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0 - Contact Info
Tournament: All | Round: Quads | Opponent: All | Judge: All Hi! I only disclose broken ACs, T shells, spec shells, DAs, CPs, Ks, and NCs. You can contact me with Facebook Messenger at Sebastian Williams, although there isn't really a need to because anything I'd send you separately would already be on this page.
9/22/16
1 - Kant Homophobia K
Tournament: All | Round: Quads | Opponent: All | Judge:
1NC
The prima face role of the ballot is to ensure safety in the debate space. Teehan '14: Teehan '14, Ryan Teehan ~NSD staffer and competitor from the Delbarton School~ – NSD Update comment on the student protests at the TOC in 2014. Honestly, I don't think that 99 of what has been said in this thread so far actually matters. It doesn't matter whether you think that these types of assumptions should be questioned. It doesn't matter what accepting this intuition could potentially do or not do. It doesn't matter if you see fit to make, incredibly trivializing and misplaced I might add, links between this and the Holocaust. All of the arguments that talk about how debate is a unique space for questioning assumptions make an assumption of safety. They say that this is a space where one is safe to question assumptions and try new perspectives. That is not true for everyone. When we allow arguments that question the wrongness of racism, sexism, homophobia, rape, lynching, etc., we make debate unsafe for certain people. The idea that debate is a safe space to question all assumptions is the definition of privilege, it begins with an idea of a debater that can question every assumption. People who face the actual effects of the aforementioned things cannot question those assumptions, and making debate a space built around the idea that they can is hostile. So, you really have a choice. Either 1) say that you do not want these people to debate so that you can let people question the wrongness of everything I listed before, 2) say that you care more about letting debaters question those things than making debate safe for everyone, or 3) make it so that saying things that make debate unsafe has actual repercussions. On "debate is not the real world". Only for people who can separate their existence in "the real world" from their existence in debate. That means privileged, white, heterosexual males like myself. I don't understand how you can make this sweeping claim when some people are clearly harmed by these arguments. At the end of the day, you have to figure out whether you care about debate being safe for everyone involved. I don't think anyone has contested that these arguments make debate unsafe for certain people. If you care at all about the people involved in debate then don't vote on these arguments. If you care about the safety and wellbeing of competitors, then don't vote on these arguments. If you don't, then I honestly don't understand why you give up your time to coach and/or judge. Th This controls the internal link to fairness – debaters don't have equal access to the ballot if debaters run positions that they feel unsafe responding to.
Next, the 1AC's use of Kantian philosophy is inherently homophobic –this isn't an ad hominem, rather it's the direct result of Kantian phil. Soble '03:
Soble '03, Alan Soble, The Monist 86:1 (Jan. 2003), pp. 55-89. Kant and Sexual Perversion Kant immediately continues by completing his sparse inventory of three objectionable, sexually unnatural, practices ~Kant says~ ~quote begins here~ "A second crimen carnis contra naturam is intercourse between sexus homogenii, in which the object of sexual impulse is a human being but there is homogeneity instead of heterogeneity of sex. . . . This practice too is contrary to the ends of humanity; for the end of humanity in respect of sexuality is to preserve the species without debasing the person; but in this instance the species is not being preserved (as it can be by a crimen carnis secundum naturam), but the person is set aside, the self is degraded below the level of the animals, and humanity is dishonoured. The third crimen carnis contra naturam occurs when the object of the desire is in fact of the opposite sex but is not human. Such is sodomy, or intercourse with animals. This, too, is contrary to the ends of humanity and against our natural instinct. It degrades mankind below the level of animals, for no animal turns in this way from its own species.75 This is not "Kant believed some other bad thing." The argument follows from AND so it constituted sacrificing your rational agency for the subordinate end of pleasure.
This means the 1AC makes debate an unsafe space by preventing homosexuals from operating under the assumptions of the 1AC.
Soble 2 What was it like to listen to the distinguished Kant lecture on sexual perversion, AND safe calling Kant's account of sexual perversion a clunker concocted by a kisöreg.
