Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: any | Judge: any
Part one is the Threat to Thought
Studies show free speech at colleges is currently severely restricted. Haynes 14
Haynes 14, Charles C. Haynes (Director of the Religious Freedom Education Project). “In higher education, low tolerance for free speech.” First Amendment Center. 22 May 2014. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/in-higher-education-low-tolerance-for-free-speech
Sadly, Daniel Harper’s ... designated distribution area.

Even narrowly-tailored censorship creates a broad chilling effect on open discussion. Rosenberg 91
Rosenberg 91, David Rosenberg, Racist Speech the First Amendment and Public Uni- versities: Taking a Stand on Neutrality , 76 Cornell L. Rev. 549. (1991). http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol76/iss2/6
Matsuda is worried ...“pall of orthodoxy.”

Content-based restrictions on public discourse open the doors to cultural authoritarianism. Massey 93
Calvin R. Massey Professor of Law, University of California, Hastings College of Law, “Hate Speech, Cultural Diversity, and the Foundational Paradigms of Free Expression,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 40, 1992-1993.
However well-meaning the ... has been erected.

Part two is the Marketplace of Ideas
The thesis of the aff is that public colleges and universities should not restrict constitutionally protected speech – insofar as the speech is protected by the constitution there should not be restrictions on it; however, this does not mean that the aff defends all forms of currently constitutionally protected speech as inherently good. ACLU explains
Many universities, under ... all subject matter.

Free speech uniquely valuable and deserving of even more protection in an academic environment. Black 12
Judge Timothy Black, 2012, University of Cincinatti Chapter of  Young Americans for Liberty v. Gregory Williams, https://d28htnjz2elwuj.cloudfront.net/pdfs/7d8ffca326aa1eabf802cb3f388def9c.pdf
Moreover, the precedents ... 503, 506 (1969).

Marketplace of ideas protects rights over the long-term and it is on-balance beneficial to rights protection. Bernstein 03
David E. Bernstein, Defending the First Amendment from Antidiscrimination Laws, 82 N.C. L. Rev. 223, 240-41 (2003). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=489063  David E. Bernstein is the George Mason University Foundation Professor at the George Mason University School of Law i
The primary civil ... and cultural progress. 

Free speech is key to truth seeking, without it society devolves into stagnation and warfare. Lukianoff 14
Greg Lukianoff, 2014, Founder of Foundation For Individual Rights in Education, .Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate, . Encounter Books. Kindle Edition.
If you take ... Books. Kindle Edition.

Free speech values on campus are key to free speech values in society. Lukianoff 14
Greg Lukianoff, 2014, Founder of Foundation For Individual Rights in Education, .Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate, . Encounter Books. Kindle Edition.
On a cultural ... Books. Kindle Edition.

Progress depends on free and open dialogue in a marketplace of ideas. Bloomberg 16
Bloomberg, Michael. "Why Free Speech Matters On Campus." The Wall Street Journal. May 12, 2016. Web. December 07, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/why-free-speech-matters- on-campus-1463093280.
Whether in economics, ... their fellow citizens.

Part three is Framing
Free speech is a prerequisite to knowledge. Jacobsen 16
Jacobson 16 Daniel Jacobson (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan). “Freedom of Speech under Assault on Campus.” Cato Institute. 30 August 2016. https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/freedom-speech-under-assault- campus#full
Mill held that ... protection from criticism.

Thus, the standard is maximizing free speech. 

Theories that can’t create material change in the real world are counter-productive and threaten actual solutions to oppression.
Curry 14. Tommy J. “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century” (2014) Victory Briefs, p. 55-56 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM
Despite the pronouncement ... contemporary moral parameters. 

Presume aff - There is a presumption against content restrictions. Chemerinsky 09
Erwin Chemerinsky, Unpleasant Speech on Campus, Even Hate Speech, Is a First Amendment Issue, 17 Wm. and Mary Bill Rts. J. 765, 770 (2009), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035andcontext=wmborj, Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine, School of Law.
It is never ... the First Amendment.

Tournament: Newark | Round: 1 | Opponent: any | Judge: any
AC
Part one is Framing
(analytic)

Our institutions must escape the oppression of consensus.  Mouffe 1
“The Democratic Paradox” by Chantal Mouffe 2000
"A well-functioning democracy ... basis of civility." (104)

An agonistic democracy where difference is respected and all viewpoints are given a chance to engage in the political discourse is key to this end. Mouffe 2
 “The Democratic Paradox” by Chantal Mouffe 2000 DD

“Envisaged from the ... an ongoing confrontation.” (102) 

(analytic)

Thus, the standard is cultivating agonistic democratic subjects. 

Theories that can’t create material change in the real world are counter-productive and threaten actual solutions to oppression.
Curry 14. Tommy J. “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century” (2014) Victory Briefs, p. 55-56 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM
Despite the pronouncement ... contemporary moral parameters. 

There is a presumption against content restrictions – means that the neg needs to actively justify why a restriction on speech is net better. Chemerinsky 09
Erwin Chemerinsky, Unpleasant Speech on Campus, Even Hate Speech, Is a First Amendment Issue, 17 Wm. and Mary Bill Rts. J. 765, 770 (2009), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035andcontext=wmborj, Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine, School of Law.
It is never ... the First Amendment.

