Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kempner FH | Judge: Demarcus Powell

A~ Interpretation: All Kritiks must have an implementable alternative.

B~ Violation: rejection is not an alternative.

C~ Net benefits:

Decision-making skills

D~ Drop the debater

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Finals | Opponent: Cambridge MB | Judge: Nadia Hussein, Jonas LeBarillec, Jacob Nails

1~ Their failure to acknowledge historical racism associated with Kant's philosophy is a link—no matter what, their principles are rooted in racism.

Pauline Kleingeld 7 ~University of Groningen, Faculty of Philosophy, Faculty Member~, "KANT'S SECOND THOUGHTS ON RACE", The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 57, Number 229, October 2007, BE
What is overlooked by both sides is the possibility that Kant's principles are race-
AND
influenced by racist assumptions, they are likely to prolong racism's distorting effects.

2~ Colorblindness – they whitewash society by avoiding conversations of race—they claim there is no racial difference and ignore realities.

Williams 11 - (Monica ~Monica Williams is the Director of the Center for Mental Health Disparities in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of Louisville.~ "Colorblind Ideology Is a Form of Racism" http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/colorblind/201112/colorblind-ideology-is-form-racism) GHSGB
Racial issues are often uncomfortable to discuss and rife with stress and controversy. Many
AND
of how race affects people of color and American society as a whole. 

They result in misinterpretation of the world and distort communication—the 1AC is rooted in an epistemology of ignorance—critique is a prior question.

Zeus Leonardo 02, ~Associate Professor of Cultural Studies, Diversity, and Ethnic Issues, University of California, Berkeley, Graduate School of Education~, "The Souls of White Folk: critical pedagogy, whiteness studies, and globalization discourse", Race, Ethnicity and Education, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2002. RFK
The fragmenting effects of the global economy work in tandem with the fragmenting tendencies of
AND
to yoke together different peoples around the globe under the sign of sameness.

YOU AS A JUDGE ARE THE GATEKEEPER TO OUR ACTIVITY. THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IS TO COHERE WITH THE demand of the oppressed AND DEDICATE YOUR BALLOT TO RUPTURING WHITE SUPREMACY.

Tim Wise 08 (Race Relations Specialist, Activst, Orator), White Like Me, 2008   96 - 97 ghsVA
Until the voices of economically and racially marginalized persons are given equal weight in debate
AND
of their life experiences are almost guaranteed to be less naive: people who

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Finals | Opponent: Cambridge MB | Judge: Nadia Hussein, Jonas LeBarillec, Jacob Nails

The standard is maximizing expected well-being.

1~ Epistemology – Non-natural moral facts are epistemologically inaccessible.

Papineau 07 – (David ~David Papineau is an academic philosopher. He works as Professor of Philosophy of Science at King's College London, having previously taught for several years at Cambridge University and been a fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge~, "Naturalism". http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/ 2007) GHSGB
Moore took this argument to show that moral facts comprise a distinct species of non
AND
it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them.

Natural facts mean util—pain is bad and pleasure good.

Thomas Nagel 86, The View From Nowhere, HUP, 1986: 156-168. BE
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory pleasure is good and pain bad,
AND
an inclination, to refrain from putting my hand on a hot stove. 

2~ State obligations – A~ people consent to a government and give up rights, meaning the government has a reciprocal obligation to protect the same rights, and B~ governments can only act on aggregates.

Robert Goodin 90, ~professor of philosophy at the Australian National University college of arts and social sciences~, "The Utilitarian Response," pgs 141-142, BE
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
want to use it at all – to choose general rules or conduct.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep MS | Judge: Jake Davis

Text: ~Public colleges and universities in the United States~ should establish restrictions on speech consistent with Peter Byrne's proposal and remove all other restrictions on constitutionally protected speech.

The CP PICs out of hate speech – here's the solvency advocate

J. Peter Byrne 91 ~Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center.~, "Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University," 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
This article examines the constitutionality of university prohibitions of public expression that insults members of
AND
fears and prejudices rather than to respect for others and informed judgment.3

Solves the aff – the counterplan establishes comprehensive definitions, acquittal procedures, and student-faculty panels – key to reversing hateful ideology and empowering excluded groups

J. Peter Byrne 91 ~Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center.~, "Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University," 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
Disciplinary rules are the least effective way that a university can enhance the quality
AND
the educational environment for blameless students against wanton and hurtful ranting.

Solves censorship – hate speech has no truth value but to derogate victims and undercut academic accessibility

J. Peter Byrne 91 ~Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center.~, Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University, 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
The university's first commitment is to truth. As argued above, the uni-
AND
means, for rational argument always has a privileged place in the university.

Speech codes establish public norms and check prejudice – the aff allows rampant stereotyping and reinforces racist mindsets

Richard Delgado 82 ~J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School.~, "WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING," Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
Unlike most of the actions for which tort law provides redress to the victim,
AND
racial slurs is a promis- ing vehicle for the eradication of racism.

PIC solves the internal links of the aff –

A~ Vagueness – the reason – comprehensive definitions —
B~ Empowerment – student-faculty panels – WE CAN STILL HAVE DISCOURSE – just occurs on disciplinary hearings 

DA

Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harrassment is decreasing nationally now.

Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease
AND
lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.

Expanding constitutionally protected speech sanctions hate speech – the First amendment legitimizes hatred and justifies the right to oppressive speech

Boler 04, Boler, Megan ~Megan Boler is a Full Professor in the Department of Social Justice Education, at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto.~. "All Speech Is Not Free: The Ethics of Affirmative Action Pedagogy." Counterpoints 240 (2004): 3-13, ghsBZ
On what basis might one justify an affirmative action pedagogy? The first justifica-
AND
worldviews to be shattered, in itself a pro- foundly emotionally charged experience 

Hate speech inflicts psychological violence across multiple generations and millennia – also justifies mass oppression and primes society for genocide

Delgado and Stefacic '09, Richard Delgado - University Professor, Seattle University School of Law; J.D., 1974, University of California, Berkeley. Jean Stefancic – Research Professor, Seattle University School of Law; M.A., 1989, University of San Francisco. "FOUR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT HATE SPEECH." WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW. 2009. http://wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delgado_LawReview_01.09.pdf, ghsBZ
II. OBSERVATION NUMBER TWO: THE EVALUATION OF HARMS HAS BEEN INCOMPLETE One way
AND
at odds with the underlying rationales of a system of free expression.111

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Holy Cross TL | Judge: Paras Kumar

Text: Public colleges and universities in the United States should not restrict non-derogatory speech that is protected by the Constitution and does not target ethnic minorities.

CP PIC’s out of racial insults — here’s the solvency advocate

J. Peter Byrne 91 ~Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center.~, Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University, 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
This article examines the constitutionality of university prohibitions of public expression that insults members of
AND
fears and prejudices rather than to respect for others and informed judgment.3

Mutually exclusive – constitutionally protected speech includes racial insults

Delgado and Stefancic 15, Southern Dreams and a New Theory of First Amendment Legal Realism, Richard Delgado ~John J. Sparkman Chair of Law, University of Alabama School of Law.~ and Jean Stefancic ~Professor and Clement Research Affiliate, University of Alabama School of Law~, Emory Law Journal, 2015, http://law.emory.edu/elj/'documents/volumes/65/2/delgado-stefancic.pdf, p. 310, ghsBZ
In Doe v. University of Michigan43 and UWM Post, Inc. v.
AND
short shrift of the university’s effort to temper hate speech on campus.50

Solves the aff – racial insults have no truth value but to derogate victims and undercut academic accessibility

J. Peter Byrne 91 ~Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center.~, Racial Insults and Free Speech Within the University, 79 Geo. L.J. 399 (1991), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1577, ghsBZ
The university's first commitment is to truth. As argued above, the uni-
AND
means, for rational argument always has a privileged place in the university.

Racial insults inflict transgenerational psychological violence, create physical degeneration, and maintain cycles of poverty

Richard Delgado 82 ~J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School.~, "WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING," Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
American society remains deeply afflicted by racism. Long before slavery became the mainstay of
AND
other prac- tices which determine the distribution of social benefits and responsibilities. 

Laws prohibiting racial insults establish public norms and check prejudice – the aff allows rampant racial insults that perpetuate stereotyping and reinforce racist mindsets

Richard Delgado 82 ~J.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1974. Professor of Law, UCLA Law School.~, "WORDS THAT WOUND: A TORT ACTION FOR RACIAL INSULTS, EPITHETS, AND NAME-CALLING," Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17 (1982), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918, ghsBZ
Unlike most of the actions for which tort law provides redress to the victim,
AND
racial slurs is a promis- ing vehicle for the eradication of racism.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Scott Phillips, Katie Cole, Eric Marcus

CP Text: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech with small and unreasonable free speech zones and restrictive speech codes, but implement larger speech zones characterized as designated forums.

Larger speech zones and designated forums let the university regulate time, place, and manner of speech but not content which means it solves the aff better because the CP loosens speech codes and actually lets people talk

Kizer ’15 (Mary Madison, Faculty Sponsor: Prof. Donna Pelham, Reeves School of Business, "Restrictive Free Speech Zones and Student Speech Codes at Public Universities", Methodist, https://www.methodist.edu/sites/default/files/ctools/mr2015'kizer.pdf—ghssk)
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill opened in 1795 as the first public 
AND
the United States must continue to value free speech on public college campuses.

Speech zones are expanding and guarantee spaces for protest – empirically proven

Fox News 6 ~~, "College Students Have a Voice in Campus Free Speech," 8-17-2006, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/17/college-students-have-voice-in-campus-free-speech.html, ghsBZ
Among the big issues raised by FIRE and other advocacy groups is the designation of
AND
off more robust, open, free-wheeling debate," he said. 

Less regulated speech zones provide equal protest opportunities and promote education – ASU proves

Dungan ’03 (Tracie, July 13th, Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette Northwest Health Reporter, "Free speech has its limits at universities", FIRE, https://www.thefire.org/media-coverage/free-speech-has-its-limits-at-universities/—ghssk)
ASU At ASU, a policy designating five "Free Expression Areas" is about 
AND
choose a path they must be consistent in how they treat different groups.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep MS | Judge: Jake Davis

Counter-publics exist in the status quo on college campuses – the aff sanctions hate speech in such spaces that allow for undercommons discourse

Counterpublic.com 12 ~~, "Examples of Counterpublics in Higher Education," Qualitative Counterpublics in Higher Education, 10-25-2012, https://counterpublic.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/examples-of-counterpublics-in-higher-education/, ghsBZ
In our last blogpost we  explored the term "subaltern counterpublic." Next we turn
AND
group as such, depending on one's placement and positionality within the academy). 

The white nationalists exploit free speech to build their platform – empirically proven

Shane Burley 16 ~~, "How the Alt Right is trying to create a 'safe space' for racism on college campuses," Waging Nonviolence, 10-6-2016, http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/alt-right-safe-space-racism-college-campuses/, ghsBZ
A murmur began in May around Berkeley and the surrounding Bay Area as posters appeared
AND
their radicalism publicly, and argue for their own space in public discourse.

PIC avoids white cooption of discourse–dominant codes of speech are used in the academy which excludes minority from the conversation even if there is free speech –we need a safe space for subaltern voices

White and Lowenthal 11, John W. White ~Professor of English Education, University of North Florida~ and Patrick R.Lowenthal ~Associate Professor Department of Educational Technology Boise State University Boise~ "Academic Discourse and Formation of an Academic Identity: Minority College students and the Hidden Curriculum", The Review of Higher Education, Volume 34, Number 2, Winter 2011. RFK
Not only do students face new and tougher academic demands at the college level,
AND
in cultural values (Corson, 2001; Ogbu, 1987, 2004).

Impact – racial battle fatigue and transgenrational, physical violence

Collins '15 (Sam PK, Jun 19th, Grassroots Journalist and Educator , "Black people aren't making things up: The science behind 'racial battle fatigue'", https://thinkprogress.org/black-people-arent-making-things-up-the-science-behind-racial-battle-fatigue-9726fcebc938~~#.tez62bnl8—ghssk)
In the early 2000s, University of Utah researcher William A. Smith coined the
AND
confines of the office, crippling a black person's marriage and social life.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Doughtery Valley CS | Judge: Zarek Drozda

Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harrassment is decreasing nationally now.

Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease
AND
lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.

Expanding constitutionally protected speech sanctions hate speech – the First amendment legitimizes hatred and justifies the right to oppressive speech

Boler 04, Boler, Megan ~Megan Boler is a Full Professor in the Department of Social Justice Education, at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto.~. "All Speech Is Not Free: The Ethics of Affirmative Action Pedagogy." Counterpoints 240 (2004): 3-13, ghsBZ
On what basis might one justify an affirmative action pedagogy? The first justifica-¶
AND
worldviews to be shattered, in itself a pro-¶ foundly emotionally charged experience 

More free speech fails to alter mindsets and reinscribes power dynamics – paternalistic claims that "minorities should talk back" ignore empirical analysis

Delgado and Yun ’94 Richard Delgado ~Charles Inglis Thomson Professor of Law, University of Colorado. J.D. 1974, University of California, Berkeley.~ and David H. Yun ~Member of the Colorado Bar. J.D. 1993, University of Colorado. ~"Pressure Valves and Bloodied Chickens: An Analysis of Paternalistic Objections to Hate Speech Regulation." California Law Review. 1994. http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1712andcontext=californialawreview, ghsBZ
D. "More Speech"-Talking Back to the Aggressor as a Preferable Solution
AND
already charged with their own education, be responsible constantly for educating others? 

