Tournament: None | Round: 1 | Opponent: Joshua | Judge: 

1AC FIRE

Framework

I affirm. I value morality because ought implies a moral obligation.
Government actions will inevitably lead to trade-offs between citizens since they benefit some and harm others; the only justifiable way to resolve these conflicts is by benefiting the maximum possible number of people since anything else would unequally prioritize one group over another. Woller Gary Woller ~Professor at Birgham Young University~. "Policy Currents." A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics. "An Overview by Gary Woller." 1997.
Moreover, virtuallyall public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such that one group's gains must come at another group's expense. Consequently, public policies in ademocracy must be justified to the public, and especially to those who pay the costs of those policies. Such justification cannot simply be assumed a priori by invoking some higher-order moral principle. Appeals toa priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail to acknowledge thatpublic policies inevitably entail trade-offs among competing values. Thus since policymakers cannot justify inherentvalue conflictsto the public in any philosophical sense, and since public policies inherently imply winners and losers, the policymakers'duty to the public interest~are~ require~d~ them to demonstrate that the redistributive effects and value trade-offs implied by their polices are somehow to the overall advantage of society. At the same time, deontologically based ethical systems have severe practical limitations as a basis for public policy. At best, a priori moral principles provide only general guidance to ethical dilemmas in public affairs and do not themselves suggest appropriate public policies, and at worst, they create a regimen of regulatory unreasonableness while failing to adequately address the problem or actually making it worse. For example, a moral obligation to preserve the environment by no means implies the best way, or any way for that matter, to do so, just as there is no a priori reason to believe that any policy that claims to preserve the environment will actually do so. Any number of policies might work, and others, although seemingly consistent with the moral principle, will fail utterly. That deontological principles are an inadequate basis for environmental policy is evident in the rather significant irony that most forms of deontologically based environmental laws and regulations tend to be implemented in a very utilitarian manner by street-level enforcement officials. Moreover, ignoring the relevant costs and benefits of environmental policy and their attendant incentive structures can, as alluded to above, actually work at cross purposes to environmental preservation. (There exists an extensive literature on this aspect of regulatory enforcement and the often perverse outcomes of regulatory policy. See, for example, Ackerman, 1981; Bartrip and Fenn, 1983; Hawkins, 1983, 1984; Hawkins and Thomas, 1984.) Even the most die-hard preservationist/deontologist would, I believe, be troubled by this outcome. The above points are perhaps best expressed by Richard Flathman, The number of values typically involved in public policy decisions, the broad categories which must be employed and above all, the scope and complexity of the consequences to be anticipated militate against reasoning so conclusively that they generate~s~ an imperative to institute a specific policy. It is seldom the case that only one policy will meet the criteria of the public interest (1958, p. 12). It therefore follows that in a democracy, policymakers have an ethical duty to establish a plausible link between policy alternatives and the problems they address, and the public must be reasonably assured that a policy will actually do something about an existing problem;this requires themeans-end language andmethodology of utilitarian~ism~ ethics. Good intentions, lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient though perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Thus the standard is maximizing societal well-being.

Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework

BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way of 

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partial solvency on structural problems since otherwise the impacts recreate themselves elsewhere.

Contention 1: Protest Trump

Adv. 1 is Protesting

College students face discipline over Trump protests

BC student Jonathan Sepulveda listened to speakers at a Stand Against Hate Rally on the campus of Boston College on Nov. 14.
Lane. "Students face Boston College discipline over protests - The Boston Globe." 

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the state ACLU, called the school’s move to discipline students "startling."

Free Speech zones created by speech codes eradicate protests.

Harris 12

Samantha Harris (University of Pennsylvania Law School and from Princeton University, where she earned an A.B. magna cum laude in politics. https://www.thefire.org/misunderstanding-time-place-and-manner-restrictions/) November 6, 2012
Another ~a~ common flaw in demonstration policies is a requirement that students give 

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significantly diminish, if not altogether eliminate, the impact of their message.

Historically, universities have abused these safe spaces

Friedersdorf 16

CONOR FRIEDERSDORF(https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/ohio-state-turns-the-concept-of-safe-space-against-student-protesters/478221/) 2016
At Ohio State last week, a sit-in and protest inside a university 

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in the name of preserving "safe space," these protesters were evicted.

Historically, protest has been important in changing law and affecting governments. Strossen 1990

Nadine Strossen ~Professor of Law, New York Law School~, "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?" Duke Law Journal, 1990.
The civil libertarian and judicial defense of racist speech also is based on the knowledge 

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Rights Act of 1964, which these demonstrators championed, did become law.