Vote to ensure safety in the debate space by deterring them from running this same position
Nuclear power is key for developing countries' ability to gain sovereignty
Chowdhury '12, Navid Chowdhury March 22, 2012 Submitted as coursework for PH241, Stanford University, Winter 2012 Access to energy is regarded as the basic requirement for economic growth. And yet AND dependence on fossil fuel would remove Bangladesh from such obligations set by IMF.
The aff bans nuclear power only after the West was able to use it – the plan proposes that because the West didn't think nuclear power would work that no other countries should get to use it – this is a form of colonialism
Chung '14, CHUNG, ALEX H. "Postcolonial Perspectives on Nuclear Non-Proliferation." (2014) Unlike neorealists, liberals do not entirely disregard the existence of 'weak' states, AND challenge to the liberal faith in the "Western myths of progress and ethical
Colonial methods allow for maximum violence – this isn't some power tagged impact card – the method used by the colonizer allows for the justification of violence unprecedented
Mbembe '03, Achille Mbembe, "Necropolitics," Duke University Press, 2003, https://www.dartmouth.edu/~~lhc/docs/achillembembe.pdf If the relations between life and death, the politics of cruelty, and the AND of Hegel's Phenomenology of the Spirit: its simultaneous idealism and apparent inhumanity.
The role of your ballot is to vote for the debater who best challenges imperialism in the debate space. Our framework is always a prerequisite because any epistemically sound polices or actions are deemed incoherent under a colonialist mindset. This means your alternative is to reject the white colonialism of the AC
Ahlquist and Hudson '03, ~Contesting the curriculum in the schooling of indigenous children in Australia and the USA: from Eurocentrism to culturally powerful pedagogies. Anne Hickling-Hudson (University of Queensland) and Roberta Ahlquist (California State University at San Jose) Comparative Education Review, Vol 47, No. 1, 2003, pp. 64-89.~ Educational systems in white dominated countries, and what is recognised as formal knowledges, AND of Eurocentrism including 'whiteness', and explores approaches for constructing alternatives14.
Paris plan close to implementation – preventing US backsliding now is key
Phillips et al. 9/3 Tom Phillips in Beijing, Fiona Harvey and Alan Yuhas (Beijing correspondent for the Guardian; award-winning environment journalist for the Guardian, for the Financial Times for more than a decade; reporter for the Guardian US). "Breakthrough as US and China agree to ratify Paris climate deal." The Guardian. 3 September 2016. HW. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/03/breakthrough-us-china-agree-ratify-paris-climate-change-deal The Paris agreement, sealed last December after two weeks of frantic negotiations, must AND
"Here I think I worry definitely more about the US side."
Aff undermines Paris agreement – leading scientists are opposed and causes climate restrictions to fail
Holthaus 15 Eric Holthaus (meteorologist who writes about weather and climate for Slate's Future Tense). "Bernie's New Climate Change Plan Is an Environmentalist's Dream, Except for This One Thing." Slate. 7 December 2015. HW. http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/12/07/bernie_sanders_climate_plan_calls_for_end_to_nuclear_energy.html At first glance, Sanders' plan looks great. It calls for a revenue- AND ambition in their own plans to meet the greatest challenge of our time."
And, nuclear power is key to meeting emission restrictions
Gillis 15 Justin Gillis (New York Times reporter, winner of Oakes Award for Distinguished Environmental Journalism by Columbia University). "A Path for Climate Change, Beyond Paris." New York Times. 1 December 2015. HW. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/01/science/beyond-paris-climate-change-talks.html For instance, in some countries with growing power demands, like China, the AND countries in battling global warming, has largely decided not to pursue it.
Paris Plan is key to prevent extinction by environmental collapse – US leadership is key for global modeling
Sachs and Kortava 15 ~David Kortava (Activist, writer) Interviewing Jeffrey Sachs (Prof. Of Sustainable Development at Columbia, Director of the Earth Institute). "This Year's Climate Talks Are Our Last (and Best) Chance to Slow Global Warming" The Nation. February 24, 2015. http://www.thenation.com/article/years-climate-talks-are-our-last-and-best-chance-slow-global-warming/~~ In December 2015, world leaders will gather in Paris to negotiate a binding agreement AND enough, and because it could trigger dynamics that would be quite horrifying.
