Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pembroke Pines WW | Judge: Amit Kukreja

Interp: Debaters must, on the page with their name and the school they attend, disclose all taglines, full citations, and the first and last three words of each evidence on the NDCA wiki at least an hour before the round if they’ve read that case before.

Violation: My opponent hasn’t posted any neg cites – I HAVE SCREENSHOTS

Standards:

1~ Accessibility – Disclosure allows open-access for cites and small schools can recut evidence others come up with – voting issue to mitigate structural skews which precludes the ability to have a fair debate.
2~ Clash – Disclosure allows debaters to substantively engage positions rather than relying on
AND
to defend our positions and voting issue for advocacy skills to engage real change 

Drop the debater since dropping the arg is the entire case that wasn’t disclosed – voting for me sets a precedent and deters harmful positions – also no way to rectify abuse since forcing disclosure now won’t fix educational deficits in this round

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame DS | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo

Part One- Framework

I value justice.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Susan Opotow 01 ~Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion — seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues~, "Social Injustice", Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
Both structural and direct violence result~s~ from moral justifications and rationalizations.
AND
oneself or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982).

Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Thus, the standard is reducing structural violence.

Part Two: Speech Codes

Speech codes are failed policies founded on good intentions, but the naivete of speech codes is that they rest their faith in institutions that are inherently anti-black

Henry Louis Gates 94, ~Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University~, "War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment", in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK
One other paradox fissures the hate speech movement. Because these scholars wish to show
AND
The contemporary aim is not to resist power, but to enlist power.

The anti-black implementation of speech codes manifests itself in several ways.

====A~ The evidence shows that minorities get persecuted, not white people–Great Britain’ censorship and the Michigan speech codes prove ====
Strossen ’90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
First, there is no persuasive psychological evidence that punishment for name- calling changes
AND
far more problems of equality and enforceability than it would solve.387 ¶ 

AND- Reverse enforcement is especially likely in the case of black youth–their activism is perceived as hostile and militant and more likely to be classified as "fighting words"–only the aff prevents white fragility from silencing black protest

Charles R. Calleros 95 ~Professor of Law at Arizona State University~, "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun," 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, 1995. RFK
The second "paternalistic objection," that "~a~ntiracism rules will end up
AND
to view the mural critically and test the speakers' interpretations with their own.

B~ Policing hate speech doesn’t scrub out racism at its roots–rather it exacerbates racial tensions, create backlash, and make racism harder to grapple with by driving it under ground—we should let the true racists speak so that we know who they are

Herron ’94 (Vince, Jan 1994, runs a law firm, University of California, Los Angeles B.A., Economics, USC Gould School of Law JD, Law, "Notes: INCREASING THE SPEECH: DIVERSITY, CAMPUS SPEECH CODES, AND THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH", 67 S. Cal. L. Rev. 407 1993-1994, Georgetown Law Library, Hein Online—ghssk)
SPEECH CODES MAY EXACERBATE THE VERY TENSIONS THEY SEEK TO ALLEVIATE Some will argue that
AND
originally led to these injuries and hinders the continued fight against those ideologies.

C~ Speech codes glorify white supremacists by handing them a cross to hang themselves on by pitting them against government censorship

Strossen ’90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
A second reason why censorship of racist speech actually may sub- vert, rather
AND
it ex- presses.392 The British experience confirms this prediction.393

White nationalist Richard Spencer proves–in a speech at Texas AandM he said he knew he was going to lead a persecuted life, and his arrest in Hungary turned him into a white supremacist hero and spreads the movement

Martin Gelin 14, ~Slate~, "While Flight," 13 November 2014, Slate.com. RFK
Spencer spent the next three days in a Budapest jail, which he didn’t seem
AND
American white supremacists connect with Europe’s far-right groups than anything else.

Part Three: Let Them Talk

My advocacy is that: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. Silencing racists just drives their movement underground and makes them look like heroes. Rather, in the words of Henry Louis Gates, we should let them talk.

Several benefits:

A~ If we let racists talk NOW, it strengthens civil liberty protections for marginalized groups in the future–the ACLU Skokie case proves

Henry Louis Gates 94, ~Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University~, "War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment", in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK
The critique of neutrality would affect not simply how we draft our ordinances, but
AND
have effects far beyond the classic triad of deterrence, reform and retribution.

B~ Historically free speech has been far more important for racial equality movements than hate speech regulation–that’s what we must focus on protecting

Strossen ’90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
It is particularly important to devise anti-racism strategies consistent with the first amendment
AND
theme of more than rhetorical significance in egalitarian such as the women's movement.

C~ Letting the racists expose themselves allows for COUNTERSPEECH which spurs reform and activism – grassroots movements unite under counterspeech and expose moral bankruptcy – only public engagement empowers communities and constructs active solutions

Charles R. Calleros 95 ~Professor of Law at Arizona State University~, "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun," 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, 1280 (1995), ghsBZ
Delgado and Yun characterize these arguments as "paternalistic" and "seriously flawed.
AND
likely would feel pressures to maintain its status as a minimally integrated institution.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough AJ | Judge: Akashi Gogate

Policy 1AC

Part One: Framework

I value justice.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Thus, the standard is reducing structural violence.

Part Two: Speech Codes

Speech codes are failed policies founded on good intentions, but the naivete of speech codes is that they rest their faith in institutions that are inherently anti-black

Henry Louis Gates 94, ~Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University~, "War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment", in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK
One other paradox fissures the hate speech movement. Because these scholars wish to show
AND
The contemporary aim is not to resist power, but to enlist power.

The anti-black implementation of speech codes manifests itself in several ways.

====A~ The evidence shows that minorities get persecuted, not white people–Great Britain' censorship and the Michigan speech codes prove ====
Strossen '90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
First, there is no persuasive psychological evidence that punishment for name- calling changes
AND
far more problems of equality and enforceability than it would solve.387  

Reverse enforcement is especially likely in the case of black youth–their activism is perceived as hostile and militant and more likely to be classified as "fighting words"–only the aff prevents white fragility from silencing black protest

Charles R. Calleros 95 ~Professor of Law at Arizona State University~, "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun," 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, 1995. RFK
The second "paternalistic objection," that "~a~ntiracism rules will end up
AND
to view the mural critically and test the speakers' interpretations with their own.

B~ Policing hate speech doesn't scrub out racism at its roots–rather it exacerbates racial tensions, creates backlash, and makes racism harder to grapple with by driving it underground—we should let the true racists speak so that we know who they are

Herron '94 (Vince, Jan 1994, runs a law firm, University of California, Los Angeles B.A., Economics, USC Gould School of Law JD, Law, "Notes: INCREASING THE SPEECH: DIVERSITY, CAMPUS SPEECH CODES, AND THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH", 67 S. Cal. L. Rev. 407 1993-1994, Georgetown Law Library, Hein Online—ghssk)
SPEECH CODES MAY EXACERBATE THE VERY TENSIONS THEY SEEK TO ALLEVIATE Some will argue that
AND
originally led to these injuries and hinders the continued fight against those ideologies.

C~ Speech codes glorify white supremacists by handing them a cross to hang themselves on by pitting them against government censorship

Strossen '90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
A second reason why censorship of racist speech actually may sub- vert, rather
AND
it ex- presses.392 The British experience confirms this prediction.393

White nationalist Richard Spencer proves–in a speech at Texas AandM he said he knew he was going to lead a persecuted life, and his arrest in Hungary turned him into a white supremacist hero and spreads the movement

Martin Gelin 14, ~Slate~, "While Flight," 13 November 2014, Slate.com. RFK
Spencer spent the next three days in a Budapest jail, which he didn't seem
AND
American white supremacists connect with Europe's far-right groups than anything else.

Part Three: Let Them Talk

My advocacy is that: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. Silencing racists just drives their movement underground and makes them look like heroes. Rather, in the words of Henry Louis Gates, we should let them talk.