Student protests are a key factor in deciding controversial court decisions Liptak 15

Adam Liptak (A graduate of Yale Law Schoolhttps://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/us/politics/justices-to-rule-once-again-on-race-in-college-admissions.html) Dec. 1, 2015
As student protests over racial injustice are exploding at campuses across the nation, the 

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Others welcomed the protests as part of what they called a healthy debate.

Protesting Trump will lead to a congressional takeover effectively diminish Trump’s power. The immigration ban proves uniqueness.

McCarthy 16

Donald McCarthy (City College of New York's MFA program https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/12/in-the-age-of-trump-protests-have-never-been-more.html) December 1, 2016
Despite the right wing’s distaste of protests, whether they’re over Trump, the Iraq 

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can control Trump’s actions or even lead to a removal from the office.

Adv. 2 is Global Warming

Donald Trump has taken steps towards increasing warming by attempting to change policies at the EPA.
Plumer, Brad. "Donald Trump is preparing to make massive policy changes at the EPA." Vox. Vox, 23 Jan. 2017. Web. 24 Feb. 2017
Plumer 17
Now that he’s president, Donald Trump is laying the groundwork to drastically reshape the Environmental Protection Agency in the weeks and months ahead. All signs indicate that Trump will soon issue a flurry of executive orders as part of the process of weakening various air and water pollution rules and cutting agency budgets. It’s all part of his plan ~but they~ to dismantle President Obama’s climate policies and make life easier for America’s fossil fuel industry. The big question is how quickly Trump’s team will act — and what sorts of obstacles they’ll face ~obstacles~ from both federal courts and career staff within the EPA. On Friday, Trump took the very first step by ordering a "freeze" on all new regulations coming out of federal agencies. This is a standard move — George W. Bush and Barack Obama issued similar orders when they took office — and it only affects rules that haven’t been finalized. (Anticipating this, the Obama administration raced to finish a bunch of environmental regulations before leaving, though it had yet to publish four energy efficiency rules that will now be put on hold.) It’s a way for Trump to hit pause while his team prepares for bolder action. Next, Trump’s team will move to tackle many of the existing environmental rules and regulations put in place under Obama

The EPA is necessary to combat global warming

"What EPA Is Doing about Climate Change." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 20 Jan. 2017. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.
EPA 17
EPA is taking a number of common-sense steps to address 

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million vehicles - and saving consumers and businesses of about $21 billion..

Adv. 3 is Innovation

Trump’s secretary of education endorses fraudulent universities which impedes the education of the next generation.

Elura. "Trump Education Secretary Pick Sure Doesn’t Seem Willing to Enforce Laws Against Fake Colleges." Law News. Law News, 18 Jan. 2017. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.
Elura 17
At least with respect to student loans, though, Ms. 

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going to decrease education and impair the innovation of the future. 

Innovation solves great power war

Taylor, 2004~4/1/04, Mark Taylor is a professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions," http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor~~
Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations (IR), 

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production, and war, international systems would not exist in the first place

Adv. 4 is South China Sea

Previous South China sea strategies were effective

Marston, Hunter, Lyle J. Goldstein, Daniel R. DePetris, and Doug Bandow. "Obama's South China Sea Strategy Is Working." The National Interest. The Center for the National Interest, 10 May 2016. Web. 26 Feb. 2017.
Hunter 16
The Obama administration may have been caught on its back foot by 

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against the dominance of any one state in the South China Sea.

Trump threats on South China Sea heighten risk of nuclear war – although many Advisers disagree.

Symonds, Peter. "World Socialist Web Site." Trump threats on South China Sea heighten risk of nuclear war - World Socialist Web Site. N.p., 25 Jan. 2017. Web. 26 Feb. 2017.
Peter 17
Just days after taking office, the Trump administration has set course 

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is to join and help build the ICFI and its national sections.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Syed Tahir | Judge: Nick Albertazzi

1AC

I affirm the resolution. Plan: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.

To clarify, here’s a comprehensive list of things the First Amendment does not permit –obscenity, expression that causes injury, and remarks that cause violence

Ruane 14 (Kathleen Anne Ruane – Legislative Attorney. Her report was published by the Congressional Research Service, which is a branch of government, "Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf,pgs. 1-5, EmmieeM)
The First Amendment to the united States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no 

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constitutes a "true threat," and not against mere "political hyperbole." 

Framework

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing as contextualized by impacts on case

Util is axiomatically true - all value stems from experienced wellbeing. Harris 10

Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values."
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong, 

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, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values. 

Moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework

BOSTROM 11
(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way of 

AND

value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 

Innovation

Restrictions on free speech are rapidly increasing, destroying the educational environment

Slater 16 (Tom Slator – editor of this book (it’s a collection of essays from many different people). He also wrote the introduction from which this was cut. Deputy Editor of Spiked, runs Free Speech University Ratings, and has written for The Times/The Telegraph/Independent, "Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus", pgs. 2 - 3, https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=vdP7CwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=college+speech+restrictions+risingandots=YBNOvRNy1Tandsig=BmpSFkTJts9QsI1YcDAjxmB6dpQ~~#v=onepageandq=college20speech20restrictions20risingandf=false, EmmieeM)
Over the past few years, campus censorship has reached epidemic levels. In 2015

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dwell on the easy arguments and defend only the most socially acceptable targets. 

This hamstrings innovation —- universities require free exchange of knowledge as a pre-requisite to education and regulations risk transforming academies into authoritarian structures

ACTA 13 (American Council of Trustees and Alumni – independent non-profit that is focused on maintaining academic freedom and accountability among US colleges. "Free to Teach, Free to Learn: Understanding and Maintaining Academic Freedom in Higher Education", pgs. 23-25, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED560924.pdf, EmmieeM)
The primary function of a university is to discover and disseminate knowledge by means of 

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be left to the informal processes of suasion, example, and argument. 

Free speech on public colleges is a key internal link to scientific discovery —- campus speech restrictions allows for worse forms of coercion that skews data and a culture of open debate is key to advancement

Economist 16 ("Under Attack", "The Inconvenient Truth", http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699909-curbs-free-speech-are-growing-tighter-it-time-speak-out-under-attack, EmmieeM)
Intolerance among Western liberals also has wholly unintended consequences. Even despots know that locking 

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Win the argument without resorting to force. And grow a tougher hide. 

Constant innovation in the chemical industry is key to check emerging diseases

NRC 2002, ~National Research Council Committee on Challenges for Chemical Sciences in the 21st century "National Security and Homeland Defense" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114822/)//a-berg
Many drugs are produced by either chemical synthesis or biosynthetic processes. Recent advances in 

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them for their biological activities or functions also remains a challenge to industry.

Absent innovation, new pathogens guarantee extinction —- decreasing biodiversity means spread between hosts is easier which checks empirics and generic defense

Yule ‘13
(et al; Jeffrey V. Yule – Herbert McElveen Professor of Applied and Natural Sciences  At the School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Published April 2^nd – Humanities 2013, 2, 147–159; doi:10.3390/h2020147)
Since the 1940s, humans in industrialized nations have been relatively sheltered from the threat 

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not, and the potential failure of our species has considerable biological implications.

Competitiveness is key to US dominance – we need to keep innovating faster to ensure economic prosperity and hegemony

Segal 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
~Adam, Foreign Affairs, "Is America Losing Its Edge?" November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html~~
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new 

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, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.

Loss of competitiveness results in great power conflict—retrenchment makes war inevitable and ensures the US would be dragged in

Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, 2011 ("The Economy and National Security," National Review, February 8^th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, Accessed 02-08-2011)
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to 

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leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Terror

Colleges can serve as unique places that prevent people from becoming trapped in echo chambers, but college censorship is ruining that —- students are becoming more extremist, less understanding, and convinced that they are at war with an evil "Other"

Lukianoff no date (Greg Lukianoff – attorney and CEO at the Foundation of Individual Rights in Education (FIRE); published in Wall Street Journal, LA Times, NY Times, Washington Post, and many others; has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC’s Today Show, and many others,"How Colleges Create the ‘Expectation of Confirmation’", "Polarization and the Thickening Walls of Our Echo Chamber" – "Can College Help Break Down the Expectation of Confirmation?", http://www.soamcontest.com/content/how-colleges-create-expectation-confirmation, EmmieeM)
In his 2008 book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-

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to the bold questioning and uncomfortable discussions that intellectual and societal innovation demands. 

Freedom of expression allows extremist viewpoints to be challenged through debate, which demonstrates their flaws and de-motivates others from adopting them — speech bans only lead to hostility, divided communities, and push-back, which exacerbates terrorism

Lombardi 15 (Marco Lombardi – member of the Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues, and Managing Emergencies, which is a research department in the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, "Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism", https://books.google.com/books?id='kAoBgAAQBAJandpg=PA3andlpg=PA3anddq=preventing+free+discussion+leads+to+extremismandsource=blandots=TJ8fW6700zandsig=Lz4MWuGl6LkEYxy5RdXBDrCAxfUandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiq56aDsvTQAhUS1GMKHRNUBC4Q6AEIXzAN~~#v=onepageandq=preventing20free20discussion20leads20to20extremismandf=false , pgs. 3- 4, EmmieeM)
First, we should carefully calibrate prevention activities and avoid catch-all, indiscriminate 

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law enforcement or secret services because this would discredit and ultimately sabotage them.          

