUISES FOR THEIR ATTEMPT TO AVOID VIOLATING THE ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW. OF COURSE IT WAS A STRATEGIC DECISION, YOU DON’T WANT TO CONFRONT YOUR WHITE PRIVILEGE SO YOU EXCLUDE THE VOICES WHO WOULD FORCE YOU TO.
IF THERE IS A SHRED OF DOUBT IN YOUR MIND THAT THE REASON SUNHEE, ALSTON, DEVANE, AND NADIA, ALL OF WHICH ARE MORE THAN QUALIFIED TO BE JUDGING THESE DEBATES, ARE NOT ON THIS PANEL BECAUSE THEY HAVE CHOSEN TO STRIKE THEM THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE TOURNAMENT, THEN YOU SHOULD VOTE NEG. 

THEY WILL BE UNABLE TO GIVE A SINGLE REASON THAT IS NOT MOTIVATED BY RACE AS TO WHY THE BLACK JUDGES HAVE WERE BARRED FROM BEING ON THIS PANEL. 

NOT PREFF BLACK MEANS NO INCENTIVE TO HIRE, THEY DON’T THINK THEYL BE USED, SELF PERPETUATING CYCLE

WHY DOES THIS MATTER?

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brentwood WJ | Judge: Adam Bistagne

Following moral testimony is just contemporary thought control—we become indoctrinated to a moral system created by a institutions of power—even if we think we’re pursuing moral goodness, we become moral sheep that fund massively inefficient systems like the IMF and World Bank while millions of people fall into poverty.

Wasif Rizvi 2k, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, "Innate Morality vs Indoctrinated Righteousness: A Challenge of Choices for Learning Societies," http://swaraj.org/shikshantar/ls2_rizvi.pdf.
In this article, I seek to unmask these so-called institutions of learning
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to listen to their conscience and reject these corrupt and unjust institutions.5 

The only way to escape is to CRITICALLY QUESTION MORAL TESTIMONY OF OTHERS—the alt is a pedagogy of inclusion and reflection rather than careless acceptance of testimony we must examine HOW we got here and reflect on our institutions to escape the yokes of control, manipulation, and indoctrination.

Wasif Rizvi 2k, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, "Innate Morality vs Indoctrinated Righteousness: A Challenge of Choices for Learning Societies," http://swaraj.org/shikshantar/ls2_rizvi.pdf.
In spaces like the Institute for Development Studies and Practices, in Quetta, Pakistan
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, manipulation and¶ indoctrination, presents a promise of reflective learning societies.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Semis | Opponent: Presentation AS | Judge: Alston, Nadia Hussein, Scott Phillips

First, representations of our language affect our ability to act effectively and interact with others. Haste 98:

Helen Haste, PhD of Psychology at the University of Bath, “Communitarianism and the Social Construction of Morality”, 1998. NC
Communitarian thinkers start from a very different psychological tradition. They emphasise the primacy of
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it as wrong because treats her as an object rather than a person.

The rhetoric of “victim” causes a loss of agency, instructing others to perceive the abused as a helpless, passive, individual- the term survivor is better Dunn-2

Jennifer L. Dunn Professor of Sociology at Southern Illinois University, "“Victims” and “Survivors”: Emerging Vocabularies of Motive for “Battered Women Who Stay”" Sociological Inquiry Vol. 75, Issue 1, p. 1-30(Dec 2004) FD
In sum, the cultural context within which typifications of battered women as “survivors
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appropriates one’s personal identity as a competent efficacious actor (1997:43)”.

TURN: Black women aren’t recognized as “victims”, justifying never convicting their abusers- reject the term since it promotes hypersexualization of black women

Holloway ’14 (Kali, example of Holtzclaw case, writer at AlterNet about women/ black identity, “When You're a Black Woman, You're Never Good Enough to Be a Victim”, http://jezebel.com/when-youre-a-black-woman-youre-never-good-enough-to-be-1633065554~-~-ghs//sk)
There's a parallel with rape here, and the way women are asked to prove
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just as often unconsciously, navigate the world with it as a guide.

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll JC | Judge: Anthony Ogbuli

Embracing embodiment politics in the context of disabilities prompts societal backlash and reifies the ability-disability binary --- fails to produce progressive political or societal change

Melissa Cole 2k, Assistant Professor, St. Louis University School of Law; J.D., Columbia Law School 1993; doctoral candidate in American Studies, College of William and Mary, ARTICLE: The Mitigation Expectation and the Sutton Court's Closeting of Disabilities, Reporter: 43 How. L.J. 499, Spring, 2000
Disability differs even more significantly from categories like race because "the disabled arouse in
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thus fails to produce a similar possibility of liberation for people with disabilities.

Even positive deployment of disability pride reifies us/them binaries --- causes societal scapegoating of disabled persons for the inevitability of suffering

Mairian Scott-Hill 2, former senior research fellow at King's College London (deceased), “Policy, politics and the silencing of ‘voice’,” Policy and Politics, vol 30, no 3, 2002, p. 397-409
I have argued elsewhere (Corker, 1999c, 2002) that approaches to the
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to consider the exclusionary force of one of activism’s most treasured contemporary premises.

This disad turns case because your use of binaries only serves to re-entrench the same oppressive structures that you hope to escape. Your movement is co-opted.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: New Trier CM | Judge: Shania Hunt

IT WILL NOT GET BETTER–Trayvon Martin and Renisha McBride are our generation’s Emmett Till–the promise of the political has never and will never be realized for Black Americans–the American dream and the political is dependent on ever-increasing black suffering

Calvin L. Warren 15, Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University, Professor of  “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope,” The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Perverse juxtapositions structure our relation to the Political. This becomes even more apparent and
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advances political apostasy as the only “ethical” response to black suffering.

THE CONSTITUTION WAS MADE TO PROTECT SLAVERY AND ENSURED A LEGACY OF RACISM- THE IDEA THAT THIS DOCUMENT CAN DO ANYTHING TO PROTECT BLACK PEOPLE IS JUST ANOTHER FORM OF PLACING FAITH IN A BROKEN SYSTEM

Rael ’15 (Patrick, Sep 21st, Professor of History at Bowdoin College. His most recent book, Eighty-Eight Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777-1865 (University of Georgia Press, 2015), explores the Atlantic history of slavery to understand the exceptionally long period of time it took to end chattel bondage in America, “Racist Principles: Slavery and the Constitution”, We’re History, http://werehistory.org/racist-principles/~-~-ghs//sk)
Wilentz is wrong. The Constitution incorporated slavery into our national system of governance.
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, we might embrace the opportunity to confront that terrible truth with rectitude.

Placing hope in the political constitutes a cruel optimism that keeps blacks chasing after a political object that only strengthens anti-black systems–they’ll say “WE CAN’T DO NOTHING” but that’s just a link–anti-black systems create a false binary between action and inaction that tricks blacks into continuing to trust the political

 
Calvin L. Warren 15, Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University, Professor of  “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope,” The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
The politics of hope, then, constitutes what Lauren Berlant would call “cruel
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the only “hope” for blackness in an anti- black world.

The alternative is black nihilist political apostasy that rejects the anti-black political entirely–NO PARTIAL ATHEISM–the perm fails because it’s impossible to support the political structure without participating in the ruse of false transformation and an exploited hope

 
Calvin L. Warren 15, Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University, Professor of  “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope,” The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Can we reject this racist god and, at the same time, support the
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symbolic as inherently wicked and rejects it both as critique and spiritual practice.

THE ROB IS TO QUESTION THE 1AC’S SCHOLARSHIP PRIOR TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLAN AND THE RESOLUTION
Representations must precede policy discussion- they shape our realities and how we formulate moral reasoning- precludes their FW too

Neta Crawford ,PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at boston univ.   Argument and Change in World Politics, 2002 p. 19-21
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
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entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling.” Hence framing is a meta-argument.

Tournament: Kandi King RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood RM | Judge: Hertzig, Koshak

Constitutional law like rape and harassment law masks structural inequalities, bolsters monopoly of legal expertise, and creates a capitalist market that commodifies and profits off of injuries – only rich white people can afford legal representation while poor minorities rarely receive adequate recompense

RICHARD L. ABEL 81 Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus) at UCLA, a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974, “A CRITIQUE OF AMERICAN TORT LAW,” BRITISH JOURNAL OF LAW and SOCIETY VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2, WINTER 1981, ghsBZ
Capitalist tort law exploits and alienates tort victims in ways that parallel the exploitation and
AND
A thus pays part of the cost of protecting the privileges of B.

There is no such thing as free speech – the promotion of free speech perpetuates the commodification of speech into capital by framing government and speech in opposition – their conception of rights papers over the power dynamics that control free speech and monopolize profit, contributing to neoliberal takeover of the academy and all political processes

Brown 15, Wendy Brown, “Law and Legal Reason,” In Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism's stealth revolution, MIT Press, 2015, ghsBZ
At times, kennedy raises the pitch in Citizens United to depict limits on corporate
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warring forces parallel to those of government and capital in a neoliberal economy.

Neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the aff’s single-issue legal solution misses the root cause – only the alt solves

Farbod 15 ( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2)
Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises
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enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return. 

The alternative is to reject the aff’s perpetuation of inequalities in favor of a class-based politics that unifies marginalized identities and pursues liberating tolerance – only by critiquing economic forces underlying universities can we develop cooperation

Sculos and Walsh 16 Sculos, Bryant William Department of Politics and International Relations, Florida International University , and Sean Noah Walsh Department of Political Science and Economics, Capital University. "The Counterrevolutionary Campus: Herbert Marcuse and the Suppression of Student Protest Movements." New Political Science (2016): 1-17., ghsBZ
The recognition of repressive tolerance as a tool of counterrevolution calls for a careful¶
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¶ that impetus here and shown it to be more relevant than ever.

The role of the ballot is to question the scholarship of the 1AC prior to the consequences of the plan – they don’t get to weigh the case – demand for a plan legitimizes narrow political visions that sustain neoliberalism – critique precludes policymaking and ethical frameworks

 
Blacklock 15, Corinne Blalock J.D., “NEOLIBERALISM AND THE CRISIS OF LEGAL THEORY”, Duke University, LAW AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS Vol. 77:71, 2015, ghsBZ
RECOVERING LEGAL THEORY’S RELEVANCE? The lens of neoliberalism not only allows one to see
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they are in a world that constantly insists that there is no alternative.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brentwood LR | Judge: Calen Smith

State cuts have driven up college tuition and inaccessibility

Mitchell et al 8/5, Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, “Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges”, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, AUGUST 15, 2016, http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, gh-am
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
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period. Cost shift harms students and families, especially those with low incomes 

Title IX requires that universities MUST restrict offensive speech to receive funding

 
Bernstein 3, David E. Bernstein George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law, focus on constitutional history, “You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws”, https://books.google.com/booksid=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy_Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn_nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, ghsBZ
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
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Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they nay be right. 

Federal funding is crucial to maintain financial aid resources.

Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, “Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape”, http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, gh-am
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
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research projects, while states typically fund the general operations of public institutions,

Without financial aid, low-income and minority students lack college access and communities are locked into cycles of poverty

 
Antoinette Flores 14 , "How Public Universities Can Promote Access and Success for All Students – Center for American Progress," No Publication, 9-9-2014, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/reports/2014/09/09/96689/how-public-universities-can-promote-access-and-success-for-all-students/, ghsBZ
Higher education has long been a path to economic security, and this is especially
AND
must do a better job of graduating all students at a lower cost.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Cypress Woods LC | Judge: Panny Shan, Joseph Flores, Nadia Hussein

Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harassment is decreasing nationally now.

 
Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease
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lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.

Expanding constitutionally protected speech sanctions hate speech – the First amendment legitimizes hatred and justifies the right to oppressive speech

Boler 04, Boler, Megan Megan Boler is a Full Professor in the Department of Social Justice Education, at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto.. "All Speech Is Not Free: The Ethics of Affirmative Action Pedagogy." Counterpoints 240 (2004): 3-13, ghsBZ
On what basis might one justify an affirmative action pedagogy? The first justifica-¶
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worldviews to be shattered, in itself a pro-¶ foundly emotionally charged experience 

Laws prohibiting racial insults establish public norms and check prejudice – the aff allows rampant racial insults that perpetuate stereotyping and reinforce racist mindsets- bill make precedent

Richard Delgado 82 J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School., “WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
Unlike most of the actions for which tort law provides redress to the victim,
AND
racial slurs is a promis- ing vehicle for the eradication of racism.

Racial insults inflict transgenerational psychological violence, create physical degeneration, and maintain cycles of poverty for black and brown people

Richard Delgado 82 J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School., “WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
American society remains deeply afflicted by racism. Long before slavery became the mainstay of
AND
other prac- tices which determine the distribution of social benefits and responsibilities.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook CW | Judge: Akhil Gandra

Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harrassment is decreasing nationally now.

 
Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease
AND
lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.

Expanding constitutionally protected speech sanctions hate speech – the First amendment legitimizes hatred and justifies the right to oppressive speech

Boler 04, Boler, Megan Megan Boler is a Full Professor in the Department of Social Justice Education, at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto.. "All Speech Is Not Free: The Ethics of Affirmative Action Pedagogy." Counterpoints 240 (2004): 3-13, ghsBZ
On what basis might one justify an affirmative action pedagogy? The first justifica-¶
AND
worldviews to be shattered, in itself a pro-¶ foundly emotionally charged experience 

Military academies uniquely racist- causes silencing and turns case

 
Clymer ’16 (Charles, May 11, Writer, Social Equality Advocate and Army Veteran The Living, Racist Ghosts of West Point, Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-clymer/the-living-racist-ghosts-of-west-point_b_9893468.html~-~-ghs//sk)
But there you have it. This former drill sergeant with a sizable following on
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them at a task or fails to meet standards. There’s no winning.

Hate speech inflicts psychological violence across multiple generations and millennia – also justifies mass oppression and primes society for genocide

 
Delgado and Stefacic ’09, Richard Delgado - University Professor, Seattle University School of Law; J.D., 1974, University of California, Berkeley. Jean Stefancic – Research Professor, Seattle University School of Law; M.A., 1989, University of San Francisco. “FOUR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT HATE SPEECH.” WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW. 2009. http://wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delgado_LawReview_01.09.pdf, ghsBZ
II. OBSERVATION NUMBER TWO: THE EVALUATION OF HARMS HAS BEEN INCOMPLETE One way
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at odds with the underlying rationales of a system of free expression.111

Turns case – the right wing extremists recruit military veterans and perpetuate a militaristic culture of violence- also causes racial violence

 
Bill Berkowitz 17 longtime observer of the conservative movement. His column "Conservative Watch" documents the strategies, players, institutions, victories and defeats of the U.S. Right., "POLITICS-US: White Nationalists Find a Home in the Military," IPS, 1-14-2017, http://ipsnorthamerica.net/news.php?idnews=2344, ghsBZ
OAKLAND, California, 19 Jun (IPS) - A recent report issued -
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from the Margins to the Mainstream", told IPS in a telephone interview.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Holy Cross RS | Judge: James Sanger, Scott Wheeler

CP Text: Public colleges and universities in the United States should remove all restrictions on constitutionally protected free speech, and ban the usage of all hate speech, including hate speech not protected by the First Amendment. Hate speech poses a direct threat to the oppressed. Banning it is necessary to promote inclusiveness.

J. Peter Byrne 91 Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center., Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University, 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
This article examines the constitutionality of university prohibitions of public expression that insults members of
AND
fears and prejudices rather than to respect for others and informed judgment.3

Solves the aff – racial insults have no truth value but to derogate victims and undercut academic accessibility

 
J. Peter Byrne 91 Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center., Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University, 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
The university's first commitment is to truth. As argued above, the uni-
AND
means, for rational argument always has a privileged place in the university.

Racial insults inflict transgenerational psychological violence, create physical degeneration, and maintain cycles of poverty

 
Richard Delgado 82 J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School., “WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
American society remains deeply afflicted by racism. Long before slavery became the mainstay of
AND
other prac- tices which determine the distribution of social benefits and responsibilities. 

Laws prohibiting racial insults establish public norms and check prejudice – the aff allows rampant racial insults that perpetuate stereotyping and reinforce racist mindsets

Richard Delgado 82 J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School., “WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
Unlike most of the actions for which tort law provides redress to the victim,
AND
racial slurs is a promis- ing vehicle for the eradication of racism.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake CE | Judge: Calen Smith, Rodrigo Paramo

Status quo solves – you can organize an independent newspaper or make a website and it’s been done at several colleges already

 
Kabay ’10 (M.E, December, Contributor at Network World, “Free speech issues: Controlling content in college newspapers.” Network World, http://www.networkworld.com/article/2195630/data-center/free-speech-issues~-~-controlling-content-in-college-newspapers.html~-~-ghs//sk)
If students feel strongly that a university administration is clamping down too strongly on their
AND
classic example of what not to do with non-random sample data.

Free speech is for the privileged few – dominant social groups coopt free speech and silence oppressed voices – marginalized groups are stuck in a binary between being heard and being dismissed

 
Manne and Stanley 15, Kate Manne assistant professor of philosophy at Cornell University and Jason Stanley professor of philosophy at Yale University. He is the author, most recently, of How Propaganda Works (Princeton University Press), "When Free Speech Becomes a Political Weapon," Chronicle of Higher Education, 11-13-2015, http://www.chronicle.com/article/When-Free-Speech-Becomes-a/234207, ghsBZ
Students at the University of Missouri recently succeeded in pressuring the institution’s president and chancellor
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speech is radically undercut by what is aptly known as "tone policing."

Marginalized viewpoints are ignored in the marketplace – the only result is the empowerment of already existing power structures

Bietzke 97, Paul H. Brietzke, “How and Why the Marketplace of Ideas Fail,” Valparaiso Scholar, 1997, http://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1846andcontext=vulr, ghsBZ
Advocates of a broad and absolutist political speech are right: dissenters are protected against
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series of analogies to isolated transactions on the New York Stock Exchange.4

Tournament: Harvard Westake RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake CE | Judge: Calen Smith, Rodrigo Paramo

CP TEXT: Public colleges and universities in the United States should not restrict constitutionally protected journalist speech except when that speech is explicitly bigoted.
EXTREMISTS CONSISTENTLY WRITE OPINION ARTICLES AND LETTERS IN CAMPUS NEWSPAPERS, THEIR SPEECH IS CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED BUT IT DOESN’T HAVE TO APPEAR IN DEHUMANIZING WAYS IN NEWSPAPERS ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

 
Lewy et al ‘08 (Anti Defamation League, Copyright 2008, Glen S. Lewy, National Chair, Abraham H. Foxman, National Director, Kenneth Jacobson, Deputy National Director, David Millstone, Chair, Education Committee, Ed S. Alster, Director, Education Division, Marvin Nathan, Chair, Civil Rights Committee, Deborah Lauter, National Civil Rights Director, Stacey Berkowitz, Director, Campus and Confronting Anti-Semitism Initiatives, Deborah Cohen, Assistant Director of Legal Affairs, “RESPONDING to BIGOTRY and INTERGROUP STRIFE on CAMPUS”, ADL, http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/education-outreach/Responding-to-Bigotry-and-Intergroup-Strife-on-Campus.pdf~-~-ghs//sk)
To place an outright ban on certain speech would be unconstitutional and contrary¶ to
AND
right to criticize an article or the decisions made¶ by newspaper staff.

It competes – they defend allowing all journalist speech, but we PIC out of things like outright bigoted articles and racist cartoons.
Holocaust denial is rampant in student newspapers- causes a divisive atmosphere and conflict

Foxman ‘10: Foxman, Abraham National Director, Anti-Defamation League “Fighting Holocaust Denial in Campus Newspaper Advertisements.” 2010.
Holocaust denial is an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory which claims that the well-
AND
professionals and local community leaders necessarily play the major role in this effort. 

Hate speech inflicts psychological violence across multiple generations and millennia – also justifies mass oppression and primes society for genocide

 
Delgado and Stefacic ’09, Richard Delgado - University Professor, Seattle University School of Law; J.D., 1974, University of California, Berkeley. Jean Stefancic – Research Professor, Seattle University School of Law; M.A., 1989, University of San Francisco. “FOUR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT HATE SPEECH.” WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW. 2009. http://wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delgado_LawReview_01.09.pdf, ghsBZ
II. OBSERVATION NUMBER TWO: THE EVALUATION OF HARMS HAS BEEN INCOMPLETE One way
AND
at odds with the underlying rationales of a system of free expression.111

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake WB | Judge: SunHee Simon

Public colleges and universities in the United States should not restrict constitutionally protected journalist speech except when that speech is explicitly bigoted, as per Peter Byrne’s definition.
EXTREMISTS CONSISTENTLY WRITE OPINION ARTICLES AND LETTERS IN CAMPUS NEWSPAPERS, THEIR SPEECH IS CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED BUT IT DOESN’T HAVE TO APPEAR IN DEHUMANIZING WAYS IN NEWSPAPERS ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

 
Lewy et al ‘08 (Anti Defamation League, Copyright 2008, Glen S. Lewy, National Chair, Abraham H. Foxman, National Director, Kenneth Jacobson, Deputy National Director, David Millstone, Chair, Education Committee, Ed S. Alster, Director, Education Division, Marvin Nathan, Chair, Civil Rights Committee, Deborah Lauter, National Civil Rights Director, Stacey Berkowitz, Director, Campus and Confronting Anti-Semitism Initiatives, Deborah Cohen, Assistant Director of Legal Affairs, “RESPONDING to BIGOTRY and INTERGROUP STRIFE on CAMPUS”, ADL, http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/education-outreach/Responding-to-Bigotry-and-Intergroup-Strife-on-Campus.pdf~-~-ghs//sk)
To place an outright ban on certain speech would be unconstitutional and contrary¶ to
AND
right to criticize an article or the decisions made¶ by newspaper staff.

It competes – they defend allowing all journalist speech, but we PIC out of things like outright racist articles and racist cartoons.
Solves the aff – the CP can establish comprehensive definitions, acquittal procedures, and student-faculty panels – key to reversing hateful ideology and empowering excluded groups

J. Peter Byrne 91 Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center., “Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University,” 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
Disciplinary rules are the least effective way that a university can enhance¶ the quality
AND
the¶ educational environment for blameless students against wanton and hurtful¶ ranting.