Hate speech inflicts psychological violence across multiple generations and millennia – also justifies mass oppression and primes society for genocide

Delgado and Stefacic ’09, Richard Delgado - University Professor, Seattle University School of Law; J.D., 1974, University of California, Berkeley. Jean Stefancic – Research Professor, Seattle University School of Law; M.A., 1989, University of San Francisco. "FOUR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT HATE SPEECH." WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW. 2009. http://wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delgado'LawReview'01.09.pdf, ghsBZ
II. OBSERVATION NUMBER TWO: THE EVALUATION OF HARMS HAS BEEN INCOMPLETE One way
AND
at odds with the underlying rationales of a system of free expression.111

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Finals | Opponent: Cambridge MB | Judge: Nadia Hussein, Jonas LeBarillec, Jacob Nails

BIPARTISAN non-consensual pornography legislation on college campuses is coming now

Jamaal Abdul-Alim  16~Reporter~, "Colleges may get Help Fighting Revenge porn," http://diverseeducation.com/article/87594/, 3 October 2016. RFK
A proposed law that would punish people who publish "revenge porn" online will
AND
-only Facebook page to post photos of nude women who were passed out

Aff means public colleges and universities shouldn't restrict non-consenseual pornography

Goldberg 16 Erica Goldberg ~JD, Cardozo~, "FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM," Columbia Law Review Volume 116, No. 3 April 2016 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2645869, RFK
The regulation of revenge porn presents thorny First Amendment issues, even though the speech
AND
threaten to undermine strong free speech protections exceptional to America's free speech regime. 

Non-consensual pornography replicates patriarchal violence against women and silences victims in educational spaces

Flynn et al 16, Dr Asher Flynn, Dr Nicola Henry and Dr Anastasia Powell, "More than Revenge: Addressing the Harms of Revenge Pornography," Report of the More than Revenge Roundtable Hosted by Monash University, La Trobe University and RMIT University, Monday 22 February 2016, http://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/728794/More-than-Revenge-Final-Report-Nicola-Henry.pdf, ghsBZ
Fighting Revenge Pornography in the United States Professor Mary Anne Franks Professor Franks' presentation highlight
AND
According to Professor Franks' research, 90 percent of revenge pornography victims are women

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Holy Cross TL | Judge: Paras Kumar

State cuts have driven up college tuition and inaccessibility

Mitchell et al 8/5, Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, AUGUST 15, 2016, http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up, gh-am
Years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition
AND
period. Cost shift harms students and families, especially those with low incomes 

Title IX requires that universities MUST restrict offensive speech to receive funding

Bernstein 3, David E. Bernstein ~George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law, focus on constitutional history~, "You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws", https://books.google.com/booksid=zU2QAAAAQBAJandpg=PA60andlpg=PA60anddq=public+colleges+could+lose+funding+if+they+allow+for+racistsandsource=blandots=W67N5E3bznandsig=xXeBW8YaTy'Ilb34MIbu-grciy4andhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiBoqTkn'nQAhVBjFQKHcc7CIkQ6AEITDAI~~#v=onepageandq=public20colleges20could20lose20funding20if20they20allow20for20racistsandf=false, pg. 60-61, ghsBZ
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
AND
Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they nay be right. 

Federal funding is crucial to maintain financial aid resources.

Pew 15 (The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education, gh-am
States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but
AND
research projects, while states typically fund the general operations of public institutions,

Without financial aid, low-income and minority students lack college access and communities are locked into cycles of poverty

Antoinette Flores 14 ~~, "How Public Universities Can Promote Access and Success for All Students – Center for American Progress," No Publication, 9-9-2014, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/reports/2014/09/09/96689/how-public-universities-can-promote-access-and-success-for-all-students/, ghsBZ
Higher education has long been a path to economic security, and this is especially
AND
must do a better job of graduating all students at a lower cost.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Doughtery Valley CS | Judge: Zarek Drozda

Current restrictions block the white nationalist movement

Shane Burley 16 ~~, "How the Alt Right is trying to create a ‘safe space’ for racism on college campuses," Waging Nonviolence, 10-6-2016, http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/alt-right-safe-space-racism-college-campuses/, ghsBZ
While the Alt Right is fighting for a platform, many on college campuses are
AND
and to create penalties for racist discourse being seen from Alt Right organizations.

The white nationalists exploit free speech to build their platform – empirically proven

Shane Burley 16 ~~, "How the Alt Right is trying to create a ‘safe space’ for racism on college campuses," Waging Nonviolence, 10-6-2016, http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/alt-right-safe-space-racism-college-campuses/, ghsBZ
A murmur began in May around Berkeley and the surrounding Bay Area as posters appeared
AND
their radicalism publicly, and argue for their own space in public discourse.

Speech is a non-starter – alt-right groups drown out other student groups and cause further shifts to the right from centrist groups

Burley and Ross 10/6, Shane Burley and Alexander Reid Ross. October 6, 2016 How the Alt Right is trying to create a ‘safe space’ for racism on college campuses
The Alt Right, itself, prizes anonymity. Commentators on popular blogs, podcasts
AND
pressuring school administration, exposing sympathetic students and mounting a large direct confrontation.

Turns case – the right wing extremists recruit military veterans and perpetuate a militaristic culture of violence

Bill Berkowitz 17 ~longtime observer of the conservative movement. His column "Conservative Watch" documents the strategies, players, institutions, victories and defeats of the U.S. Right.~, "POLITICS-US: White Nationalists Find a Home in the Military," IPS, 1-14-2017, http://ipsnorthamerica.net/news.php?idnews=2344, ghsBZ
OAKLAND, California, 19 Jun (IPS) - A recent report issued -
AND
from the Margins to the Mainstream", told IPS in a telephone interview.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mountain Brook PS | Judge: Nadia Hussein

IT WILL NOT GET BETTER–Trayvon Martin and Renisha McBride are our generation's Emmett Till–the promise of the political has never and will never be realized for Black Americans–the American dream and the political is dependent on ever-increasing black suffering

Calvin L. Warren 15, ~Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University~, ~Professor of  "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope," The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Perverse juxtapositions structure our relation to the Political. This becomes even more apparent and
AND
advances political apostasy as the only "ethical" response to black suffering.

The aff's colorblind insistence on racial dialogue ignores power dimensions that structures discursive accessibility – "speaking up" only happens within the confines of whiteness and normalizes white hegemony – they place false hope in white people that only results in ressentiment

Warren 13, Calvin Warren (research and teaching interests are located at the intersection of contemporary continental theory (semiotics, deconstruction, postmodernism, and psychoanalysis), Afro-pessimism, Ethics, and African American History) Onticide: Toward an Afro-pessimistic Queer Theory" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association Annual Meeting, 2013ghs-mr
Teaching race literacy is necessary but difficult. In addition, authentic race dialogue is
AND
we do not describe what violence looks like, but assess its consequences.

Placing hope in the political constitutes a cruel optimism that keeps blacks chasing after a political object that only strengthens anti-black systems–they'll say "WE CAN'T DO NOTHING" but that's just a link–anti-black systems create a false binary between action and inaction that tricks blacks into continuing to trust the political

Calvin L. Warren 15, ~Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University~, ~Professor of  "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope," The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
The politics of hope, then, constitutes what Lauren Berlant would call "cruel
AND
the only "hope" for blackness in an anti- black world.

The alternative is black nihilist political apostasy that rejects the anti-black political entirely–NO PARTIAL ATHEISM–the perm fails because it's impossible to support the political structure without participating in the ruse of false transformation and an exploited hope

Calvin L. Warren 15, ~Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University~, ~Professor of  "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope," The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Can we reject this racist god and, at the same time, support the
AND
symbolic as inherently wicked and rejects it both as critique and spiritual practice.

The role of the ballot is to question the 1AC's scholarship prior to the consequences of the plan – this means they do not get to weigh the case – we question their starting point.

The power of anti-blackness lies in the way that culture represents the black subject symbolically and the ways those symbolic representations negatively affect unconscious thoughts and feelings about blackness.

Scott 14 (Darieck, Prof of African Diaspora Studies @ Cal Berkeley 2k10; "Extravagant Abjection: Blackness, Power, and Sexuality in the African American Literary Imagination" pgs.)
The figure of the Negro, Fanon says, is "woven . . .
AND
a past as future anterior under and over a future as past posterior.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: Murrah AC | Judge: Eshita Sharmin

I negate the resolution. ~Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech~

Since Dictionary.com defines "any" in the resolution as "every; all," the aff must prove that all forms of speech provide benefits to people and thus none of these forms should be limited.

I value morality because ought implies moral obligation.

All people share an intrinsic value that comes from our humanity – each person has inalienable human worth and is born with equal rights. Inequality is merely a manifestation of unjustified cognitive biases that leverages structures within societal systems to make certain groups invisible.

Winter and Leighton 99, |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Thus, the value criterion is promoting human equality.

Contention 1 – Hate Speech

Expanding constitutionally protected speech sanctions hate speech, since the First Amendment legitimizes hatred and justifies the right to oppressive speech.

Boler 04, Boler, Megan ~Megan Boler is a Full Professor in the Department of Social Justice Education, at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto.~. "All Speech Is Not Free: The Ethics of Affirmative Action Pedagogy." Counterpoints 240 (2004): 3-13, ghsBZ
On what basis might one justify an affirmative action pedagogy? The first justifica-¶
AND
worldviews to be shattered, in itself a pro-¶ foundly emotionally charged experience 

Hate speech is terrible for two reasons:

First, it inflicts psychological violence across multiple generations and transmits social pathologies like racism that last for millennia

Delgado and Stefacic ’09, Richard Delgado - University Professor, Seattle University School of Law; J.D., 1974, University of California, Berkeley. Jean Stefancic – Research Professor, Seattle University School of Law; M.A., 1989, University of San Francisco. "FOUR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT HATE SPEECH." WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW. 2009. http://wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delgado'LawReview'01.09.pdf, ghsBZ
II. OBSERVATION NUMBER TWO: THE EVALUATION OF HARMS HAS BEEN INCOMPLETE One way
AND
and include pain, fear, shame, anger, and despair.73 

Second, hate speech justifies mass oppression and leads to genocide – every instance legitimizes racism and deprives the victim of their identity

Delgado and Stefacic ’09, Richard Delgado - University Professor, Seattle University School of Law; J.D., 1974, University of California, Berkeley. Jean Stefancic – Research Professor, Seattle University School of Law; M.A., 1989, University of San Francisco. "FOUR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT HATE SPEECH." WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW. 2009. http://wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delgado'LawReview'01.09.pdf, ghsBZ
3. General Hate Speech With general hate speech, such as anonymously circulated flyers
AND
at odds with the underlying rationales of a system of free expression.111

Contention 2 – Revenge Porn

Currently, bipartisan legislation is working to combat revenge porn on college campuses. However, the aff requires public colleges and universities not to restrict revenge porn

Goldberg 16 Erica Goldberg ~JD, Cardozo~, "FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM," Columbia Law Review Volume 116, No. 3 April 2016 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2645869, RFK
The regulation of revenge porn presents thorny First Amendment issues, even though the speech
AND
threaten to undermine strong free speech protections exceptional to America's free speech regime. 

Revenge porn replicates patriarchal violence against women and silences victims in educational spaces

Flynn et al 16, Dr Asher Flynn, Dr Nicola Henry and Dr Anastasia Powell, "More than Revenge: Addressing the Harms of Revenge Pornography," Report of the More than Revenge Roundtable Hosted by Monash University, La Trobe University and RMIT University, Monday 22 February 2016, http://www.latrobe.edu.au/''data/assets/pdf'file/0010/728794/More-than-Revenge-Final-Report-Nicola-Henry.pdf, ghsBZ
Fighting Revenge Pornography in the United States Professor Mary Anne Franks Professor Franks’ presentation highlight
AND
the    minimising and trivialising of this form of sexual violence.

Because I believe hate speech and revenge porn should not be allowed to run rampant in the world of the aff, I am proud to urge a negative ballot.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Peninsula JL | Judge: Scott Phillips, Katie Cole, Eric Marcus

A~ Interpretation: The aff must defend that no constitutionally protected speech may be restricted by public colleges or universities. To clarify, they can’t defend a restriction on only a specific type, setting, or timing of speech.