Several benefits:

A~ Giving the option of free speech is intrinsically valuable – speech as catharsis and self-expression drives value to life and moral virtues

Edward J. Eberle 94 ~Associate Professor of Law, Roger Williams University School of Law (B.A. Columbia 1978; J.D. Northwestern 1982).~, "HATE SPEECH, OFFENSIVE SPEECH, AND PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN AMERICA," WAKE FOREST LAW REVIEW ~Vol. 29, 1994, http://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065andcontext=law_fac_fs, ghsBZ
The Court's decision in R.A.V. reaffirms the preeminence of free
AND

or (3) simply the cathartic experience of engaging in dissent.

B~ If we let racists talk NOW, it strengthens civil liberty protections for marginalized groups in the future–the ACLU Skokie case and Terminiello decision proves

Henry Louis Gates 94, ~Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University~, "War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment", in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK
The critique of neutrality would affect not simply how we draft our ordinances, but
AND
have effects far beyond the classic triad of deterrence, reform and retribution.

C~ Letting the racists expose themselves allows for COUNTERSPEECH which spurs reform and activism – grassroots movements unite under counterspeech and expose moral bankruptcy – only public engagement empowers communities and constructs active solutions

Charles R. Calleros 95 ~Professor of Law at Arizona State University~, "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun," 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, 1280 (1995), ghsBZ
Delgado and Yun characterize these arguments as "paternalistic" and "seriously flawed.
AND
likely would feel pressures to maintain its status as a minimally integrated institution.

Hate speech increasing on campuses now – multiple incidents prove only the aff solves

Yan et al 12/22, Holly Yan, Kristina Sgueglia and Kylie Walker, Cnn 16 ~~, "'Make America White Again': Hate speech and crimes post-election," CNN, 12-22-2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/us/post-election-hate-crimes-and-fears-trnd/, ghsBZ
Fears of heightened bigotry and hate crimes have turned into reality for some Americans after
AND
waiting to walk her to her next class, according to campus police.

Historically free speech has been far more important for racial equality movements than hate speech regulation–that's what we must focus on protecting

Strossen '90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
It is particularly important to devise anti-racism strategies consistent with the first amendment
AND
theme of more than rhetorical significance in egalitarian such as the women's movement.

Race-specific speech codes will get co-opted and turned into a useless paradox

Henry Louis Gates 94, ~Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University~, "War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment", in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK
At the very least, this approach would promise a quick solution to the abuse
AND
plentiful supply; the policeman's grandmother will offer poignant firsthand testimony to that.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SP | Judge: Sunhee Simons

1AC

FW

WE ARE A NATION OF COWARDS – whether it be shutting down critical dialogue that make us uncomfortable or refusing to even hear and identify Richard Spencer's racist viewpoints, the status quo fails to recognize that disagreement is inevitable – if Spencer and his followers will just take their bigotry to the nearby city, to the streets, or to the Internet, the question then is HOW and WHERE we can approach opposing viewpoints and deconstruct our echo chambers – Any restrictions on free speech allow dominant viewpoints to go unchallenged and censor the very people they try to protect

Thus, Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

I value justice.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Thus, the standard is reducing structural violence.

Adv 1 – Censorship

Universities reify oppressive norms under the guise of protecting students from threats – censorship targets critical studies as "anti- American" allowing dominant empires to divide and rule – right-wing elites coopt false claims of protecting freedom to maintain oppression

Chatterjee and Maira '14 (Chatterjee, Piya, and Sunaina Maira. "The imperial university: Race, war, and the nation-state." The imperial university: Academic repression and scholarly dissent (2014): 1-50, —ghssk)
State warfare and militarism have shored up deeply powerful notions of patriotism, intertwined with
AND
academic research on communities that were supposedly "breeding grounds" for terrorism.

Speech codes are used against minorities not white people – Great Britain' censorship and the Michigan speech codes prove

Strossen '90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
First, there is no persuasive psychological evidence that punishment for name- calling changes
AND
far more problems of equality and enforceability than it would solve.387  

Reverse enforcement is especially likely in the case of black youth–their activism is perceived as hostile and militant and more likely to be classified as "fighting words"–only the aff prevents white fragility from silencing black protest

Charles R. Calleros 95 ~Professor of Law at Arizona State University~, "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun," 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, 1995. RFK
The second "paternalistic objection," that "~a~ntiracism rules will end up
AND
to view the mural critically and test the speakers' interpretations with their own.

Conflict and hate is inevitable – it's a question of whether it occurs on the street beside campus or in a safer classroom – the aff is a creative approach to recognize difference and avoid extermination of the "other"

David Nichtern 11 ~~, "Are Conflict And War Inevitable?," Huffington Post, 5-10-2011, span class="skimlinks-unlinked"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-nichtern/conflict-resolution_b_859372.html/span, ghsBZ
If you study history, it seems that conflict and warfare are part of the
AND
possible at the personal level and it is possible at the collective level.

Any restriction on speech creates a chilling effect and allows colleges to define what ideas are accepted according to the dominant agenda

Herron '94 (Vince, Jan 1994, runs a law firm, University of California, Los Angeles
B.A., Economics, USC Gould School of Law JD, Law, "Notes: INCREASING THE SPEECH: DIVERSITY, CAMPUS SPEECH CODES, AND THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH", 67 S. Cal. L. Rev. 407 1993-1994, Georgetown Law Library, Hein Online—ghssk)
Professor Matsuda argues that, under principles of academic freedom and free expression, "
AND
increasing the speech on university campuses. Speech codes do just the opposite. 

Restrictions lock in echo chambers that amplify polarization and suppress opposing viewpoints – engagement is key to challenge dominant narratives and recognize pluralism

Greg Lukianoff 13 ~~, "How Colleges Create the "Expectation of Confirmation", The State of the American Mind, 10-29-2013, http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, ghsBZ
The modern disinvitation movement represents a dramatic (if gradual) shift away from the
AND
" and the "expectation of confirmation" remain a reality on campus.

Adv 2 – Let Them Talk

Letting bigots express hate provides understanding of the opposition and allows strategic points of attack – targets of hate speech have a right to say nothing and instead mobilize community support in addressing bigotry – empirically proven

Charles R. Calleros 95 ~Professor of Law at Arizona State University~, "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun," 27 Ariz. St. L.J. 1249, 1280 (1995), ghsBZ
Delgado and Yun characterize these arguments as "paternalistic" and "seriously flawed.
AND
likely would feel pressures to maintain its status as a minimally integrated institution.

Policing hate speech doesn't scrub out racism at its roots–it exacerbates it with backlash, and drives it underground—we should let the true racists speak so that we know who they are

Herron '94 (Vince, Jan 1994, runs a law firm, University of California, Los Angeles B.A., Economics, USC Gould School of Law JD, Law, "Notes: INCREASING THE SPEECH: DIVERSITY, CAMPUS SPEECH CODES, AND THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH", 67 S. Cal. L. Rev. 407 1993-1994, Georgetown Law Library, Hein Online—ghssk)
SPEECH CODES MAY EXACERBATE THE VERY TENSIONS THEY SEEK TO ALLEVIATE Some will argue that
AND
originally led to these injuries and hinders the continued fight against those ideologies.

Speech codes glorify white supremacists by handing them a cross to hang themselves on by pitting them against government censorship

Strossen '90 (Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555—ghssk)
A second reason why censorship of racist speech actually may sub- vert, rather
AND
it ex- presses.392 The British experience confirms this prediction.393

White nationalist Richard Spencer proves–in a speech at Texas AandM he said he knew he was going to lead a persecuted life, and his arrest in Hungary turned him into a white supremacist hero and spreads the movement overseas

Martin Gelin 14, ~Slate~, "While Flight," 13 November 2014, Slate.com. RFK
Spencer spent the next three days in a Budapest jail, which he didn't seem
AND
American white supremacists connect with Europe's far-right groups than anything else.