Warming causes racism, sexism, and oppression – turns case
David Naguib Pellow 12, Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota, "Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice," February 2012, http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White_Paper_Climate_Disruption_final.pdf It is now known unequivocally that significant warming of the atmosphere is occurring, coinciding AND must reduce our emissions and consumption here at home in the global North.
Instead of calling out capitalism, prohibiting nuclear power masks the problem and solidifies capitalist rule
Workers Vanguard 11 Workers Vanguard (a Marxist bi-weekly newspaper published by the Spartacist League, a Trotskyist political organization in the United States). "Greens' Anti-Nuclear Hysteria Amnesties Capitalism." Spartakist No. 188. May 2011. HW. http://www.icl-fi.org/english/wv/983/germany.html With the crisis still unresolved, the Japanese government has abandoned plans to expand its AND this improved technology will of course also alleviate the destruction of the environment.
Capitalism puts ethics in a double bind – either they exacerbate class domination or fail to guide political action
Llorente 03 Renzo Llorente (Philosophy Professor at Saint Louis University). "Maurice Cornforth's Contribution to Marxist Metaethics." Nature, Society, and Thought, vol 16, no. 3. 2003. HW. http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/150742/nst163a.pdf?sequence=1andisAllowed=y Let me begin with what is undoubtedly the central feature of Cornforth's critique of analytic AND ) class inequalities constitute morally significant dissimilarities among agents from different social classes.
Focusing on individual action ceases responsibility and causes withdrawal from class struggle
Pepper 93 David Pepper (Emeritus Professor of Geography at Oxford Brookes) "The Marxist Perspective." Eco-Socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice. HW. 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=QL2IAgAAQBAJandpg=PA143andlpg=PA143anddq=The+failure+to+set+issues+in+a+historical+materialist+context,+i.e.+in+relation+to+changing+modes+of+production,+is+most+clearly+illustrated+in+the+population-resources+issue.andsource=blandots=cMPAoYj1N-andsig=r3Xue-S7lTzyDCUuq9QVcwTO-CUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjwk6Khkq3OAhUI74MKHeISCXMQ6AEIHjAA~#v=onepageandqandf=false And this counter-revolutionary attitude is also inherent in the elevation of the individual AND the personal ceases to be political any more (Pepper and Hallam 1988).
Capitalism makes existential climate change inevitable — only a revolutionary anti-capitalist movement can avert disaster.
Foster 15 — John Bellamy Foster, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Editor of Monthly Review, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from York University, 2015 ("The Great Capitalist Climacteric," Monthly Review, Volume 67, Number 6, November, Available Online at http://monthlyreview.org/2015/11/01/the-great-capitalist-climacteric/, Accessed 07-31-2016) Humanity today is confronted with what might be called the Great Capitalist Climacteric. In AND prove impossible—if the global population does not act quickly and decisively.
The alternative is a complete rejection of capitalism – this is a prerequisite for a new society, any other strategy will be coopted and will risk extinction
Magdoff and Foster 10 Fred Magdoff and John Bellamy Foster (Fred Magdoff (fmagdoff@uvm.edu) is professor emeritus of plant and soil science at the University of Vermont and adjunct professor of crop and soil science at Cornell University and John Bellamy Foster (jfoster@monthlyreview.org) is editor of Monthly Review and professor of sociology at the University of Oregon). "What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know About Capitalism: A Citizen's Guide to Capitalism and the Environment." HW. Monthly Review. 2010. http://monthlyreview.org/product/what_every_environmentalist_needs_to_know_about_capitalism/ The transition to an ecological and democratic economy will be difficult and will not occur AND opposition to capitalism and environmental collapse. In this lies our greatest hope.
The role of the ballot and judge is to resist capitalism. We must challenge capitalist policies in debate in order to counteract the flawed direction of academic knowledge production.
Harvey 11 Harvey, David (Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York). The enigma of capital: and the crises of capitalism. Profile Books, 2011. Print Since Marx's goal was to change the world and not merely to understand it, AND is impossible. It contradicts the very nature of what capital is about.
Academic structures have been vertically integrated into the machine of capital. Abstract theorizing directly fuels capitalist accumulation by attempting to explain away the clear and present nature of exploitation. Lander 02,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, "Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the "Natural" Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South", 3.2, muse) BSH The naturalization of these processes of free circulation of investment and trade, as criteria AND knowledge the criteria and procedures are established by which all controversies are decided.