The term "any" in the res is the weak form of "any" — "not any" statements refer to "all"

Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, Any, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/quantifiers/any., ghsBZ
We use any before nouns to refer to indefinite or unknown quantities or an unlimited
AND
.  No: There are no biscuits left.  They’ve eaten them all.     

B~ Violation: Free speech zones necessarily entail time, place, and manner specifications – geography that certain areas are no longer restricted rather than the whole of a university space

FIRE No Date, "Free Speech Zones On Campus," No Date, FIRE ~Foundation for Individual Rights in Education~, https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/5bed6be4733c1eb18e3adec122073a22.pdf, ghsBZ
On far too many campuses nationwide, universities unreasonably restrict students’ expressive activities to limited
AND
The University of Southern Mississippi will provide a speaker’s corner on Weathersby Lawn." 

C~ Standard:

Limits

D~ Drop the debater because their argument is the entire 1AC

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake KK | Judge: Adam Torson
A Interpretation: The aff must only defend that public colleges and universities in the United States derestrict all constitutionally protected speech. To clarify, they can’t defend universities outside the United States derestricting constitutionally protected speech.
 The United States is a republic, ie: a governing body
Free Legal Dictionary (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/The+United+States+of+America~-~-ghs//sk)
a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 281,421,906; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with Alaska and Hawaii, 3,615,122 sq. mi. (9,363,165 sq. km). Cap.: Washington, D.C. Abbr.: U.S., US Also called United States of America.
B Violation:
C Standards:
1 Limits
2 Topic ed
D T is a voting issue

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Garland KP | Judge: Erick Berdugo

US housing bubble is on the brink – mortgage rates will be the deciding factor but it's steady now

Alessandro Bruno 17 ~~, "U.S Housing Bubble 2017 Is No Black Swan because It's Predictable," Lombardi Letter, 3-2-2017, https://www.lombardiletter.com/u-s-housing-bubble-2017/8112/, ghsBZ
Ignoring the Past is leading to the Bursting of the U.S. Housing
AND
the prospect of higher mortgage interest beckons is a crisis waiting to happen.

Section 8 vouchers are massively underfunded and HUD will have to ask Congress for funds- THEIR AUTHOR- means either A~ no solvency because the aff doesn't get the funding and can't effectively implement vouchers or B~ they increase funding and that links to the DA

Semeuls '15 (Alana, Jun 24th, author, How Housing Policy Is Failing America's Poor, Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/section-8-is-failing/396650/—ghssk)
A HUD study also found that public housing authorities are significantly underfunded when it comes
AND
asking Congress to consider changing the limits on administrative costs for voucher programs.

Housing subsidies inflate mortgage rates and overconsumption – status quo key to stable economic growth

Acharya et al 11, Viral V. Acharya, Matthew P. Richardson, Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh and Lawrence J. White ~professors at the New York University Stern School of Business and the authors of "Guaranteed to Fail: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Debacle of Mortgage Finance."~, "Why We Should End Homeownership Subsidies," New York Times, 8-16-2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/17/opinion/why-we-should-end-homeownership-subsidies.html, ghsBZ
THE United States spends more than $100 billion annually to subsidize homeowners. Renters
AND
and stimulate growth and will make a real contribution to our future prosperity.

Housing market crash would create further wealth inequality and cause another global recession – 2008 proves

Amir Sufi 16 ~~, "Why the Housing Bubble Tanked the Economy And the Tech Bubble Didn't," FiveThirtyEight, 3-15-2016, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-the-housing-bubble-tanked-the-economy-and-the-tech-bubble-didnt/, ghsBZ
In 2000, the dot-com bubble burst, destroying $6.2
AND
beginning to understand that wealth inequality is crucial for understanding the broader economy.

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Garland KP | Judge: Erick Berdugo

Trump sets precedent for the US shifting away from international law

Adam Frost 17 ~~, "International Law in the Age of Trump," EJIL: Talk!, 2-28-2017, http://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-in-the-age-of-trump/, ghsBZ
Still, there's good reason to believe that the Trump administration will pose unprecedented challenges
AND
an outsized role means that the shockwaves of its disengagement would be significant.

Right to housing is founded and determined by international law – the aff forces the federal government to embrace international standards of consistency

Bret Thiele 02 ~JD~, "The Human Right to Adequate Housing: A Tool for Promoting and Protecting Individual and Community Health," PubMed Central (PMC), 2002 May; 92(5): 712–715., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447150/, ghsBZ
The human right to adequate housing is enshrined in international law. The right to
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more attention to the right to housing than to any other right."18

International law was founded by, and continues to maintain, colonialism – the aff is a tool for the domination of Western ideology that selectively enforce policies and perpetuate existing power structures

Gardner 10 ~David, Graduate student at San Diego State University, "The Colonial Nature of International Law", E-International Relations Students, 6/8/2014, http://www.e-ir.info/2010/06/08/the-colonial-nature-of-international-law/, 7/28/2014~ B.S
"International law was principally a consequence of imperial expansion."~1~ In this
AND
sovereign' states. Ultimately, I have argued that international law is colonial.

Tournament: NSDA Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Garland KP | Judge: Erick Berdugo

The role of the ballot is to question the 1AC's scholarship prior to the consequences of the plan – this means they do not get to weigh the case – we question their starting point.

To obtain the right to housing, people are forced to adhere to heteronormative conceptions of the "ideal" nuclear family, which ensures discrimination and surveillance against those deemed "deviant"

Fritz '09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean for Faculty Affairs in the School of Professional and Extended Studies, political scientist with over 15 years of experience in the areas of social policy research, anti-poverty advocacy, evaluation, and direct social services. After completing her undergraduate degree she spent one year living and working in a homeless shelter for women and children as part of a volunteer service program. She has worked in a variety of anti-poverty programmatic areas including low-income housing, food security, intimate partner violence, transit equity, public entitlements, and youth development. She wrote her dissertation on the impact of gender and familial ideology on contemporary federal housing policy development in the United States. Her academic research and writing focuses on the intersection of gender, social policy, and political ideology, "Rethinking Gender in U.S. Housing Policy", The Good Society, Volume 18, Number 2, 2009, pp. 62-68 (Article), Published by Penn State University Press, https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.0.0076—ghssk)
Introduction The federal government's complicity in racial discrimina- tion in the development and 
AND
afford to buy into the market—and those who are not.11

The right to housing forces poor minorities and quare people to either conform to the government's standards for "normal" or suffer insufficient aid and government subjugation

Fritz '09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean for Faculty Affairs in the School of Professional and Extended Studies, political scientist with over 15 years of experience in the areas of social policy research, anti-poverty advocacy, evaluation, and direct social services. After completing her undergraduate degree she spent one year living and working in a homeless shelter for women and children as part of a volunteer service program. She has worked in a variety of anti-poverty programmatic areas including low-income housing, food security, intimate partner violence, transit equity, public entitlements, and youth development. She wrote her dissertation on the impact of gender and familial ideology on contemporary federal housing policy development in the United States. Her academic research and writing focuses on the intersection of gender, social policy, and political ideology, "Rethinking Gender in U.S. Housing Policy", The Good Society, Volume 18, Number 2, 2009, pp. 62-68 (Article), Published by Penn State University Press, https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.0.0076—ghssk)
Like the racialized oppositional categories associated with race and ethnicity (whites as industrious and
AND
either by choice or circumstance, might maintain non-traditional households.c

Thus, the alternative is to reject the aff's intrinsic hegemonic framing and institutionalized surveillance to analyze familial constructs in social housing policy – gender representations frame how policies are implemented

Fritz '09 (Marie, PhD, Professorial Lecturer at American University, Assistant Dean for Faculty Affairs in the School of Professional and Extended Studies, political scientist with over 15 years of experience in the areas of social policy research, anti-poverty advocacy, evaluation, and direct social services. After completing her undergraduate degree she spent one year living and working in a homeless shelter for women and children as part of a volunteer service program. She has worked in a variety of anti-poverty programmatic areas including low-income housing, food security, intimate partner violence, transit equity, public entitlements, and youth development. She wrote her dissertation on the impact of gender and familial ideology on contemporary federal housing policy development in the United States. Her academic research and writing focuses on the intersection of gender, social policy, and political ideology, "Rethinking Gender in U.S. Housing Policy", The Good Society, Volume 18, Number 2, 2009, pp. 62-68 (Article), Published by Penn State University Press, https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.0.0076—ghssk)
It is useful to analyze gender and familial constructs in social policy not only to
AND
will continue to build upon troubling undemocratic gendered and heteronormative practices and ideologies.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood RM | Judge: Savanna Winn

Contention 1 – guaranteeing the right to housing requires billions of dollars, which mandates budget cuts in soft areas like social security and healthcare insurance, sinking millions into poverty

The aff's guarantee of housing increases subsidies by billions – there's no way to fulfill the right to housing without massive spending

Clark 16, Patrick Clark (news, political analysis, commentary) 7-26-2016, "Why It's So Hard to Build Affordable Housing: It's Not Affordable," Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-26/why-it-s-so-hard-to-build-affordable-housing-it-s-not-affordable//ghs-mr
A real estate developer wanted to increase affordable housing in Denver, trying to make
AND
National Review Institute. "That's basically how housing markets have always worked."

Increases in federal spending mandates budget tradeoffs

Sange 11, Sange, Alexandra. "House Passes New Rules For The 112th Congress." National association of community health centers. January 18, 2011. Web. February 07, 2017. http://blogs.nachc.com/washington/house-passes-new-rules-for-the-112th-congress//ghs-mr
As a part of the transition to the new Congress, the House of Representatives
AND
rule increases in revenue cannot be used to offset increases in mandatory spending.

Congress will cut soft areas first – social security, healthcare insurance, and education would be the first to go

Marans 16 Daniel Marans (general assignment reporter with a focus on politics and economic policy.), 12-9-2016, "Top House Republican Unveils Plan To Gut Social Security, "Huffington Post,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/top-house-republican-social-security-cuts_us_584b1bb8e4b0e05aded3ff3c//ghs-mr
WASHINGTON ― President-elect Donald Trump distinguished himself on the campaign trail as the
AND
will fight any plan to replace Medicare with a voucher," he added.

Maintaining current social security programs key to keeping millions of senior citizens and minority populations out of poverty – turns case and outweighs on magnitude

CBPP 16, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, By, 10-25-2016, "Social Security Keeps 22 Million Americans Out of Poverty: A State-By-State Analysis," Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, http://www.cbpp.org/research/social-security/social-security-keeps-22-million-americans-out-of-poverty-a-state-by-state//ghs-mr
Social Security benefits play a vital role in reducing poverty in every state. WITHOUT
AND
, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.

Welfare Bad

Public housing welfare incentivizes recipients to REDUCE work output – proven by unemployment benefits

(Tanner 13, Michael; domestic policy researcher, fellow at Cato Institute, "When Welfare Undermines Work Ethic", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/05/denmarks-work-life-balance/when-welfare-undermines-work-ethic//ghs-sa)
We know that one of the most important long-term steps toward avoiding or
AND
with unemployment benefits, which increase both the rate and duration of joblessness.

Housing welfare programs increase governmental dependency, resulting in cycles of crime and poverty

(Rector 93, Robert, masters in political science from Johns Hopkins University, commissioner of the Millennial Housing Commission, Why Expanding Welfare Will Not Help the Poor, The Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/civil-society/report/why-expanding-welfare-will-not-help-the-poor//ghs-sa)
The central dilemma of the welfare state is that nearly all of the cash,
AND
be rare in the United States, behavioral poverty is abundant and growing.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Clear Brook AS | Judge: John Augillard

I value morality because ought implies moral obligation.

All people share an intrinsic value that comes from our humanity – each person has inalienable human worth and is born with equal rights. Inequality is merely a manifestation of unjustified cognitive biases that leverages structures within societal systems to make certain groups invisible.

Psychologists Winter and Leighton elaborates, |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Thus, the value criterion is promoting human equality.

Rights Bad

Rights based reforms create social hierarchies and reinforce cycles of structural violence – the aff erodes existing protections and exploits vulnerable groups

Nogales 14, Jaya Ramji-Nogales (Professor of Law at Temple University Beasley School of Law), "Undocumented Migrants and the Failures of Universal Individualism" vanderbilt journal of transnational law ~vol. 47:699, https://www.vanderbilt.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/78/Ramji_Undocumented-Migrants-and-the-Failures-of-Universal-Individualism.pdf//ghs-mr
Human rights law fails in its claims to universality of applicability, as illustrated in
AND
law impoverish the imagination even of those who seek to uphold migrants' rights. 

Rights are used to justify acts of structural violence and imperialism, covering up instances of oppression

Posner 14, Eric Posner (American law professor at the University of Chicago Law School), 12-4-2014, "The case against human rights," Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/04/-sp-case-against-human-rights//ghs-mr
Many human rights advocates respond that even if human rights law does not function as
AND
be used to clothe illiberal agendas in words soothing to the western ear.