If we let racists talk NOW, it strengthens civil liberty protections for marginalized groups in the future–the ACLU Skokie case and Terminiello decision proves

Henry Louis Gates 94, ~Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University~, "War of Words: Critical Race Theory and the First Amendment", in Speaking of Race, Speaking of Sex: Hate Speech, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, New York University Press, 1994. RFK
The critique of neutrality would affect not simply how we draft our ordinances, but
AND
have effects far beyond the classic triad of deterrence, reform and retribution.

Tournament: TFA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood AD | Judge: Paul Gravley

FW

I value morality because ought implies moral obligation.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Thus, the standard is mitigating structural violence.

Harms

Discriminatory laws force IPV survivors to choose between reporting abuse or losing their home – double-victimization creates a chilling effect that silences survivors and perpetuates violence – current policies that force the burden onto the abused cause a victim-blaming culture that frames survivors as passive and not to be trusted

LENORA M. LAPIDUS 03 ~Director, Women's Rights Project ("WRP") of the American Civil Liberties Union. B.A., summa cum laude, Cornell University,J.D., cum laude, HarvardLaw School. Ms. Lapidus litigates women's rights cases in state and federal courts throughout the United States on a range of issues, including discrimination against victims of domestic violence. Prior to becoming Director of the ACLU Women's Rights Project, she served as the Legal Director of the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, held the John J. Gibbons Fellowship in Public Interest and Constitutional Law, at Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger and Vecchione, in Newark, New Jersey, was a Staff Attorney Fellow at the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy in New York City, and clerked for the Honorable Richard Owen, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In addition to her litigation and public policy experience, Ms. Lapidus has also taught as an adjunct professor at Seton Hall Law School, Rutgers Law School, and Rutgers University. She is a member of various boards, task forces, bar associations and community organizations.~, "DOUBLY VICTIMIZED: HOUSING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE," JOURNAL OF GENDER, SOCIAL POLICY and THE LAW ~Vol. 11:2, 2003, ghsBZ
By viewing Ms. Alvera's eviction as part of a larger systemic problem of discrimination
AND
history checks and deny housing applications of women who have obtained protective orders."

Black women are uniquely targeted with eviction, which spurs unemployment, homelessness, and suicides – nuisance ordinances treat IPV response as a nuisance and embolden abusers

Desmond and Valdez 13 *bracketed for rhetoric Matthew Desmond ~Department of Sociology, Harvard~and Nicol Valdez ~Columbia University~, "Unpolicing the Urban Poor: Consequences of Third-Party Policing for Inner-City Women," American Sociological Review, American Sociological Association, Vol. 78, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 117-141, ghsBZ
In recent years, third-party policing policies have spread throughout the United States
AND
their female counterparts from benefitting fully from its protective arm (Harris 1990). 

Housing discrimination against IPV survivors occurs at every level of the housing process – "criminal records" degrade survivors and create unstable housing

LENORA M. LAPIDUS 03 *bracketed for rhetoric  ~Director, Women's Rights Project ("WRP") of the American Civil Liberties Union. B.A., summa cum laude, Cornell University,J.D., cum laude, HarvardLaw School. Ms. Lapidus litigates women's rights cases in state and federal courts throughout the United States on a range of issues, including discrimination against victims of domestic violence. Prior to becoming Director of the ACLU Women's Rights Project, she served as the Legal Director of the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, held the John J. Gibbons Fellowship in Public Interest and Constitutional Law, at Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger and Vecchione, in Newark, New Jersey, was a Staff Attorney Fellow at the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy in New York City, and clerked for the Honorable Richard Owen, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In addition to her litigation and public policy experience, Ms. Lapidus has also taught as an adjunct professor at Seton Hall Law School, Rutgers Law School, and Rutgers University. She is a member of various boards, task forces, bar associations and community organizations.~, "DOUBLY VICTIMIZED: HOUSING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE," JOURNAL OF GENDER, SOCIAL POLICY and THE LAW ~Vol. 11:2, 2003, ghsBZ
In addition to evictions, battered women face housing discrimination in a variety of other
AND
and to develop strategies to alter current practices by housing authorities.5 '

Queer and quare people are disproportionately affected by housing discrimination and evictions

Crosby Burns and Philip Ross 11 ~~, "Gay and Transgender Discrimination Outside the Workplace – Center for American Progress," No Publication, 7-19-2011, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/reports/2011/07/19/9927/gay-and-transgender-discrimination-outside-the-workplace/, ghsBZ
Evidence and rates of discrimination in the housing and rental markets On January 24,
AND
transgender individuals and their families until uniform housing and rental protections are passed.

Longitudinal, peer-reviewed, cross-sectional analysis proves unstable housing for IPV survivors causes trans-generational psychological violence, cycles of poverty, and chronic abuse and murders

Gilroy et al 16, Heidi Gilroy ~School of Nursing, Texas Woman's University~, Judith McFarlane ~School of Nursing, Texas Woman's University~,  John Maddoux ~Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, Texas Woman's University~, Cris Sullivan ~ Research Consortium on Gender-Based Violence, Michigan State University~, "Homelessness, housing instability, intimate partner violence, mental health, and functioning: A multiyear cohort study of IPV survivors and their children," Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor and Francis Group, 12 Dec 2016, ghsBZ
This 2-year analysis of 276 women with children who report intimate partner violence
AND
support both employment and housing for women who have experienced intimate partner violence. 

Solvency

Plan text: The United States ought to guarantee the right to housing for intimate partner violence survivors.

Goldberg et al 10, *bracketed for rhetoric Columbia Human Rights Clinic: Caroline Bettinger-López ~Acting Director~, Zarizana Abdul Aziz, Esha Bhandari, Alice Izumo, Kathrin Rüegg, Kate Stinson, Columbia Sexuality and Gender Law Clinic: Suzanne Goldberg ~Director~, Harriet Antczak, Caitlin Boyce, Seung Jae Lee, Sarah Morris, "HUMAN RIGHTS and DOMESTIC VIOLENCE An Advocacy Manual," Columbia Law School, February 2010, http://www.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/files/human_rights_institute/fordham_manual_-_final_3.8.10.pdf, ghsBZ
4. Right to housing Housing is one of the main issues with which domestic
AND
resources practitioners can use to include persuasive human rights arguments in their advocacy.

The aff prevents authorities from discriminating against IPV survivors – negative obligations are an inherent part of the right to housing

Marc UHRY 16 ~Coordinator for european affairs~, "HOUSING-RELATED BINDING OBLIGATIONS ON STATES FROM EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL CASE LAW," Foundation Abbe Piere and FEANTSA, FROM EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL CASE LAW, June 2016, http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/sites/default/files/content-files/files/housing-related_binding_obligations_on_states.pdf, ghsBZ
What minimum norms do public authorities have to respect when effectively implementing fundamental social rights
AND
Human Rights - Airey, C. vs Ireland, 7 October 1979). 

Guaranteeing the right to housing protects IPV survivors from forced evictions and harassment

Giulia Paglione 06 *bracketed for rhetoric, "Domestic Violence and Housing Rights: A Reinterpretation of the Right to Housing," The Johns Hopkins University Press, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Feb., 2006), pp. 120-147, ghsBZ
The biased and male-oriented interpretation of the right to housing is likewise visible
AND
lacking such protection, in genuine consultation with affected persons and groups."32

Recognizing the right to housing for IPV survivors provides legal empowerment and reparations – rights-based perspective key to state enforcement and inherent protections

Giulia Paglione 2, "Domestic Violence and Housing Rights: A Reinterpretation of the Right to Housing," The Johns Hopkins University Press, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Feb., 2006), pp. 120-147, ghsBZ
Recognizing that domestic violence victims are subject to forced evictions is not simply an intellectual
AND
, as the governments did not live up to their international legal obligations.