Here’s a definition of bigoted speech- it’s very clear which solves their censorship/ vagueness arguments

 
J. Peter Byrne 91 Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center., “Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University,” 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
This article examines the constitutionality of university prohibitions of public expression that insults members of
AND
fears and prejudices rather than to respect for others and informed judgment.3

Racist newspaper cartoons in colleges are often portrayed as isolated incidents and never results in meaningful conversations, it also undermines academic performance- TURNS their censorship arguments like Alexander because it proves that there’s no conversations sparked from racist cartoons that the CP would get rid of- ALSO TURNS civic engagement because students don’t engage if they feel disrespected and not wanted academically

Gallagher ’15 (Dana, November 18th, writer at the College Voice, Connecticut College’s Student Newspaper, “Racist Caricature in Student Journalism”, The College Voice, http://thecollegevoice.org/2015/11/18/racist-caricature-in-student-journalism/~-~-ghs//sk)
On Oct. 23, SUNY Plattsburgh’s student-run newspaper, The Cardinal Points
AND
college experiences, we must first accept the vulnerabilities that our history entails.

Public hate and hate speech inflicts psychological violence across multiple generations and millennia – also justifies mass oppression and primes society for genocide

 
Delgado and Stefacic ’09, Richard Delgado - University Professor, Seattle University School of Law; J.D., 1974, University of California, Berkeley. Jean Stefancic – Research Professor, Seattle University School of Law; M.A., 1989, University of San Francisco. “FOUR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT HATE SPEECH.” WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW. 2009. http://wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delgado_LawReview_01.09.pdf, ghsBZ
II. OBSERVATION NUMBER TWO: THE EVALUATION OF HARMS HAS BEEN INCOMPLETE One way
AND
at odds with the underlying rationales of a system of free expression.111

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mountain View VP | Judge: Nigel Ward

CP Text: Public colleges and universities in the United States should remove all restrictions on constitutionally protected free speech but ban the usage of all racial insults, including those not protected by the First Amendment. Racial insults pose a direct threat to the oppressed. Banning it is necessary to promote inclusiveness.

J. Peter Byrne 91 Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center., Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University, 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
This article examines the constitutionality of university prohibitions of public expression that insults members of
AND
fears and prejudices rather than to respect for others and informed judgment.3

Solves the aff – racial insults have no truth value but to derogate victims and undercut academic accessibility- takes out all your cards about free speech being necessary to activism since racial insults have literally 0 value

 
J. Peter Byrne 91 Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center., Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University, 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
The university's first commitment is to truth. As argued above, the uni-
AND
means, for rational argument always has a privileged place in the university.

Racial insults inflict transgenerational psychological violence, create physical degeneration, and maintain cycles of poverty

 
Richard Delgado 82 J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School., “WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
American society remains deeply afflicted by racism. Long before slavery became the mainstay of
AND
other prac- tices which determine the distribution of social benefits and responsibilities. 

Laws prohibiting racial insults establish public norms and check prejudice – the aff allows rampant racial insults that perpetuate stereotyping and reinforce racist mindsets

Richard Delgado 82 J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School., “WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
Unlike most of the actions for which tort law provides redress to the victim,
AND
racial slurs is a promis- ing vehicle for the eradication of racism.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Brentwood RY | Judge: Karen Qi, Rodrigo Paramo, Abbey Chapman

Aff means public colleges and universities shouldn’t restrict revenge porn

Goldberg 16 Erica Goldberg JD, Cardozo, Columbia Law Review Volume 116, No. 3 April 2016 "FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM"
The regulation of revenge porn presents thorny First Amendment issues, even though the speech
AND
threaten to undermine strong free speech protections exceptional to America's free speech regime. 

And–the impacts of revenge porn are horrific

 
Citron 14 Morton and Sophia Macht Professor of Law at the University of Maryland Francis  School of Law, Danielle Keats Citron Mary Anne Franks 2014 "CRIMINALIZING REVENGE PORN" Wake Forest Law Review
Victims’ fear can be profound. They do not feel safe leaving their homes.
AND
sexual activity, whereas men’s sexual activity is generally a point of pride. 

Our uniqueness is incredible–BIPARTISAN revenge porn legislation on college campuses is coming now

 
Jamaal Abdul-Alim  16Reporter, “Colleges may get Help Fighting Revenge porn,” Diverseeducation.com, 3 October 2016. RFK
A proposed law that would punish people who publish “revenge porn” online will
AND
-only Facebook page to post photos of nude women who were passed out

Tournament: Kandi King RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IP | Judge: Alston, Amit Kukreja, Chris Vincent

BIPARTISAN revenge porn legislation on college campuses is coming now

 
Jamaal Abdul-Alim  16Reporter, “Colleges may get Help Fighting Revenge porn,” http://diverseeducation.com/article/87594/, 3 October 2016. RFK
A proposed law that would punish people who publish “revenge porn” online will
AND
-only Facebook page to post photos of nude women who were passed out

Aff means public colleges and universities shouldn’t restrict revenge porn

Goldberg 16 Erica Goldberg JD, Cardozo, "FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM,” Columbia Law Review Volume 116, No. 3 April 2016 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2645869, RFK
The regulation of revenge porn presents thorny First Amendment issues, even though the speech
AND
threaten to undermine strong free speech protections exceptional to America's free speech regime. 

Revenge porn replicates patriarchal violence against women and silences people in educational spaces

 
Flynn et al 16, Dr Asher Flynn, Dr Nicola Henry and Dr Anastasia Powell, “More than Revenge: Addressing the Harms of Revenge Pornography,” Report of the More than Revenge Roundtable Hosted by Monash University, La Trobe University and RMIT University, Monday 22 February 2016, http://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/728794/More-than-Revenge-Final-Report-Nicola-Henry.pdf, ghsBZ
Fighting Revenge Pornography in the United States Professor Mary Anne Franks Professor Franks’ presentation highlight
AND
sexual activity and the minimising and trivialising of this form of sexual violence.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Finals | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Elijah Smith, Rodrigo Paramo, Travis Fife

CP- Public colleges and universities in the United States should not restrict constitutionally protected speech to free speech zones and create subaltern counterpublics where white students are not allowed to speak.
These spaces allow for undercommons discourse that can take place free of whiteness so revolutionary discourse does not get coopted.

Nancy Frasier 90, American critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and professor of philosophy at The New School in New York City, “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text- Duke University Press No. 25/26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/466240 . pp 66-68
This argument gains additional support from the revisionist historiography of the public sphere, up
AND
unjust participatory privileges enjoyed by members of dominant social groups in stratified societies. 

The net benefit is avoiding white cooption of discourse–dominant codes of speech are used in the academy which excludes minority from the conversation even if there is free speech –we need a safe space for subaltern voices

 
White and Lowenthal 11, John W. White Professor of English Education, University of North Florida and Patrick R.Lowenthal Associate Professor Department of Educational Technology Boise State University Boise “Academic Discourse and Formation of an Academic Identity: Minority College students and the Hidden Curriculum”, The Review of Higher Education, Volume 34, Number 2, Winter 2011. RFK
Not only do students face new and tougher academic demands at the college level,
AND
in cultural values (Corson, 2001; Ogbu, 1987, 2004).

AND- their notion of neoliberalism cannot not account for anti-blackness–black is the absence of value white sympolizes the totality of value there analysis fails an entire segment of the world which is the black – that means the dialogue in the world off the aff can’t resolve neoliberalism because it doesn’t account for anti-blackness which is WHY we need subaltern spaces

 
BARRETT 01PROF OF African American Studies U of Cal 2k1                                                 Lindon; “Blackness and Value”
African Americans, in sum, remain the negative resource of valuable white Americans.
AND
boundary symbolized in terms of skin complexion as the immanent and singular issue.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart DD | Judge: Jharick Shields

CP- Public colleges and universities in the United States ought to maintain subaltern counterpublics where white students are not allowed to speak, but remove all other restrictions on constitutionally protected speech.
Counter-publics exist in the status quo on college campuses – the aff removes spaces that allow for undercommons discourse by guaranteeing free speech in all places on campus

Counterpublic.com 12 , "Examples of Counterpublics in Higher Education," Qualitative Counterpublics in Higher Education, 10-25-2012, https://counterpublic.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/examples-of-counterpublics-in-higher-education/, ghsBZ
In our last blogpost we  explored the term “subaltern counterpublic.” Next we turn
AND
group as such, depending on one’s placement and positionality within the academy). 

Subaltern counterpublic spaces allow spaces for black and brown students to gather, free of whiteness and racist speech but the aff gets rid of these

 
Nancy Frasier 90, American critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and professor of philosophy at The New School in New York City, “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text- Duke University Press No. 25/26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/466240 . pp 66-68
This argument gains additional support from the revisionist historiography of the public sphere, up
AND
unjust participatory privileges enjoyed by members of dominant social groups in stratified societies. 

The net benefit is avoiding white cooption of discourse and dehumanization–dominant codes of speech are used in the academy which excludes minority from the conversation even if there is free speech –we need a safe space for subaltern voices

 
White and Lowenthal 11, John W. White Professor of English Education, University of North Florida and Patrick R.Lowenthal Associate Professor Department of Educational Technology Boise State University Boise “Academic Discourse and Formation of an Academic Identity: Minority College students and the Hidden Curriculum”, The Review of Higher Education, Volume 34, Number 2, Winter 2011. RFK
Not only do students face new and tougher academic demands at the college level,
AND
in cultural values (Corson, 2001; Ogbu, 1987, 2004).

Their presumptions of democratic deliberation presume that the agons exist within a range of ontological equivalency which paves over the fungible body- agonism is really a justification for white over black gratuitous violence, democracy is born through black suffering- TURNS CASE, their educational model is only accessible for whites

 
Brady 12 (Nicholas Brady, activist scholar, executive board member of Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle, BA in philosophy from Johns Hopkins, PhD student at the University of California-Irvine Culture and Theory program, 10-26-12, “The Flesh Grinder: Prosecutorial Discretion and the Terror of Mass Incarceration,” http://academia.edu/2776507/The_Flesh_Grinder_Prosecutorial_Discretion_and_the_Quotidian_Terror_of_Mass_Incarceration) gz
If the prosecutor and the defense attorney are locked in an agonistic sport, the
AND
world between adversaries are secured and produced by the gratuitous violence against blackness.

White supremacy slices through the ability for democracy to be a reality the white angst over simply the alive black body destroys the hope of solvency, white people always break down democratic processes to justify “public safety” repressive actions against black people and increases violence- TURNS CASE

 
Bogado 13 (Aura, The Nation, White Supremacy Acquits George Zimmerman, 7/14/13, http://www.thenation.com/blog/175260/white-supremacy-acquits-george-zimmerman#axzz2Z1gHXtGC)//LA
When Zimmerman was acquitted today, it wasn’t because he’s a so-called white
AND
those strapped with guns and the logic of white supremacy at their side.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edgemont ML | Judge: Robey Holland

Subaltern counterpublics currently allow undercommons discourse to take place free of whiteness so revolutionary discourse does not get coopted

 
Nancy Frasier 90 American critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and professor of philosophy at The New School in New York City, “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text- Duke University Press No. 25/26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/466240 . pp 66-68
This argument gains additional support from the revisionist historiography of the public sphere, up
AND
unjust participatory privileges enjoyed by members of dominant social groups in stratified societies. 