Welfare Bad

Public housing welfare incentivizes recipients to REDUCE work output – proven by unemployment benefits

(Tanner 13, Michael; domestic policy researcher, fellow at Cato Institute, "When Welfare Undermines Work Ethic", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/05/denmarks-work-life-balance/when-welfare-undermines-work-ethic//ghs-sa)
We know that one of the most important long-term steps toward avoiding or
AND
with unemployment benefits, which increase both the rate and duration of joblessness.

Housing welfare programs increase governmental dependency, resulting in cycles of crime and poverty

(Rector 93, Robert, masters in political science from Johns Hopkins University, commissioner of the Millennial Housing Commission, Why Expanding Welfare Will Not Help the Poor, The Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/civil-society/report/why-expanding-welfare-will-not-help-the-poor//ghs-sa)
The central dilemma of the welfare state is that nearly all of the cash,
AND
be rare in the United States, behavioral poverty is abundant and growing.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cy-Fair TW | Judge: Derek Liles

A~ Interp: The aff must defend the right to housing as a positive right.

Guaranteeing right to housing includes both negative and positive obligations – case law proves

Marc UHRY 16 ~Coordinator for european affairs~, "HOUSING-RELATED BINDING OBLIGATIONS ON STATES FROM EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL CASE LAW," Foundation Abbe Piere and FEANTSA, FROM EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL CASE LAW, June 2016, http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/sites/default/files/content-files/files/housing-related_binding_obligations_on_states.pdf, ghsBZ
What minimum norms do public authorities have to respect when effectively implementing fundamental social rights
AND
, respected, protected and implemented by the European Union and all public authorities

B~ Violation:

C~ Standards:

1~ Decision-making skills
2~ Topic education 

====D~ T is a voting issue====

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit MC | Judge: Lawrence Zhou

Courts have heavy burdens now and are on the brink—one big push causes collapse of the judiciary and democracy.

Bannon 13 (Alicia Bannon, serves as counsel for the Brennan Center’s Democracy Program, where her work focuses on judicial selection and promoting fair and impartial courts. Ms. Bannon also previously served as a Liman Fellow and Counsel in the Brennan Center’s Justice Program. J.D. from Yale Law School in 2007, where she was a Comments Editor of the Yale Law Journal, "Testimony: More Judges Needed in Federal Courts," September 10, 2013, http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/testimony-federal-courts-need-more-judges)//ghs-VA
While the current high level of judicial vacancies partially explains this high per-judge
AND
2013, so as to ensure the continued vitality of our federal courts.

Qualified immunity was created to PREVENT frivolous litigation. Aff limits that and prompts court clog

Mary Ellen Maatman 84 ~Professor of Law at Delaware Law School; B.A. from Swarthmmore College and a J.D. from University of Pennsylvania Law School~, "Harlow v. Fitzgerald: The Lower Courts Implement the New Standard for Qualified Immunity Under Section 1983," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Volume 132, 1984, GUMM
In addition to furthering the public interest by facilitating effective¶ government through unhampered decisionmaking
AND
" of such cases that followed Monroe¶ v. Pape.7 5

Federal court clog causes collapses the federal judiciary – overburdens dockets, expansion can't keep pace

Oakley 96 (John B. Oakley, Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus US Davis School of Law, 1996 The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation)ghs-VA
Personal effects: The hidden costs of greater workloads. The hallmark of federal justice
AND
would raise the most serious questions of the future course of the nation.

Separation of power solves unaccountable decisions to go to war – causes extinction

Adler 96 (David, professor of political science at Idaho State, The Constitution and Conduct of American Foreign Policy, p. 23-25)ghs-VA
The structure of shared powers in foreign relations serves to deter the abuse of power
AND
in comparison to those of the American people and their representatives in Congress.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: West Ranch JH | Judge: Jeff Joseph

Currently the Court avoids issue creation by requiring litigants to strictly adhere to the unique facts of cases

Baird and Jacobi, 09 - *Associate Professor of Political Science at UC-Boulder AND Professor of Law at Northwestern (Vanessa and Tonja, "HOW THE DISSENT BECOMES THE MAJORITY: USING FEDERALISM TO TRANSFORM COALITIONS IN THE U.S. SUPREME COURT," 59 Duke L.J. 183, November, lexis)
But why do Justices need to signal for cases in the future? If the
AND
Justices to persuade their previously unsympathetic colleagues to join them in their opinion.

The plan decides the case in advance of the arguments presented from the facts of a specific controversy – this crushes the rule of law

Colbert, 06 – professor of law at the University of Maryland (Douglas, "Coming Soon to a Court Near You - Convicting the Unrepresented at the Bail Stage: An Autopsy of a State High Court's Sua Sponte* Rejection of Indigent Defendants' Right to Counsel," 36 Seton Hall L. Rev. 653, lexis)
Even then, an activist court's readiness to decide a question not briefed or fully
AND
be followed if sufficiently persuasive but which are not controlling.'" n249

Ruling on grounds not present in the test case utterly destroy judicial legitimacy – they reveal the legal system as a sham

Milani and Smith, 02 - both are Assistant Professors, Mercer University School of Law (Adam and Michael, "Playing God: A Critical Look at Sua Sponte Decisions by Appellate Courts," 69 Tenn. L. Rev. 245, Winter, lexis)
Sua sponte decisions work against such litigant and societal acceptance of courts' decisions because the
AND
screwed, that's an imposition up with which I shall not put." n211

The rule of law is vital to solving disease and terrorism globally – the US is modeled

Greco 5 (Michael, president of the American Bar Association, Miami Daily Business Review, 12/5, lexis)
What makes the rule of law so important that it attracted such a distinguished community
AND
for an independent, nonpartisan commission to investigate our treatment of such prisoners.

Disease causes extinction

Yu 09 ~Victoria, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate," Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate~~
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best
AND
— which could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain.

Terrorist attacks escalate – killing billions

Myhrvold 14 (Nathan P ~chief executive and founder of Intellectual Ventures and a former chief technology officer at Microsoft~; Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action; cco.dodlive.mil/files/2014/04/Strategic_Terrorism_corrected_II.pdf; kdf)
Technology contains no inherent moral directive—it empowers people, whatever their intent,
AND
, and bombings in major cities. Strategic objectives cannot be far behind.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rosemount TS | Judge: Chetan Hertz

Qualified immunity prevents frivolous litigation and negligence cases that saps public taxes and active policing

King '16 (Andrew, Jul 1st, writer, "KEEP QUALIFIED IMMUNITY…FOR NOW", Mimesis Law, http://mimesislaw.com/fault-lines/keep-qualified-immunity-for-now/11010—ghssk)
Finally, that brings us back to qualified immunity. If you get rid of
AND
of culpability, departments might be essentially uninsurable or unable to effectively patrol.

Increasing civil rights litigation against police decimates city budgets – empirically proven

Elinson and Frosch 15, Zusha Elinson and Dan Frosch, Cost of Police-Misconduct Cases Soars in Big U.S. Cities, WSJ, 7-15-2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/cost-of-police-misconduct-cases-soars-in-big-u-s-cities-1437013834, ghsBZ
For most of the police departments surveyed by the Journal, the costliest claims were
AND
money into that fund to pay for the lawsuits has really been challenging."

Taxes are leveraged to suppress minority groups in cycles of poverty and maintain hegemonic white status in wealth gaps

Andre Smith 15 ~Assistant Professor at FIU College of Law~, "How Taxes Have Kept Wealth White," 11-1-2015, http://toomuchonline.org/how-taxes-have-kept-wealth-white/, ghsBZ
Slavery as a 100 percent tax on labor remains a principal reason why blacks in
AND
, war, etc., taxation is simply not exempt from racial politics.

Budget deficits necessitates predatory policing which targets black populations with excessive fines

Dan Kopf 16 ~data journalist~, "The Fining of Black America," Priceonomics, 6-24-2016, https://priceonomics.com/the-fining-of-black-america/, ghsBZ
In March 2010, years before Ferguson, Missouri, became known for sparking the
AND
to exploit residents for fine revenue are those with the most African Americans.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit MC | Judge: Lawrence Zhou

IT WILL NOT GET BETTER–Trayvon Martin and Renisha McBride are our generation’s Emmett Till–the promise of the political has never and will never be realized for Black Americans–the American dream and the political is dependent on ever-increasing black suffering

Calvin L. Warren 15, ~Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University~, ~Professor of  "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope," The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Perverse juxtapositions structure our relation to the Political. This becomes even more apparent and
AND
advances political apostasy as the only "ethical" response to black suffering.

Placing hope in the political constitutes a cruel optimism that keeps blacks chasing after a political object that only strengthens anti-black systems–they’ll say "WE CAN’T DO NOTHING" but that’s just a link–anti-black systems create a false binary between action and inaction that tricks blacks into continuing to trust the political

Calvin L. Warren 15, ~Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University~, ~Professor of  "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope," The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
The politics of hope, then, constitutes what Lauren Berlant would call "cruel
AND
the only "hope" for blackness in an anti- black world.

The alternative is black nihilist political apostasy that rejects the anti-black political entirely–NO PARTIAL ATHEISM–the perm fails because it’s impossible to support the political structure without participating in the ruse of false transformation and an exploited hope

Calvin L. Warren 15, ~Assistant Professor of American Studies, George Washington University~, ~Professor of  "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope," The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 2015, Michigan State University Press. RFK
Can we reject this racist god and, at the same time, support the
AND
symbolic as inherently wicked and rejects it both as critique and spiritual practice.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Millburn AJ | Judge: Jane Brennan

Constitutional tort law masks structural inequalities, bolsters monopoly of legal expertise, and perpetuates a capitalist market that commodifies and profits off of injuries – only rich white people can afford legal representation while poor minorities rarely receive adequate recompense

RICHARD L. ABEL 81 ~Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus) at UCLA, a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974~, "A CRITIQUE OF AMERICAN TORT LAW," BRITISH JOURNAL OF LAW and SOCIETY VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2, WINTER 1981, ghsBZ
Capitalist tort law exploits and alienates tort victims in ways that parallel the exploitation and
AND
A thus pays part of the cost of protecting the privileges of B.

Reparations fuel the logic of capitalism by trivializing and commodifying suffering – inadequate compensation undermines collective interest and hides systemic flaws

RICHARD L. ABEL 81 ~Richard L Professor of Law (now emeritus) at UCLA, a specialist in African Law Studies and a renowned socio-legal scholar. He received his B.A. from Harvard University (1962), his LL.B. from Columbia University (1965) and his Ph.D. from the University of London (1974). He has been a member of the faculty of the UCLA School of Law since 1974~, "A CRITIQUE OF AMERICAN TORT LAW," BRITISH JOURNAL OF LAW and SOCIETY VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2, WINTER 1981, ghsBZ
The most insidious consequence of dependence upon market deterrence and state regulation has been to
AND
commodities - an analogy that reveals the patriarchal origins of contemporary tort law.

Capitalism is foundational to police brutality and violence against minorities – examining capitalist mode of thought is a prior question

Chris Hedges '15 ~Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter, columnist for Truthdig, author~, "Corporate Capitalism Is the Foundation of Police Brutality and the Prison State," Alternet, July 6, 2015 GHSRG
Our national conversation on race and crime is based on a fiction. It is
AND
is absurd," Murakawa said. "I have zero faith in this."

The alternative is to completely withdraw from the logic of capital – individual criticism is key

Johnston 04 (Adrian ~interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University~, "The Cynic's Fetish: Slavoj Žižek and the Dynamics of Belief" Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, December p259) GHSGB
Perhaps the absence of a detailed political roadmap in Zizek's recent writings isn't a major
AND
subjects, whether consciously or unconsciously, "internally" believe in it. 

The role of the ballot is to challenge capitalism

Zizek and Daly 04 (Glyn ~Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton~, Slajov ~Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia~ "Conversations with Zizek", p. 14-16) GHSGB
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
) social antagonisms and to absorb them within a culture of differential affirmation.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Montgomery WP | Judge: Arthur Byrson  Scott Phillips

CP Text: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power to turn nuclear power plants into forests.

It’s mutually exclusive – forests are fundamentally different from gardens – multiple warrants

Steve Gabriel 13~~, "Forest Farming vs. Forest Gardening: What’s the Difference?," Farming the Woods, 4-4-2013, https://farmingthewoods.com/2013/04/04/forest-farming-vs-forest-gardening-whats-the-difference-2/, ghsBZ
Dave Jacke and others advocate that in Forest Gardening we want to mimic mid-
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the implication that we are working in spaces larger than one’s own backyard.

Forests are key to solve warming

Sinkswatch ~~, "Climate change: the forest connection," , http://www.sinkswatch.org/forX.html, ghsBZ
Most people are now aware that the world’s hunger for energy from fossil fuel is
AND
of existing forests, thereby exacerbating deforestation and increasing the release of carbon.

Warming and CO₂ emissions kill biodiversity – newest research shows that ecosystems are on the brink due to human activity.