Crystallizing the rights of IPV survivors provides collective identity and empowers the abused individual – the aff provides the first step for systemic reform and challenging gender subordination

LENORA M. LAPIDUS 03 *bracketed for rhetoric ~Director, Women's Rights Project ("WRP") of the American Civil Liberties Union. B.A., summa cum laude, Cornell University,J.D., cum laude, HarvardLaw School. Ms. Lapidus litigates women's rights cases in state and federal courts throughout the United States on a range of issues, including discrimination against victims of domestic violence. Prior to becoming Director of the ACLU Women's Rights Project, she served as the Legal Director of the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, held the John J. Gibbons Fellowship in Public Interest and Constitutional Law, at Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger and Vecchione, in Newark, New Jersey, was a Staff Attorney Fellow at the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy in New York City, and clerked for the Honorable Richard Owen, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In addition to her litigation and public policy experience, Ms. Lapidus has also taught as an adjunct professor at Seton Hall Law School, Rutgers Law School, and Rutgers University. She is a member of various boards, task forces, bar associations and community organizations.~, "DOUBLY VICTIMIZED: HOUSING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE," JOURNAL OF GENDER, SOCIAL POLICY and THE LAW ~Vol. 11:2, 2003, ghsBZ
These responses to housing discrimination against victims of domestic violence all derive from a deep
AND
victimization and to protect battered women from discrimination in housing and other contexts.

Rights-based approaches recognize inherent dignity and create counter-hierarchies that removes stigmatization

Fitzpatrick and Suzanne 08, Fitzpatrick ~School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK;~ and Beth Watts ~Centre for Housing Policy, University of York, England, UK~, "'The Right to Housing' for Homeless People," Homelessness Research in Europe, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.456.1897andrep=rep1andtype=pdf, ghsBZ
There are some obvious reasons why enforceable legal rights to housing may be viewed as
AND
in poverty and using welfare services such as housing (Lister, 2004).

Generic discussions of the right to housing focuses exclusively on the male perspective, ignoring and legitimizing incidences of intimate partner violence – gender-sensitive focus key to deconstruct androcentric policies

Giulia Paglione 3, "Domestic Violence and Housing Rights: A Reinterpretation of the Right to Housing," The Johns Hopkins University Press, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Feb., 2006), pp. 120-147, ghsBZ bracketed for ableist language
The right to housing is considered a component of the broader human right to an
AND
interpretation of the right to housing needs to be brought to the surface.

The aff is a form of institutional ethnography that deconstructs seemingly gender-neutral laws and disrupts power relations

Arnold and Slusser 15*bracketed for rhetoric, Gretchen Arnold and Megan Slusser, "Silencing Women's Voices: Nuisance Property Laws and Battered Women," Law and Social Inquiry Volume 00, Issue 00, 00–00, Summer 2015, http://www.nhlp.org/files/001.20Silencing20Women's20Voices-20Nuisance20Property20Laws20and20Battered20Women20-20G20Arnold20and20M20Slusser.pdf, ghsBZ
Theoretical Implications This study has implications for understanding not only how professionals can reach such
AND
more sophisticated understanding of how institutional and social processes reproduce relations of domination.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Walt Whitman JL | Judge: Travis Fife

Accountability 1AC

Framework

I value justice.

Structural violence and oppression is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Susan Opotow 01 ~Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion — seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues~, "Social Injustice", Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
Both structural and direct violence result~s~ from moral justifications and rationalizations.
AND
oneself or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982).

Particularism is good—root cause claims and focus on overarching structures ignore application to material injustice.

Gregory Fernando Pappas 16 ~Texas AandM University~ "The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice", The Pluralist Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016, BE
The pragmatists’ approach should be distinguished from nonideal theories whose starting point seems to be
AND
in making us see aspects of injustices we would not otherwise appreciate.15

Thus, the standard is reducing structural violence.

Harms

Blue on black violence is structural and legally justified–police routinely violate the Fourth Amendment to use excessive force against black bodies

Drew Carbado 16, ~Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law, UCLA~, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes," Georgetown Law Journal Vo. 104, 2016. RFK
No single model can fully explain African-American vulnerability to police violence. At
AND
"a pattern of excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. 2

The law is currently a means by which police brutality becomes justified–qualified immunity lets officers escape accountability

Two warrants:

First, the "clearly established" clause and the merits-sequencing precedent set by Pearson v Callahan means courts can avoid the question of whether the officer’s conduct violated the Constitution if the right isn’t already CLEARLY ESTABLISHED–creates a vicious cycle where the greater the uncertainty about the law, the easier it is to argue that the right was not "clearly established"–leaves black bodies in a state of legal flux

Drew Carbado 16, ~Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law, UCLA~, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes," Georgetown Law Journal Vo. 104, 2016. RFK
A similar dynamic is at play in the civil process as well. Here,
AND
, courts will likely grant qualified immunity in cases involving such arrests.20 

Second, the "clearly established" standard as presently interpreted virtually guarantees qualified immunity so officers are almost never indicted

Drew Carbado 16, ~Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law, UCLA~, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes," Georgetown Law Journal Vo. 104, 2016. RFK
4 A second problem with the "clearly established" doctrine pertains to how courts
AND
a significant doctrinal hurdle to holding police officers accountable for acts of violence.

Qualified immunity doesn’t just mean that victims go without compensation–the "clearly established" right clause means courts can continue to avoid clarifying the scope of the law which prevents the law from ever becoming clearly established

Alan K. Chen 15, ~professor of law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law~, "Qualified Immunity Limiting Access to Justice and Impeding Development of the Law," Human Rights Magazine Vol. 41, 2015.
Critics of qualified immunity point out that the breadth of the doctrine’s protection means that
AND
F. App’x 852, 852–53 (4th Cir. 2009).

Qualified immunity’s focus on technicalities DISGUISES institutional racism and makes civil rights litigation about INDIVIDUAL CASES instead of structural problems and encourages acceptance of the status quo—we have to break down the illusion that our CJS allows for redress

Diana Hassel 99, ~Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law~, "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity," Missouri Law Review Vol. 64, 1999.
The problem with qualified immunity is not so much that the outcomes are sometimes unfair
AND
of an open debate concerning which civil rights should be protected and how.

Thus the plan: The United States Supreme Court ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by changing the "clearly established right" clause to asking whether the defendant’s conduct was "clearly unconstitutional", and also implementing a four-part inquiry for cases in which the defendant’s actions were not obviously unconstitutional.

Michael S. Catlett 05, ~JD, University of Arizona College of Law~,  "Clearly Not Established: Decisional Law and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine," Arizona Law Review Vol. 47, 2005. RFK
In trying to decide whether a constitutional right is "clearly established," courts should
AND
case?; 197 (4) How recently was the constitutional right pronounced?

Solvency

Asking whether the defendant’s actions were "clearly unconstitutional" as opposed to violating "clearly established rights" avoids legal technicalities that excuse egregious behavior and shifts the focus to common social duty

John C. Jeffries 10, ~Professor, University of Virginia School of Law~, Jr. "What’s Wrong with Qualified Immunity," Florida Law Review, Vol. 62, September 2010. RFK
A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
AND
would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is "clearly unconstitutional." 84

The four-part inquiry establishes a uniform standard for settling constitutional merits–resolves the legal quagmire that unfairly protects the police

Michael S. Catlett 05, ~JD, University of Arizona College of Law~,  "Clearly Not Established: Decisional Law and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine," Arizona Law Review Vol. 47, 2005. RFK
The obvious benefits of the proposed standard are that it would provide uniformity, help
AND
and the common-sensical or difficult nature of the legal issues involved."