The discourse they advocate for gets coopted–dominant codes of speech are used in the academy which excludes minority from the conversation even if there is free speech –we need a safe space for subaltern voices

 
White and Lowenthal 11, John W. White Professor of English Education, University of North Florida and Patrick R.Lowenthal Associate Professor Department of Educational Technology Boise State University Boise “Academic Discourse and Formation of an Academic Identity: Minority College students and the Hidden Curriculum”, The Review of Higher Education, Volume 34, Number 2, Winter 2011. RFK
Not only do students face new and tougher academic demands at the college level,
AND
in cultural values (Corson, 2001; Ogbu, 1987, 2004).

AND- their notion of neoliberalism cannot not account for anti-blackness–black is the absence of value, white symbolizes the totality of value, their analysis fails an entire segment of the world which is the black – that means the dialogue in the world off the aff can’t resolve neoliberalism because it doesn’t account for anti-blackness which is WHY we need subaltern spaces

 
BARRETT 01 (PROF OF African American Studies U of Cal 2k1 , Lindon; “Blackness and Value”)
African Americans, in sum, remain the negative resource of valuable white Americans.
AND
boundary symbolized in terms of skin complexion as the immanent and singular issue.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake CE | Judge: Calen Smith, Rodrigo Paramo

A Interpretation: The aff must defend that all constitutionally protected speech is unrestricted by public colleges or universities in the United States. To clarify, they can’t defend a unrestricting only a specific type of speech. 

The term “any” in the res is the weak form of “any” -- “not any” statements refer to “all” – this takes into account AFF definitions which assume a strong form of “any” that justifies singular cases====  
Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, Any, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/quantifiers/any., ghsBZ
We use any before nouns to refer to indefinite or unknown quantities or an unlimited
AND
.  No: There are no biscuits left.  They’ve eaten them all.     

B Violation:
C Standards: 

1 Limits voter for advocacy skills==== 

2 Field context – in legal context, multiple court rulings agree “any” means “all”

Elder 91, David S. Elder, October 1991, "Any and All": To Use Or Not To Use?” "Plain Language' is a regular feature of the Michigan Bar Journal, edited by Joseph Kimble for the State Bar Plain English Committee. Assistant editor is George H. Hathaway. Through this column the Committee hopes to promote the use of plain English in the law. Want to contribute a plain English article? Contact Prof. Kimble at Thomas Cooley Law School, P.O. Box 13038, Lansing, MI 48901, http://www.michbar.org/file/generalinfo/plainenglish/pdfs/91_oct.pdf, ghsBZ
The Michigan Supreme Court seemed to approve our dictionary definitions of "any" in
AND
(1991) (quoting Harrington v InterState Men's Accident Ass'n, supra)

voter for real world education

D T is a voting issue

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Palo Alto BH | Judge: Calen Smith, Paras Kumar, Erik Legried

A Interpretation: The Aff must defend implementation of the resolution,” Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.” by public colleges and universities in the US.
Public colleges are institutions of learning that are funded by governments.

 
USLegal: USLegal Site that defines legal terms “Public College Law and Legal Definition.” USLegal. RP
Public college means “any institution of higher education or any technical or vocational school
AND
funds or property derived from a governmental source.”(42 USCS § 2000c)

B Violation:
C Net Benefits:
FIRST IS GROUND AND LIMITS
SECOND IS DELIBERATION -- Debate requires a specific point of difference in order to promote effective exchange—stasis and limits are key to engagement.

Steinberg and Freeley 13, * David, Lecturer in Communicatio22n studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And  Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to social problems

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

Their method is incomplete–conscientization requires praxis, reflection AND action–cannot be purely intellectual like the aff but must give us some way to transform society

 
Tristan McCowan 06, Institute of Education, University College London “Approaching the political in citizenship education: the perspectives of Paulo Freire and Bernard Crick,” Educate, VOl. 6, No. 1, 2006. RFK
The concept used most commonly by Freire in relation to this liberation is conscientization.
AND
access to the truth, even if it is uncomplimentary to the state.

D DTD, voters are advocacy skills and education

Tournament: Kandi King RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood RM | Judge: Hertzig, Koshak

A Interpretation: The aff must defend that public colleges and universities in the United States un-restrict all constitutionally protected speech.
B Violation: They defend colleges and universities amending title 9 policy to include sexual harassment- which isn’t constitutionally protected speech
Title 9 just prohibits discrimination based on sex and requires schools to take a stance against this harassment

 
Us department of education (https://ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/title-ix-rights-201104.pdf~-~-ghs//sk)
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (“Title IX”), 20 U.
AND
must be widely distributed and available on¶ an on-going basis.

CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED SPEECH IS THE RIGHT TO NOT BE HINDERED BY THE GOVERNMENT WHEN EXPRESSING YOURSELF- HERE’S SOME SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

 
US COURTS (http://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/what-does~-~-ghs//sk)
Freedom of speech includes the right:¶ Not to speak (specifically, the right
AND
States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990).

HARASSMENT IS NOT CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED SPEECH AND THESE POLICIES AREN’T AIMED AT SPEECH UNLIKE SPEECH CODES–PEOPLE HAVE TRIED TO USE THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO PROTECT IT BECAUSE IT HASN’T WORKED

Marcus 07, Kenneth L  Marcus Lillie and Nathan Ackerman Chair in Equality and Justice in America, Baruch College¶ School of Public Affairs. "Higher Education, Harassment, and First Amendment Opportunism." Wm. and Mary Bill Rts. J. 16 (2007): 1025 RFK)
These incidents highlight a puzzling phenomenon in contemporary constitutional¶ culture. The puzzle has
AND
have been subjected to¶ frequent, intense challenge as of late.37z

C Standards:
1 Limits + Advocacy Skills

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: Trinity Valley BV | Judge: Salas, Marshall, Berdugo

CP Text: The United States ought not engage in the right to housing and should instead aggressively enforce antidiscrimination laws.

Peter D. Salins 98, Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs of the State University of New York, “Comment on Chester Hartman’s “The Case for a right to housing”: Housing is a right? Wrong!”, Housing Policy Debate, 9:2, 1998, ghsBZ
There is a policy alternative to a universal housing entitlement. The most persuasive of
AND
aside their anachronistic aspirations and unrealistic policy nostrums and supported such an effort.

Solves root cause – the problem is with how landlords perceive residents and the CP mandates remedies for discriminatory actions

IWHRC 13, International Women’s Human Rights Clinic, “A Gendered Perspective on the Right to Housing in the United States,” City University of New York School of Law, 2013., ghsBZ
Negative stereotypes against women/women of color/single mothers permeate landlords’ views about
AND
it also triggers a government obligation to provide remedies and prevent further exclusion.

Enforcing discrimination law prevents unfair barriers and provides legal redress

Yager 15, Ingrid Gould Ellen and Jessica Yager, “Race, Poverty, and Federal Rental Housing Policy,” in HUD at 50: Creating Pathways to Opportunity, https://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/HUD_at_50_Ellen_and_Yager.pdf, ghsBZ
In recent years, HUD’s efforts to enforce the antidiscrimination provisions of the act have
AND
that have deferred and derailed too many dreams” (HUD, 2015a).

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hebron AL | Judge: Derek Liles

A The affirmative must guarantee solely the 7 codified standards of the right to housing.
The right to housing includes 7 standards – international law proves

NESRI ’15 (National Economic and Social Rights Initiative, copyright 2015, NESRI works to build a broad movement for economic and social rights, including health, housing, education and work with dignity, advocates for public policies that guarantee the universal and equitable fulfillment of these rights in the United States,“What is the Human Right to Housing?”, https://www.nesri.org/programs/what-is-the-human-right-to-housing~-~-ghs//sk)
¶ What is the Human Right to Housing?¶ ¶ Everyone has a fundamental human
AND
, and issuing general comments about the treaties or specific rights contained therein.

B Violations:
Standards:
1 Limits- advocacy skills

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Central DP | Judge: Robey Holland

The right to housing only gives people 2 choices- conform to the government’s standards for “normal” or experience lack of sufficient aid and governmental subjugation

 
Fritz ’09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean
AND
10.1353/gso.0.0076--ghssk)
Like the racialized oppositional categories associated with race and ethnicity (whites as industrious and
AND
either by choice or circumstance, might maintain non-traditional households.c

Thus, the alternative is to reject the aff’s intrinsic hegemonic framing to analyze familial constructs in social housing policy

Fritz ’09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean
AND
10.1353/gso.0.0076--ghssk)
It is useful to analyze gender and familial constructs in social policy not only to
AND
will continue to build upon troubling undemocratic gendered and heteronormative practices and ideologies.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Hebron AL | Judge: Derek Liles

To obtain the right to housing, people are forced to adhere to heteronormative conceptions of the “ideal” nuclear family, which ensures discrimination and surveillance against those deemed “deviant”

 
Fritz ’09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean for Faculty Affairs in the School of Professional and Extended Studies, political scientist with over 15 years of experience in the areas of social policy research, anti-poverty advocacy, evaluation, and direct social services. After completing her undergraduate degree she spent one year living and working in a homeless shelter for women and children as part of a volunteer service program. She has worked in a variety of anti-poverty programmatic areas including low-income housing, food security, intimate partner violence, transit equity, public entitlements, and youth development. She wrote her dissertation on the impact of gender and familial ideology on contemporary federal housing policy development in the United States. Her academic research and writing focuses on the intersection of gender, social policy, and political ideology, “Rethinking Gender in U.S. Housing Policy”, The Good Society, Volume 18, Number 2, 2009, pp. 62-68 (Article), Published by Penn State University Press, https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.0.0076~-~-ghs//sk)
Introduction¶ The federal government’s complicity in racial discrimina- tion in the development and
AND
afford to buy into the market—and those who are not.11

The right to housing only gives people 2 choices- conform to the government’s standards for “normal” or experience lack of sufficient aid and governmental subjugation

Fritz ’09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean for Faculty Affairs in the School of Professional and Extended Studies, political scientist with over 15 years of experience in the areas of social policy research, anti-poverty advocacy, evaluation, and direct social services. After completing her undergraduate degree she spent one year living and working in a homeless shelter for women and children as part of a volunteer service program. She has worked in a variety of anti-poverty programmatic areas including low-income housing, food security, intimate partner violence, transit equity, public entitlements, and youth development. She wrote her dissertation on the impact of gender and familial ideology on contemporary federal housing policy development in the United States. Her academic research and writing focuses on the intersection of gender, social policy, and political ideology, “Rethinking Gender in U.S. Housing Policy”, The Good Society, Volume 18, Number 2, 2009, pp. 62-68 (Article), Published by Penn State University Press, https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.0.0076~-~-ghs//sk)
Like the racialized oppositional categories associated with race and ethnicity (whites as industrious and
AND
either by choice or circumstance, might maintain non-traditional households.c

Thus, the alternative is to reject the aff’s intrinsic hegemonic framing to analyze familial constructs in social housing policy

Fritz ’09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean for Faculty Affairs in the School of Professional and Extended Studies, political scientist with over 15 years of experience in the areas of social policy research, anti-poverty advocacy, evaluation, and direct social services. After completing her undergraduate degree she spent one year living and working in a homeless shelter for women and children as part of a volunteer service program. She has worked in a variety of anti-poverty programmatic areas including low-income housing, food security, intimate partner violence, transit equity, public entitlements, and youth development. She wrote her dissertation on the impact of gender and familial ideology on contemporary federal housing policy development in the United States. Her academic research and writing focuses on the intersection of gender, social policy, and political ideology, “Rethinking Gender in U.S. Housing Policy”, The Good Society, Volume 18, Number 2, 2009, pp. 62-68 (Article), Published by Penn State University Press, https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.0.0076~-~-ghs//sk)
It is useful to analyze gender and familial constructs in social policy not only to
AND
will continue to build upon troubling undemocratic gendered and heteronormative practices and ideologies.