Barnosky et al 12 (Anthony (Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley); Elizabeth Hadly (Department of Biology, Stanford University); Jordi Bascompte (Integrative Ecology Group, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Sevilla, Spain); Eric Berlow (TRU NORTH Labs, Berkeley, California); James H. Brown (Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico); Mikael Fortelius (Department of Geosciences and Geography and Finnish Museum of Natural History); Wayne Getz (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); John Harte (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); Alan Hastings (Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California – Davis); Pablo Marquet (Departamento de Ecologıa, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile); Neo Martinez (Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab); Arne Mooers (Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University); Peter Roopnarine (California Academy of Sciences); Geerta Vermeij (Department of Geology, University of California – Davis); John W. Williams (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin); Rosemary Gilespie (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); Justin Kitzes (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); Charles Marshall (Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley); Nicholas Matzke (Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley); David Mindell ( Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco); Eloy Revilla (Department of Conservation Biology, Estacion Biologica de Donana); and Adam B. Smith (Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden), "Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere", Nature, May 2012, RSR)
As a result of human activities, direct local-scale forcings have accumulated to
AND
social unrest, economic instability and loss of human life could result 64 .

Warming leads the sixth mass extinction of global biodiversity – unprecedented species decline

Staudinger ’12 ~Michelle D., Northeast Climate Science Center Coordinator,  July 2012, US Global Change Research Program, "Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Ecosystem Services", http://downloads.usgcrp.gov/NCA/Activities/Biodiversity-Ecosystems-and-Ecosystem-Services-Technical-Input.pdf, Page 43, Accessed 7-12-14, CX~
There is unequivocal evidence that climate change is occurring and having impacts on biodiversity (
AND
among biota are shifting over spatial and temporal scales (Walther, 2010). 

CP Text: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power to turn nuclear power plants into forests.

It’s mutually exclusive – forests are fundamentally different from gardens – multiple warrants

Steve Gabriel 13~~, "Forest Farming vs. Forest Gardening: What’s the Difference?," Farming the Woods, 4-4-2013, https://farmingthewoods.com/2013/04/04/forest-farming-vs-forest-gardening-whats-the-difference-2/, ghsBZ
Dave Jacke and others advocate that in Forest Gardening we want to mimic mid-
AND
the implication that we are working in spaces larger than one’s own backyard.

Forests are key to solve warming

Sinkswatch ~~, "Climate change: the forest connection," , http://www.sinkswatch.org/forX.html, ghsBZ
Most people are now aware that the world’s hunger for energy from fossil fuel is
AND
of existing forests, thereby exacerbating deforestation and increasing the release of carbon.

Warming and CO₂ emissions kill biodiversity – newest research shows that ecosystems are on the brink due to human activity.

Barnosky et al 12 (Anthony (Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley); Elizabeth Hadly (Department of Biology, Stanford University); Jordi Bascompte (Integrative Ecology Group, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Sevilla, Spain); Eric Berlow (TRU NORTH Labs, Berkeley, California); James H. Brown (Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico); Mikael Fortelius (Department of Geosciences and Geography and Finnish Museum of Natural History); Wayne Getz (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); John Harte (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); Alan Hastings (Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California – Davis); Pablo Marquet (Departamento de Ecologıa, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile); Neo Martinez (Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab); Arne Mooers (Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University); Peter Roopnarine (California Academy of Sciences); Geerta Vermeij (Department of Geology, University of California – Davis); John W. Williams (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin); Rosemary Gilespie (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); Justin Kitzes (Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley); Charles Marshall (Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley); Nicholas Matzke (Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley); David Mindell ( Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco); Eloy Revilla (Department of Conservation Biology, Estacion Biologica de Donana); and Adam B. Smith (Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden), "Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere", Nature, May 2012, RSR)
As a result of human activities, direct local-scale forcings have accumulated to
AND
social unrest, economic instability and loss of human life could result 64 .

Warming leads the sixth mass extinction of global biodiversity – unprecedented species decline

Staudinger ’12 ~Michelle D., Northeast Climate Science Center Coordinator,  July 2012, US Global Change Research Program, "Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Ecosystem Services", http://downloads.usgcrp.gov/NCA/Activities/Biodiversity-Ecosystems-and-Ecosystem-Services-Technical-Input.pdf, Page 43, Accessed 7-12-14, CX~
There is unequivocal evidence that climate change is occurring and having impacts on biodiversity (
AND
among biota are shifting over spatial and temporal scales (Walther, 2010).

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kent Denver DT | Judge: Steve Knell

Counterplan Text: Countries should prohibit nuclear plants that do not use fluoride-based, molten, liquid salt mixtures as the primary coolant.

CP PIC’s out of LFTRs and solves the case – accidents are physically impossible, plants are smaller and cheaper, and create no long-term waste – solves internal links to colonialism and indigenous oppression

Martin, 12 ~May 8th, Richard, A contributing editor for Wired since 2002, he has written about energy, for Time, Fortune, The Atlantic, and the Asian Wall Street Journal, editorial director for Pike Research, the leading cleantech research and analysis firm, former Technology Producer for ABCNews.com, Technology Editor for The Industry Standard (2000-2001), and Editor-at- Large for Information Week (2005-2008), recipient of the "Excellence in Feature Writing" Award from the Society for Professional Journalists and the White Award for Investigative Reporting, Educated at Yale and the University of Hong Kong, , "SuperFuel: Thorium, the Green Energy Source for the Future", ISBN 978—0»230-116474~
SO, IF YOU WERE GOING TO DESIGN and build a new nuclear reactor from
AND
to run to produce electricity on a cost-per-kilowatt basis.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kinkaid VZ | Judge: Jeremy Rosen

Plan text: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power using non-modular power plants over 1000 megawatts in size.

The CP PIC’s out of small modular reactors – it’s plan minus and solves the aff’s harms.

SMR’s create safer, cleaner energy and have high potential for smaller developing countries.

Rosner and Goldberg 11, Robert Rosner and Stephen Goldberg, "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.," Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, ghsBZ
Nuclear power occupies a unique position in the debate over global climate change as the
AND
analysis would be done shortly that will address the relative competitiveness of SMRs.

SMRs solve case and warming – they’re cheaper, easier and faster to make, more resistant to prolif, meltdowns, and waste mismanagement

Iyer et al 14 - Gokul Iyer, Nathan Hultman, and Steve Fetter of the School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, Son H. Kim of the Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland: 6 July 2014 ("Implications of small modular reactors for climate change mitigation" Elseiver Ltd. Journal of Energy Economics, p. 1, Available Online at http://www.karnteknik.se/upload/aktiviteter/medlemsaktiviteter/20151009'Staffan20Qvists20Energy20Policy.pdf, Accessed 8/8/16)IG
Achieving climate policy targets will require large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy
AND
loss in the infant pe- riod (Hansen et al., 2003).

Only nuclear desalination from SMR’s solve water shortages in developing countries with limited infrastructure and grids

IAEA 7 "Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies", July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te'1561'web.pdf
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
AND
figures.¶These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

Water shortages in developing countries reinforces poverty, famine, and structural violence – also independently the worse impact because it prevents any further progress

Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb is a Fellow of the Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. He is former Director, National Awareness for CSIRO and Science Editor of The Australian newspaper. He was national foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators (ASC), president of the National Rural and Resources Press Club, a member of CSIRO advisory committees for agriculture, fisheries and entomology.  He has served as a Director of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Crawford Fund, the Secretariat for International Landcare, CSIRO Publishing, the Australian Minerals and Energy Environment Foundation and the National Science and Technology Centre, Questacon. He was the creator of "Future Harvest" the global public awareness campaign for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Cribb, Julian. "Coming Famine : The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It." Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press, 2010. 15-6. ebrary collections. Ghs-kw)
Some observers also claim a link between food insecurity and terrorism, pointing out that
AND
donors may unintentionally have laid the foundation for future government failure and conflict.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mountain Brook BH | Judge: Erick Berdugo

The world will remain addicted to fossil fuels until 2040

Klare 8/16/16 (Michael is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and the author, most recently, of The Race for What's Left, "This Dinosaur Isn't Going Extinct Anytime Soon" Mother Jones, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/07/fossil-fuels-increasing-climate-change//GHS-SG)
And here's the bad news: The consumption of oil, coal, and natural
AND
that natural gas provides a "bridge" to a green energy future.

Popping the bubble collapse the global economy

Carrington 13 (Damian is the head of environment at the Guardian, 4/18/13, "Carbon bubble will plunge the world into another financial crisis – report" The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/19/carbon-bubble-financial-crash-crisis?0p19G=c//GHS-SG)
The world could be heading for a major economic crisis as stock markets inflate an
AND
2015, "it will be too late for them to take action."

Economic decline causes global nuclear war

Stein Tønnesson 15, Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University, 2015, "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311
Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
AND
each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Colleyville Heritage AS | Judge: Hank Stotle

The plan is decadence on the methodological level – their ontologization of language as the constitutive foundation of the world excludes the possibility of meanings and concepts outside of their disciplinary boundaries

Lewis Gordon 14—professor of philosophy, African and Judiac Studies at the University of Connecticut—2014 ("Disciplinary Decadence and the Decolonization of Knowledge," Africa Development 39.1: 81-92, 86-88).
Failure to appreciate reality sometimes takes the form of recoiling from it. An inward
AND
. It serves as further proof of the pathological nature of such people.

Decadence allows the colonization of methods, thinking, and destroys the possibility of a decolonized ethics of the oppressed to overturn.

Lewis Gordon 14—professor of philosophy, African and Judiac Studies at the University of Connecticut—2014 ("Disciplinary Decadence and the Decolonization of Knowledge," Africa Development 39.1: 81-92, 88).
The first is regarding the political significance of this critique. For politics to exist
AND
approaches, even in the name of liberation, face a similar fate.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mountain Brook BH | Judge: Erick Berdugo

Only nuclear desalination from smaller, cheaper LFTR’s solve water shortages in developing countries with limited infrastructure and grids

IAEA 7 "Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies", July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te'1561'web.pdf
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
AND
figures.¶These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

LFTRs are key to solve water stress

Hargraves, 12 ~July, Robert, Robert Hargraves has written articles and made presentations about the liquid fluoride thorium reactor and energy cheaper than from coal – the only realistic way to dissuade nations from burning fossil fuels. His presentation "Aim High" about the technology and social benefits of the liquid fluoride thorium reactor has been presented to audiences at Dartmouth ILEAD, Thayer School of Engineering, Brown University, Columbia Earth Institute, Williams College, Royal Institution, the Thorium Energy Alliance, the International Thorium Energy Association, Google, the American Nuclear Society, and the Presidents Blue Ribbon Commission of America’s Nuclear Future. With coauthor Ralph Moir he has written articles for the American Physical Society Forum on Physics and Society: Liquid Fuel Nuclear Reactors (Jan 2011) and American Scientist: Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors (July 2010). Robert Hargraves is a study leader for energy policy at Dartmouth ILEAD. He was chief information officer at Boston Scientific Corporation and previously a senior consultant with Arthur D. Little. He founded a computer software firm, DTSS Incorporated while at Dartmouth College where he was assistant professor of mathematics and associate director of the computation center. He graduated from Brown University (PhD Physics 1967) and Dartmouth College (AB Mathematics and Physics 1961).  THORIUM: energy cheaper than coal, ISBN: 1478161299, purchased online at Amazon.com~
World water resources are stressed. UNESCO reports that 8 of worldwide electric power
AND
designed to use excess power to desalinate water during off-peak periods. 

Water shortages in developing countries reinforces poverty, famine, and structural violence – also independently the worse impact because it prevents any further progress – turns case and causes food crises and war

Cribb 10 (Julian Cribb is a Fellow of the Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. He is former Director, National Awareness for CSIRO and Science Editor of The Australian newspaper. He was national foundation president of the Australian Science Communicators (ASC), president of the National Rural and Resources Press Club, a member of CSIRO advisory committees for agriculture, fisheries and entomology.  He has served as a Director of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Crawford Fund, the Secretariat for International Landcare, CSIRO Publishing, the Australian Minerals and Energy Environment Foundation and the National Science and Technology Centre, Questacon. He was the creator of "Future Harvest" the global public awareness campaign for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Cribb, Julian. "Coming Famine : The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It." Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press, 2010. 15-6. ebrary collections. Ghs-kw)
Some observers also claim a link between food insecurity and terrorism, pointing out that
AND
donors may unintentionally have laid the foundation for future government failure and conflict.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kinkaid VZ | Judge: Jeremy Rosen

Nuclear power solves greenhouse emissions now and in the future – projections show it prevents almost half of the CO2 necessary to trigger runaway warming

Kharecha and Hansen 13, Pushker A. Kharecha* and James E. Hansen ~NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University Earth Institute~, "Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power," American Chemical Society, Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, ghsBZ
We calculate that world nuclear power generation prevented an average of 64 gigatonnes of CO2
AND
efficiency improvements and renewables, in the near-term global energy supply.