AND—civil lawsuits good because they spur systemic reform through investigations and public outcry–also, even if there’s indemnity that doesn’t answer our offense because victims still get REPARATIONS and RECOMPENSE

Mary M. Cheh 96,~Professor of Law, George Washington University~ "Are Lawsuits an Answer to Police Brutality?" in William A. Geller and Hans Toch, "Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force," Yale University Press, 1996. RFK
By contrast, the civil law, because of its greater flexibility and scope,
AND
but to reform so that the harm is not likely to be repeated.

We don’t claim legal reform solves everything, just that it’s a good idea–even if institutions are racist oppressed groups have to carve out anti-racist pockets in the Constitution and write themselves into the law as a pragmatic political strategy to break down the incoherence of the dominant ideology

Kimberle Williams Crenshaw 88, ~Acting Professor of Law, UCLA; JD, Harvard Law School~, "Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law," Harvard Law Review Vol. 101, May 1988. RFK
Rights have been important. They may have legitimated racial inequality, but they have
AND
meaningful change depends on skillful use of the liberating potential of dominant ideology.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Holy Cross BZ | Judge: Carlos Taylor

Part 1 – FW

WE HAVE REACHED A BREAKING POINT—military police forces kill and punish with will, racism and a politics of disposability are celebrated as their near their goals of exterminating those considered "other"—violence is used to respond to every problem, smothering critical and ethical thought—pedagogical spaces need to fully commit to being educational spaces in which students can develop into critical advocates for social change—the role of the judge is to vote for the debater who best methodologically fights back against militarism

Giroux 15 - (Henry ~A high-school social studies teacher in Barrington, Rhode Island, for six years,~2~ Giroux has held positions at Boston University, Miami University, and Penn State University. In 2005, Giroux began serving as the Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.~3~~4~ He has published more than 50 books and more than 300 academic articles, and is published widely throughout education and cultural studies literature.~5~~ "The curse of totalitarianism and the challenge of critical pedagogy" http://philosophersforchange.org/2015/10/13/the-curse-of-totalitarianism-and-the-challenge-of-critical-pedagogy/) GHSGB
The forces of free-market fundamentalism are on the march ushering in a terrifying
AND
critical pedagogy illuminates the relationships among knowledge, authority and power.~11~ 

Particularism is good—root cause claims and focus on overarching structures ignore application to material injustice.

Gregory Fernando Pappas 16 ~Texas AandM University~ "The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice", The Pluralist Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016, BE
The pragmatists’ approach should be distinguished from nonideal theories whose starting point seems to be
AND
in making us see aspects of injustices we would not otherwise appreciate.15

Only struggles within the legal system solve–failure to address the political system is a solipsistic retreat that moots smaller points of attack on white supremacy

Vincent W. Lloyd 16, ~Associate Professor of Theology and Religious Studies, Villanova University~, "Conclusion: Against Pessimism" in Black Natural Law, Oxford University Press, 2016. RFK
This apparent impasse between the scope of the problem and the deliberateness of the strategy
AND
hold more than a million of our black brothers and sisters in cages.

We don’t claim legal reform solves everything, just that it’s a good idea–even if institutions are racist oppressed groups have to carve out anti-racist pockets in the Constitution and write themselves into the law as a pragmatic political strategy to break down the dominant ideology

Kimberle Williams Crenshaw 88, ~Acting Professor of Law, UCLA; JD, Harvard Law School~, "Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law," Harvard Law Review Vol. 101, May 1988. RFK
Rights have been important. They may have legitimated racial inequality, but they have
AND
meaningful change depends on skillful use of the liberating potential of dominant ideology.

Part 2 – Blue on Black Violence

Qualified immunity’s "clearly established" clause and merits-sequencing precedent creates a vicious cycle where the greater the uncertainty about the law, the easier it is to argue that the right was not "clearly established" – officers are almost never indicted while black bodies remain in a cycle of legal flux

Drew Carbado 16, ~Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law, UCLA~, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes," Georgetown Law Journal Vo. 104, 2016. RFK
A similar dynamic is at play in the civil process as well. Here,
AND
a significant doctrinal hurdle to holding police officers accountable for acts of violence.

Not only do victims go without compensation, courts avoid ever clarifying the scope law and cutting edge constitutional questions

Alan K. Chen 15, ~professor of law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law~, "Qualified Immunity Limiting Access to Justice and Impeding Development of the Law," Human Rights Magazine Vol. 41, 2015.
Critics of qualified immunity point out that the breadth of the doctrine’s protection means that
AND
F. App’x 852, 852–53 (4th Cir. 2009).

Qualified immunity’s focus on technicalities DISGUISES institutional racism and makes civil rights litigation about INDIVIDUAL CASES instead of structural problems and encourages acceptance of the status quo—we have to break down the illusion that our CJS allows for redress

Diana Hassel 99, ~Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law~, "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity," Missouri Law Review Vol. 64, 1999.
The problem with qualified immunity is not so much that the outcomes are sometimes unfair
AND
of an open debate concerning which civil rights should be protected and how.

Part 3 – Destroying Double-Standards

Plan text: The United States federal government ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by changing the "clearly established right" clause to "clearly unconstitutional" and implementing a four-part inquiry for cases in which the defendant’s actions were not clearly unconstitutional.

Michael S. Catlett 05, ~JD, University of Arizona College of Law~,  "Clearly Not Established: Decisional Law and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine," Arizona Law Review Vol. 47, 2005. RFK
In trying to decide whether a constitutional right is "clearly established," courts should
AND
case?; 197 (4) How recently was the constitutional right pronounced?

Asking whether the defendant’s actions were "clearly unconstitutional" as opposed to violating "clearly established rights" avoids legal technicalities that excuse egregious behavior and shifts the focus to common social duty

John C. Jeffries 10, ~Professor, University of Virginia School of Law~, Jr. "What’s Wrong with Qualified Immunity," Florida Law Review, Vol. 62, September 2010. RFK
A second suggestion would be to change the doctrinal formula for qualified immunity. Rather
AND
would not be irrelevant in determining whether conduct is "clearly unconstitutional." 84

The four-part inquiry establishes a uniform standard for settling constitutional merits–resolves the legal quagmire that unfairly protects the police

Michael S. Catlett 05, ~JD, University of Arizona College of Law~,  "Clearly Not Established: Decisional Law and the Qualified Immunity Doctrine," Arizona Law Review Vol. 47, 2005. RFK
The obvious benefits of the proposed standard are that it would provide uniformity, help
AND
and the common-sensical or difficult nature of the legal issues involved."

Civil lawsuits spur systemic reform through investigations and public outcry–also, even if there’s indemnity that doesn’t answer our offense because victims still get REPARATIONS and RECOMPENSE

Mary M. Cheh 96,~Professor of Law, George Washington University~ "Are Lawsuits an Answer to Police Brutality?" in William A. Geller and Hans Toch, "Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force," Yale University Press, 1996. RFK
By contrast, the civil law, because of its greater flexibility and scope,
AND
but to reform so that the harm is not likely to be repeated.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker NT | Judge: Aisha Bawany

Part 1 is Framework

I value morality because ought implies moral obligation.

The standard is mitigating structural violence.

1~ Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

2~ Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Part 2 is Harms

(:38) The nuclear industry re-entrenches neoliberal privatization hidden by aggressive misinformation and the manipulation of public discourse

Stoett '03 (Peter, February 2003, main areas of expertise include international relations and law, global environmental politics, and human rights.  Prior to joining Concordia University in 1998 taught at the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, the University of Guelph, and the University of Waterloo, written, co-written, and co-edited over ten books and over 50 peer reviewed articles, chapters in edited books, and occasional papers. He has conducted research in Europe (including the Balkans), eastern, southern and western Africa, central America, and Asia. From April to July 2013 he was an Erasmus Fellow and taught at the International Institute for Social Studies at the Hague, Netherlands. From January-June, 2012 he was the Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canadian-American Relations at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars' Canada Institute, in Washington, D.C., He is also a Senior Research Fellow with the Europe-based Earth Systems Governance Project of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, PhD from Queen's University, "Toward Renewe Legitimacy? Nuclear Power, Global Warming, and Security", Global Environmental Politics, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2003, pp. 99-116 (Article), Published by The MIT Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
Despite the neoliberal agenda's commitment to "free market" enterprise, we see that
AND
and the survival of a troubled, and highly subsidised, nuclear industry.