Part two is the Threat to Thought
Studies show free speech at colleges is currently severely restricted. Haynes 14
Haynes 14, Charles C. Haynes (Director of the Religious Freedom Education Project). “In higher education, low tolerance for free speech.” First Amendment Center. 22 May 2014. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/in-higher-education-low-tolerance-for-free-speech
Sadly, Daniel Harper’s ... designated distribution area.

Even narrowly-tailored censorship creates a broad chilling effect on open discussion. Rosenberg 91
Rosenberg 91, David Rosenberg, Racist Speech the First Amendment and Public Uni- versities: Taking a Stand on Neutrality , 76 Cornell L. Rev. 549. (1991). http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol76/iss2/6
Matsuda is worried ... “pall of orthodoxy.”

Content-based restrictions on public discourse open the doors to cultural authoritarianism. Massey 93
Calvin R. Massey Professor of Law, University of California, Hastings College of Law, “Hate Speech, Cultural Diversity, and the Foundational Paradigms of Free Expression,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 40, 1992-1993.
However well-meaning ... has been erected.

Universities are not neutral arbiters for social justice – power is used to target marginalized populations.
McGowan and Tangri 91 David F. McGowan and Ragesh K. Tangri, David McGowan is the Lyle L. Jones Professor of Competition and Innovation Law and the Director of the Center on Intellectual Property Law and Markets at the University of San Diego School of Law, and a member of the American Law Institute. He has experience in several fields, ranging from antitrust and intellectual property litigation to securities and corporate governance litigation. He was one of the earliest analysts of the law and economics of open source software and served as co-counsel in the first case affirming the enforceability of an open-source license, in which he argued and obtained summary judgment for the plaintiff. Ragesh Tangri has represented clients ranging from individuals to Fortune 100 companies in a wide variety of cases and in jurisdictions across the country. "A Libertarian Critique of University Restrictions of Offensive Speech", Source: California Law Review, Vol. 79, No. 3, Symposium: Civil Rights Legislation in the 1990s (May, 1991), pp. 825-918. http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1815andcontext=californialawreview//roman
The same may ... marketplace of ideas. 

Part three is the Marketplace of Ideas
The thesis of the aff is that public colleges and universities should not restrict constitutionally protected speech – insofar as the speech is protected by the constitution there should not be restrictions on it; however, this does not mean that the aff defends all forms of currently constitutionally protected speech as inherently good. ACLU explains
ACLU.The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonpartisan, non-profit organization56 whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States."7 It works through litigation, lobbying, and community empowerment "Hate Speech on Campus." American Civil Liberties Union. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2016.
Many universities, under ... all subject matter.

Absent a governmental authority dictating censorship, individual and communal censorship can and will occur.
Loury 94 Glenn Cartman Loury is an American economist, academic and author. He is the Merton P. Stoltz Professor of the Social Sciences and Professor of Economics at Brown University"Self-Censorship in Public Discourse A Theory of “Political Correctness” and Related Phenomena." Rationality and Society 6.4 (1994): 428-461. Downloaded off of a website of google (first link), here is the link: https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantandion=1andespv=2andie=UTF-8#q=students20will20censor20discourse//roman
These two levels ... go home again."

Free speech values on campus are key to free speech values in society. Lukianoff 14
Greg Lukianoff, 2014, Founder of Foundation For Individual Rights in Education, .Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate, . Encounter Books. Kindle Edition.
On a cultural ... Books. Kindle Edition.

Progress depends on free and open dialogue in a marketplace of ideas. Bloomberg 16
Bloomberg, Michael. "Why Free Speech Matters On Campus." The Wall Street Journal. May 12, 2016. Web. December 07, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/why-free-speech-matters- on-campus-1463093280.
Whether in economics, ... their fellow citizens.

Free speech uniquely valuable and deserving of even more protection in an academic environment. Black 12
Judge Timothy Black, 2012, University of Cincinatti Chapter of  Young Americans for Liberty v. Gregory Williams, https://d28htnjz2elwuj.cloudfront.net/pdfs/7d8ffca326aa1eabf802cb3f388def9c.pdf
Moreover, the precedents ... 503, 506 (1969).

Free Speech is necessary to protect marginalized bodies and grant them equality. O’Neill 16
O’Neill 2016, Brendan O,Neill is a writer for the Oxford magazine Blueprint; This article is published in the current term issue of Blueprint, the magazine of the Oxford University Conservative Student Association. http://brendanoneill.co.uk/post/114125942824/freedom-of-speech-is-the-best-friend-marginalised, 2016
There are many ... the public sphere

Tournament: Columbia | Round: 2 | Opponent: any | Judge: any
Part one is Framing
Structural violence is based in moral exclusion which is flawed because exclusion is based on arbitrarily perceived difference.
Winter and Leighton 01. Winter, D. D., and Dana C. Leighton." Structural violence." Peace, conflict and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century (2001): 99-101.
Finally, to recognize ... to building lasting peace.

Thus, the standard is mitigating structural violence.