Only nuclear power solves – alternative energy growth is unaffected by phase-out but rather by state requirements and is statistically insufficient to replacing nuclear energy – renewables fight a losing fight just to keep up with the status quo

Brintone and Freede 15, Samuel Brinton ~Master’s degree program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in nuclear engineering and the technology and policy program~ and Josh Freed ~Vice President at GMMB, a social marketing and advocacy firm, where he advised the senior leadership of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; regularly advises senior federal and state policymakers, and his work has been featured in The Washington Post, NPR, National Journal, POLITICO, The Los Angeles Times and Wired.~, "When Nuclear Ends: How Nuclear Retirements Might Undermine Clean Power Plan Progress," Third Way, 8-19-2015, http://www.thirdway.org/report/when-nuclear-ends-how-nuclear-retirements-might-undermine-clean-power-plan-progress, ghsBZ
Unfortunately, our models found that renewable electricity sources grow primarily to satisfy state RPS
AND
and natural gas plants than our existing fleet of carbon-free nuclear.

Prohibiting nuclear power necessitates coal replacement – Japan proves – greenhouse gas emissions are magnified twenty times causing cancer, mass death, and extinction

Baum ’15 (Seth, Oct 20th, executive director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, a nonprofit think tank that Baum co-founded in 2011. Baum’s research focuses on risk, ethics, and policy questions about major threats to human civilization, including nuclear war, global warming, and emerging technologies., "Japan should restart more nuclear power plants", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/japan-should-restart-more-nuclear-power-plants8817—ghssk)
In August, a Japanese utility company restarted the Sendai nuclear power plant, sparking 
AND
would be the best current energy option for Japan and for the world.

Warming causes racism, sexism, and extinction.

David Naguib Pellow 12, Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota, "Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice," February 2012, http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White'Paper'Climate'Disruption'final.pdf
It is now known unequivocally that significant warming of the  atmosphere is occurring, coinciding
AND
must reduce our emissions  and consumption here at home in the global North.

Coal disproportionately harms poor minorities – over half the people living next to a constant spew of toxic pollutants are disadvantaged populations

Israel 12, Brett Israel ~The Daily Climate, study from NAACP~, "Coal Plants Smother Communities of Color," Scientific American, 11-16-2012, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/coal-plants-smother-communities-of-color/, ghsBZ
Coal plants place~s~ a disproportionate burden on poor and largely minority communities
AND
communities lives being shortened by the presence of these plants – are disturbing."

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Montgomery WP | Judge: Arthur Byrson  Scott Phillips

A~ Interpretation: Affirmative debaters must only defend the prohibition of nuclear power. To clarify, you can prohibit nuclear power but can’t fiat that you turn nuclear plants into gardens.

B~ Violation:

C~ Net benefits

1~ Limits
2~ Predictability 

D~ T is a voting issue

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Colleyville Heritage AS | Judge: Hank Stotle

A~ Interpretation: Affirmative debaters must defend the governmental implementation of the resolution in a hypothetical world. To clarify, they may not defend the metaphorical implementation of the resolution by individuals.

B~ Violation:

C~ Standards

1~ Advocacy skills –
2~ Accessibility
3~ Role-playing

D~ T is a voting issue

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Palo Alto BH | Judge: Nate Graziano
Your decision should answer the resolutional question: Is the enactment of topical action better than the status quo or a competitive option? 