(:23) Nuclear elites use centralized production to enforce hierarchal control – this creates a socially divisive system and primes society for violence

Martin et al 84, Jill Bowling, Brian Martin, Val Plumwood and Ian Watson, important contributions from Ray Kent, Basil Schur and Rosemary Walters, "Strategy against nuclear power," http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/86sa.html, ghsBZ
Why was the nuclear option taken? Nuclear power is not an automatic or inevitable
AND
oppose nuclear power effectively requires addressing the structures in which it is embedded.

(:38) Capitalist corporations target Native American lands as waste storage sites – radioactive contamination causes generational health defects and creates pretexts for government intervention

Brook 98 ~M.A. and a Ph.D. in sociology at the University of California, Davis, where he currently teaches; an M.A. in political science at San Francisco State University~, "Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste," The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), pp. 105-113, ghsBZ
One very significant toxic threat to Native Americans comes from govem- mental and commercial
AND
is serious, the scope is wide, and the results are disastrous.

(:22) Nuclear plants exploit poor migrant labor and deem workers expendable – colonialism manifests itself through governments taking land from local farmers and maintaining closed contracts that doom vulnerable populations

Biswas 14, Shampa Biswas ~Paul Garrett Professor of Political Science at Whitman College, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1999, M.A., International Relations, Maxwell School of Citizenship, Syracuse University, 1990, M.A., Economics, Dehli School of Economics, University of Dehli, 1988~, "Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order," Chapter: Costly Weapons: The Political Economy of Nuclear Power, University of Minnesota Press, 2014, ghsBZ
It should not surprise us, then, as we are learning with the nuclear
AND
conditions of their making lays bare the severe e ects of nuclear nonuse. 

Part 3 is Solvency

Plan text: The United States federal government ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

(:50) Shift from nuclear to renewables creates inclusive and safe energy, higher income jobs to reduce poverty, and ability for tribal nations to determine appropriate balance between resource acquisition and environmental protection

Outka 12, Uma Outka ~Associate Professor, University of Kansas School of Law~, "Environmental Justice Issues in Sustainable Development: Environmental Justice in the Renewable Energy Transition," Journal of Environmental and Sustainability Law, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 5, Summer 2012, ghsBZ
Renewable energy advances sustainable development in a number of important ways. First, renewable
AND
energy growth, if projects and development policies are directed to achieve it.

(:30) Renewables will fill in – overwhelming scientific consensus and EU empirical evidence proves renewables solve warming

Shrader-Frechette '13 (Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
However, nuclear proponents often say renewable-energy technology is not yet ready,
AND
of renewables should hinder implementation of the ethical imperative to use renewable energy.

(:20) Renewables are cheaper EVEN GIVEN SUBSIDES, more efficient, and don't have intermittency problems

Shrader- Frechette '13 (*brackets in original text, Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
Nuclear proponents like Forsberg (2011), however, disagree. They say that because
AND
intermittency is not a roadblock to the ethical imperative to use renewable energy.

(:30) Shift away from nuclear is inevitable – nuclear caps progress on renewables while phase-out creates larger, sustainable energy market

Schönau 09, Electricity Schönau ~German Power Company~, "100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power," 2009, ghsBZ
Energy Transition and Future ~#94 Renewable energy 100 per cent renewable energy generation is
AND
companies that have been obstructing renewable energies and energy saving efforts for decades.

(:18) Warming causes racism, sexism, and climate injustice.

David Naguib Pellow 12, Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota, "Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice," February 2012, http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White_Paper_Climate_Disruption_final.pdf
It is now known unequivocally that significant warming of the  atmosphere is occurring, coinciding
AND
must reduce our emissions  and consumption here at home in the global North.

(:35) Rejecting nuclear power opens up potential for a more decentralized grid – it also makes renewables more effective because they no longer get blocked by the nuclear industry.

Lydersen 15, Kari Lydersen writes for publications including The Washington Post, In These Times, Punk Planet and LiP magazine and is a youth journalism instructor based in Chicago. "Why the nuclear industry targets renewables instead of gas." Midwest Energy News. 02/06/2015. http://midwestenergynews.com/2015/02/06/why-the-nuclear-industry-targets-renewables-instead-of-gas/, ghsBZ
Why attack renewables? The advent of horizontal hydraulic fracturing (fracking) about a
AND
energy to include nuclear power really doesn't pass the straight-face test." 

====(:15) Err aff on evidence–the nuclear industry and government fabricate studies to bury the tradeoffs between renewables and nuclear power ====
Shrader-Frechette '13 (Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk)  — brackets in original text!! 
Why have so many nations begun and used fission if it is such an expensive
AND
like the United States, continue to subsidize nuclear power more than renewables?

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Courtney Coffman  Jharick Shields

Part 1: Framework

I value justice.

The standard is mitigating structural violence.

1~ Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

2~ Recognizing moral exclusion and the structural inequality it causes is a prior question to institutional reform

Laxer ’14 (Michael, Nov 10th, lives in Toronto where he runs a bookstore with his partner Natalie. Michael has a Degree in History from Glendon College of York University. He is a political activist, a two-time former candidate and former election organizer for the NDP, is a socialist candidate for Toronto City Council in 2014, and is on the executive of the Socialist Party of Ontario., "Part of the problem: Talking about systemic oppression", Feminist Current, http://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/11/10/part-of-the-problem-talking-about-systemic-oppression/—ghssk)
Systemic oppressions result in very real violence and human degradation. Systemic misogyny, patriarchy
AND
see how our society and civilization can ever begin to move past it.

====3~ Ideal theory is unattainable and evades issues of reality, failing to solve actual injustice====
Mills ‘09 (Mills, Charles. W, May 22^nd 2009, department of philosophy and Northwestern, "Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls." The Southern Journal of Philosophy, http://havenscenter.wisc.edu/files/Mills-Rawls20on20Race.pdf—ghssk)
Now how can this ideal ideal—a society not merely without a past history
AND
to have been of much help when and if it ever did arrive.

Thus, the standard is reducing structural violence.

Part 2: The Myth of Nukes

The nuclear energy industry survives thanks to an aggressive campaign of misinformation created by governments with entrenched economic and military interests

Stoett ’03 (Peter, February 2003, main areas of expertise include international relations and law, global environmental politics, and human rights.  Prior to joining Concordia University in 1998 taught at the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, the University of Guelph, and the University of Waterloo, written, co-written, and co-edited over ten books and over 50 peer reviewed articles, chapters in edited books, and occasional papers. He has conducted research in Europe (including the Balkans), eastern, southern and western Africa, central America, and Asia. From April to July 2013 he was an Erasmus Fellow and taught at the International Institute for Social Studies at the Hague, Netherlands. From January-June, 2012 he was the Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canadian-American Relations at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Canada Institute, in Washington, D.C., He is also a Senior Research Fellow with the Europe-based Earth Systems Governance Project of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, PhD from Queen’s University, "Toward Renewed Legitimacy? Nuclear Power, Global Warming, and Security", Global Environmental Politics, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2003, pp. 99-116 (Article), Published by The MIT Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
Despite the neoliberal agenda’s commitment to "free market" enterprise, we see that
AND
and the survival of a troubled, and highly subsidised, nuclear industry.