Theories that can’t create material change in the real world are counter-productive and threaten actual solutions to oppression.
Curry 14. Tommy J. “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century” (2014) Victory Briefs, p. 55-56 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM
Despite the pronouncement ... contemporary moral parameters. 

Part two is the Threat to Thought
Restriction on free speech are common, and more are coming now.
Lukianoff 16, Greg Lukianoff, 1-4-2016, "Campus Free Speech Has Been in Trouble for a Long Time," Cato Unbound, https://www.cato-unbound.org/2016/01/04/greg-lukianoff/campus-free-speech-has-been-trouble-long-time AD
2015 will be ... is to endure

Even narrowly-tailored censorship creates a broad chilling effect on open discussion. Rosenberg 91
Rosenberg 91, David Rosenberg, Racist Speech the First Amendment and Public Uni- versities: Taking a Stand on Neutrality , 76 Cornell L. Rev. 549. (1991). http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol76/iss2/6
Matsuda is worried ... “pall of orthodoxy.”

Chilling is happening now – UCLA proves. Lukianoff and Haidt 15
Lukianoff and Haidt ‘15GREG LUKIANOFF AND JONATHAN HAIDT September 2015 Issue “The Coddling of the American Mind”  http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/  Greg Lukianoff is the president  and CEO of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Jonathan Haidt is a social psychologist and Thomas Cooley professor of ethical leadership at the NYU-Stern School of Business.
This new climate ... protectors and prosecutors?

Rights Precedent: restrictions on free speech creates a dangerous slippery slope. Universities should not be the arbiters of communication.
*Climate change NC, Sustainability Florida
Fisher 16 (Anthony L. Fisher, Dec 13, 2016, “Opposition to “offensive” speech on campuses will ultimately burn dissidents”, http://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2016/12/13/13931524/free-speech-pen-america-campus-censorship)
In perhaps the ... of free speech.

Universities are not neutral arbiters for social justice – power is used to target marginalized populations.
McGowan and Tangri 91 David F. McGowan and Ragesh K. Tangri, David McGowan is the Lyle L. Jones Professor of Competition and Innovation Law and the Director of the Center on Intellectual Property Law and Markets at the University of San Diego School of Law, and a member of the American Law Institute. He has experience in several fields, ranging from antitrust and intellectual property litigation to securities and corporate governance litigation. He was one of the earliest analysts of the law and economics of open source software and served as co-counsel in the first case affirming the enforceability of an open-source license, in which he argued and obtained summary judgment for the plaintiff. Ragesh Tangri has represented clients ranging from individuals to Fortune 100 companies in a wide variety of cases and in jurisdictions across the country. "A Libertarian Critique of University Restrictions of Offensive Speech", Source: California Law Review, Vol. 79, No. 3, Symposium: Civil Rights Legislation in the 1990s (May, 1991), pp. 825-918. http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1815andcontext=californialawreview//roman
The same may ... marketplace of ideas. 

Arizona university proves – the political is being ceded, means try or die for the aff. King 17
Shaun King Jeffery Shaun King is an American writer and civil rights activist. He is noted for his use of social media to promote religious, charitable, and social causes, including the Black Lives Matter movement “KING: Arizona lawmaker proposes new bill banning classes or events discussing social justice on college campuses” Daily News, January 13th 2017
Is this where ... things to come.

Part three is the Marketplace of Ideas
Thus the plan text: public colleges and universities should not restrict constitutionally protected speech. ACLU explains
ACLU.The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonpartisan, non-profit organization56 whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States."7 It works through litigation, lobbying, and community empowerment "Hate Speech on Campus." American Civil Liberties Union. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2016.
Many universities, under ... all subject matter.

Restrictions on speech hinder minority participation in dialogue first – empirics prove. Friedersdorf 15
Conor Friedersdorf  The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights,  Efforts to police offensive language have seldom achieved their goals, and often been turned against the groups they were intended to protect, 12/10/15 Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/what-student-activists-can-learn-from-bygone-free-speech-fights/419178/
More than 20 ... behalf of blacks.”

Free speech is key to liberatory practices for marginalized bodies – multiple warrants. Friedersdorf 2
Every speech code ... your just causes.

The 1AC is key to challenge the broader culture of bigotry – restrictions on hate speech fail – multiple warrants.
Majeed 9. Azhar Majeed, a native of Grosse Pointe, Michigan, received a B.A. in Political Science with a minor in History from the University of Michigan in 2004. He is also a 2007 graduate of the University of Michigan Law School. As an undergraduate, his academic interests included comparative constitutional law and political philosophy, particularly from the time period of the Enlightenment. During law school, Azhar represented the University of Michigan at the 2006 Tulane International Moot Court competition. Azhar was one of FIRE’s inaugural Robert H. Jackson Legal Fellows and was also a FIRE legal intern in 2005. , 11-18-2009, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, And Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes," FIRE, https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/ RS *BRACKETS IN ORIGINAL*
The fourth major ... and advancing equality.

To clarify, the First Amendment doesn’t permit meaningless obscenity, child pornography, expressions that in and of itself causes injury, and remarks intended to cause violence
Ruane 14 Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5roman
The First Amendment ... case law.