The role of the ballot is to question the 1AC’s scholarship prior to the consequences of the plan – this means they do not get to weigh the case – we question their starting point.
The power of anti-blackness lies in the way that culture represents the black subject symbolically and the ways those symbolic representations negatively affect unconscious thoughts and feelings about blackness.

Scott 14 (Darieck, Prof of African Diaspora Studies @ Cal Berkeley 2k10; “Extravagant Abjection: Blackness, Power, and Sexuality in the African American Literary Imagination” pgs.)
The figure of the Negro, Fanon says, is “woven . . .
AND
a past as future anterior under and over a future as past posterior.

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: Trinity Valley BV | Judge: Salas, Marshall, Berdugo

US housing bubble is on the brink – mortgage rates will be the deciding factor but it’s steady now

Alessandro Bruno 17 , "U.S Housing Bubble 2017 Is No Black Swan because It's Predictable," Lombardi Letter, 3-2-2017, https://www.lombardiletter.com/u-s-housing-bubble-2017/8112/, ghsBZ
Ignoring the Past is leading to the Bursting of the U.S. Housing
AND
the prospect of higher mortgage interest beckons is a crisis waiting to happen.

Housing subsidies inflate mortgage rates and overconsumption – status quo key to stable economic growth

Acharya et al 11, Viral V. Acharya, Matthew P. Richardson, Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh and Lawrence J. White professors at the New York University Stern School of Business and the authors of “Guaranteed to Fail: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Debacle of Mortgage Finance.”, "Why We Should End Homeownership Subsidies," New York Times, 8-16-2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/17/opinion/why-we-should-end-homeownership-subsidies.html, ghsBZ
THE United States spends more than $100 billion annually to subsidize homeowners. Renters
AND
and stimulate growth and will make a real contribution to our future prosperity.

Housing market crash would create further wealth inequality and cause another global recession – 2008 proves

Amir Sufi 16 , "Why the Housing Bubble Tanked the Economy And the Tech Bubble Didn’t," FiveThirtyEight, 3-15-2016, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-the-housing-bubble-tanked-the-economy-and-the-tech-bubble-didnt/, ghsBZ
In 2000, the dot-com bubble burst, destroying $6.2
AND
beginning to understand that wealth inequality is crucial for understanding the broader economy.

Bursting the housing bubble causes tons of people to be homeless and cycles of poverty – turns case and outweighs

Dawn Foster 16 , "Housing blew up the global economy in 2008 and we learned nothing," Guardian, 1-29-2016, https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2016/jan/29/housing-global-economy-2008-the-big-short-financial-crash, ghsBZ
Housing blew up the global economy in 2008 and we learned nothing Five years ago
AND
and lack of access to social housing puts many households in financial precarity.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Central DP | Judge: Robey Holland

I value morality because the word “ought” implies moral obligation.
Utilitarianism is the only moral calculus available for governments.

Robert E. Robert Goodin, professor of government and philosophy, explains professor of government at the University of Essex, and professor of philosophy and social and political theory at Australian National University, “Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy”, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, May 1995, BE
Consider, first, the argument from necessity. Public officials are obliged to make
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.

Thus, the value criterion is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer this for two additional reasons:
1 We naturally want to make the world better and make decisions based on the consequences of our actions. Thus, you should intrinsically default to my value criterion.

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, specialist in ethical and legal philosophy, elaborates American philosopher. He specializes in ethics, epistemology, and more recently in neuroethics, the philosophy of law, and the philosophy of cognitive science, "Consequentialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed), BE
Even if consequentialists can accommodate or explain away common moral intuitions, that might seem
AND
to determine what is morally right or wrong, just as consequentialists claim.

2 Our brain instinctively tells us that pain is bad and pleasure is good. Non-natural moral facts are inapplicable to the real world and inaccessible to our thoughts

David Papineau, Cambridge philosopher, explains – (David David Papineau is an academic philosopher. He works as Professor of Philosophy of Science at King's College London, having previously taught for several years at Cambridge University and been a fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge, “Naturalism”. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/ 2007) GHSGB
Moore took this argument to show that moral facts comprise a distinct species of non
AND
it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them.

Contention 1 – guaranteeing the right to housing requires billions of dollars, which mandates budget cuts in soft areas like social security and healthcare insurance, sinking millions into poverty
The aff’s guarantee of housing increases subsidies by billions – there’s no way to fulfill the right to housing without massive spending

Clark 16, Patrick Clark (news, political analysis, commentary) 7-26-2016, "Why It’s So Hard to Build Affordable Housing: It’s Not Affordable," Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-26/why-it-s-so-hard-to-build-affordable-housing-it-s-not-affordable//ghs-mr
A real estate developer wanted to increase affordable housing in Denver, trying to make
AND
National Review Institute. "That's basically how housing markets have always worked."

Increases in federal spending mandates budget tradeoffs

Sange 11, Sange, Alexandra. "House Passes New Rules For The 112th Congress." National association of community health centers. January 18, 2011. Web. February 07, 2017. http://blogs.nachc.com/washington/house-passes-new-rules-for-the-112th-congress//ghs-mr
As a part of the transition to the new Congress, the House of Representatives
AND
rule increases in revenue cannot be used to offset increases in mandatory spending.

Congress will cut soft areas first – social security, healthcare insurance, and education would be the first to go

Marans 16 Daniel Marans (general assignment reporter with a focus on politics and economic policy.), 12-9-2016, "Top House Republican Unveils Plan To Gut Social Security, “Huffington Post,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/top-house-republican-social-security-cuts_us_584b1bb8e4b0e05aded3ff3c//ghs-mr
WASHINGTON ― President-elect Donald Trump distinguished himself on the campaign trail as the
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will fight any plan to replace Medicare with a voucher,” he added.

Maintaining current social security programs key to keeping millions of senior citizens and minority populations out of poverty – turns case and outweighs on magnitude

CBPP 16, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, By, 10-25-2016, "Social Security Keeps 22 Million Americans Out of Poverty: A State-By-State Analysis," Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, http://www.cbpp.org/research/social-security/social-security-keeps-22-million-americans-out-of-poverty-a-state-by-state//ghs-mr
Social Security benefits play a vital role in reducing poverty in every state. WITHOUT
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, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Manuel Smith

Courts have heavy burdens now and are on the brink—one big push causes collapse of the judiciary and democracy.

 
Bannon 13 (Alicia Bannon, serves as counsel for the Brennan Center’s Democracy Program, where her work focuses on judicial selection and promoting fair and impartial courts. Ms. Bannon also previously served as a Liman Fellow and Counsel in the Brennan Center’s Justice Program. J.D. from Yale Law School in 2007, where she was a Comments Editor of the Yale Law Journal, “Testimony: More Judges Needed in Federal Courts,” September 10, 2013, http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/testimony-federal-courts-need-more-judges)//ghs-VA
While the current high level of judicial vacancies partially explains this high per-judge
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2013, so as to ensure the continued vitality of our federal courts.

Qualified immunity was created to PREVENT frivolous litigation. Aff limits that and prompts court clog

Mary Ellen Maatman 84 Professor of Law at Delaware Law School; B.A. from Swarthmmore College and a J.D. from University of Pennsylvania Law School, "Harlow v. Fitzgerald: The Lower Courts Implement the New Standard for Qualified Immunity Under Section 1983," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Volume 132, 1984, GUMM
In addition to furthering the public interest by facilitating effective¶ government through unhampered decisionmaking
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" of such cases that followed Monroe¶ v. Pape.7 5

QI prevents frivolous lawsuits

John P. Taddei 12 J.D. Northwestern University School of Law, "Beyond Absolute Immunity: Alternative Protections for Prosecutors Against Ulitmate Liability for 1983 Suits," Northwestern University Law Review, Volume 106, Number 4, 2012, GUMM
The Court itself has acknowledged that qualified immunity is adequate¶ to protect an official
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¶ to take a step back from a regime of absolute prosecutorial immunity.

Federal court clog causes collapses the federal judiciary – overburdens dockets, expansion can't keep pace

Oakley 96 (John B. Oakley, Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus US Davis School of Law, 1996 The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation)ghs-VA
Personal effects: The hidden costs of greater workloads. The hallmark of federal justice
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would raise the most serious questions of the future course of the nation.

Separation of power solves unaccountable decisions to go to war – causes mass death

Adler 96 (David, professor of political science at Idaho State, The Constitution and Conduct of American Foreign Policy, p. 23-25)ghs-VA
The structure of shared powers in foreign relations serves to deter the abuse of power
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in comparison to those of the American people and their representatives in Congress.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Ashland CB | Judge: Robey Holland

Federal Courts are at risk of case overload – dockets are full – expansion risks patent protections, U.S. economic decline, and judicial ineffectiveness that turns the entire aff

Clark ’15 (“Federal Court Caseloads Threaten Constitutional Protections,” pg online @ https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2015/mar/4/federal-court-caseloads-threaten-constitutional-protections/ ghs-ef)
Civil and criminal case filings in federal courts have grown dramatically over the past two
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to address increasing federal court caseloads and the need to fill judicial vacancies?

Limiting qualified immunity floods courts with frivolous litigation that takes years to resolve – empirically proven by historical precedents and case studies

David L Noll 08, "Qualified Immunity in Limbo: Rights, Procedure, and the Social Costs of Damages Litigation Against Public Officials." NYUL Rev. 83 (2008): 911, ghsBZ
Damages claims against public officials give rise to unique proce- dural problems. Consider
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undoubtedly affected the development of the modern quali- fied immunity doctrine.53

Federal court clog causes collapses the federal judiciary – overburdens dockets, expansion can't keep pace

Oakley 96 (John B. Oakley, Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus US Davis School of Law, 1996 The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation)ghs-VA
Personal effects: The hidden costs of greater workloads. The hallmark of federal justice
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would raise the most serious questions of the future course of the nation.

Separation of power solves unaccountable decisions to go to war – causes mass death

Adler 96 (David, professor of political science at Idaho State, The Constitution and Conduct of American Foreign Policy, p. 23-25)ghs-VA
The structure of shared powers in foreign relations serves to deter the abuse of power
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in comparison to those of the American people and their representatives in Congress.