====AND–despite its problems nuclear power continues to enjoy heavy state subsidies because governments view nuclear power as critical to security legitimacy ====
Stoett ’03 (Peter, February 2003, main areas of expertise include international relations and law, global environmental politics, and human rights.  Prior to joining Concordia University in 1998 taught at the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, the University of Guelph, and the University of Waterloo, written, co-written, and co-edited over ten books and over 50 peer reviewed articles, chapters in edited books, and occasional papers. He has conducted research in Europe (including the Balkans), eastern, southern and western Africa, central America, and Asia. From April to July 2013 he was an Erasmus Fellow and taught at the International Institute for Social Studies at the Hague, Netherlands. From January-June, 2012 he was the Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canadian-American Relations at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Canada Institute, in Washington, D.C., He is also a Senior Research Fellow with the Europe-based Earth Systems Governance Project of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, PhD from Queen’s University, "Toward Renewed Legitimacy? Nuclear Power, Global Warming, and Security", Global Environmental Politics, Volume 3, Number 1, February 2003, pp. 99-116 (Article), Published by The MIT Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
In the United States and elsewhere, periodic renewals in the hopes for nu-
AND
is intended largely to provide the necessary background for such a research project.

====AND– the state is obsessed with nuclear power because of the military industrial complex– means that renewables always get overlooked for more costly nuclear alternative====
Shrader- Frechette ’08 (Kristin, June 23rd, O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Five Myths About Nuclear Energy", America Magazine, http://americamagazine.org/issue/660/article/five-myths-about-nuclear-energy—ghssk)
If atomic energy is really so risky and expensive, why did the United States
AND
virtually all of its support to a riskier, more costly nuclear alternative?

A couple of impacts:

The nuclear industry profits from and re-entrenches environmental racism- need to shift to renewables now

Chen ’11 (Michelle, March 23rd, Colorlines' Global Justice columnist. She is a regular contributor on labor issues at In These Times, as well as a member of the magazine's Board of Editors. Michelle's reporting has appeared in Ms. Magazine, AirAmerica, Alternet, Newsday, the Progressive Media Project, and her old zine, cain. Prior to joining Colorlines, she wrote for the independent news collective The NewStandard, "The Radioactive Racism Behind Nuclear Energy", Colorlines, http://www.colorlines.com/articles/radioactive-racism-behind-nuclear-energy—ghssk)
When the apocalyptic cloud erupted over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world woke up to 
AND
temptations of nuclear power may continue to eclipse fears of its global consequences.

Nuclear plants exploit poor migrant labor and deem workers expendable – colonialism manifests itself through governments taking land from local farmers and maintaining closed contracts that doom vulnerable populations

Biswas 14, Shampa Biswas ~Paul Garrett Professor of Political Science at Whitman College, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1999, M.A., International Relations, Maxwell School of Citizenship, Syracuse University, 1990, M.A., Economics, Dehli School of Economics, University of Dehli, 1988~, "Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order," Chapter: Costly Weapons: The Political Economy of Nuclear Power, University of Minnesota Press, 2014, ghsBZ
It should not surprise us, then, as we are learning with the nuclear
AND
conditions of their making lays bare the severe e ects of nuclear nonuse. 

Renewable energy is better and will fill in, nuke power grows too slowly and distracts from this development

Parenti ’12 (Christian, April 4th, Christian Parenti is the author of "The Freedom: Shadows and Hallucinations in Occupied Iraq" (New Press) and a visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics., "Why Nuclear Power Is Not the Answer to Global Warming", AlterNet, http://www.alternet.org/story/154854/why'nuclear'power'is'not'the'answer'to'global'warming?page=2—ghssk)
An authoritative study by the investment bank Lazard Ltd. found that wind beat nuclear
AND
Atomic power is the fuel of the future"—and always will be.

====AND- err on the side of aff evidence on warming–the nuclear industry and by extension the government fabricate studies to bury the disads of nuclear power ====
Shrader- Frechette ’13 (*brackets in original text, Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
Why have so many nations begun and used fission if it is such an expensive
AND
like the United States, continue to subsidize nuclear power more than renewables?

Warming causes racism, sexism, and oppression.

David Naguib Pellow 12, Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota, "Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice," February 2012, http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White'Paper'Climate'Disruption'final.pdf
It is now known unequivocally that significant warming of the  atmosphere is occurring, coinciding
AND
must reduce our emissions  and consumption here at home in the global North.

Thus the plan: The United States federal government ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

Part 3: Solvency

Shutdown of nuclear power creates a shift to renewables–they’re cheaper EVEN GIVEN SUBSIDES, more efficient, and don’t have intermittency problems

Shrader- Frechette ’13 (*brackets in original text, Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
Nuclear proponents like Forsberg (2011), however, disagree. They say that because
AND
intermittency is not a roadblock to the ethical imperative to use renewable energy.

AND–renewables comparatively solve warming better–my evidence is golden–independent, objective university and NGO studies that are peer-reviewed and NOT FUNDED BY NUCLEAR INDUSTRY conclude nuke power produces more emissions than renewables

Shrader- Frechette ’13 (Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department 
AND
in favor of atomic energy over renewables like wind and solar-PV.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard Westlake VC | Judge: Ellen Ivens-Duran, Erik Legged, Mike Shackelford

US + China

Part 1 is Framework

I value morality because ought implies moral obligation.

The standard is mitigating structural violence.

1~ Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

2~ Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Adv 1 – Warming (:45)

The US and China need to expand cooperation over renewable energy

NAP  2010 (National Academies Press, The National Academy of Sciences – a private society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific research Power of Renewables, CH 7 US China Cooperation) http://www.nap.edu/read/12987/chapter/9), ghsBZ
The United States and China are the world's top two energy consumers and, as
AND
such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are well-suited to specific

Absent expanded US-China cooperation, no solution to warming is possible

A Host, 1-13-2014, "China-US Cooperation: Key to the Global Future" (China Institute of International Studies,) No Publication, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-01/13/content_6606656.htm KD
The next round of challenges can only be managed successfully if nations, especially major
AND
the leaders of both countries, despite the differences and suspicions between them.

Warming causes racism, sexism, and climate injustice.

David Naguib Pellow 12, Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota, "Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice," February 2012, http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White_Paper_Climate_Disruption_final.pdf
It is now known unequivocally that significant warming of the  atmosphere is occurring, coinciding
AND
must reduce our emissions  and consumption here at home in the global North.

Adv 2 – Environmental Racism (:50)

THE CHINESE PUBLIC IS ALREADY RISING UP AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT'S BUILDING OF URANIUM FACILITIES- OPPOSING NUCLEAR POWER IS A FORM OF CHALLENGING THE STATE FOR THEM

Bloomberg '13 (July 15th, Bloomberg News, "China Protest Forcing Nuclear Retreat Shows People Power", http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-14/china-protest-forcing-nuclear-retreat-shows-people-power—ghssk)
Protests in a southern Chinese city last week that forced local authorities to abandon plans
AND
have deployed smart-phones and used social media to organize their campaigns.

Capitalist corporations target Native American lands as waste storage sites – radioactive contamination causes generational health defects and creates pretexts for government intervention

Brook 98 ~M.A. and a Ph.D. in sociology at the University of California, Davis, where he currently teaches; an M.A. in political science at San Francisco State University~, "Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste," The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), pp. 105-113, ghsBZ
One very significant toxic threat to Native Americans comes from govem- mental and commercial
AND
is serious, the scope is wide, and the results are disastrous.

Nuclear plants exploit poor migrant labor and deem workers expendable – colonialism manifests itself through governments taking land from local farmers and maintaining closed contracts that doom vulnerable populations

Biswas 14, Shampa Biswas ~Paul Garrett Professor of Political Science at Whitman College, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1999, M.A., International Relations, Maxwell School of Citizenship, Syracuse University, 1990, M.A., Economics, Dehli School of Economics, University of Dehli, 1988~, "Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order," Chapter: Costly Weapons: The Political Economy of Nuclear Power, University of Minnesota Press, 2014, ghsBZ
It should not surprise us, then, as we are learning with the nuclear
AND
conditions of their making lays bare the severe e ects of nuclear nonuse. 