This is especially pertinent in the case of colleges – students are much more likely to be recruited or adopt extremist views

Borum 5 (Randy Borum – Professor and Director of Intelligence Studies in the School of Information and Academic Coordination for Cybersecurity at the University of Southern Florida; Chuck Tilby – member of the Police Department, "Anarchist Direct Action: A Challenge for Law Enforcement", "Recruitment, pg. 214, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1552andcontext=mhlp'facpub, EmmieeM)
It should not be surprising to learn that jails and prisons are major recruiting sites 

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to be young, energetic, and idealistic with time available to act.  

Lone wolf attackers are a unique threat – harder to track due to no required communication and much more deadly due to lack of constraints

Simon 13 (Jeffrey Simon – runs a terror and security consulting company; former RAND analyst; UCLA lecturer; published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, Foreign Policy, The Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence, The Columbia Journal of World Business, and The New York Times, "Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat", https://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=MQxRCwAAQBAJandoi=fndandpg=PA3andots=w6d3tqK3hqandsig=zd9pzTPhaC2w5xBQPm1Uc3FSDHc~~#v=onepageandqandf=false,
pgs. 4, EmmieeM)  
With the lone wolf terrorist threat growing and 

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dangerous because sometimes they can be mentally unstable, yet still very effective. 

Currently, the biggest terrorist threat to the US is white supremacist lone wolves —- they kill more Americans than jihadists and show more desire to use WMDs

Blair 14 (Charles P. Blair, Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats for the Federation of American Scientists who teaches classes on terrorism and WMD technology at John Hopkins University and George Mason University, "Looking clearly at right-wing terrorism," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9 June 2014, http://thebulletin.org/looking-clearly-right-wing-terrorism7232, *fc)
Five years ago the US Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division released 

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exaggerated, but neither should it be suppressed for political or ideological reasons. 

Dispersion of technology enables lone wolf terrorists to access chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBURNs) – the impact will be mass casualties and unprecedented disruption of financial and social systems

Ackerman and Pinson 14 ~Gary A. ,Director of the Special Projects Division at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, Lauren E., Senior Research/Project Manager at START and PhD student at Yale University, "An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone Wolves and Autonomous Cells," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2014~
The first question to answer is whence the concerns about the nexus between CBRN weapons 

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well influence the weapon selection of lone actor jihadists in Western nations. 19   

Solvency

Censoring hate speech entrenches racism —- extremists get to look like martyrs, offensive terms are re-coded and then normalized, and it abstracts from material change. Also, attempts to censor something empirically make it more appealing and leads to greater publication

Heinze 16 (Eric Heinze – Professor of Law and Humanities at the University of London, "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "The Prohibitionist Challenge", pgs. 149-152, https://books.google.com/books?id=UJJyCwAAQBAJandpg=PA150andlpg=PA150anddq=censoring+hate+speech+helps+the+right-wing+martyrandsource=blandots=aVdz0PZticandsig=prvOZgxAtkhebwxC7EDhcb6HDicandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwj0xaWXofLQAhXEwlQKHcqWDwUQ6AEIIjAB~~#v=onepageandq=censoring20hate20speech20helps20the20right-wing20martyrandf=false, EmmieeM)
American oppositionists have lacked domestic empirical evidence of ineffectiveness, available on the continent, 

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still-unconquered, non-viewpoint-punitive territory within public discourse. 

The constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere. Goodin 95

Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids 

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thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.

Independently, the ability to handle differing opinion is the most important internal link to competitiveness —- prevents workplace apathy and encourages diverse perspectives on issues

Viljoen 15 (Rica Viljoen - Adjunct Faculty at Henley Business School – Africa, "Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought", "2.8 Conclusion", https://books.google.com/books?id=WDE3DAAAQBAJandpg=PA46andlpg=PA46anddq=the+ability+to+handle+opposing+views+is+critical+forandsource=blandots=Zf3rT7MKovandsig=gtUj7Y8AxKh-TPNlCrT6ebbJ9Gsandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjqqsus-tjQAhVB5mMKHb4ICiAQ6AEIHDAA~~#v=onepageandq=the20ability20to20handle20opposing20views20is20critical20forandf=false , pgs. 45-46, EmmieeM)
The integral inclusivity framework presented in Figure 2.2 depicts how, through the 

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diversity dynamics that typically may negatively impact on organizational behaviour, are optimized. 

Death is the worst form of evil since it destroys the subject itself.

Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics.
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that 

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the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82