Mandatory sequencing makes trials inefficient and pushes courts to invest already-limited resources – results in bad laws and insufficient rights evaluations

Nancy Leong 09 Research Scholar, Georgetown University Law Center, J.D., Stanford Law School, "The Saucier Qualified Immunity Experiment: An Empirical Analysis," Pepperdine Law Review, Volume 36, Issue 3, Article 1, April 20, 2009, GUMM
Mandatory sequencing also engenders a host of undesirable practical¶ consequences, not least the
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forced to make law under¶ conditions of constrained resources and insufficient briefing.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood KR | Judge: Carlos Taylor

Uniqueness - the Court avoids issue creation by requiring litigants to strictly adhere to the unique facts of cases

Baird and Jacobi, 09 - *Associate Professor of Political Science at UC-Boulder AND Professor of Law at Northwestern (Vanessa and Tonja, “HOW THE DISSENT BECOMES THE MAJORITY: USING FEDERALISM TO TRANSFORM COALITIONS IN THE U.S. SUPREME COURT,” 59 Duke L.J. 183, November, lexis)
But why do Justices need to signal for cases in the future? If the
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Justices to persuade their previously unsympathetic colleagues to join them in their opinion.

The plan decides the case in advance of the arguments presented from the facts of a specific controversy – this crushes the rule of law

Colbert, 06 – professor of law at the University of Maryland (Douglas, “Coming Soon to a Court Near You - Convicting the Unrepresented at the Bail Stage: An Autopsy of a State High Court's Sua Sponte* Rejection of Indigent Defendants' Right to Counsel,” 36 Seton Hall L. Rev. 653, lexis)
Even then, an activist court's readiness to decide a question not briefed or fully
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be followed if sufficiently persuasive but which are not controlling.'" n249

This destroys the sua sponte doctrine and uniquely wrecks court legitimacy

Epstein, 98 - professor of political science and professor of law at Washington University (Lee, The Choices Justicies Make, p. 160-161)
This story suggests that a particular version of the sua sponte doctrine, namely the
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Court erodes its credibility and trespasses on the soul of the adversarial system.

Loss of legitimacy prevents court from checking military, ensuring nuclear war.

Kellman 89, prof of law @ DePaul, 1989 (Barry Kellman, prof of law @ DePaul, Dec 1989, “JUDICIAL ABDICATION OF MILITARY TORT ACCOUNTABILITY: BUT WHO IS TO GUARD THE GUARDS THEMSELVES?” 1989 Duke L.J. 1597)
In this era of thermonuclear weapons, America must uphold its historical commitment to be
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recognizable in a millennium ushered in under the mushroom cloud of thermonuclear holocaust.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington AB | Judge: Manuel Smith

A Interpretation: The affirmative must defend the reduction of qualified immunity for police officers. To clarify, they may not defend the abolishment of qualified immunity. Limit means to reduce:

Oxford Learner’s Dictionariesworld’s largest repository of information about the English language, Oxford Dictionaries is part of Oxford University Press (OUP), a department of the University of Oxford. A global organization, covering major languages such as English, Chinese, Arabic, Spanish, French, and Portuguese, and less widely spoken ones such as isiZulu and Malay, “Limit,” http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/limit_2, ghsBZ
to restrict or reduce the amount of something that you or somebody can have or use

C Standards:
1 Limits 2 Field Context – specifically in a constitutional and legal context, limitations require restriction of the law – government debates are about restrictions and modifications on current programs not complete elimination

Brian Tamanaha 07William Gardiner Hammond Professor of Law, renowned jurisprudence and law and society scholar, and the author of eight books and numerous scholarly articles “A CONCISE GUIDE TO THE RULE OF LAW,” ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, LEGAL STUDIES RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, SEPTEMBER 2007, http://content.csbs.utah.edu/~dlevin/conlaw/tamanaha-rule-of-law.pdf, ghsBZ
The second type of legal restraint imposes restrictions on the law itself, erecting limitations
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unilaterally alter. These heightened hurdles enhance the efficacy of the legal limits.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Courtney Coffman, Mike Bietz

The world will remain addicted to fossil fuels until 2040

Klare 8/16/16 (Michael is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and the author, most recently, of The Race for What's Left, “This Dinosaur Isn't Going Extinct Anytime Soon” Mother Jones, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/07/fossil-fuels-increasing-climate-change//GHS-SG)
And here's the bad news: The consumption of oil, coal, and natural
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that natural gas provides a "bridge" to a green energy future.

Investment in Fossil Fuels has created a carbon bubble, Transitioning to renewables collapse the bubble

Baxter 15 (Cindy is a journalist for the Green Political Foundation covering economics, 11/18/15, “Profitability: Deflating the carbon bubble” Green Political Foundation, https://www.boell.de/en/2015/11/09/profitability-deflating-carbon-bubble//GHS-SG)
Policy decisions and lower market prices for energy, partly as a result of advances
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and renewables would be long in coming, if they arrived at all.

Popping the bubble collapse the global economy

Carrington 13 (Damian is the head of environment at the Guardian, 4/18/13, “Carbon bubble will plunge the world into another financial crisis – report” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/19/carbon-bubble-financial-crash-crisis?0p19G=c//GHS-SG)
The world could be heading for a major economic crisis as stock markets inflate an
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2015, "it will be too late for them to take action."

JAPAN’S ECON IS TIED TO THE GLOBAL ECON- PAST RECESSIONS PROVE AND IT’S THE 2ND LARGEST ECONOMY

Fackler ’08 (Martin, 11/16, staffwriter ny times econ, “Japan’s Economy, World’s Second Largest, Is in Recession”, NY Times World Business, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/worldbusiness/17yen.html?_r=0~-~-ghs//sk)
TOKYO — Japan, the world’s second-largest economy, has officially slipped into
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even during its long growth cycle that extended from 2002 until this year.

Econ decline causes poverty and income inequality- increases structural violence, DA turns case

 
Jurek ’11 (A, 9/16, “Economic Decline Brings Rising Poverty Rates and Growing Income Inequality”, http://blogcritics.org/economic-decline-brings-rising-poverty-rates/~-~-ghs//sk)
The latest numbers from the Census Bureau show growing poverty and third-world-
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while the EITC would lift 5.4 million people out of poverty.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Calen Martin, Scott Phillips, Eric Melin

Japanese plutonium stockpiles fuel instability and prolif in japan

Shaun Burnie et al 16, Frank Barnaby, with Tom Clements, Aileen Mioko Smith and Kendra Ulrich “Nuclear Proliferation in Plain Sight: Japan’s Plutonium Fuel Cycle–A Technical and Economic Failure But a Strategic Success”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, 1 March 2016, BE
Five years after the March 11th 2011 earthquake and tsunami destroyed four reactors at the
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time for a rethink, long past, is more urgent than ever.

Japan’s stockpile makes China question its intentions and sets a harmful international precedent—using that plutonium on NUCLEAR POWER and not letting it stockpile is KEY to solve China relations and stop the spread of nuclear weapons globally.

Seth Baum 15, Executive Director, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute “Japan should restart more nuclear power plants”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 2015, BE
No accounting of nuclear power risks would be complete without considering the possibility that it
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and set a good example, helping to decrease global nuclear weapons risk.

Tensions in the region boil over—China fear of Japan incentivizes nuclear attacks as a means of intimidation—that draws in the US and causes nuclear war.

Robert Ayson 14 – Victoria University of Wellington Desmond Ball – Australian National University, “Escalation in North Asia: A Strategic Challenge for Australia”, Australian National University, November 2014, BE
A number of near misses in the last year and a half have illustrated the
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based nuclear systems. This is also a perverse incentive to nuclear escalation.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Semis | Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Cameron McConway, Aisha Bawany, Kim Hsun

Only nuclear desalination from nuclear power solves water shortages in developing countries with limited infrastructure and grids

IAEA 7 “Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
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figures.¶These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

Desalination is k2 provide for the world’s growing water demands

Johnston ’15 (Chris, mAY 27TH, staffwriter the guardian on global issues, “Desalination: the quest to quench the world's thirst for water”, Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/27/desalination-quest-quench-worlds-thirst-water~-~-ghs//sk)
The average Briton uses 150 litres of water a day; the average American gets
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to be seen whether technological advances will be able to meet the demand.

Water shortages in developing countries reinforces poverty, famine, and structural violence – also independently the worse impact because it prevents any further progress

Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb is a Fellow of the Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. He is former Director, National Awareness for CSIRO and Science Editor of The Australian newspaper. He was national foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators (ASC), president of the National Rural and Resources Press Club, a member of CSIRO advisory committees for agriculture, fisheries and entomology.  He has served as a Director of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Crawford Fund, the Secretariat for International Landcare, CSIRO Publishing, the Australian Minerals and Energy Environment Foundation and the National Science and Technology Centre, Questacon. He was the creator of “Future Harvest” the global public awareness campaign for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Cribb, Julian. “Coming Famine : The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It.” Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press, 2010. 15-6. ebrary collections. Ghs-kw)
Some observers also claim a link between food insecurity and terrorism, pointing out that
AND
donors may unintentionally have laid the foundation for future government failure and conflict.

Water wars cause terror- controls internal link to their impact

Goldenberg ’14 (Suzanne, Feb 8th, US environment correspondent of the Guardian and is based in Washington DC. She has won several awards for her work in the Middle East, and in 2003 covered the US invasion of Iraq from Baghdad. She is author of Madam President, about Hillary Clinton's historic run for White House, “Why global water shortages pose threat of terror and war”, Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/global-water-shortages-threat-terror-war~-~-ghs//sk)
The US security establishment is already warning of potential conflicts – including terror attacks –
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water but we have far fewer tools at the sub-national level."

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Doubles | Opponent: North Hollywood JS | Judge: Travis Fife, Mike Shackelford, Zane Miller

South Africa is planning to build nuclear desalination plants in the status quo.

 
WDR: Water Desalination and Reuse Organization that writes about water crises “South Africa's Cape ponders desalination as water crisis grips.” November 2015. RP

The provincial government of South Africa's Western Cape is looking to water reclamation and seawater
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it is amazing that we are not doing it here," she said.

Nuclear power in South Africa is key to fresh water – staves off poverty

EN: Eyewitness News News source “SA has to build nuclear power stations due to lack of water.” Eyewitness News, 2016. RP
CAPE TOWN - Minister of Energy Tina Joemat-Pettersson says South Africa has to
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renewable energy cannot provide sufficient baseload supplies to support the industrialisation of the country

South African drought affects nearly 30 million – destroys value to life and kills many people.

Chutel: Chutel, Lindsey Contributor, Physics.org “South Africa: Drought leads to failed crops, water shortages.” Physics.org, January 2016. RP

The main street of this dusty South African town is lined with empty buckets,
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of water to each of Senekal's 8,000 households at no cost.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Albuquerque HB | Judge: Aisha Bawany

1 Epistemology: The 1AC places indigenous groups as completely different from the Western, white norm. By grouping them as all related to Western thought in this way it essentialises and homogenizes them, reifying hierarchal colonialism

  
Andersen ‘09
(Chris, Prof. PHD, Native Studies @ Alberta, “critical indigenous studies From Difference to Density” Cultural Studies Review 15 (2) p. 80-84)
In two recent articles,3 American Indian studies professor Duane Champagne challenges ‘Western’
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exists outside the life and reach of contemporary nation-states’ cultural power.