Uranium mining is historically rooted in colonial relations disguised as sociotechnical development – current capitalist market allows the West continual domination over poor countries with less infrastructure

Biswas 14, Shampa Biswas ~Paul Garrett Professor of Political Science at Whitman College, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1999, M.A., International Relations, Maxwell School of Citizenship, Syracuse University, 1990, M.A., Economics, Dehli School of Economics, University of Dehli, 1988~, "Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order," Chapter: Costly Weapons: The Political Economy of Nuclear Power, University of Minnesota Press, 2014, ghsBZ
The history of uranium mining has extensive roots in the colonial pasts of Western nuclear
AND
e ects on the most vulnerable bodies are much harder to establish.62

Solvency

Plan text: The United States federal government and the People's Republic of China ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.

(:30) Renewables will fill in – overwhelming scientific consensus and EU empirical evidence proves renewables solve warming

Shrader-Frechette '13 (Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
However, nuclear proponents often say renewable-energy technology is not yet ready,
AND
of renewables should hinder implementation of the ethical imperative to use renewable energy.

(:20) Renewables are cheaper EVEN GIVEN SUBSIDES, more efficient, and don't have intermittency problems

Shrader- Frechette '13 (*brackets in original text, Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk) 
Nuclear proponents like Forsberg (2011), however, disagree. They say that because
AND
intermittency is not a roadblock to the ethical imperative to use renewable energy.

US-China cooperation on renewable energy solves warming

Forbes, 2014, (Sarah, Is a writer for the World Resources Institute, and is an expert in carbon capture, climate change, coal, and shale gas "How U.S.-China Cooperation Can Expand Clean Energy Development," http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/04/how-us-china-cooperation-can-expand-clean-energy-development)
One year ago, the United States and China declared in their Joint Statement on
AND
United States and China, we can help unlock a clean energy revolution.

(:50) Shift from nuclear to renewables creates inclusive, safe, higher income jobs to reduce poverty

Outka 12, Uma Outka ~Associate Professor, University of Kansas School of Law~, "Environmental Justice Issues in Sustainable Development: Environmental Justice in the Renewable Energy Transition," Journal of Environmental and Sustainability Law, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 5, Summer 2012, ghsBZ
Renewable energy advances sustainable development in a number of important ways. First, renewable
AND
energy growth, if projects and development policies are directed to achieve it.

(:30) Shift away from nuclear is inevitable – nuclear caps progress on renewables while phase-out creates larger, sustainable energy market

Schönau 09, Electricity Schönau ~German Power Company~, "100 Good Reasons Against Nuclear Power," 2009, ghsBZ
Energy Transition and Future ~#94 Renewable energy 100 per cent renewable energy generation is
AND
companies that have been obstructing renewable energies and energy saving efforts for decades.

==== (:15) Err aff on evidence–the nuclear industry and government fabricate studies to bury the tradeoffs between renewables and nuclear power ====
Shrader-Frechette '13 (Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.~1~ Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, "Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives", Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk)  — brackets in original text!! 
Why have so many nations begun and used fission if it is such an expensive
AND
like the United States, continue to subsidize nuclear power more than renewables?

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake VC | Judge: Kris Wright

Part 1 is Framework

I value morality because ought implies moral obligation.

The standard is mitigating structural violence.

1 Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences.====
Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

2 Debate should deal with questions of real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014, BE
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

Part 2 is Harms

Nuclear plants exploit poor migrant labor and deem workers expendable – colonialism manifests itself through governments taking land from local farmers and maintaining closed contracts that doom vulnerable populations

Biswas 14, Shampa Biswas Paul Garrett Professor of Political Science at Whitman College, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1999, M.A., International Relations, Maxwell School of Citizenship, Syracuse University, 1990, M.A., Economics, Dehli School of Economics, University of Dehli, 1988, “Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order,” Chapter: Costly Weapons: The Political Economy of Nuclear Power, University of Minnesota Press, 2014, ghsBZ
It should not surprise us, then, as we are learning with the nuclear
AND
conditions of their making lays bare the severe e ects of nuclear nonuse. 

Uranium mining is historically rooted in colonial relations disguised as sociotechnical development – current capitalist market allows the West continual domination over poor countries with less infrastructure

Biswas 14, Shampa Biswas Paul Garrett Professor of Political Science at Whitman College, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1999, M.A., International Relations, Maxwell School of Citizenship, Syracuse University, 1990, M.A., Economics, Dehli School of Economics, University of Dehli, 1988, “Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order,” Chapter: Costly Weapons: The Political Economy of Nuclear Power, University of Minnesota Press, 2014, ghsBZ
The history of uranium mining has extensive roots in the colonial pasts of Western nuclear
AND
e ects on the most vulnerable bodies are much harder to establish.62

Industrial corporations and private entrepreneurs illegally dump nuclear waste on Native American lands without permission while targeting indigenous tribes as potential hazardous waste sites – radioactive contamination causes health defects that are passed onto children and creates pretexts for government intervention to regain control over reservations

Daniel Brook, professor at UCD, explains M.A. and a Ph.D. in sociology at the University of California, Davis, where he currently teaches; an M.A. in political science at San Francisco State University, “Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste,” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), pp. 105-113, ghsBZ
One very significant toxic threat to Native Americans comes from govem- mental and commercial
AND
is serious, the scope is wide, and the results are disastrous.

Part 3 is Solvency

Plan text: The United States federal government ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. 

Shutdown of nuclear power creates a shift to renewables–they’re cheaper EVEN GIVEN SUBSIDES, more efficient, and don’t have intermittency problems====
Shrader- Frechette ’13 (*brackets in original text, Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.1 Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, “Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives”, Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk)
Nuclear proponents like Forsberg (2011), however, disagree. They say that because
AND
intermittency is not a roadblock to the ethical imperative to use renewable energy.

Renewables comparatively solve warming better–my evidence is golden–independent, objective university and NGO studies that are peer-reviewed and NOT FUNDED BY NUCLEAR INDUSTRY conclude nuke power produces more emissions than renewables

AND PREFER MY EVIDENCE–MAJOR NUCLEAR EMISSIONS ASSESSMENTS TRIM THE DATA TO ONLY COUNT CARBON EMISSIONS FROM ONE STAGE OF FOURTEEN STAGES
Shrader- Frechette ’13 (Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department
AND
in favor of atomic energy over renewables like wind and solar-PV.

A shift towards renewables creates more inclusive jobs, economic development to address poverty, and ability for tribal nations to determine appropriate balance between resource acquisition and environmental protection

Outka 12, Uma Outka Associate Professor, University of Kansas School of Law, “Environmental Justice Issues in Sustainable Development: Environmental Justice in the Renewable Energy Transition,” Journal of Environmental and Sustainability Law, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 5, Summer 2012, ghsBZ
In early recognition of this trend, environmental justice advocates advanced the premise that jobs
AND
energy growth, if projects and development policies are directed to achieve it.

Renewables are ready–Germany Spain and India prove

Shrader- Frechette ’13 (Kristin, Spring 2013 , O'Neill Family Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, at the University of Notre Dame. She has previously held senior professorships at the University of California and the University of Florida. Most of Shrader-Frechette's research work analyzes the ethical problems in risk assessment, public health, or environmental justice - especially those related to radiological, ecological, and energy-related risks.1 Shrader-Frechette has received the Global Citizenship Award, and the Catholic Digest named her one of 12 "Heroes for the US and the World", published more than 380 articles and 16 books/monographs, “Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives”, Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, Project Muse ghssk)
However, nuclear proponents often say renewable-energy technology is not yet ready,
AND
of renewables should hinder implementation of the ethical imperative to use renewable energy.