Student education is uniquely crucial to successfully overthrow capitalism. Marcuse 72,
Marcuse, German philosopher and sociologist, 1972 ~Herbert, Counterrevolution and Revolt, P. 54-56~ The dominion of this democracy still leaves room for the building of autonomous local AND genesis and of the ways in which it is reproduced: critical thinking.
Goldenberg 16 Suzanne Goldenberg (US environment correspondent of the Guardian and is based in Washington DC). "The death of US coal: industry on a steep decline as cheap natural gas rises." The Guardian. 8 April 2016. HW. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/08/us-coal-industry-decline-natural-gas On a wintry night in 2010 a few months before 29 men were killed in AND to jail for putting coalminers' lives in jeopardy by placing profit over safety.
Nuclear power prohibition causes a shift to coal which releases more radioactive materials and causes more deaths
Horgan 12 John Horgan (science journalist best known for his 1996 book The End of Science, he has written for many publications, including National Geographic, Scientific American, The New York Times, Time, Newsweek, and IEEE Spectrum). "No Nukes + No Fracking = More Coal? Indian Point Debate Highlights Green Quandary." Scientific American. 15 October 2o12. HW. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/no-nukes-no-fracking-more-coal-indian-point-debate-highlights-green-quandary/ Cold Spring, New York, my lovely Hudson River home, has long been AND of all: deadly, dirty coal. Surely you don't want that.
Coal mining fuels structural violence
Banks '06 (Bryan C., has J.D. Candidate, 2007, Seton Hall University School of Law; B.A. English and Political Science, 1996, George Washington University, Buffalo Environmental Law Journal "High above the Environmental Decimation and Economic Domination of Eastern Kentucky, King Coal Remains Firmly Seated on Its Gilded Throne." LexisNexis) Appalachia was not ready for the spotlight during Kennedy and Johnson's visits. The conditions AND to make choices, the residents have become resigned to substandard living conditions.
CP Text: Countries should prohibit the production of nuclear power except for sodium cooled Power Reactor Innovative Small Module, hereby called PRISM, nuclear reactors
We're mutually exclusive – any perm would sever out of the aff advocacy which prohibits nuke power. Severance perms are illegitimate because they explode aff ground and make neg engagement impossible
Biello '13, David Biello (David Biello is a contributing editor at Scientific American. He has been reporting on the environment and energy since 1999), 12-12-2013, "How Nuclear Power Can Stop Global Warming," Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-nuclear-power-can-stop-global-warming/ In addition to reducing the risk of nuclear war, U.S. reactors AND , director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, where Hansen works.
Nuke power too expensive – no unique solvency because it will exponentially become more expensive – squo solves for aff
Cochran '12, Thomas B. Cochran 12, member of the Department of Energy's Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee, consultant to the Natural Resources Defense Council, was a senior scientist and held the Wade Greene Chair for Nuclear Policy at NRDC, and was director of its Nuclear Program, 5/30/12, "NRDC's Perspectives on the Economics of Small Modular Reactors," http://www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/NRDC20Presentation205-30-12.pptx In formulating conclusions and recommendations, there must be a full account of the wide AND , nuclear safety and quality control issues with each succeeding large LWR variant.