2. Paternalism: The 1AC portrays indigenous groups as incapable of finding their own methods and resistance movements and provides one, blanket solution for all groups- this recreates white saviorism

 
Gover and Walker 92
(Kevin, Prof of Law ASU, Jana L,  ESCAPING ENVIRONMENTAL PATERNALISM: ONE TRIBE'S APPROACH TO DEVELOPING A COMMERCIAL WASTE DISPOSAL PROJECT IN INDIAN COUNTRY http://faculty.virginia.edu/ejus/ESCAPE.htm)
We have been asked to address the issue of environmental racism in the context of
AND
hostility to Indian people that we experience in many Parts Of this country.

The alternative is to reject the 1AC’s homogenization of indigenous groups and the problems they face in favor of acknowledging multiple epistemological views- this makes us aware of the density of indigenous communities

Anderson 9
Chris Andersen Michif (Métis) from western Canada, associate professor in the Faculty of Native Studies @ Alberta ‘9 “critical indigenous studies From Difference to Density” Cultural Studies Review 15 (2) p. 80-84
By way of conclusion, let me offer some thoughts on where my removal of
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the danger of producing a naive, substantialist and ultimately parochial Indigenous studies.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cy- Woods LC | Judge: Jenn Melin, John Sims

Offshore nuclear power plants key to desalination, conventional methods fail

Michael Kanellos 07, Staff Writer at CNET specializing in technology, “A new source of water: Floating nuclear power plants,” 11-21-07, http://www.cnet.com/news/a-new-source-of-water-floating-nuclear-power-plants/.
Channel the heat from power plants to give water to a thristy world. That's
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out of it, but conventional methods are expensive and somewhat time consuming.

And, fossil fuels and other renewables do not solve- floating reactors key

 
Ken Silverstein 07, award-winning journalist who is the editor-in-chief of EnergyBiz Insider, published in more than 100 periodicals, over 20 years experience in energy sector, masters from American University, “Climate Change and Clean Water,” 12-17-07, http://www.energybiz.com/article/07/12/climate-change-and-clean-water?quicktabs_4=2andquicktabs_11=1.
"Desalination is an energy-intensive process," says Meenakshi Jain of CDM and
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and 6,000 megawatts of installed capacity to meet its electricity needs.

Nuclear desalination is critical to solve water crisis

Garry White 09, commodities editor at The Telegraph, “Can nuclear solve the global water crisis?,” 12-20-09, The Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6851983/Can-nuclear-solve-the-global-water-crisis.html.
As the global population expands, demand for water for agriculture and personal use will
AND
. For countries experiencing rapid population growth, it could be a lifesaver.

That solves multiple scenarios for conflict – most likely starting point for war.

Geoffrey Lean 09, environment editor at The Independent, “Water scarcity 'now bigger threat than financial crisis',” 3-15-09, The Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/water-scarcity-now-bigger-threat-than-financial-crisis-1645358.html.
Humanity is facing "water bankruptcy" as a result of a crisis even greater
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likely to "increase the risk of major national and international security threats".

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Calen Martin, Scott Phillips, Eric Melin

Nuclear power solves greenhouse emissions now and in the future – projections show it prevents almost half of the CO2 necessary to trigger runaway warming

Kharecha and Hansen 13, *bracketed for clarity- “coal plant”, Pushker A. Kharecha* and James E. Hansen NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University Earth Institute, “Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power,” American Chemical Society, Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, ghsBZ
We calculate that world nuclear power generation prevented an average of 64 gigatonnes of CO2
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efficiency improvements and renewables, in the near-term global energy supply.

Japan is the perfect example—if the ban is continued, they WILL shift to coal—that’s the long term plan.

Andrew Follett 16 Energy and Environmental Reporter, “The End Of Nuclear Power In Japan Is Bringing Back Coal”, Daily Caller, 13 Jun 2016, BE
An analysis published Monday by Bloomberg states that coal power will become the largest source
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rate-payers, triggering complaints that poor households are subsidizing the affluent.

Coal replacement magnifies greenhouse gas emissions twenty times causing cancer and mass death- this evidence is Japan specific, and there’s less likelihood of a nuclear accident there

 
Baum ’15 (Seth, Oct 20th, executive director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, a nonprofit think tank that Baum co-founded in 2011. Baum’s research focuses on risk, ethics, and policy questions about major threats to human civilization, including nuclear war, global warming, and emerging technologies., “Japan should restart more nuclear power plants”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/japan-should-restart-more-nuclear-power-plants8817~-~-ghs//sk)
In August, a Japanese utility company restarted the Sendai nuclear power plant, sparking
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would be the best current energy option for Japan and for the world.

Coal ash is more radioactive than nuclear waste.

Mara Hvistendahl 7 American writer. Her book Unnatural Selection was a finalist for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction “Coal Ash Is More Radioactive Than Nuclear Waste”, Scientific American, 13 Dec 2007, BE
Over the past few decades, however, a series of studies has called these
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one in 10 million to one in a hundred million for coal plants.

That goes global- Japan is THE top exporter for coal and it’s their long term plan without nuclear power

 
Dixon ’15 (Darius, 8/12, energy reporter for POLITICO Pro. He covers the Department of Energy, nuclear power and the electric grid. For ClimateWire, he covered energy technology, engineering alum of Carnegie Mellon and the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, earning two master's degrees from the latter. Dixon’s master’s degrees are in materials science and geology, which he earned by studying radioactive waste — crossing the country twice and traveling the Ring Road of Iceland. To spice things up, he applied to the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and, yes, completed another master's, “How Japan pushes coal on the world”, Politico- The Agenda, http://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/08/japan-exporting-coal-plants-000195~-~-ghs//sk)
To many in the energy and climate world, however, Japan’s nuclear issue is
AND
, NRDC’s director of international programs, who worked on the joint report.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cy- Fair TW | Judge: Lee Quinn

Shutdown of nuclear power creates a shift to renewables
AND- Renewables are the SINGLE BIGGEST DRIVER of African land grab

Schneider and Sorman 12, “Energy Transitions and the Global Land Rush: Ultimate Drivers and Persistent Consequences,” Elsevier Vol. 22 Issue 3, August 2012.
While the recent emergence of a global land rush has initiated large debates and conflicts
AND
long-term consequences for land use and struggles over access to land.

Huge multinational energy corporations are grabbing land in Africa for the renewables industry–usually through corruption

Mulubrhan Balehegn 15, is an assistant professor at the Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences at Mekelle University, Ethiopia, “Unintended Consequences: The Ecological Repercussions of Land Grabbing in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Environment Magazine, 2015.
Recently, the world has witnessed a colonial-like rush and scramble for farmlands
AND
) reached 45 million hectares in the years between 2002 and 2009.3

These land deals are HORRIBLE–they’re corrupt, threaten food security, screw over farmers, and are a form of neo-colonialism

Roy Laishley 14, Africa Renewal, Kenya, “Is Africa’s land up for grabs?” Africa Renewal: Special Edition on Agriculture 2014.
The outcries reflect the continuing impact of the continent’s history, when as recently as
AND
thousands of hectares of farmland are sometimes just three or four pages long.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cy-Woods LC | Judge: Greg Malis, Greg Achten, Jeremy Rosen

All US Navy attack submarines are nuclear-powered – key to check growing Russia tensions

Eric Schmitt 16 senior writer who covers terrorism and national security issues for The New York Times. Since 2007, he has reported on terrorism issues, including assignments to Pakistan, Afghanistan, North Africa and Southeast Asia. He is the co-author, with The Times’s Thom Shanker, of "Counterstrike: The Untold Story of America’s Campaign Against Al Qaeda,” "Russia Bolsters Its Submarine Fleet, and Tensions With U.S. Rise," New York Times, 4-20-2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/21/world/europe/russia-bolsters-submarine-fleet-and-tensions-with-us-rise.html?_r=2, ghsBZ
NAPLES, Italy — Russian attack submarines, the most in two decades, are
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to deploy far from American shores, remain superior to their Russian counterparts. 

US navy submarines are key to US naval power

Cropsey 15 Seth Cropsey, 09/11/15 "China, Russia Are Challenging Our Navy: Is Our Submarine Program Prepared?," No Publication, http://www.hudson.org/research/11630-china-russia-are-challenging-our-navy-is-our-submarine-program-prepared//GHS-MR
American naval power is being challenged. China’s operations near the Arctic, Russia’s attempted
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submarines require to continue their role as a critical element of American seapower.

Naval power is key for deterrence, controlling crises, and US projection of power

NOAA 98, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Military Sealift Command, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "The Oceans and National Security," The Oceans and National Security, xx-xx-xxxx, http://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/nat_sec_316.html, ghsBZ
The role of naval power in U.S. military strategy is in transition
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seas is a fundamental condition for global peace, security, and prosperity.

US leadership solves global nuclear war and proliferation

Khalilzad 95 Defense Analyst at RAND, (Zalmay, “Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold War” The Washington Quarterly, RETHINKING GRAND STRATEGY; Vol. 18, No. 2; Pg. 84)
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and
AND
to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Finals | Opponent: Woodlands JZ | Judge: Cameron McConway, Kim Hsun, Kris Wright

Plan text: Countries ought to prohibit land-based nuclear power plants and dispose of waste in the seabed.
The CP advocates for floating power plants – it solves for the aff’s harms but keep the unique benefits of nuclear power.
Floating nuclear reactors solve for the aff’s harms: they avoid meltdown disasters, health risks to local populations, escape of waste, high costs, etc.

David Chandler ‘14 writer for MIT News, “Floating nuclear plants could ride out tsunamis,” MIT News, April 16, 2014, GHSRG
When an earthquake and tsunami struck the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant complex in 2011,
AND
the authors have the answers to each question and the answers are realistic.”

Using subsea burial will solve the problem of disposing with nuclear waste.

 
Hollister ‘97 (Charles D. Hollister and Steven Nadis, “Burial of Radioactive Waste under the Seabed,” Scientific American, , 1997, https://www.uvm.edu/~pbierman/classes/gradsem/2008/radwaste.pdf)
What is more, the clay-rich muds that would entomb the radioactive materials
AND
), who conceived of the idea of sub-seabed disposal in 1973.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker EM | Judge: Jeremy Rosen

CP text: Countries should prohibit the production of nuclear power using non-modular power plants over 1000 megawatts in size.
The CP PIC’s out of small modular reactors – it’s plan minus and solves the aff’s harms.
SMR’s create safer, cleaner energy and have high potential for smaller developing countries

Rosner and Goldberg 11, Robert Rosner and Stephen Goldberg, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.,” Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, ghsBZ
Nuclear power occupies a unique position in the debate over global climate change as the
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analysis would be done shortly that will address the relative competitiveness of SMRs.

The CP PIC’s out of small modular reactors – it’s plan minus and solves the aff’s harms.
SMRs solve case and warming – they’re cheaper, easier and faster to make, more resistant to prolif, meltdowns, and waste mismanagement

Iyer et al 14 – (Gokul Iyer, Nathan Hultman, and Steve Fetter of the School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, Son H. Kim of the Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland: 6 July 2014 (“Implications of small modular reactors for climate change mitigation” Elseiver Ltd. Journal of Energy Economics, p. 1, Available Online at http://www.karnteknik.se/upload/aktiviteter/medlemsaktiviteter/20151009_Staffan20Qvists20Energy20Policy.pdf)
Achieving climate policy targets will require large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy
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loss in the infant pe- riod (Hansen et al., 2003).