1. "Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum
   Army Officer School ‘04
    (5-12, "~# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
   The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "as follows," "the following," or a noun for which the list is an appositive: Each scout will carry the following: (colon) meals for three days, a survival knife, and his sleeping bag. The company had four new officers: (colon) Bill Smith, Frank Tucker, Peter Fillmore, and Oliver Lewis. b.  A long quotation (one or more paragraphs): In The Killer Angels Michael Shaara wrote: (colon) You may find it a different story from the one you learned in school. There have been many versions of that battle ~Gettysburg~ and that war ~the Civil War~. (The quote continues for two more paragraphs.) c.  A formal quotation or question: The President declared: (colon) "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."  The question is: (colon) what can we do about it? d.  A second independent clause which explains the first: Potter's motive is clear: (colon) he wants the assignment. e.  After the introduction of a business letter: Dear Sirs: (colon) Dear Madam: (colon) f.  The details following an announcement For sale: (colon) large lakeside cabin with dock g.  A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:"
   Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.
   2. "USFG should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
   Ericson ‘03
   (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
   The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains certain key elements, although they have slightly different functions from comparable elements of value-oriented propositions. 1. An agent doing the acting —-"The United States" in "The United States should adopt a policy of free trade." Like the object of evaluation in a proposition of value, the agent is the subject of the sentence. 2. The verb should—the first part of a verb phrase that urges action. 3. An action verb to follow should in the should-verb combination. For example, should adopt here means to put a program or policy into action though governmental means. 4. A specification of directions or a limitation of the action desired. The phrase free trade, for example, gives direction and limits to the topic, which would, for example, eliminate consideration of increasing tariffs, discussing diplomatic recognition, or discussing interstate commerce. Propositions of policy deal with future action. Nothing has yet occurred. The entire debate is about whether something ought to occur. What you agree to do, then, when you accept the affirmative side in such a debate is to offer sufficient and compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
   They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action. That undermines preparation and clash. Changing the question now leaves one side unprepared, resulting in shallow, uneducational debate. Requiring debate on a communal topic forces argument development and develops persuasive skills critical to any political outcome.
   Simulated national law debates inculcate agency and decision-making skills—that enables activism and avoids cooption  
   Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf
   The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law school environment, is not new.164 Moot court, after all, is a form of simulation and one of the oldest teaching devices in the law. What is new, however, is the idea of designing a civilian national security course that takes advantage of the doctrinal and experiential components of law school education and integrates the experience through a multi-day simulation. In 2009, I taught the first module based on this design at Stanford Law, which I developed the following year into a full course at Georgetown Law. It has since gone through multiple iterations. The initial concept followed on the federal full-scale Top Official ("TopOff") exercises, used to train government officials to respond to domestic crises.165 It adapted a Tabletop Exercise, designed with the help of exercise officials at DHS and FEMA, to the law school environment. The Tabletop used one storyline to push on specific legal questions, as students, assigned roles in the discussion, sat around a table and for six hours engaged with the material. The problem with the Tabletop Exercise was that it was too static, and the rigidity of the format left little room, or time, for student agency. Unlike the government’s TopOff exercises, which gave officials the opportunity to fully engage with the many different concerns that arise in the course of a national security crisis as well as the chance to deal with externalities, the Tabletop focused on specific legal issues, even as it controlled for external chaos. The opportunity to provide a more full experience for the students came with the creation of first a one-day, and then a multi-day simulation. The course design and simulation continues to evolve. It offers a model for achieving the pedagogical goals outlined above, in the process developing a rigorous training ground for the next generation of national security lawyers.166 A. Course Design The central idea in structuring the NSL Sim 2.0 course was to bridge the gap between theory and practice by conveying doctrinal material and creating an alternative reality in which students would be forced to act upon legal concerns.167 The exercise itself is a form of problem-based learning, wherein students are given both agency and responsibility for the results. Towards this end, the structure must be at once bounded (directed and focused on certain areas of the law and legal education) and flexible (responsive to student input and decisionmaking). Perhaps the most significant weakness in the use of any constructed universe is the problem of authenticity. Efforts to replicate reality will inevitably fall short. There is simply too much uncertainty, randomness, and complexity in the real world. One way to address this shortcoming, however, is through design and agency. The scenarios with which students grapple and the structural design of the simulation must reflect the national security realm, even as students themselves must make choices that carry consequences. Indeed, to some extent, student decisions themselves must drive the evolution of events within the simulation.168 Additionally, while authenticity matters, it is worth noting that at some level the fact that the incident does not take place in a real-world setting can be a great advantage. That is, the simulation creates an environment where students can make mistakes and learn from these mistakes – without what might otherwise be devastating consequences. It also allows instructors to develop multiple points of feedback to enrich student learning in a way that would be much more difficult to do in a regular practice setting. NSL Sim 2.0 takes as its starting point the national security pedagogical goals discussed above. It works backwards to then engineer a classroom, cyber, and physical/simulation experience to delve into each of these areas. As a substantive matter, the course focuses on the constitutional, statutory, and regulatory authorities in national security law, placing particular focus on the interstices between black letter law and areas where the field is either unsettled or in flux. A key aspect of the course design is that it retains both the doctrinal and experiential components of legal education. Divorcing simulations from the doctrinal environment risks falling short on the first and third national security pedagogical goals: (1) analytical skills and substantive knowledge, and (3) critical thought. A certain amount of both can be learned in the course of a simulation; however, the national security crisis environment is not well-suited to the more thoughtful and careful analytical discussion. What I am thus proposing is a course design in which doctrine is paired with the type of experiential learning more common in a clinical realm. The former precedes the latter, giving students the opportunity to develop depth and breadth prior to the exercise. In order to capture problems related to adaptation and evolution, addressing goal ~1(d)~, the simulation itself takes place over a multi-day period. Because of the intensity involved in national security matters (and conflicting demands on student time), the model makes use of a multi-user virtual environment. The use of such technology is critical to creating more powerful, immersive simulations.169 It also allows for continual interaction between the players. Multi-user virtual environments have the further advantage of helping to transform the traditional teaching culture, predominantly concerned with manipulating textual and symbolic knowledge, into a culture where students learn and can then be assessed on the basis of their participation in changing practices.170 I thus worked with the Information Technology group at Georgetown Law to build the cyber portal used for NSL Sim 2.0. The twin goals of adaptation and evolution require that students be given a significant amount of agency and responsibility for decisions taken in the course of the simulation. To further this aim, I constituted a Control Team, with six professors, four attorneys from practice, a media expert, six to eight former simulation students, and a number of technology experts. Four of the professors specialize in different areas of national security law and assume roles in the course of the exercise, with the aim of pushing students towards a deeper doctrinal understanding of shifting national security law authorities. One professor plays the role of President of the United States. The sixth professor focuses on questions of professional responsibility. The attorneys from practice help to build the simulation and then, along with all the professors, assume active roles during the simulation itself. Returning students assist in the execution of the play, further developing their understanding of national security law. Throughout the simulation, the Control Team is constantly reacting to student choices. When unexpected decisions are made, professors may choose to pursue the evolution of the story to accomplish the pedagogical aims, or they may choose to cut off play in that area (there are various devices for doing so, such as denying requests, sending materials to labs to be analyzed, drawing the players back into the main storylines, and leaking information to the media). A total immersion simulation involves a number of scenarios, as well as systemic noise, to give students experience in dealing with the second pedagogical goal: factual chaos and information overload. The driving aim here is to teach students how to manage information more effectively. Five to six storylines are thus developed, each with its own arc and evolution. To this are added multiple alterations of the situation, relating to background noise. Thus, unlike hypotheticals, doctrinal problems, single-experience exercises, or even Tabletop exercises, the goal is not to eliminate external conditions, but to embrace them as part of the challenge facing national security lawyers. The simulation itself is problem-based, giving players agency in driving the evolution of the experience – thus addressing goal ~2(c)~. This requires a realtime response from the professor(s) overseeing the simulation, pairing bounded storylines with flexibility to emphasize different areas of the law and the students’ practical skills. Indeed, each storyline is based on a problem facing the government, to which players must then respond, generating in turn a set of new issues that must be addressed. The written and oral components of the simulation conform to the fourth pedagogical goal – the types of situations in which national security lawyers will find themselves. Particular emphasis is placed on nontraditional modes of communication, such as legal documents in advance of the crisis itself, meetings in the midst of breaking national security concerns, multiple informal interactions, media exchanges, telephone calls, Congressional testimony, and formal briefings to senior level officials in the course of the simulation as well as during the last class session. These oral components are paired with the preparation of formal legal instruments, such as applications to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, legal memos, applications for search warrants under Title III, and administrative subpoenas for NSLs. In addition, students are required to prepare a paper outlining their legal authorities prior to the simulation – and to deliver a 90 second oral briefing after the session. To replicate the high-stakes political environment at issue in goals (1) and (5), students are divided into political and legal roles and assigned to different (and competing) institutions: the White House, DoD, DHS, HHS, DOJ, DOS, Congress, state offices, nongovernmental organizations, and the media. This requires students to acknowledge and work within the broader Washington context, even as they are cognizant of the policy implications of their decisions. They must get used to working with policymakers and to representing one of many different considerations that decisionmakers take into account in the national security domain. Scenarios are selected with high consequence events in mind, to ensure that students recognize both the domestic and international dimensions of national security law. Further alterations to the simulation provide for the broader political context – for instance, whether it is an election year, which parties control different branches, and state and local issues in related but distinct areas. The media is given a particularly prominent role. One member of the Control Team runs an AP wire service, while two student players represent print and broadcast media, respectively. The Virtual News Network ("VNN"), which performs in the second capacity, runs continuously during the exercise, in the course of which players may at times be required to appear before the camera. This media component helps to emphasize the broader political context within which national security law is practiced. Both anticipated and unanticipated decisions give rise to ethical questions and matters related to the fifth goal: professional responsibility. The way in which such issues arise stems from simulation design as well as spontaneous interjections from both the Control Team and the participants in the simulation itself. As aforementioned, professors on the Control Team, and practicing attorneys who have previously gone through a simulation, focus on raising decision points that encourage students to consider ethical and professional considerations. Throughout the simulation good judgment and leadership play a key role, determining the players’ effectiveness, with the exercise itself hitting the aim of the integration of the various pedagogical goals. Finally, there are multiple layers of feedback that players receive prior to, during, and following the simulation to help them to gauge their effectiveness. The Socratic method in the course of doctrinal studies provides immediate assessment of the students’ grasp of the law. Written assignments focused on the contours of individual players’ authorities give professors an opportunity to assess students’ level of understanding prior to the simulation. And the simulation itself provides real-time feedback from both peers and professors. The Control Team provides data points for player reflection – for instance, the Control Team member playing President may make decisions based on player input, giving students an immediate impression of their level of persuasiveness, while another Control Team member may reject a FISC application as insufficient. The simulation goes beyond this, however, focusing on teaching students how to develop (6) opportunities for learning in the future. Student meetings with mentors in the field, which take place before the simulation, allow students to work out the institutional and political relationships and the manner in which law operates in practice, even as they learn how to develop mentoring relationships. (Prior to these meetings we have a class discussion about mentoring, professionalism, and feedback). Students, assigned to simulation teams about one quarter of the way through the course, receive peer feedback in the lead-up to the simulation and during the exercise itself. Following the simulation the Control Team and observers provide comments. Judges, who are senior members of the bar in the field of national security law, observe player interactions and provide additional debriefing. The simulation, moreover, is recorded through both the cyber portal and through VNN, allowing students to go back to assess their performance. Individual meetings with the professors teaching the course similarly follow the event. Finally, students end the course with a paper reflecting on their performance and the issues that arose in the course of the simulation, develop frameworks for analyzing uncertainty, tension with colleagues, mistakes, and successes in the future. B. Substantive Areas: Interstices and Threats As a substantive matter, NSL Sim 2.0 is designed to take account of areas of the law central to national security. It focuses on specific authorities that may be brought to bear in the course of a crisis. The decision of which areas to explore is made well in advance of the course. It is particularly helpful here to think about national security authorities on a continuum, as a way to impress upon students that there are shifting standards depending upon the type of threat faced. One course, for instance, might center on the interstices between crime, drugs, terrorism and war. Another might address the intersection of pandemic disease and biological weapons. A third could examine cybercrime and cyberterrorism. This is the most important determination, because the substance of the doctrinal portion of the course and the simulation follows from this decision. For a course focused on the interstices between pandemic disease and biological weapons, for instance, preliminary inquiry would lay out which authorities apply, where the courts have weighed in on the question, and what matters are unsettled. Relevant areas might include public health law, biological weapons provisions, federal quarantine and isolation authorities, habeas corpus and due process, military enforcement and posse comitatus, eminent domain and appropriation of land/property, takings, contact tracing, thermal imaging and surveillance, electronic tagging, vaccination, and intelligence-gathering. The critical areas can then be divided according to the dominant constitutional authority, statutory authorities, regulations, key cases, general rules, and constitutional questions. This, then, becomes a guide for the doctrinal part of the course, as well as the grounds on which the specific scenarios developed for the simulation are based. The authorities, simultaneously, are included in an electronic resource library and embedded in the cyber portal (the Digital Archives) to act as a closed universe of the legal authorities needed by the students in the course of the simulation. Professional responsibility in the national security realm and the institutional relationships of those tasked with responding to biological weapons and pandemic disease also come within the doctrinal part of the course. The simulation itself is based on five to six storylines reflecting the interstices between different areas of the law. The storylines are used to present a coherent, non-linear scenario that can adapt to student responses. Each scenario is mapped out in a three to seven page document, which is then checked with scientists, government officials, and area experts for consistency with how the scenario would likely unfold in real life. For the biological weapons and pandemic disease emphasis, for example, one narrative might relate to the presentation of a patient suspected of carrying yersinia pestis at a hospital in the United States. The document would map out a daily progression of the disease consistent with epidemiological patterns and the central actors in the story: perhaps a U.S. citizen, potential connections to an international terrorist organization, intelligence on the individual’s actions overseas, etc. The scenario would be designed specifically to stress the intersection of public health and counterterrorism/biological weapons threats, and the associated (shifting) authorities, thus requiring the disease initially to look like an innocent presentation (for example, by someone who has traveled from overseas), but then for the storyline to move into the second realm (awareness that this was in fact a concerted attack). A second storyline might relate to a different disease outbreak in another part of the country, with the aim of introducing the Stafford Act/Insurrection Act line and raising federalism concerns. The role of the military here and Title 10/Title 32 questions would similarly arise – with the storyline designed to raise these questions. A third storyline might simply be well developed noise in the system: reports of suspicious activity potentially linked to radioactive material, with the actors linked to nuclear material. A fourth storyline would focus perhaps on container security concerns overseas, progressing through newspaper reports, about containers showing up in local police precincts. State politics would constitute the fifth storyline, raising question of the political pressures on the state officials in the exercise. Here, ethnic concerns, student issues, economic conditions, and community policing concerns might become the focus. The sixth storyline could be further noise in the system – loosely based on current events at the time. In addition to the storylines, a certain amount of noise is injected into the system through press releases, weather updates, private communications, and the like. The five to six storylines, prepared by the Control Team in consultation with experts, become the basis for the preparation of scenario "injects:" i.e., newspaper articles, VNN broadcasts, reports from NGOs, private communications between officials, classified information, government leaks, etc., which, when put together, constitute a linear progression. These are all written and/or filmed prior to the exercise. The progression is then mapped in an hourly chart for the unfolding events over a multi-day period. All six scenarios are placed on the same chart, in six columns, giving the Control Team a birds-eye view of the progression. C. How It Works As for the nuts and bolts of the simulation itself, it traditionally begins outside of class, in the evening, on the grounds that national security crises often occur at inconvenient times and may well involve limited sleep and competing demands.171 Typically, a phone call from a Control Team member posing in a role integral to one of the main storylines, initiates play. Students at this point have been assigned dedicated simulation email addresses and provided access to the cyber portal. The portal itself gives each team the opportunity to converse in a "classified" domain with other team members, as well as access to a public AP wire and broadcast channel, carrying the latest news and on which press releases or (for the media roles) news stories can be posted. The complete universe of legal authorities required for the simulation is located on the cyber portal in the Digital Archives, as are forms required for some of the legal instruments (saving students the time of developing these from scratch in the course of play). Additional "classified" material – both general and SCI – has been provided to the relevant student teams. The Control Team has access to the complete site. For the next two (or three) days, outside of student initiatives (which, at their prompting, may include face-to-face meetings between the players), the entire simulation takes place through the cyber portal. The Control Team, immediately active, begins responding to player decisions as they become public (and occasionally, through monitoring the "classified" communications, before they are released). This time period provides a ramp-up to the third (or fourth) day of play, allowing for the adjustment of any substantive, student, or technology concerns, while setting the stage for the breaking crisis. The third (or fourth) day of play takes place entirely at Georgetown Law. A special room is constructed for meetings between the President and principals, in the form of either the National Security Council or the Homeland Security Council, with breakout rooms assigned to each of the agencies involved in the NSC process. Congress is provided with its own physical space, in which meetings, committee hearings and legislative drafting can take place. State government officials are allotted their own area, separate from the federal domain, with the Media placed between the three major interests. The Control Team is sequestered in a different area, to which students are not admitted. At each of the major areas, the cyber portal is publicly displayed on large flat panel screens, allowing for the streaming of video updates from the media, AP wire injects, articles from the students assigned to represent leading newspapers, and press releases. Students use their own laptop computers for team decisions and communication. As the storylines unfold, the Control Team takes on a variety of roles, such as that of the President, Vice President, President’s chief of staff, governor of a state, public health officials, and foreign dignitaries. Some of the roles are adopted on the fly, depending upon player responses and queries as the storylines progress. Judges, given full access to each player domain, determine how effectively the students accomplish the national security goals. The judges are themselves well-experienced in the practice of national security law, as well as in legal education. They thus can offer a unique perspective on the scenarios confronted by the students, the