presume neg
10/25/16
SEPOCT SV NC
Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: Quads | Opponent: All | Judge: All
1NC
I negate that countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. I agree with my opponent and value , however because the best way to promote _ is by ensuring relative moral equality among persons, I offer the value criterion of minimizing structural violence. Structural violence is when individuals are denied basic access to institutional resources base off arbitrary factors like race. This is the Best value criterion because structural violence is based off moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on what one deserves but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences Winter and Leighton '99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about how and why we tolerate it, questions which often have painful answers for the privileged elite who unconsciously support it. A final question of this section is how and why we allow ourselves to be so oblivious to structural violence. Susan Opotow offers an intriguing set of answers, in her article Social Injustice. She argues that our normal perceptual cognitive processes divide people into in-groups and out-groups. Those outside our group lie outside our scope of justice. Injustice that would be instantaneously confronted if it occurred to someone we love or know is barely noticed if it occurs to strangers or those who are invisible or irrelevant. We do not seem to be able to open our minds and our hearts to everyone, so we draw conceptual lines between those who are in and out of our moral circle. Those who fall outside are morally excluded, and become either invisible, or demeaned in some way so that we do not have to acknowledge the injustice they suffer. Moral exclusion is a human failing, but Opotow argues convincingly that it is an outcome of everyday social cognition. To reduce its nefarious effects, we must be vigilant in noticing and listening to oppressed, invisible, outsiders. Inclusionary thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity. Like Opotow, all the authors in this section point out that structural violence is not inevitable if we become aware of its operation, and build systematic ways to mitigate its effects. Learning about structural violence may be discouraging, overwhelming, or maddening, but these papers encourage us to step beyond guilt and anger, and begin to think about how to reduce structural violence. All the authors in this section note that the same structures (such as global communication and normal social cognition) which feed structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it. In the long run, reducing structural violence by reclaiming neighborhoods, demanding social justice and living wages, providing prenatal care, alleviating sexism, and celebrating local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace. Thus, the negative framework is a prior question because before we talk about things like rights or welfare, we must ensure that everyone is included in the discussion My first contention is that nuclear power is key to stopping environmental pollution Nuclear reactors, due to their ability to produce massive amounts of zero-carbon energy, are key in reducing pollution Biello '13, David Biello (David Biello is a contributing editor at Scientific American. He has been reporting on the environment and energy since 1999), 12-12-2013, "How Nuclear Power Can Stop Global Warming," Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-nuclear-power-can-stop-global-warming/ In addition to reducing the risk of nuclear war, U.S. reactors have also been staving off another global challenge: climate change. The low-carbon electricity produced by such reactors provides 20 percent of the nation's power and, by the estimates of climate scientist James Hansen of Columbia University, avoided 64 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas pollution. They also avoided spewing soot and other air pollution like coal-fired power plants do and thus have saved some 1.8 million lives. And that's why Hansen, among others, such as former Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, thinks that nuclear power is a key energy technology to fend off catastrophic climate change. "We can't burn all these fossil fuels," Hansen told a group of reporters on December 3, noting that as long as fossil fuels are the cheapest energy source they will continue to be burned. "Coal is almost half the ~global~ emissions. If you replace these power plants with modern, safe nuclear reactors you could do a lot of ~pollution reduction~ quickly." Indeed, he has evidence: the speediest drop in greenhouse gas pollution on record occurred in France in the 1970s and '80s, when that country transitioned from burning fossil fuels to nuclear fission for electricity, lowering its greenhouse emissions by roughly 2 percent per year. The world needs to drop its global warming pollution by 6 percent annually to avoid "dangerous" climate change in the estimation of Hansen and his co-authors in a recent paper in PLoS One. "On a global scale, it's hard to see how we could conceivably accomplish this without nuclear," added economist and co-author Jeffrey Sachs, director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, where Hansen works. And, fighting pollution is key to minimizing structural violence as the least well off in society are the ones who are affected most by pollution. It's harder for the disadvantaged to afford healthcare that treats diseases that are often the result of pollution, like lung cancer. Thus, because nuclear power mitigates climate change, it therefore minimizes structural violence. My second contention is that nuclear power is key to providing accessible water. There is a global water shortage right now which requires we start using desalination, which means remove the salt from ocean water WNA '16, World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Desalination," World Nuclear Association 