Only nuclear desalination from SMR’s solve water shortages in developing countries with limited infrastructure and grids

IAEA 7 “Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
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figures.¶These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

Water shortages in developing countries reinforces poverty, famine, and structural violence – also independently the worse impact because it prevents any further progress

Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb is a Fellow of the Academy of Technological Sciences and
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, 2010. 15-6. ebrary collections. Ghs-kw)
Some observers also claim a link between food insecurity and terrorism, pointing out that
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donors may unintentionally have laid the foundation for future government failure and conflict.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: West KN | Judge: Adam Torson

Cyber-attack’s coming now---actors are probing US electricity weaknesses

Reed 10/11 John, Reports on the frontiers of cyber war and the latest in military technology for Killer Apps at Foreign Policy, "U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions", 2012, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks
Foreign actors are probing the networks of key American companies in an attempt to gain
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power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.

Key military operations depend on the grid---SMRs are essential this Turns Case

Robitaille 12 George E, Department of Army Civilian, March 21, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?", www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802
In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
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associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Only smr’s solve the grid – renewables fail

Charles Barton 11, founder of the Nuclear Green Revolution blog, MA in philosophy, “Future storm damage to the grid may carry unacceptable costs”, April 30, http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html
Amory Lovins has long argued that the traditional grid is vulnerable to this sort of
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use of renewable electrical generation approaches may worsen rather than improved grid reliability.

Effective military operations solve nuclear conflict

Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 24, 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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intensive missions such as the ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westwood SN | Judge: Jacob Koshak, Byron Arthur

The 1AC’s framing of terror threats reproduces national security mindsets that justify military intervention abroad

Friedman ’16 (Uri, July 2nd, *brackets for gendered language, staff writer at The Atlantic, where he covers global affairs, “What If the Terrorists Are Already Here?”, The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/america-terrorism-national-security/489872/~-~-ghs//sk)
The statistics are as astounding as they are ignored: Americans are about as likely
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about the questions that you’re raising … from the perspective of homeland security.”

Framing of countries as “the other” or as “the enemy” justifies violent policy action against them

 
Geis and Wunderlich ’14 (Anna and Carmen, July 2014 issue, Geis is Department of Political Science, University of Magdeburg, Wunderlich is Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, “The good, the bad, and the ugly: Comparing the notions of ‘rogue’ and ‘evil’ in international politics”, Springer Link International Politics, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ip.2014.19~-~-ghs//sk)
The identification and naming of an ‘enemy’ is an age-old element within
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towards interventionist strategies (Herrmann and Keller, 2004, p. 577).

The alternative is to reject the aff and engage in an analysis of the language behind our policymaking to rupture dominant norms

Cheeseman and Bruce ’96 Graeme Cheeseman, Sr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce Assoc. Prof in social sciences @ Curtin univ, ‘96 (Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=jJ3RWY-bzzsC~-~-ghs//sk)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
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resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

Thus, THE ROB IS TO QUESTION THE 1AC’S SCHOLARSHIP PRIOR TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLAN.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cy- Woods LC | Judge: Jenn Melin, John Sims

Floating nuke power is shielded from accidents and natural disasters like Fukushima, makes them comparatively safer

O'CALLAGHAN, 14 (Jonathan, April 17th, “Are nuclear reactors safer at sea? Floating design for middle of the ocean would be tsunami-proof, claim scientists”, Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2606790/Are-nuclear-reactors-safer-SEA-Floating-design-middle-ocean-tsunami-proof-claim-scientists.html~-~-ghs//sk)
Exposing nuclear reactors to the elements might not seem like the best idea.¶ But
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but it could be a very attractive design proposal in years to come.

Tsunamis on the west coast lead to an apocalyptic meltdown that will affect 2 continents, much bigger than Fukushima

Lendman ‘11(Stephen Lendman, a writer, syndicated columnist Harvard BA and a Wharton MBA, “Nuclear Meltdown In Japan”, Rense, March 13, 2011, http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)
On March 12, Stratfor Global Intelligence issued a "Red Alert: Nuclear Meltdown
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, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America.

THEIR AFF IS HILARIOUS–CHINA AND RUSSIA HAVE MYRIAD MOTIVATIONS TO INVEST IN NUCLEAR POWER–IF THEY CAN’T BUILD FLOATING REACTORS THEN THEY’LL JUST BUILD LAND REACTORS BECAUSE THE NEED FOR ENERGY OUTWEIGHS OTHER CONSIDERATIONS–CHINA BEHAVIOR PROVES

 
Conca 16, Dr. James Conca is a geochemist, an energy expert, an authority on dirty bombs, a planetary geologist and professional speaker. Follow him on Twitter @jimconca and see his book at Amazon.com http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/01/18/china-builds-a-floating-nuclear-power-plant/#107b77fb254a. RFK
China General Nuclear expects to complete construction of this small modular offshore multi-purpose
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reactors, molten salt reactors, thorium reactors and large light water reactors.

Floating reactors safter than land reactors–they’ve been tested and they work

Conca 16, Dr. James Conca is a geochemist, an energy expert, an authority on dirty bombs, a planetary geologist and professional speaker. Follow him on Twitter @jimconca and see his book at Amazon.com http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2016/01/18/china-builds-a-floating-nuclear-power-plant/#107b77fb254a. RFK
Environmental impact is low. Seawater can be used for some of the cooling and
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, by the United States, Russia and China in their military applications.

Land reactors are catastrophic for the environment

Wasserman ’10 (Harvey, Senior Advisor and Website Editor at NukeFree.org, on-going grassroots campaign and website working to defeat up to $50 billion in proposed loan guarantees for building new atomic reactors.,  works w/ petitions for clean energy bills in 2007 garnered over 120,000, information hub providing up-to-the minute news on the most important nuclear power industry battles taking place across the country, works with the environmental / scientific communities to keep musicians, artists and others educated about nuclear and safe energy issues, as well as advising people how they can best impact energy legislation, “Global Warming”, NukeFree, http://www.nukefree.org/facts/global-warming~-~-ghs//sk)
Nuclear power makes global warming worse. ¶ The industry claims its reactors create "
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our greenhouse gas problem, atomic energy merely adds an unwanted radioactive dimension.

Warming is an existential global catastrophe- causes extreme damage to ecosystems, world hunger, water shortages, and disease

Shrader- Frechette ’11 (Kristin, Jun 1st, O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.1 Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, “What Will Work: Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power”, Oxford University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=bbZoAgAAQBAJanddq=shrader-frechette+nuclearandlr=andsource=gbs_navlinks_s~-~-ghs//sk)
Energy problem (4), CC, presents a possible global catastrophe because GHG emissions
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that are consistent with the 2009 US National Academy of Sciences’ report. 31

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cy- Woods LC | Judge: Greg Malis, Greg Achten, Jeremy Rosen

Interp: The aff must defend that a country or multiple countries prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Countries means a nation or government in a specific territory

The Law Dictionary ‘16 (The Law Dictionary ft. Black’s Law Dictionary 2nd edition, copyright 2016, http://thelawdictionary.org/country/~-~-ghs//sk)
The portion of the earth's surface occupied by an independent nation or people; or
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. Comm. 349; Steph. PL 73, 78, 230.

standards

limits

topic lit

ground

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina JR | Judge: Greg Malis

Nuclear power solves greenhouse emissions now and in the future – projections show it prevents almost half of the CO2 necessary to trigger runaway warming

Kharecha and Hansen 13, Pushker A. Kharecha* and James E. Hansen NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University Earth Institute, “Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power,” American Chemical Society, Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, ghsBZ
We calculate that world nuclear power generation prevented an average of 64 gigatonnes of CO2
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efficiency improvements and renewables, in the near-term global energy supply.

Only nuclear power solves – alternative energy growth is unaffected by phase-out but rather by state requirements and is statistically insufficient to replacing nuclear energy

Brintone and Freede 15, Samuel Brinton Master’s degree program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in nuclear engineering and the technology and policy program and Josh Freed Vice President at GMMB, a social marketing and advocacy firm, where he advised the senior leadership of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; regularly advises senior federal and state policymakers, and his work has been featured in The Washington Post, NPR, National Journal, POLITICO, The Los Angeles Times and Wired., "When Nuclear Ends: How Nuclear Retirements Might Undermine Clean Power Plan Progress," Third Way, 8-19-2015, http://www.thirdway.org/report/when-nuclear-ends-how-nuclear-retirements-might-undermine-clean-power-plan-progress, ghsBZ
Unfortunately, our models found that renewable electricity sources grow primarily to satisfy state RPS
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and natural gas plants than our existing fleet of carbon-free nuclear.

Prohibiting nuclear power necessitates coal replacement – Japan proves – greenhouse gas emissions are magnified twenty times causing cancer, mass death, and extinction

Baum ’15 (Seth, Oct 20th, executive director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, a nonprofit think tank that Baum co-founded in 2011. Baum’s research focuses on risk, ethics, and policy questions about major threats to human civilization, including nuclear war, global warming, and emerging technologies., “Japan should restart more nuclear power plants”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/japan-should-restart-more-nuclear-power-plants8817~-~-ghs//sk)
In August, a Japanese utility company restarted the Sendai nuclear power plant, sparking
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would be the best current energy option for Japan and for the world.

Warming causes racism, sexism, and extinction.

David Naguib Pellow 12, Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota, “Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice,” February 2012, http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White_Paper_Climate_Disruption_final.pdf
It is now known unequivocally that significant warming of the  atmosphere is occurring, coinciding
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must reduce our emissions  and consumption here at home in the global North.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Doubles | Opponent: North Hollywood JS | Judge: Travis Fife, Mike Shackelford, Zane Miller

Nuclear power is becoming increasingly popular in Africa.

Luke: Luke, Ronke Contributor, Oil Price “Africa Banking On Nuclear Power.” Oil Price, October 2015. RP
It’s no secret that Africa’s economic development has been stifled by the shortage of electricity
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strategic partnerships. China has started training South Africans in nuclear plant operations.

South Africa relies on coal, and cuts on nuclear power would increase that

Finn: Finn, Brandon Urban Africa “Why South Africa should expand its nuclear power programme.” Urban Africa, September 2014. RP
Nuclear power has a bad reputation. Reactor meltdowns, fears of radiation and nuclear
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the more important question to ask is: Can we afford not to?

Coal plants in Africa cause environmental injustice, water conflict, and more structural violence- turns case

 
Schneider: Schneider, Victoria Contributor, Al Jazeera English “The heavy toll of coal mining in South Africa.” Al Jazeera English, April 2015. RP
Emalahleni, South Africa - Everything in Andries Evans' house is coated in black dust
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You say there is a power problem in South Africa?" she laughed.

Coal mining increases military control and violence against minority workers- turns case

 
Samantha Hargreaves 16 African gender and extractives activist, "Mining, gender and militarism in Africa," 5-23-2016, http://www.wri-irg.org/mining-gender-and-militarism-in-Africa, ghsBZ
You work specifically on extractivist projects; could you describe the links between extractivist projects
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rely on for livelihoods and farming, rendering them further vulnerable to violence.