manner in which the simulation unfolded, and how the students performed in their various capacities. At the end of the day, the exercise terminates and an immediate hotwash is held, in which players are first debriefed on what occurred during the simulation. Because of the players’ divergent experiences and the different roles assigned to them, the students at this point are often unaware of the complete picture. The judges and formal observers then offer reflections on the simulation and determine which teams performed most effectively. Over the next few classes, more details about the simulation emerge, as students discuss it in more depth and consider limitations created by their knowledge or institutional position, questions that arose in regard to their grasp of the law, the types of decision-making processes that occurred, and the effectiveness of their – and other students’ – performances. Reflection papers, paired with oral briefings, focus on the substantive issues raised by the simulation and introduce the opportunity for students to reflect on how to create opportunities for learning in the future. The course then formally ends.172 Learning, however, continues beyond the temporal confines of the semester. Students who perform well and who would like to continue to participate in the simulations are invited back as members of the control team, giving them a chance to deepen their understanding of national security law. Following graduation, a few students who go in to the field are then invited to continue their affiliation as National Security Law fellows, becoming increasingly involved in the evolution of the exercise itself. This system of vertical integration helps to build a mentoring environment for the students while they are enrolled in law school and to create opportunities for learning and mentorship post-graduation. It helps to keep the exercise current and reflective of emerging national security concerns. And it builds a strong community of individuals with common interests. CONCLUSION The legal academy has, of late, been swept up in concern about the economic conditions that affect the placement of law school graduates. The image being conveyed, however, does not resonate in every legal field. It is particularly inapposite to the burgeoning opportunities presented to students in national security. That the conversation about legal education is taking place now should come as little surprise. Quite apart from economic concern is the traditional introspection that follows American military engagement. It makes sense: law overlaps substantially with political power, being at once both the expression of government authority and the effort to limit the same. The one-size fits all approach currently dominating the conversation in legal education, however, appears ill-suited to address the concerns raised in the current conversation. Instead of looking at law across the board, greater insight can be gleaned by looking at the specific demands of the different fields themselves. This does not mean that the goals identified will be exclusive to, for instance, national security law, but it does suggest there will be greater nuance in the discussion of the adequacy of the current pedagogical approach. With this approach in mind, I have here suggested six pedagogical goals for national security. For following graduation, students must be able to perform in each of the areas identified – (1) understanding the law as applied, (2) dealing with factual chaos and uncertainty, (3) obtaining critical distance, (4) developing nontraditional written and oral communication skills, (5) exhibiting leadership, integrity, and good judgment in a high-stakes, highly-charged environment, and (6) creating continued opportunities for self-learning. They also must learn how to integrate these different skills into one experience, to ensure that they will be most effective when they enter the field. The problem with the current structures in legal education is that they fall short, in important ways, from helping students to meet these goals. Doctrinal courses may incorporate a range of experiential learning components, such as hypotheticals, doctrinal problems, single exercises, extended or continuing exercises, and tabletop exercises. These are important classroom devices. The amount of time required for each varies, as does the object of the exercise itself. But where they fall short is in providing a more holistic approach to national security law which will allow for the maximum conveyance of required skills. Total immersion simulations, which have not yet been addressed in the secondary literature for civilian education in national security law, may provide an important way forward. Such simulations also cure shortcomings in other areas of experiential education, such as clinics and moot court. It is in an effort to address these concerns that I developed the simulation model above. NSL Sim 2.0 certainly is not the only solution, but it does provide a starting point for moving forward. The approach draws on the strengths of doctrinal courses and embeds a total immersion simulation within a course. It makes use of technology and physical space to engage students in a multi-day exercise, in which they are given agency and responsibility for their decision making, resulting in a steep learning curve. While further adaptation of this model is undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.
   Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
   Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
   David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
   Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition
   Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy, a difference of opinion or a conflict of interest before there can be a debate. If everyone is in agreement on a feet or value or policy, there is no need or opportunity for debate; the matter can be settled by unanimous consent. Thus, for example, it would be pointless to attempt to debate "Resolved: That two plus two equals four," because there is simply no controversy about this state¬ment. Controversy is an essential prerequisite of debate. Where there is no clash of ideas, proposals, interests, or expressed positions of issues, there is no debate. Controversy invites decisive choice between competing positions. Debate cannot produce effective decisions without clear identification of a question or questions to be answered. For example, general argument may occur about the broad topic of illegal immigration. How many illegal immigrants live in the United States? What is the impact of illegal immigration and immigrants on our economy? What is their impact on our communities? Do they commit crimes? Do they take jobs from American workers? Do they pay taxes? Do they require social services? Is it a problem that some do not speak English? Is it the responsibility of employers to discourage illegal immigration by not hiring undocumented workers? Should they have the opportunity to gain citizenship? Does illegal immigration pose a security threat to our country? Do illegal immigrants do work that American workers are unwilling to do? Are their rights as workers and as human beings at risk due to their status? Are they abused by employers, law enforcement, housing, and businesses? How are their families impacted by their status? What is the moral and philosophical obligation of a nation state to maintain its borders? Should we build a wall on the Mexican border, establish a national identification card, or enforce existing laws against employers? Should we invite immigrants to become U.S. citizens? Surely you can think of many more concerns to be addressed by a conversation about the topic area of illegal immigration. Participation in this "debate" is likely to be emotional and intense. However, it is not likely to be productive or useful without focus on a particular question and identification of a line demarcating sides in the controversy. To be discussed and resolved effectively, controversies are best understood when seated clearly such that all parties to the debate share an understanding about the objec¬tive of the debate. This enables focus on substantive and objectively identifiable issues facilitating comparison of competing argumentation leading to effective decisions. Vague understanding results in unfocused deliberation and poor deci¬sions, general feelings of tension without opportunity for resolution, frustration, and emotional distress, as evidenced by the failure of the U.S. Congress to make substantial progress on the immigration debate. Of course, arguments may be presented without disagreement. For exam¬ple, claims are presented and supported within speeches, editorials, and advertise¬ments even without opposing or refutational response. Argumentation occurs in a range of settings from informal to formal, and may not call upon an audi¬ence or judge to make a forced choice among competing claims. Informal dis¬course occurs as conversation or panel discussion without demanding a decision about a dichotomous or yes/no question. However, by definition, debate requires "reasoned judgment on a proposition. The proposition is a statement about which competing advocates will offer alternative (pro or con) argumenta¬tion calling upon their audience or adjudicator to decide. The proposition pro-vides focus for the discourse and guides the decision process. Even when a decision will be made through a process of compromise, it is important to iden¬tify the beginning positions of competing advocates to begin negotiation and movement toward a center, or consensus position. It is frustrating and usually unproductive to attempt to make a decision when deciders are unclear as to what the decision is about. The proposition may be implicit in some applied debates ("Vote for me!^"); however, when a vote or consequential decision is called for (as in the courtroom or in applied parliamentary debate) it is essential that the proposition be explicitly expressed (^"the defendant is guilty!^"). In aca¬demic debate, the proposition provides essential guidance for the preparation of the debaters prior to the debate, the case building and discourse presented during the debate, and the decision to be made by the debate judge after the debate. Someone disturbed by the problem of a growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised youths might observe, "Public schools are doing a terri¬ble job! They' are overcrowded, and many teachers are poorly qualified in their subject areas. Even the best teachers can do little more than struggle to maintain order in their classrooms." That same concerned citizen, facing a complex range of issues, might arrive at an unhelpful decision, such as "We ought to do some¬thing about this" or, worse, "It’s too complicated a problem to deal with." Groups of concerned citizens worried about the state of public education could join together to express their frustrations, anger, disillusionment, and emotions regarding the schools, but without a focus for their discussions, they could easily agree about the sorry state of education without finding points of clarity or potential solutions. A gripe session would follow. But if a precise question is posed—such as "What can be done to improve public education?^"—then a more profitable area of discussion is opened up simply by placing a focus on the search for a concrete solution step. One or more judgments can be phrased in the form of debate propositions, motions for parliamentary debate, or bills for legislative assemblies, The statements "Resolved: That the federal government should implement a program of charter schools in at-risk communities" and "Resolved; That the state of Florida should adopt a school voucher program" more clearly identify specific ways of dealing with educational problems in a manageable form, suitable for debate. They provide specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference. This focus contributes to better and more informed decision making with the potential for better results. In aca¬demic debate, it provides better depth of argumentation and enhanced opportu¬nity for reaping the educational benefits of participation. In the next section, we will consider the challenge of framing the proposition for debate, and its role in the debate. To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing limits on the decision to be made, the basis for argument should be clearly defined. If we merely talk about a topic, such as ‘"homeless¬ness," or "abortion," Or "crime," or "global warming," we are likely to have an interesting discussion but not to establish a profitable basis for argument. For example, the statement ^"Resolved: That the pen is mightier than the sword" is debatable, yet by itself fails to provide much basis for dear argumen¬tation. If we take this statement to mean Iliad the written word is more effec¬tive than physical force for some purposes, we can identify a problem area: the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose, perhaps promoting positive social change. (Note that "loose^" propositions, such as the example above, may be defined by their advocates in such a way as to facilitate a clear contrast of competing sides; through definitions and debate they "become" clearly understood statements even though they may not begin as such. There are formats for debate that often begin with this sort of proposition. However, in any debate, at some point, effective and meaningful discussion relies on identification of a clearly stated or understood proposition.) Back to the example of the written word versus physical force. Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem. It is still too broad, too loosely worded to promote weII-organized argument. What sort of writing are we concerned with—poems, novels, government documents, web¬site development, advertising, cyber-warfare, disinformation, or what? What does it mean to be "mightier" in this context? What kind of physical force is being compared—fists, dueling swords, bazookas, nuclear weapons, or what? A more specific question might be, "Would a mutual defense treaty or a visit by our fleet be more effective in assuring Laurania of our support in a certain crisis?" The basis for argument could be phrased in a debate proposition such as "Resolved: That the United States should enter into a mutual defense treaty with Laurania." Negative advocates might oppose this proposition by arguing that fleet maneuvers would be a better solution. This is not to say that debates should completely avoid creative interpretation of the controversy by advo¬cates, or that good debates cannot occur over competing interpretations of the controversy; in fact, these sorts of debates may be very engaging. The point is that debate is best facilitated by the guidance provided by focus on a particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
   Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy
   Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
   David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
   Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition
   In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S, military involvement in Bosnia, Iraq, and Afghanistan, and criticism for what some saw as slow sup¬port of the United States for the people of Egypt and Tunisia as citizens of those nations ousted their formerly American-backed dictators, the administration of President Barack Obama considered its options in providing support for rebels seeking to overthrow the government of Muammar el-Qaddafi in Libya. Public debate was robust as the administration sought to determine its most appropriate action. The president ultimately decided to engage in an international coalition, enforcing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 through a number of measures including establishment of a no-fly zone through air and missile strikes to support rebels in Libya, but stopping short of direct U.S. intervention with ground forces or any occupation of Libya. While the action seemed to achieve its immediate objectives, most notably the defeat of Qaddafi and his regime, the American president received both criticism and praise for his mea¬sured yet assertive decision. In fact, the past decade has challenged American leaders to make many difficult decisions in response to potentially catastrophic problems. Public debate has raged in chaotic environment of political division and apparent animosity, The process of public decision making may have never been so consequential or difficult. Beginning in the fall of 2008, Presidents Bush and Obama faced a growing eco¬nomic crisis and responded in part with '’bailouts'' of certain Wall Street financial entities, additional bailouts of Detroit automakers, and a major economic stimu-lus package. All these actions generated substantial public discourse regarding the necessity, wisdom, and consequences of acting (or not acting). In the summer of 2011, the president and the Congress participated in heated debates (and attempted negotiations) to raise the nation's debt ceiling such that the U.S. Federal Govern¬ment could pay its debts and continue government operations. This discussion was linked to a debate about the size of the exponentially growing national debt, gov¬ernment spending, and taxation. Further, in the spring of 2012, U.S. leaders sought to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapon capability while gas prices in the United States rose, The United States considered its ongoing military involvement in Afghanistan in the face of nationwide protests and violence in that country¹ sparked by the alleged burning of Korans by American soldiers, and Americans observed the actions of President Bashir Al-Assad and Syrian forces as they killed Syrian citizens in response to a rebel uprising in that nation and considered the role of the United States in that action. Meanwhile, public discourse, in part generated and intensified by the cam¬paigns of the GOP candidates for president and consequent media coverage, addressed issues dividing Americans, including health care, women's rights to reproductive health services, the freedom of churches and church-run organiza¬tions to remain true to their beliefs in providing (or electing not to provide) health care services which they oppose, the growing gap between the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans and the rest of the American population, and continued high levels of unemployment. More division among the American public would be hard to imagine. Yet through all the tension, conflict was almost entirely ver¬bal in nature, aimed at discovering or advocating solutions to growing problems. Individuals also faced daunting decisions. A young couple, underwater with their mortgage and struggling to make their monthly payments, considered walking away from their loan; elsewhere a college sophomore reconsidered his major and a senior her choice of law school, graduate school, or a job and a teenager decided between an iPhone and an iPad. Each of these situations called for decisions to be made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions. Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting or thinking. It requires that the decider make a choice. Life demands decision making. We make countless individual decisions every day. To make some of those decisions, we work hard to employ care and consider¬ation: others scorn to just happen. Couples, families, groups of friends, and co¬workers come together to make choices, and decision-making bodies from committees to juries to the U.S. Congress and the United Nations make deci¬sions that impact us all. Every profession requires effective and ethical decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations. We all engage in discourse surrounding our necessary decisions every day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an eco¬nomical hybrid car, what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candi¬date to vote for, paper or plastic, all present us with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration? Is the defendant guilty as accused? Should we watch The Daily Show or the ball game? And upon what information should I rely to make my decision? Certainly some of these decisions are more consequential than others. Which amendment to vote for, what television program to watch, what course to take, which phone plan to purchase, and which diet to pursue—all present unique challenges. At our best, we seek out research and data to inform our decisions. Yet even the choice of which information to attend to requires decision making. In 2006, Time magazine named YOU its "Person of the Year." Congratulations! Its selection was based on the participation not of "great men" in the creation of his¬tory, but rather on the contributions of a community of anonymous participants in the evolution of information. Through blogs, online networking, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, and many other ^"wikis," and social networking sites, knowledge and truth are created from the bottom up, bypassing the authoritarian control of newspeople, academics, and publishers. Through a quick keyword search, we have access to infinite quantities of information, but how do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs? Much of what suffices as information is not reliable, or even ethically motivated. The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical deci¬sions' relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength, And, critical thinking offers tools enabling the user to better understand the' nature and relative quality of the message under consider¬ation. Critical thinkers are better users of information as well as better advocates. Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized. The executive order establishing California's requirement states; Instruction in critical thinking is designed to achieve an understanding of the relationship of language to logic, which would lead to the ability to analyze, criticize and advocate ideas, to reason inductively and deductively, and to reach factual or judgmental conclusions based on sound inferences drawn from unambigu¬ous statements of knowledge or belief. The minimal competence to be expected at the successful conclusion of instruction in critical thinking should be the ability to distinguish fact from judgment, belief from knowledge, and skills in elementary inductive arid deductive processes, including an under¬standing of die formal and informal fallacies of language and thought. Competency in critical thinking is a prerequisite to participating effectively in human affairs, pursuing higher education, and succeeding in the highly com¬petitive world of business and the professions. Michael Scriven and Richard Paul for the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking Instruction argued that the effective critical thinker: raises vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely; gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively; comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards; thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing, and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical con¬sequences; and communicates effectively with others in figuring our solutions to complex problems. They also observed that critical thinking entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and sociocentrism,"1 Debate as a classroom exercise and as a mode of thinking and behaving uniquely promotes development of each of these skill sets. Since classical times, debate has been one of the best methods of learning and applying the principles of critical thinking. Contemporary research confirms the value of debate. One study concluded: The impact of public communication training on the critical thinking ability of the participants is demonstrably positive. This summary of existing research reaffirms what many ex-debaters and others in forensics, public speaking, mock trial, or argumentation would support: participation improves die thinking of those involved,2 In particular, debate education improves the ability to think critically. In a com¬prehensive review of the relevant research, Kent Colbert concluded, "'The debate-critical thinking literature provides presumptive proof ■favoring a positive debate-critical thinking relationship.¹¹'¹ Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates, formal or informal, These take place in intrapersonal commu¬nications, with which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, and in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to argu¬ments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others. Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise decisions for ourselves and to influence the decisions of’ others in ways that are beneficial to us. Much of our significant, purposeful activity is concerned with making decisions. Whether to join a campus organization, go to graduate school, accept a job offer, buy a car or house, move to another city, invest in a certain stock, or vote for Garcia—these are just a few Of the thousands of deci¬sions we may have to make. Often, intelligent self-interest or a sense of respon¬sibility will require us to win the support of others. We may want a scholarship or a particular job for ourselves, a customer for our product, or a vote for our favored political candidate. Some people make decision by flipping a coin. Others act on a whim or respond unconsciously to "hidden persuaders." If the problem is trivial—such as whether to go to a concert or a film—the particular method used is unimportant. For more crucial matters, however, mature adults require a reasoned methods of decision making. Decisions should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kinkaid VZ | Judge: Jeremy Rosen

A~ Interpretation: The affirmative must defend that multiple countries prohibit production of nuclear power. To clarify, they can’t defend only one country.

B~ Violation:

C~ Net Benefits:

1~ Textuality
2~ Limits 

D~ T is a voting issue