2016, http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/industry/nuclear-desalination.aspx It is estimated that one-fifth of the world's population does not have access to safe drinking water, and that this proportion will increase due to population growth relative to water resources. The worst-affected areas are the arid and semiarid regions of Asia and North Africa. A UNESCO report in 2002 said that the freshwater shortfall worldwide was then running at some 230 billion m3/yr and would rise to 2000 billion m3/yr by 2025. Wars over access to water, not simply energy and mineral resources, are conceivable. A World Economic Forum report in January 2015 highlighted the problem and said that shortage of fresh water may be the main global threat in the next decade. Fresh water is a major priority in sustainable development. Where it cannot be obtained from streams and aquifers, desalination of seawater, mineralised groundwater or urban waste water is required. And, the scarcer water becomes the more expensive it will be. This means that the worst off in society will always have a harder time obtaining water because they won't be able to afford it in the case of a worldwide shortage. However, we can solve this crisis through the use of nuclear reactors which are uniquely great at desalinization WNA '16, World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Desalination," World Nuclear Association 2016, http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/industry/nuclear-desalination.aspx Small and medium sized nuclear reactors are suitable for desalination, often with cogeneration of electricity using low-pressure steam from the turbine and hot seawater feed from the final cooling system. The main opportunities for nuclear plants have been identified as the 80-100,000 m³/day and 200-500,000 m³/day ranges. US Navy nuclear powered aircraft carriers reportedly desalinate 1500 m3/d each for use onboard. A 2006 IAEA report based on country case studies showed that costs would be in the range ($US) 50 to 94 cents/m3 for RO, 60 to 96 c/m3 for MED and $1.18 to 1.48/m3 for MSF processes, with marked economies of scale. These figures are consistent with later reports. Nuclear power was very competitive at 2006 gas and oil prices. A French study for Tunisia compared four nuclear power options with combined cycle gas turbine and found that nuclear desalination costs were about half those of the gas plant for MED technology and about one-third less for RO. With all energy sources, desalination costs with RO were lower than MED costs. At the April 2010 Global Water Summit in Paris, the prospect of desalination plants being co-located with nuclear power plants was supported by leading international water experts. As seawater desalination technologies are rapidly evolving and more countries are opting for dual-purpose integrated power plants (i.e. cogeneration), the need for advanced technologies suitable for coupling to nuclear power plants and leading to more efficient and economic nuclear desalination systems is obvious. T Thus, because nuclear reactors are able to desalinate seawater and thus help fight the global water shortage, they therefore reduce structural violence by ensuring clean water is available to everyone.
A. Interpretation: The affirmative must specify a specific country or countries that are banning nuclear power. To clarify, they cannot just defend "countries" as a whole
B. Violation:
C. Standards:
1) Textuality – country is defined as government within a specific territory
The Law Dictionary '16 (The Law Dictionary ft. Black's Law Dictionary 2nd edition, copyright 2016, http://thelawdictionary.org/country/~~-~~-ghs//sk) COUNTRY? The portion of the earth's surface occupied by an independent nation or people AND the state, or the government, having possession and dominion over a territory
Resolved implies a policy implemented by a specific legislative instrument
Louisiana House '05, 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm Resolution A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies, AND , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
Textuality is key to fairness – it's always the most predictable
Merrell '15, Brandon Merrell (Graduate Student, UC San Diego). "Back to Its Roots: Why Topicality Standards Should Assess Definitional Accuracy Rather than Debate Utility." 2015. DRAFT accessed summer 2014. JDN. Updated version available at: http://www.brandonmerrell.com/papers/Merrell20-20Topicality.pdf Why is it essential to accurately define the resolution? As Brownlee (1981) AND topicality must be even more rigorously protected in parli than in other events.
And, textuality prevents judge intervention
Diers '10, Audra R. Diers (Assistant Professor in Organizational Communication and Public Relations at Marist College). "Drawing the Line in the Sand: Re-grounding the Theory and Practice of Topicality Debate." National Forensics Journal, 28(1). Summer 2010. JDN. https://b55eec4b-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/nationalforensicsassociation/research/nfa-journal/vol28no1-2.pdf The Resolutional Approach. The other primary approach to topicality argumentation articulates a 'truth' AND debate as a game, where the resolution only functions to divide ground.
2) Ground – 90 of policymaking is decided on implementation
Elmore '80 Prof. Public Affairs at University of Washington, 1980 PolySci Quarterly 79-80, p. 605, The emergence of implementation as a subject for policy analysis coincides closely with the discovery AND 10 percent, leaving the remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation.
Policy is uniquely key on this topic
Taebi '11, Taebi, Behnam. "Ethics of Nuclear Power: How to Understand Sustainability in the Nuclear Debate." NUCLEAR POWER–DEPLOYMENT, OPERATION AND SUSTAINABILITY (2011): 129.TF I presented the notion of sustainable development as a moral value and elaborated on its AND for the present generation. This paper aims to contribute to that awareness.
3) Topic lit – nuclear debate is about specific countries
